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“云”是怎么影响着每一位linux用户的？
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================================================================================
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### “云”简介 ###
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不论是报纸、在线资讯、播客、科技博客、科技门户网站，甚至是电台和电视。“云计算”永远都是人们津津乐道的主题。
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然而，因为“云计算”包含了太多的东西，现在并没有一个明确的定义，所以你认为“云计算”应该是什么呢？
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> **云计算** 过去常常被当做是网络计算的一个模型，网络计算就是把用户程序或者是应用运行在一个联网的服务器或是一个服务器集群，而不是像个人电脑、平板以及智能手机这一类运算设备。比如像传统的client-server (客户机-服务器模型) 和老一代的大型机，^[1] 用户通过连接服务器来执行一项任务。这和“云计算”是不同的，“云计算”是利用虚拟化的技术，把运算进程运行在一个或多个服务器上。利用虚拟技术，越来越多的物理化的服务器被配置和划分成多个独立的“虚拟”服务器，每个服务独立运行，对于用户来说，就像是运行在一个独立的物理服务器上一样。虚拟服务器本质上还是从他们的物理服务器中分离出来的，由于这种灵活的配置方式，使得人们可以按照意愿移动服务器和按比例分配资源而不影响最终的用户体验。计算机资源已成“颗粒”，给用户和管理人员提供方便，包括提供按需自助服务，支持更广泛的跨平台之间的访问，资源共享，快速重新部署，可被监控与量测服务。^[2]
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以上引用摘自维基百科。
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在过去，我们要么用哑终端连接大型电脑主机，要么近年来使用桌面电脑连接运行在内部服务器上的应用，就像网站连接数据库一样。
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现在，所有桌面、应用和服务器的管理都已经本地化，都需要来自它们所属公司的技术支持。
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然而这只对软件公司等少数的公司有利，却对其他的一些商业公司不利，比如说银行、保险公司和石油公司。信息技术公司没有银行的职能，就好像是做餐饮的钻不出地下的石油一样。
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大公司早已把很多服务外包给专业的公司。例如，让餐饮公司为他们的员工提供食堂，以及我们所熟知的离岸呼叫中心处理银行业务的客户电话。
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IT 行业的很多服务也逐渐转向外包，许多的技术支持和开发的业务都被打包给中国、印度、马来西亚和东欧。
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云计算与传统的典型模型有很大不同的一方面在于虚拟化，这种虚拟化的技术把服务运行于虚拟服务器上，服务器可以被放置在同一个地方或者是相隔千山万水，但是，这并不重要，你也不用担心，因为那不是你该担心的事情。
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> 现在，“云计算”已经成为云计算基础设施的简称。^[4] 这个术语来源于早年一些网络工程师用云状的符号表示那些对他们来说未知的网络。^[5] 后来，营销者普及了这个云的概念，指的是软件、平台和一些可以买卖的基础设施。比如，远程登录互联网。
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因此，这篇文章讲述了和云相关的所有，对于linux的用户来说，这意味着你想用它做什么和它能为自己做些什么，当然，这有可能也会给我们造成一些误区。
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从一个终端用户和家庭使用者的角度来看，云计算最基本的就是提供在线服务。
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所以，让我们来说一说云能到底能给每一位linux用户提供些什么有用的服务？
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### 电子邮件 ###
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当你读到这里的时候，如果你还没有一个电子邮箱，我只能说你OUT了。
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据PC杂志顾问统计分析，截至2014三月份，电子邮箱的用户最多的前六名分别是Outlook、GMail、Yahoo、icloud、AOL和GMX。
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### 办公套件 ###
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和电子邮件客户端一样，对于每个人来说，另一个最常用的工具之一就是办公套件。
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在以前，当人们刚刚进入电脑世界的时候，买一个电脑会带回一个超大型的机器和半打子CD，刻着几个没用的 Microsoft Works ( 微软工作软件 )。 (LCTT译注：Microsoft Works Mirosoft Works是微软的一种家用综合软件，它主要面向低端的家庭用户,提供基本的能提高生活效率的工具,比如提供简单的文档处理、数据库、电子表格的入门级办公包功能。) 微软工作软件是一个廉价，而且无用到几乎要被砍掉的微软office版本。
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而现在，你甚至不需要在你的电脑上安装任何的办公套件，即便是有LibreOffice和Kingsoft这样好的软件供选择。
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最好的选择当然是Google Docs和Office 365。对于Office 365能否很好的运行于Linux平台，这篇来自2012期专业电脑的文章似乎说明了这个问题。
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有人说这怎么可能呢，我不相信，所以，我注册并登录了Office 365，想看看到底是什么情况。
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注册，可以免费试用一个月，并且会赠送包括Word、Excel、和Outlook等一些在线应用。
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一切看起来都挺好，我打开了Microsoft Word，选择了一个模板来使用，当然根本就没有打开成功。
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Office 365 并没有很好的支持linux设备，况且，说实话，你也不需要这东西。so，咱们继续。
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Google Docs对于一般的办公支持非常完美，它能完成很多的事情，并且有很多的模板针对文字处理，演示工具，电子表格等。即使它始终也代替不了Excel，因为他并没有成百上千的开发人员为其创建宏和编写VBA脚本。
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另一个可供选择的办公套件是Zoho。
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和Google Docs一样，Zoho也包含有文字处理工具，演示程序，电子表格程序和电子邮件。
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此外，还有很多金融和客户管理系统。
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这个工具的界面看起来真的很简洁，很棒。
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它和Google Docs和Zoho这些在线服务一样，给予了人们相互协作的便利。
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很多文档被不同的人分享，然后在不同的地方被不同的人修改完善。
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这里会给出一些理由来帮助你从Google Docs和Zoho中选择一个适合你的办公套件。
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### 在线文件存储 ###
