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完成翻译:20160620 PowerPC gains an Android 4.4 port with Big Endian support.md
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translating（东风唯笑）这个是大坑啊
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PowerPC gains an Android 4.4 port with Big Endian support
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===========================================================
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eInfochips has ported Android 4.4 to the PowerPC architecture on behalf of an avionics customer that will use it for an HMI that monitors engine health.
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eInfochips has developed the first Android port to the PowerPC CPU architecture using a modern Android build and featuring Big Endian support. The port is based on Android Open Source Project (AOSP) code for Android 4.4 (KitKat) and features Kernel 3.12.19.
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Android emerged around the same time that PowerPC was already in decline and quickly losing market share to ARM. Customers with high-end networking and other enterprise-oriented embedded gear running on PowerPC processors such as Freescale’s PowerQUICC and QorIQ, instead depended on Linux. Several Android ports have been attempted, however. In 2009, Freescale and Embedded Alley — now part of the Linux team at Mentor Graphics — [announced a port][15] for PowerQUICC and QorIQ chips, which are now built by NXP. Another project claiming the same feat emerged called [Android-PowerPC][16].
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Not much came of these efforts, however, and when an avionics firm asked eInfochips to look into an Android application for adding an improved HMI to its PowerPC-based engine monitoring system, the company found that these earlier ports were not up to par. They would have to start from scratch.
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The main problem with the previous ports was that they were for a much older, and very different, Android. Embedded Alley’s port was for Android 1.5 (Cupcake), released in 2009 and based on a Linux 2.6.28 kernel, and the last port from the Android-PowerPC project appears to be for Android 2.2 (Froyo), which was released in 2010 and based on Linux 2.6.32. The avionics customer also needed other technologies such as support for Big Endian, a legacy memory access scheme still used in the networking and telecom world. The other ports supported only Little Endian memory access.
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### New PowerPC port from eInfochips
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eInfochips, which is known around here mostly for its ARM/Snapdragon-based boards such as the [Eragon 600][17] computer-on-module, has now completed the Android 4.4 QorIQ port and has posted a white paper describing the project. The avionics customer using the technology remains unnamed, however, and it’s unclear to what extent the port will be publicly shared.
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>Image from eInfochips blog post
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- The new PowerPC Android project includes:
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- Bionic customization for PowerPC [e5500][1]
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- Big Endian support in Android KitKat
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- Tool chain development with GCC version 5.2
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- PowerPC support in Android 4.4 framework
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- Android Kernel 3.12.19 for PowerPC e5500
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According to eInfochips marketing manager, Sooryanarayanan Balasubramanian, the avionics customer wanted Android primarily for its familiar interface, which reduces training time, as well as the ease in updating the system with new applications. “By successful Android porting they can allow more modifications at the application layer without undergoing the tedious certification process at all layers,” explained Balasubramanian. “This was the first time any such attempt has been made in the aerospace industry, which requires due diligence in designs.”
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Porting Android to PowerPC required major modifications to the framework, core libraries, toolchain development, run-time linker, object linker, and open source compiler support, according to the white paper. When generating byte code, the porting team decided to use portable mode rather than fast interpreter mode. There is no fast interpreter available for Android on PowerPC, whereas portable mode uses the open source [libffi][18] for interpretation, which does support PowerPC.
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The team also needed to choose between Android Run Time (ART) and Dalvik Virtual Machine (DVM). They found that portable mode for ART was untested and poorly documented, so they went with DVM in portable mode.
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The white paper goes on to explain other challenges in the port, including developing a toolchain from scratch and rewriting scripts to overcome the problem of AOSP’s “non-standard” use of compiler flags. The finished port offers 37 services, and features a headless Android deployment along with an emulated UI in user space.
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### Target hardware
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Thanks to an image (shown farther above) in an [eInfochips blog post][2] about the company’s Android PowerPC port, we were able to identify the project’s target hardware. The board turns out to be the [X-ES Xpedite 6101][3], which is a rugged XMC/PrPMC mezzanine module.
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Thanks to an image (shown farther above) in an eInfochips blog post about the company’s Android PowerPC port, we were able to identify the project’s target hardware. The board turns out to be the X-ES Xpedite 6101, which is a rugged XMC/PrPMC mezzanine module.
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>X-ES Xpedite 6101 photo and block diagram
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The X-ES Xpedite 6101 ships with a choice of NXP QorIQ-based T Series communications processors — the T2081, T1042, and T1022 — which integrate 8, 4, and 2 e6500 cores, respectively, running at up to 1.8GHz (T2081) or 1.4GHz (T1042/22). Each core integrates an AltiVec SIMD engine, said to offer DSP-level floating point performance. All three X-ES board models support up to 8GB of DDR3-1600 ECC SDRAM memory, plus up to 512MB of NOR and 32GB of NAND flash storage.