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Google Docs和Zoho给我们提供了其他一些很好的服务，就是很好的线上存储能力，你们可以线上存储很多文档和创建很多文件。
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也有一些其他的服务,比如说Dropbox,仅仅只提供在云存储服务。
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像Dropbox这样的云存储的好处是如果你的东西被偷了或者是不小心房子着火了，而这时，你仍然有一份离岸备份是安好无缺的。你仍然可以在任何地方获取你的文件。
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Dropbox对于前2G的容量是免费的，如果你还有更多的东西要存储，每天还有更多的事情要做，每个月只要9.9美刀，你就能拥有100G的存储空间，另外，Dropbox也提供商务版本，每个月15美刀。
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当然，并不是说Dropbox没有可替代的方案，这个网站也提供了很多很好的一些在线备份的方案。
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### 相册 ###
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自从有了数码照相机和智能手机，现在越来越多的人们利用存储卡来保存照片。
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我相信肯定有人因为电话坏了而丢失照片，因为他的照片是存储在电话上的，而不是其他的存储设备，甚至，有些因为丢失了电话而丢失了他们孩子的运动会照片或者是其他一些具有纪念意义的照片资料。
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丢失电话肯定不是什么好事情，如果你放机灵一点，情况可能要好一点，因为很多人的电话和email，facebook，Twitter的账户是同步的，甚至在线存储也是。
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当然，丢失手机时，我们可以更改以上那些账户的密码，可是丢失的照片却是再也找不回来了，这让人有一点点伤心。
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备份资料到电脑当然是一种很好的解决方法，不过要是你的笔记本哪天不小心坏了，你也只能变得一无所有，从头再来。
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在线照片存储的网站是一个很好的资源，因为他们不止要保证你的照片的安全，你也可以很方便的把照片分享给你选择的人。省去了那些把同样的照片做无数次的拷贝分别发给妈妈，奶奶，妹妹，阿姨和岳母等各种亲戚朋友的麻烦。
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我常用的一个是谷歌的Picasa相册工具，但是大家也可能听说过像Flickr这样的网络相册。
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Lifehacker给出了最好的5个网络分享的相册。
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请记住，他们仅仅是被称作相册分享工具，并不是说你一定要分享，你也可以自己保留他们。
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### 音乐 ###
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我得到的第一个唱片是20世纪80年代初“Adam and the Ants”的"Kings of the wild frontier"里的一个12英寸的碟子。
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在20世纪80年代后的很长一段时间里，唱片逐渐被磁带所取代，就好像是我积累了很多的磁带以后，磁带却被CD所取代。
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后来，成百上千的CD和MP3越来越普遍，直至成为了一种潮流。
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而音频流媒体始终也跟着潮流一起进步，比如像Spotify。
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Spotify是一个免费的软件，但是里面包含广告，对于使用的人们而言，它就像是一个你可以定制的私人电台，当然你也可以交月费来去除广告。
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Grooveshark和last.fm也有提供很多相似的服务。
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Techradar给出了7种Spotify的替代方案。
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### 电影 ###
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小飞象 (Dumbo) 是我最早在电影院看的一部电影。而我最早接触录像是“Krull”，它讲述了Dulph Lundgren的年轻时候的经历，录像的格式是Beta Max。(当时我的邻居就有一个) 。
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有一天，爸爸从收音机租赁处带回来一个录像机，我和我的姐姐就轮流去录像店租带子看。我清楚的记得，我第一次租的带子名字叫“黑洞”(The Black Hole)。
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直到有声电影的出现，你就不得不拿一个很大的东西来装电影带子，所以有些天才就发明了DVD，甚至是制造出了蓝光碟片。
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现在，流媒体已经充斥着我们生活的每一天，要是你有个牛X的网络就更完美了。
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其中，最出名的流媒体提供商是Netflix和Lovefilm (Netflix和Lovefilm都是在线的影片租赁公司)。
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linuxnews给了我们一些更好的选择来替代Netflix，因为并不是所有的服务都能无缝的在linux上工作，包括Netflix。
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### 游戏 ###
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继音乐，电影搬到线上以后，游戏也登上了在线的舞台。
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对游戏来说就要困难一些，因为音乐只占用很少的带宽，而电影的要求相对高一点，但是也仅仅是为了得到一幅清晰的画面。
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游戏始终需要很高的帧速支持，不然即使你手上有一个很好玩的游戏，可能也不值得去尝试。
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当前，很多游戏服务商都有提供基于云的游戏，包括OnLive和StreamMyGame也有提供。
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linuxnews给出了6个和OnLive竞争的游戏服务提供商。
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### 争议 ###
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云计算也并不是没有争议。
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首先，最大的问题就是安全问题，如果有人进入了你的在线存储空间和你的电子邮箱，并盗取了你的个人信息。
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那么在线存储你都会存些什么呢？像Megaupload.com这样的网站，上面都有很多有价值的客户资料。
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Megaupload.com这个网站本来提供的大容量文件的存储，而问题却是，很多人用它来分享一些有版权的资料，美国的当局就不依不饶的下来检查，所以这个服务被迫关掉了。
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现在，因为很多人丢失了资料，当局的这样做也是无可厚非的，但是对于那些没有做错事的人来说，他们的数据资料也丢失了，美国当局拒绝还给本人。
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最后给出了一个服务正在维护的答复，如果你的电子邮件停了一天你能应付，那么3天呢？甚至是一个月你还能应付得了吗，那么你也就只能任由服务提供商摆布了。
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很多大公司已经取回了丢失的数据，但是仍然有很多心脏病漏洞(openssl的heartbleed安全漏洞)的消息在，这是ssl应用多年中发现的一个重大的安全漏洞。
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所以说，如果你用了别人提供的在线服务，那么你必须信赖他们技术支持人员，你也必须相信他们不会出现被黑客攻击，硬件故障，缺乏备份和无法恢复系统这样的情况。
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### 总结 ###
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现在云计算早已成了充斥着在线服务的主题，你的浏览器就是一个客户端，连接世界上任意一个地方的服务器或者是服务器集群。重点是你没必要去关注，而且你也不需要知道。
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一般来说，我们仅仅触及的是它的表面，所有我们每天接触到的云，对于我们大多数人来说甚至都不用去关注它。
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至于说云到底是怎样影响着每一位linux用户，事实去证明是有很多的。
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云到底是好是坏？又或许什么都不是。每一种服务的好坏都要看它的优势。
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或许云仅仅是营销人员炒起来的一个概念，也只会让技术新闻感到兴奋。是否还有人记得我们一直在用的“Web 2.0”？
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感谢您的阅读。
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: http://www.linuxnews.pro/how-does-the-cloud-affect-the-everyday-linux-user/
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译者：[barney-ro](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
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在Ubuntu上要用微软OFFICE？去安装官方的Web应用吧
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==================================================
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**不论你喜欢与否，微软 Office 及其文件格式是大多数工作和学习环境所必须的，无论是好用还是不好用**
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通过使用[LibreOffice的应用程序套件][1]，在Ubuntu上阅读、编辑和保存这些专有文件格式出现是基本可行的。 Writer、Calc和Impress都不同程度的和微软 Office 可以互通，虽然以我的实际经验来看（幸好很短暂），不是很完美。
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有时候你会不得不使用微软Office（虽然我们大多数人都心里向着开放标准，但是我们不应该无视实际问题），但你如果不太想去购买一个完整的微软OFFICE许可证，并通过 WINE来运行它，那么微软的在线网络应用程序就是完美的解决方法。
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###在Ubuntu安装微软在线办公软件上的应用程序###
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为了更容易地从Ubuntu的桌面访问这些在线版本，“Linux的Web应用项目”创造了一个小的、非官方的安装程序。它可以添加Web应用程序的快捷方式（“漂亮的书签”）到您的应用程序启动器。
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通过快捷方式，可以在你的默认的浏览器中打开相应的Microsoft Web应用，不可能有比这更简单的了。听起来不错吧？你可以找到这些Web 应用的快捷方式：
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- Word
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- Excel
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- PowerPoint
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- Outlook
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- OneDrive
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- Calendar
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- OneNote
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- People
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该软件包还创建了一个新的应用程序类别来容纳这些链接，不但可以让您把这些快捷方式从其他应用程序单独分开来，而且是直接位于常见的“办公软件”应用程序下。
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这些都是必不可少的吗？不见得。他们有用吗？这取决于你的工作需要。但它是不错的选择吗？一定是的。
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你可以从下面的链接下载.deb文件安装程序。适用于Ubuntu14.04 LTS和更高版本。
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|
||||
- [下载微软的在线办公应用(.deb)][2]
|
||||
|
||||
###其他可选项###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
类似的替代方案是[安装Chrome官方网上应用商店的在线办公应用程序][3]，然后添加应用程序启动器到Linux。这也会在 Dash 中为它们创建启动快捷方式，不过那些可以被设置为打开自己的窗口框架中，而且不需要安装任何第三方软件包。
|
||||
|
||||
同时，谷歌最近在整合完整的Office功能（由于其购买了QuickOffice）[到自己的文档，幻灯片和表单应用][4]。Android应用程序Quickoffice退出了舞台，而以Chrome扩展的方式再次出现。
|
||||
|
||||
如果你是一个深度的谷歌网络硬盘/文档的用户，那么这个解决方案可能对你来说更好。
|
||||
|
||||
-------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/07/run-microsoft-office-web-apps-ubuntu-desktop
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[cereuz](https://github.com/cereuz)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.libreoffice.org/
|
||||
[2]:https://docs.google.com/file/d/0ByQnaVw7riBQMjNCUFh4ZlM4Y0E/edit?usp=sharing
|
||||
[3]:http://www.omgchrome.com/microsoft-brings-office-online-chrome-web-store/
|
||||
[4]:http://www.omgchrome.com/quickoffice-chrome-extension-gets-name-change/
|
||||
@ -1,22 +1,22 @@
|
||||
diff -u: 内核开发里的新鲜事儿
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
偶尔总会有人指出Linux中的POSIX违规（注：violation此处暂译为违规，若不妥，请修正），通常的回答是修复违规问题，但有时李纳斯·托瓦兹认为POSIX特性是不完整的，至少他们维护Linux特性的情形下是这样的。因此，他们或许应该构建一层POSIX兼容层，即便这个分层会相对较慢和低效。
|
||||
偶尔总会有人指出Linux中的POSIX违规（violation），通常的回答是“修复违规问题”，但有时李纳斯·托瓦兹认为POSIX特性是不完整的，至少他们维护Linux特性的情形下是这样的。因此，他们或许应该构建一层POSIX兼容层，即便这个分层会相对较慢和低效。
|
||||
|
||||
这一次，*迈克尔·凯利斯克*报告了一个影响文件操作的POSIX违规。显然，在多线程操作期间读写文件会导致竞争出现，重写其它操作的改变。
|
||||