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>NXP T2081 block diagram
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The board’s I/O includes a x4 PCI Express Gen2 channel, along with dual helpings of Gigabit Ethernet, RS232/422/485 serial, and SATA 3.0 ports. In addition to its choice of three QorIQ processors, the Xpedite 6101 is offered with support for three [X-ES ruggedization levels][19], rated for operation over 0 to 55°C, -40 to 70°C, or -40 to 85°C respectively, along with three categories of shock and vibration resistance.
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Other X-ES QorIQ-based XMC/PrPMC boards we’ve covered include the [XPedite6401 and XPedite6370][20], which are supported with off-the-shelf BSPs for Linux, Wind River VxWorks, and Green Hills Integrity.
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### Further information
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The eInfochips Android PowerPC porting whitepaper is available for download [here][4] (requires free registration).
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### Related posts:
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- [Commercial embedded Linux distro boosts virtualization][5]
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- [Freescale unveils first ARM-based QorIQ SoCs][6]
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- [High-end boards run Linux on 64-bit ARM QorIQ SoCs][7]
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- [Free, Open Enea Linux taps Yocto Project and Linaro code][8]
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- [LynuxWorks reverts to its LynxOS roots, changes name][9]
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- [First quad- and octa-core QorIQ SoCs unveiled][10]
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- [Free white paper shows how Linux won embedded][11]
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- [Quad-core Snapdragon COM offers three dev kit options][12]
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- [Tiny COM runs Linux on quad-core 64-bit Snapdragon 410][13]
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- [PowerPC based IoT gateway COM ships with Linux BSP][14]
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: http://hackerboards.com/powerpc-gains-android-4-4-port-with-big-endian-support/
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作者：[Eric Brown][a]
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]: http://hackerboards.com/powerpc-gains-android-4-4-port-with-big-endian-support/
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[1]: http://linuxdevices.linuxgizmos.com/low-cost-powerquicc-chips-offer-flexible-interconnect-options/
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[2]: https://www.einfochips.com/blog/k2-categories/aerospace/presenting-a-case-for-porting-android-on-powerpc-architecture.html
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[3]: http://www.xes-inc.com/products/processor-mezzanines/xpedite6101/
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[4]: http://biz.einfochips.com/portingandroidonpowerpc
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[5]: http://hackerboards.com/commercial-embedded-linux-distro-boosts-virtualization/
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[6]: http://hackerboards.com/freescale-unveils-first-arm-based-qoriq-socs/
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[7]: http://hackerboards.com/high-end-boards-run-linux-on-64-bit-arm-qoriq-socs/
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[8]: http://hackerboards.com/free-open-enea-linux-taps-yocto-and-linaro-code/
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[9]: http://hackerboards.com/lynuxworks-reverts-to-its-lynxos-roots-changes-name/
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[10]: http://hackerboards.com/first-quad-and-octa-core-qoriq-socs-unveiled/
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[11]: http://hackerboards.com/free-white-paper-shows-how-linux-won-embedded/
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[12]: http://hackerboards.com/quad-core-snapdragon-com-offers-three-dev-kit-options/