这一次，*迈克尔·凯利斯克（Michael Kerrisk）*报告了一个影响文件操作的POSIX违规。显然，在多线程操作期间读写文件会导致竞争出现，重写其它操作的改变。
|
||||
|
||||
关于这是否是POSIX的一个违规存在一些讨论，但到最后又有谁关心呢？数据重写是很糟糕的。在迈克尔提交部分代码去重现这个问题后，讨论的问题集中到该做什么去修复它。但迈克尔确实提出了“Linux从早期开始就与UNIX不一致。（如在1992年版的史蒂夫的APUE的191页讨论到fork()操作后在父进程与子进程之间文件偏移量的共享问题。尽管史蒂夫没有显式地讲清楚一致性的保证，但缺乏这个保证的推论这里的讨论可能有些没意义。）”的观点。
|
||||
关于这是否是POSIX的一个违规存在一些讨论，但到最后又有谁关心呢？数据重写（clobbering）是很糟糕的事情。在迈克尔提交部分代码去重现这个问题后，讨论的问题集中到该做什么去修复它。但迈克尔的观点是：“Linux从早期开始就与UNIX不一致。（如在1992年版的史蒂夫的APUE的191页讨论到fork()操作后在父进程与子进程之间文件偏移量的共享问题。尽管史蒂夫没有显式地讲清楚一致性的保证，但缺乏这个保证的推论这里的讨论可能有些没意义。）”
|
||||
|
||||
艾尔·维洛和李纳斯一起设法解决这个修复。李纳斯尝试引入一个简单的互斥量去锁住文件，以便写操作无法互相重写。艾尔提出了自己的改进以改善李纳斯的补丁。
|
||||
艾尔·维洛（Al Viro）和李纳斯一起设法解决这个修复。李纳斯尝试引入一个简单的互斥量去锁住文件，以便写操作无法互相重写。艾尔提出了自己的改进以改善李纳斯的补丁。
|
||||
|
||||
李纳斯一度解释过这个故障自身的历史。显然，从前这个用来告诉系统去哪里写文件的文件指针已经被锁在一个信号量中，所以只有一个进程可以在某一时刻对这个文件做任何操作。但是，他们从中拿走了这个信号量，以便在任何时候可以适应设备文件和其它非常规文件，因为当用户被禁止写入其中时它们就会陷入竞争状态。
|
||||
|
||||
这就是错误的由来。那时候，它悄悄通过了检查，未被发现。因为实际上对常规文件的读写仍然由内核自动处理。只有文件指针自身可以避免同步。而且，因为高速线程化的文件操作是一个非常罕见的需求，所以对任何人来说都需要很长时间才能遇到这个问题并报告它。
|
||||
这就是错误的由来。那个时候，它悄悄地通过了检查，未被发现。因为实际上对常规文件的读写仍然由内核自动处理。只有文件指针自身可以避免同步。而且，因为高速线程化的文件操作是一个非常罕见的需求，所以对任何人来说都需要很长时间才能遇到这个问题并报告它。
|
||||
|
||||
一个有趣的小细节是当李纳斯和艾尔在寻找一个修复方案时，艾尔一度抱怨李纳斯采用的方法并不能支持确定的架构，包括*ARM*和*PowerPC*。李纳斯的回应是“我怀疑关心这个是否有意义。[...]如果使用ARM/PPC架构的人停止抱怨，他们可以往gcc中加入struct-return的支持。”
|
||||
一个有趣的小细节是当李纳斯和艾尔在寻找一个修复方案时，艾尔一度抱怨李纳斯采用的方法并不能支持一些确定的架构，包括*ARM*和*PowerPC*。李纳斯的回应是“我怀疑关心这个是否有意义。[...]如果使用ARM/PPC架构的人停止抱怨，他们可以往gcc中加入struct-return的支持。”
|
||||
|
||||
看到这些问题突然产生并得到处理通常是很有趣的。在某些情况下，这个修复的部分工作必须在内核中进行，部分在GCC中，部分在其它地方。在这个特例里，艾尔认为整个事情都应该在内核里处理，他在灵感的激发下往补丁中写入了自己的版本，李纳斯也接受了。
|
||||
|
||||
*安迪·克伦*则想为*perf*增加底层CPU事件支持。问题在于这可能会导致大量的底层事件，而且会因CPU的变化而改变。即使为了所有类型的CPU把可能的时间都存储在内存里，也可能会显著地增加内核的运行大小。因此，把这个信息硬编码进内核的方法是有问题的。
|
||||
*安迪·克伦（Andi Kleen）*则想为*perf*增加底层CPU事件支持。问题在于这可能会导致大量的底层事件，而且会因CPU的变化而改变。即使为了所有类型的CPU把可能的时间都存储在内存里，也可能会显著地增加内核的运行大小。因此，把这个信息硬编码进内核的方法是有问题的。
|
||||
|
||||
他也指出*OProfile*工具依赖于这些时间的公开可用列表，尽管他表示OProfile开发者并非总维持他们的列表与最新的可用版本一致。
|
||||
|
||||
@ -24,20 +24,21 @@ diff -u: 内核开发里的新鲜事儿
|
||||
|
||||
有各种各样对安迪代码的反馈，其中大部分涉及到应该在哪个目录下保存事件列表和文件如何命名。这份代码本身的特性似乎得到了很好的回应。一处细节证明了安迪的代码比其他人的更有争议，就是将列表下载到用户家目录下的一个子目录。安迪表示如果不这样做的话，用户可能会以系统管理员的身份去下载事件列表，这会是危害安全的操作。
|
||||
|
||||
萨沙·莱文最近发布了一个脚本来从堆栈转储中把*十六进制的偏移量*翻译成有意义的指向内核源码文件的行号。因此诸如“ffffffff811f0ec8”形式的十六进制表示可以被翻译成“fs/proc/generic.c:445”。
|
||||
萨沙·莱文（Sasha Levin）最近发布了一个脚本来从堆栈转储中把*十六进制的偏移量*翻译成有意义的指向内核源码文件的行号。因此诸如“ffffffff811f0ec8”形式的十六进制表示可以被翻译成“fs/proc/generic.c:445”。
|
||||
|
||||
然而，结果表明李纳斯·托瓦兹正打算从堆栈转储中移除十六进制偏移量，具体原因是他们难以理解。所以萨沙的代码看起来过时了。【译者注：程序媛，伤不起！】
|
||||
然而，结果表明李纳斯·托瓦兹正打算从堆栈转储中移除十六进制偏移量，具体原因是他们难以理解。所以萨沙的代码看起来过时了。[译者注：程序媛，伤不起！:< ]
|
||||
|
||||
他们在这个问题上纠结了一番。起初，萨沙打算依赖存储在System.map文件里的数据区补偿，但李纳斯指出包括他在内的有些人并不会保留System.map文件。李纳斯推荐使用/usr/bin/nm从编译好的内核文件中提取符号表。
|
||||
|
||||
所以，似乎萨沙的脚本可能确实为调试堆栈转储提供了有意义的文件和行号，假设堆栈转储提供足够的信息去完成计算。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.linuxjournal.com/content/diff-u-whats-new-kernel-development-0
|
||||
|
||||
原文作者：[Zack Brown][a]
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[KayGuoWhu](https://github.com/KayGuoWhu) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
译者：[KayGuoWhu](https://github.com/KayGuoWhu) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
@ -13,56 +13,56 @@ shell脚本中的变量是用来**调用**一个**数值**或者**字符值**的
|
||||
<table width="100%" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1">
|
||||
<tbody>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td><strong> System Defined Variables </strong></td>
|
||||
<td><strong> Meaning </strong></td>
|
||||
<td><strong>系统定义的变量 </strong></td>
|
||||
<td><strong>意义 </strong></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td> BASH=/bin/bash </td>
|
||||
<td> Shell Name </td>
|
||||
<td> Bash Shell 名称 </td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td> BASH_VERSION=4.1.2(1) </td>
|
||||
<td> Bash Version </td>
|
||||
<td> Bash 版本 </td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td> COLUMNS=80 </td>
|
||||
<td> No. of columns for our screen </td>
|
||||
<td> 你的屏幕宽度（列数） </td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td> HOME=/home/linuxtechi </td>
|
||||
<td> Home Directory of the User </td>
|
||||
<td> 用户家目录 </td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td> LINES=25 </td>
|
||||
<td> No. of columns for our screen </td>
|
||||
<td> 你的屏幕高度（行数） </td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td> LOGNAME=LinuxTechi </td>
|
||||
<td> LinuxTechi Our logging name </td>
|
||||
<td> 当前登录用户的名字 </td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td> OSTYPE=Linux </td>
|
||||
<td> OS type </td>
|
||||
<td> 操作系统类型 </td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td> PATH=/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin </td>
|
||||
<td> Path Settings </td>
|
||||
<td> 可执行文件搜索路径 </td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td> PS1=[\u@\h \W]\$ </td>
|
||||
<td> Prompt Settings </td>
|
||||
<td> 命令行提示符 </td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td> PWD=/home/linuxtechi </td>
|
||||
<td> Current Working Directory </td>
|
||||
<td> 当前工作目录 </td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td> SHELL=/bin/bash </td>
|
||||
<td> Shell Name </td>
|
||||
<td> Shell 名称 </td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td> USERNAME=linuxtechi </td>
|
||||
<td> User name who is currently login to system </td>
|
||||
<td> 当前登录的用户名 </td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ shell脚本中的变量是用来**调用**一个**数值**或者**字符值**的
|
||||
$ echo “The cost of the item is $15”
|
||||
The cost of the item is 5
|
||||
|
||||
很明显，那不是我们说希望的。无论何时，当脚本遇见引号中的美元符号时，它都会认为你是在调用一个变量。在本例中，改脚本试着显示**变量$1**（而这个变量并没有定义），然后显示数字5。要显示实际上的美元符号，你**必须前置**一个**反斜线字符**：
|
||||
很明显，那不是我们说希望的。无论何时，当脚本遇见引号中的美元符号时，它都会认为你是在调用一个变量。在本例中，该脚本试着显示**变量$1**（而这个变量并没有定义），然后显示数字5。要显示实际上的美元符号，你**必须前置**一个**反斜线字符**：
|
||||
|
||||
$ echo “The cost of the item is \$15”
|
||||
The cost of the item is $15
|
||||
@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ shell脚本中的变量是用来**调用**一个**数值**或者**字符值**的
|
||||
|
||||
这些变量由**用户**定义。shell脚本允许我们在脚本中设置并使用我们**自己的变量**。设置变量允许你**临时存储数据**并在脚本中使用，让shell脚本看起来像一个真正的计算机程序。
|
||||
|
||||
**用户变量**可以是任何不超过**20个字母，数字**的文本字符串，或者**一个下划线字符**。用户变量是大小写敏感的，因此，变量Var1和变量var1是不同的变量。这个小规则常常让新手编写脚本时麻烦重重。
|
||||
**用户变量**可以是任何不超过**20个的字母、数字**或者**下划线字符**的文本字符串（LCTT 译注：变量只能以字母或下划线开头）。用户变量是大小写敏感的，因此，变量Var1和变量var1是不同的变量。这个小规则常常让新手编写脚本时麻烦重重。
|
||||
|
||||
我们可以通过**等于号**为变量赋值。变量，等于号和值（对于新手又是个麻烦的地方）之间不能有空格。下面是几个给用户变量赋值的例子：
|
||||
|
||||
@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ shell脚本为变量值**自动确定数据类型**。shell脚本内定义的变
|
||||
Jessica checked in 5 days ago
|
||||
$
|
||||
|
||||
每次变量被**调用**，它都会产生当前分配给它的值。记住这一点很重要，当调用一个变量值时，你使用**美元符号**，但是当调用一个变量来为其分配一个值时，你不能用美元符号。下面用例子来说明：
|
||||
每次变量被**调用**，它都会变成了当前分配给它的值。有一点很重要，当调用一个变量值时，你使用**美元符号**，但是当为一个变量分配一个值时，你不能用美元符号。下面用例子来说明：
|
||||
|
||||
$ cat test4
|
||||
#!/bin/bash
|
||||
@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ shell会在**反引号**中运行命令，然后将输出结果赋值给变量te
|
||||
$ ./test5
|
||||
The date and time are: Mon Jan 31 20:23:25 EDT 2011
|
||||
|
||||
**注**：在bash中，你也可以选用$(...)语法来替换反引号(`)，它有个优点就是可以重用。
|
||||
**注**：在bash中，你也可以选用$(...)语法来替换反引号(`)，它有个优点就是可以重用（re-entrant）。
|
||||
|
||||
例：
|
||||
|
||||
@ -192,8 +192,8 @@ shell会在**反引号**中运行命令，然后将输出结果赋值给变量te
|
||||
via: http://www.linuxtechi.com/variables-in-shell-scripting/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Pradeep Kumar][a]
|
||||
译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
译者：[ ](https://github.com/GOLinux)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
|
||||
Linux FAQ -- 如何在VMware ESXi虚拟机上设置静态MAC地址。
|
||||
Linux有问必答：如何在VMware ESXi虚拟机上设置静态MAC地址
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
> **问题**:我想给VMware ESXi上的一台虚拟机分配一个静态的MAC地址。然而当我开始这么做的时候，虚拟机就不能启动了不且抛出了一个这样一个错误"00:0c:29:1f:4a:ab is not an allowed static Ethernet address. It conflicts with VMware reserved MACs"（00:0c:29:1f:4a:ab不是一个合法的静态以太网地址。它与VMWare的保留MAC地址冲突）。我该如何在VMware ESXi虚拟机上设置静态MAC地址？
|
||||
> **问题**:我想给VMware ESXi上的一台虚拟机分配一个静态的MAC地址。然而当我开始这么做的时候，虚拟机就不能启动了，并且抛出了一个这样一个错误"00:0c:29:1f:4a:ab is not an allowed static Ethernet address. It conflicts with VMware reserved MACs"（00:0c:29:1f:4a:ab不是一个合法的静态以太网地址。它与VMWare的保留MAC地址冲突）。我该如何在VMware ESXi虚拟机上设置静态MAC地址？
|
||||
|
||||
当你在VMware ESXi上创建虚拟机时，虚拟机的每个网络接口就被分配了一个动态的NAC地址。如果你想要改变默认的行为并给你的虚拟机分配一个静态MAC地址时就这样做
|
||||
|
||||
@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ Linux FAQ -- 如何在VMware ESXi虚拟机上设置静态MAC地址。
|
||||
|
||||
首先关闭你想要分配静态MAC地址的虚拟机。
|
||||
|
||||
[对你的ESXi主机启用SSH访问][1]如果你还没这么做的话。接着通过SSH登录ESXi主机。
|
||||
[对你的ESXi主机启用SSH访问][1]，如果你还没这么做的话。接着通过SSH登录ESXi主机。
|
||||
|
||||
移到你虚拟机的.vmx文件所在目录。
|
||||
|
||||
@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ Linux FAQ -- 如何在VMware ESXi虚拟机上设置静态MAC地址。
|
||||
via: http://ask.xmodulo.com/static-mac-address-vmware-esxi-virtual-machine.html
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
|
||||
中国将要改变软件购买和销售的方式
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
> 这一切都是关于“开源”.