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[13]: http://hackerboards.com/tiny-com-runs-linux-and-android-on-quad-core-64-bit-snapdragon-410/
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[14]: http://hackerboards.com/powerpc-based-iot-gateway-com-ships-with-linux-bsp/
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[15]: http://linuxdevices.linuxgizmos.com/android-ported-to-powerpc/
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[16]: http://www.androidppc.com/
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[17]: http://hackerboards.com/quad-core-snapdragon-com-offers-three-dev-kit-options/
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[18]: https://sourceware.org/libffi/
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[19]: http://www.xes-inc.com/capabilities/ruggedization/
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[20]: http://hackerboards.com/high-end-boards-run-linux-on-64-bit-arm-qoriq-socs/
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PowerPC 获得大端 Android 4.4 系统的移植
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eInfochips（一家软件厂商） 已将将 Android 4.4 系统移植到 PowerPC 架构，它将作为一家航空电子客户的人机界面（HMI:Human Machine Interface）用来监视引擎的建康状况。
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eInfochips 已经开发了第一个面向 PowerPC 架构的 CPU 的 Android 移植版本，它使用较新的大端 Android 系统。此移植基于 Android 开源项目[Android Open Source Project (AOSP)] 中 Android 4.4 (KitKat) 的代码，其功能内核的版本号为 3.12.19。
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Android 开始兴起的时候，PowerPC正在快速失去和 ARM 架构共通角逐的市场。高端的网络客户和以市场为导向的嵌入式工具大多运行在诸如飞思卡尔（Freescale）的 PowerQUICC 和 QorIQ 上，而不取决于 Linux 系统。一些 Android 的移植计划最终失败，然而在 2009 年，飞思卡尔和 Embedded Alley（一家软件厂商，当前是 Mentor Graphics 的 Linux 团队的一部分）[宣布了针对 PowerQUICC 和 QorIQ 芯片的移植版本][15]，当前由 NXP 公司构建。另一个名为[Android-PowerPC][16] 的项目也作出了相似的工作。
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这些努力来的都并不容易，然而，当航空公司找到 eInfochips，希望能够为他们那些基于 PowerPC 的引擎监控系统添加 Android 应用程序以改善人机界面。此公司找出了这些早期的移植版本，然而，他们都很难达到标准。所以，他们不得不从头开始新的移植。
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最主要的问题是这些移植的 Android 版本实在是太老了，且 very different。Embedded Alley 移植的版本为 Android 1.5 (Cupcake)，它于 2009 年发布，Linux 内核版本为 2.6.28。最后一版的移植为 Android-PowerPC 项目的 Android 2.2 (Froyo)它于 2010 年发布，内核版本为 2.6.32。此外，航空公司还有一些额外的技术诉求，例如对大端的支持. 现有的存储器接入方案仍旧应用于网络通信和电信行业。然而那些早期的移植版本仅能够支持小端的存储器访问。
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### 来自 eInfochips 的全新 PowerPC 架构移植
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eInfochips, 它最为出名的应该是那些基于 ARM/骁龙处理器的模块计算机板卡，例如 [Eragon 600][17]。 它已经完成了基于 QorIQ 的 Android 4.4 系统移植，且发布了白皮书描述了此项目。采用该项目的航空电子设备客户仍旧不愿透露姓名，目前仍旧不清楚什么时候会公开此该移植版本。
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>图片来自 eInfochips 的博客日志
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- 全新的 PowerPC Android 项目包括：
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- 基于 PowerPC [e5500][1] 深度定制（bionic 定制不知道什么鬼，校对的时候也可以想想怎么处理）
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- 基于 Android KitKat 的大端序支持
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- 开发工具链为 Gcc 5.2
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- Android 4.4 框架的 PowerPC 支持
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- PowerPC e5500 的 Android 内核版本为 3.12.19
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根据 eInfochips 的销售经理 Sooryanarayanan Balasubramanian 描述，航空电子客户想要使用 Android 主要是因为熟悉的界面能够缩减培训的时间，并且让程序更新和提供新的程序变得更加容易。他继续解释说：“这次成功的移植了 Android，使得今后的工作仅仅需要在应用层作出修修改改，而不再向以前一样需要在所有层之间作相互的校验。”“这是第一次在航空航天工业作出这些尝试，这需要在设计时作出尽职的调查。”
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通过白皮书，可以知道将 Android 移植到 PowerPC 上需要对框架，核心库，开发工具链，运行时链接器，对象链接器和开源编译工具作出大量的修改。在字节码生成阶段，移植团队决定使用便携模式而不是快速的解释模式。这是因为，还没有 PowerPC 可用的快速解释模式，而使用 [libffi][18] 的便携模式能够支持 PowerPC。
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同时，团队还面临在 Android 运行时 (ART) 环境和 Dalvik 虚拟机 (DVM) 环境之间的选择。他们发现，ART 环境下的便携模式还未经测试且缺乏良好的文档支持，所以最终选择了 DVM 环境下的便携模式。
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白皮书中还提及了其它的一些在移植过程中遇到的困难，包括重新开发工具链，重写脚本以解决 AOSP “非标准”的使用编译器标志的问题。最终，移植提供了 37 个服务，and features a headless Android deployment along with an emulated UI in user space.