|
||||
|
||||
**中国并不需要你，也不需要你的软件。具体说来，中国市场并不需要你的工程师日以继夜的工作，也不需要你提供的任何东西。
|
||||
|
||||
中国每年会产生超过100000名新软件工程师。这些工程师会写出一大批令人惊叹的奇妙软件。如果有中国市场上尚未出现的软件，中国的工程师们就会从国外“借鉴”。在2012年，这样的软件掠夺达到了77%之多。对于那些已经面对着开源和云服务的挑战的西方软件卖家来说，中国无疑让他们的日子更苦难了。
|
||||
|
||||
不止是更困难，简直是举步维艰。
|
||||
|
||||
中国正在挑战西方公司在中国及其他地区的赚钱模式。对于那些已经明白如何在中国运营的公司来说，他们的未来看起来一片光明。
|
||||
|
||||
### 抵制中国模式 ###
|
||||
|
||||
当然，并非每家公司都会坐以待毙。以微软为例，微软已经通过[行使美国的国家司法权力来禁止中国公司做生意][1]——除非他们向微软购买许可证。这是一种很聪明的做法，而且它可能会为微软创造数十亿美元的价值，但是最终这一做法看起来与中国市场格格不入。
|
||||
|
||||
原因很简单，中国与微软对待知识产权的态度十分不同。
|
||||
|
||||
正如 [我所提到的][2]，“与同在亚洲的印度十分相似，中国的企业更倾向于购买复杂的、面向企业的软件。因为这种软件比服务大众的公司开发出来的更为先进。”但这种形势不会持续太久，因为中国的软件产业正在以一种惊人的速度前进，并毫无颓势。中国将会坚持向西方国家“借鉴”代码，直到有一天有足够的能力可以创造出创新性的软件。
|
||||
|
||||
但即使到那时候，中国的软件公司与美国软件的运营模式还是有所不同，美国的软件大多都已经捆绑在设备、架构在云端或者公司只靠提供软件支持而盈利。而这些运营模式都是无法克隆的。
|
||||
|
||||
不出所料，接下来的问题将是，这些公司将如何通过“开源”来盈利。
|
||||
|
||||
### 开源化中国 ###
|
||||
|
||||
正如CCID的分析师在 [J. Aaron Farr 的关于中国开源化报告][3] 中指出的，中国的开源社区规模很小而且没什么影响力。开源社区中缺少大项目、参与者稀少而且资金匮乏。
|
||||
|
||||
这真是个坏消息。
|
||||
|
||||
而好消息是，华为等公司将开源视为一种战略前景。具体而言，当[华为的开源项目网页][4]过时或疲软之时，就间接显示出了技术大步伐的前进方向。在与参与了开源项目的华为公司内部顾问的谈话中，虽然华为对如何参与到开源社区还处于摸索阶段，但他们总是对华为的开源项目赞不绝口。
|
||||
|
||||
这看起来并不容易坚持长久。
|
||||
|
||||
从一件事就可以看出端倪。中国最大的互联网公司们都纷纷以积极地姿态拥抱开源，这意味着中国开源时代的到来。你若是和任意一位在百度、阿里巴巴、微博的员工谈话，你会发现他们的软件项目都是彻底开源的。这些开源的软件都是运行在这些公司自己研发的硬件上而不是西方的硬件上。
|
||||
|
||||
换句话说，这样的模式已经和美国及西欧的运营模式如出一辙了。
|
||||
|
||||
抬头看看 [现金软件行业内最炙手可热的新公司][5]， 你就会知道中国的互联网公司未来的主流趋势，正如发生在西方世界的一样。不出意料的，许多都是关于“开源”。
|
||||
|
||||
### 销售给中国 ###
|
||||
|
||||
所有的一切都表明中国的软件行业不会像美国的软件行业发展历史一般发展。中国不会产生在柜台上卖卖软件就赚上亿美元的公司。因为西方对于知识产权的观念无法简单适用于中国的科技经济。
|
||||
|
||||
所以，商家们需要售卖比软件更丰富的产品。云服务是一大前景。硬件设施看起来也是前途璀璨。软件支持和咨询服务（虽然有一些非主流）也很被公司门看好。总而言之，中国的软件行业将会充满开源味道，而不能靠着简单的售卖专柜软件的形式赚钱。
|
||||
|
||||
图片由 [hackNY.org][6] 提供。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
原文: http://readwrite.com/2014/08/12/china-opensource-software-ip-programmers-united-states
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Matt Asay][a]
|
||||
译者：[chi1shi2](https://github.com/chi1shi2)
|
||||
校对：[reinoir](https://github.com/reinoir)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://readwrite.com/author/matt-asay
|
||||
[1]:http://readwrite.com/2014/03/17/microsoft-anti-piracy-strategy-china
|
||||
[2]:http://readwrite.com/2014/04/11/india-starts-paying-for-software-china-it
|
||||
[3]:http://cdn.oreillystatic.com/en/assets/1/event/12/Open%20Source%20in%20China%20Presentation%201.pdf
|
||||
[4]:http://huawei.com/en/about-huawei/Partner/openathuawei/index.htm
|
||||
[5]:http://codingvc.com/which-technologies-do-startups-use-an-exploration-of-angellist-data
|
||||
[6]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/hackny/8675057448/
|
||||
32
published/20140829 Linux Doesn't Need to Own the Desktop.md
Normal file
32
published/20140829 Linux Doesn't Need to Own the Desktop.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
|
||||
Linux 应当放弃桌面
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Linus Torvalds 前不久发布了 Linux 3.17 rc-2，这[偏离了他正常的发布时间表][1]，因为8月25日是 Linux 的第23个生日。“Hello 大家好，你还在使用minix吗？”，23年前的8月25日，Torvalds 在 Linux 的第一次发布中这样写道。
|
||||
|
||||
与此同时，最近 PCMag.com 网站声称[Linux 的时间已经不多了][2]。但是你们不觉得这样没玩没了地讨论 Linux 在桌面端是否成功其实是毫无意义的吗？Linux 已经广泛应用于超级计算机和车载系统，它构建了 Android 的基础，同时还是最流行的云整合（例如 OpenStack）的运行平台 —— 以上这些还只是 Linux 的一部分成就。桌面并不是 Linux 唯一的战场。
|
||||
|
||||
Jon Buys 在他[最近的文章][3]中谈到了 Linux 专业化以及与桌面有关的内容：
|
||||
|
||||
> “最近，IT业在追问‘[Linus 是否还在执著于 Linux 桌面？][4]’,来自 Teck Republic 的 Matt Asay 也在说‘[拜托不要再讨论 Linux 桌面了行吗？][5]’。这两篇文章都对 Linux 在个人计算机方面的发展空间持怀疑态度，还拿 Android 的成功故事来说事…… 但是它们都忽略了，Linux的灵活性以及它开源许可证的开放性，也许这两者正是拯救 Linux 桌面的关键。”
|
||||
|
||||
也许这是事实，但是 Linux 对于如此众多的桌面用户来说，还是太多余了。Linux 分享庞大市场的最佳机会已经来也匆匆去也匆匆了。
|
||||
|
||||
事实其实很简单，Linux已经改变了世界，获得了无与伦比的成功 —— 除了桌面系统，这毋庸置疑。Android已经不仅仅是一个基于Linux的平台，它已经成为了一个伟大的标志。Linux在服务器端和嵌入式技术领域占有巨大的份额，同时也为平台整合方面不断提供创新动力。Ubuntu已经成为部署搭建 OpenStack 最流行的平台。全世界的超级计算机都运行着 Linux，Chrome OS 也是基于 Linux。
|
||||
|
||||
因此，Linux 正在不断推动着整个世界的巨变，批评家们是时候停下来执著于 Linux 在桌面端的状态了。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://ostatic.com/blog/linux-doesnt-need-to-own-the-desktop
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Sam Dean][a]
|
||||
译者：[Mr小眼儿](http://blog.csdn.net/tinyeyeser)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://ostatic.com/member/samdean
|
||||
[1]:http://www.theregister.co.uk/2014/08/26/linux_turns_23_and_linus_torvalds_celebrates_as_only_he_can/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2465125,00.asp
|
||||
[3]:http://ostatic.com/blog/specialization-and-the-linux-desktop
|
||||
[4]:http://www.itworld.com/open-source/432816/does-it-still-make-sense-linus-want-desktop-linux
|
||||
[5]:http://www.techrepublic.com/article/can-we-please-stop-talking-about-the-linux-desktop/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
|
||||
如何在linux上分享你shell命令的输出
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
前段时间我发布了一篇关于[shelr.tv][1]这个网站的文章，它提供一个服务允许你从网站上直接分享你的[终端][2]记录。
|
||||
|
||||
现在shelr.tv这个网站似乎关闭了，然后我四处寻找是否有类似的网站，于是我发现了[commands.com][3]。
|
||||
|
||||
从它的主页上来看，它的服务和其他网站提供的服务是类似的，因此让我们来测试它。
|
||||
|
||||
### 步骤 1 – 在网站上注册 ###
|
||||
|
||||
只需要[注册][4]一个新的 用户名/密码，或者直接使用你的github账户快速登录。
|
||||
|
||||
### 步骤 2 – 下载安装monitor程序 ###
|
||||
|
||||
[Monitor][5]是一个命令行工具，它能捕获命令行的输入输出并且发送到commands.com网站上，这个程序是开源的，并托管在github上。
|
||||
|
||||
Monitor使得仓库的设置/安装变得更简单。通过它，你能方便地向人们展示最常见的错误与命令的输出。
|
||||
|
||||
简而言之，你能方便地和世界分享你的命令及其输出。
|
||||
|
||||
通过如下简单几步来安装它：
|
||||
|
||||
1) 克隆github上的这个项目的仓库，这样你能获得最新的源代码。
|
||||
|
||||
要完成这步，你需要在系统中已经安装了git命令，如果你得到关于这个命令的报错信息，你可以使用包管理工具来安装它，例如：
|
||||
|
||||
基于Debian的发布版：
|
||||
|
||||
apt-get install git
|
||||
|
||||
Redhat/Centos/Fedora发布版：
|
||||
|
||||
yum install git
|
||||
|
||||
现在从终端克隆这个仓库：
|
||||
|
||||
git clone https://github.com/dtannen/monitor.git
|
||||
|
||||
2) 安装readline和curl，这些库是通过源码构建程序的先决条件：
|
||||
|
||||
基于Debian的发布版：
|
||||
|
||||
apt-get install libreadline-dev libcurl4-openssl-dev
|
||||
|
||||
Redhat/Centos/Fedora发布版：
|
||||
|
||||
yum install readline-devel curl-devel
|
||||
|
||||
3) 构建程序：
|
||||
|
||||
要完成这步，你必须进入刚刚用git克隆的目录，然后编译这个c程序：
|
||||
|
||||
cd monitor
|
||||
make
|
||||
sudo make install
|
||||
|
||||
默认安装将把二进制文件放入/usr/local/bin目录下。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 步骤 3 – 使用monitor命令###
|
||||
|
||||
monitor命令特别简单易用：
|
||||
|
||||
monitor {-d} {-h} {-u <username>}
|
||||
|
||||
-d : 不删除/tmp下的文件
|
||||
-h : 帮助
|
||||
-u : commands.com用户名</username>
|
||||
|
||||
要退出monitor程序，需要按ctrl-c。
|
||||
|
||||
对我来说这仅仅意味着打开一个终端然后执行这些命令：
|
||||
|
||||
riccio@mint-desktop ~ $ monitor -u ricciocri
|
||||
Password:
|
||||
|
||||
Successfully logged in...