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### 目标硬件
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感谢来自 [eInfochips 博客日志][2] 的图片（如下图所示），我们能够确认此 PowerPC 的 Android 移植项目的硬件平台。这个板卡为 [X-ES Xpedite 6101][3]，它是固实的 XMC/PrPMC 夹层模组。
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>X-ES Xpedite 6101 照片和框图
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X-ES Xpedite 6101 板卡拥有可选择的 NXP 公司基于 QorIQ T系列通信处理器 T2081, T1042, 和 T1022，他们分别拥有 8 个，4 个和 2 个 e6500 核心，稍有不同的是，T2081 的处理器主频为 1.8GHz，T1042/22 的处理器主频为 1.4GHz。所有的核心都集成了 AltiVec SIMD 引擎，这也就意味着它能够提供 DSP 级别的浮点运算性能。所有以上 3 款 X-ES 板卡都能够支持最高 8GB 的 DDR3-1600 ECC SDRAM 内存。外加 512MB NOR 和 32GB 的 NAND 闪存。
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>NXP T2081 框图
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板卡的 I/O 包括一个 x4 PCI Express Gen2 通到，along with dual helpings of Gigabit Ethernet, RS232/422/485 串口和 SATA 3.0 接口。此外，它可选 3 款 QorIQ 处理器，Xpedite 6101 提供了三种[X-ES 加固等级][19]，分别是额定工作温度 0 ~ 55°C, -40 ~ 70°C, 或者是 -40 ~ 85°C，且包含 3 类冲击和抗振类别。
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此外，我们已经介绍过的基于 X-ES QorIQ 的 XMC/PrPMC 板卡包括[XPedite6401 和 XPedite6370][20]，它们支持已有的板卡级 Linux Linux，Wind River VxWorks（一种实时操作系统） 和 Green Hills Integrity（也是一种操作系统）。
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### 更多信息
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eInfochips Android PowerPC 移植白皮书可以[在此[4]下载(需要先免费注册)。
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### Related posts:
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- [Commercial embedded Linux distro boosts virtualization][5]
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- [Freescale unveils first ARM-based QorIQ SoCs][6]
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- [High-end boards run Linux on 64-bit ARM QorIQ SoCs][7]
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- [Free, Open Enea Linux taps Yocto Project and Linaro code][8]
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- [LynuxWorks reverts to its LynxOS roots, changes name][9]
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- [First quad- and octa-core QorIQ SoCs unveiled][10]
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- [Free white paper shows how Linux won embedded][11]
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- [Quad-core Snapdragon COM offers three dev kit options][12]
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- [Tiny COM runs Linux on quad-core 64-bit Snapdragon 410][13]
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- [PowerPC based IoT gateway COM ships with Linux BSP][14]
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: http://hackerboards.com/powerpc-gains-android-4-4-port-with-big-endian-support/
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作者：[Eric Brown][a]
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译者：[dongfengweixiao](https://github.com/dongfengweixiao)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]: http://hackerboards.com/powerpc-gains-android-4-4-port-with-big-endian-support/
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[1]: http://linuxdevices.linuxgizmos.com/low-cost-powerquicc-chips-offer-flexible-interconnect-options/
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[2]: https://www.einfochips.com/blog/k2-categories/aerospace/presenting-a-case-for-porting-android-on-powerpc-architecture.html
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[3]: http://www.xes-inc.com/products/processor-mezzanines/xpedite6101/
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[4]: http://biz.einfochips.com/portingandroidonpowerpc
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[5]: http://hackerboards.com/commercial-embedded-linux-distro-boosts-virtualization/
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[6]: http://hackerboards.com/freescale-unveils-first-arm-based-qoriq-socs/
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[7]: http://hackerboards.com/high-end-boards-run-linux-on-64-bit-arm-qoriq-socs/
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[8]: http://hackerboards.com/free-open-enea-linux-taps-yocto-and-linaro-code/
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[9]: http://hackerboards.com/lynuxworks-reverts-to-its-lynxos-roots-changes-name/
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[10]: http://hackerboards.com/first-quad-and-octa-core-qoriq-socs-unveiled/
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[11]: http://hackerboards.com/free-white-paper-shows-how-linux-won-embedded/
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[12]: http://hackerboards.com/quad-core-snapdragon-com-offers-three-dev-kit-options/
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[13]: http://hackerboards.com/tiny-com-runs-linux-and-android-on-quad-core-64-bit-snapdragon-410/
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[14]: http://hackerboards.com/powerpc-based-iot-gateway-com-ships-with-linux-bsp/
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[15]: http://linuxdevices.linuxgizmos.com/android-ported-to-powerpc/
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[16]: http://www.androidppc.com/
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[17]: http://hackerboards.com/quad-core-snapdragon-com-offers-three-dev-kit-options/
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[18]: https://sourceware.org/libffi/
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[19]: http://www.xes-inc.com/capabilities/ruggedization/
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[20]: http://hackerboards.com/high-end-boards-run-linux-on-64-bit-arm-qoriq-socs/
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