|
||||
AuthKey saved to /tmp/.riccio.commands.com. Delete file to return to Anonymous posting.
|
||||
monitor$ cd /tmp
|
||||
...
|
||||
|
||||
想知道在这之后我使用过的哪个命令吗？我已经把这个会话公开（默认是私有），因此你可以去这个url查看：[https://commands.com/JTNSHRLQJA][6]
|
||||
|
||||
在这里，你能看我已经使用过的命令以及它们的输出，一个有趣的选项是“fold/expand”你可以折叠（fold）所有的命令的输出或者仅仅展开（expand）你喜欢的那个命令的输出。
|
||||
|
||||
### 总结 ###
|
||||
|
||||
这只是一个简单的安装指南，在这个网站上你能参加更多“社会化”的活动，比如评论脚本/shell会话，派生它们或者选择你的最爱。
|
||||
|
||||
和github一样，你能派生任何一个公开的脚本/命令并能直接在网站上改变它，然后你也能得到一个公开（或私有）的url。你可以直接运行你脚本，就像这样：
|
||||
|
||||
curl commands.io/JTNSHRLQJA | sh
|
||||
|
||||
在网络上储存一些你在电脑/服务器上经常使用到的脚本，这是极好的，通常不要放置任何密码或敏感信息，这样你的信息才足够安全。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://linuxaria.com/article/how-to-share-on-linux-the-output-of-your-shell-commands
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[guodongxiaren](https://github.com/guodongxiaren)
|
||||
校对：[Caroline](https://github.com/carolinewuyan)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://linuxaria.com/recensioni/shelr-broadcast-your-linux-shell-on-the-net
|
||||
[2]:http://linuxaria.com/tag/shell
|
||||
[3]:https://commands.com/
|
||||
[4]:https://commands.com/Register/Index
|
||||
[5]:https://github.com/dtannen/monitor
|
||||
[6]:https://commands.com/JTNSHRLQJA
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
|
||||
Ubuntu商城有了一款 Ubuntu Touch 的 BT 客户端了
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**Ubuntu触屏平台已经拥有许多有趣应用程序，甚至看起来很多开发者已经开始实现许多超乎期望的软件，像BT客户端就是个很好的例子。**
|
||||
|
||||
Ubuntu触屏设备的应用商店在过去几个月一直平稳增长并增添了许多有趣的应用程序。其中大多数都已经满足操作系统的基本需求，但也有不少远远超出普通用户的需求。
|
||||
|
||||
你会发现在大多数手机中BT客户端并不是必备的东西。Android和Windows手机已经已经有这类的应用程序，看起来Ubuntu也将是支持的平台之一。Ubuntu开发者[Alan Pope][1]公布了一张正在为Ubuntu平台开发的应用程序的截图，该程序命名为DowNow。
|
||||
|
||||
这是一个相对较新的应用程序，而且仍然在开发中，你可以在Launchpad点击DowNow 0.3安装包，如果你想要获得更多详情，你也可以从Ubuntu软件中心下载。
|
||||
|
||||
目前，只有Nexus4和Nexus7设备支持，如果你想要在更多手机上尝试Ubuntu，也许还要等待几个月。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Ubuntu-Touch-Now-Has-a-Torrent-Clinent-in-the-Ubuntu-Store-457538.shtml
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Silviu Stahie][a]
|
||||
译者：[disylee](https://github.com/disylee)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://news.softpedia.com/editors/browse/silviu-stahie
|
||||
[1]:https://plus.google.com/u/0/+AlanPope/posts/Ej3vKVxBum8
|
||||
@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
|
||||
2q1w2007翻译中
|
||||
[小贴士] 怎么在Linux发行版下列出所有安装了的包
|
||||
怎么在Linux发行版下列出所有安装了的包
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -39,7 +38,7 @@
|
||||
|
||||
dpkg -l
|
||||
|
||||
祝你有好的一天。
|
||||
祝你一天好心情。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
@ -47,7 +46,7 @@ via: http://www.unixmen.com/quick-tip-list-installed-packages-linux-distribution
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Enock Seth Nyamador][a]
|
||||
译者：[2q1w2007](https://github.com/2q1w2007)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
|
||||
如何“上手”体验乌托邦独角兽！
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
**想要知道如何在正式发布前上手体验乌托邦独角兽（Utopic Unicorn）？现在你就可以做到！—— 真的是[“上手”][1]体验哦~！**
|
||||
|
||||
显然是为了庆祝即将发布的同名Ubuntu，Canonical上线了一款“手把手教你独角兽折纸指南”。这一活动作为该公司[2014 Deconstruct][2] 大会的一部分出现，大会于九月上旬在英国Brighton举办。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
供图: Alejandra Obregon
|
||||
|
||||
大会为期一天，为富有创造力的专家以及数字文化狂热者们提供了一个理想的交流场所，Canonical将展示一个正在开发中版本的 Ubuntu Phone，内容包括具体的设计以及用户交互界面，用以满足与会观众。
|
||||
|
||||
人们对这一折纸活动的反响很积极。折纸独角兽作品最棒的人，将会获得一部全新的 Ubuntu 手机，这大大激发了人们的积极性。
|
||||
|
||||
### 下载折纸独角兽 ###
|
||||
|
||||
其余没有获奖的朋友，也不要气馁，下载折纸独角兽还是会有惊喜哦~
|
||||
|
||||
如果你有五分钟的休息时间，为什么不玩玩这个折纸娱乐一下呢？如果你认为自己折出来的独角兽非常非常出（la）色（ji），请在[Twitter][3] 或 [Google+][4]上给我们发照片~（译者表示不爽！这是诚心不给我们天朝百姓获奖的机会吗？）
|
||||
|
||||
- [下载 ‘Make a Unicorn’ 手工折纸][5]
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/09/unicorn-origami-download-pdf-ubuntu-utopic
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Joey-Elijah Sneddon][a]
|
||||
译者：[Mr小眼儿](http://blog.csdn.net/tinyeyeser)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://plus.google.com/117485690627814051450/?rel=author
|
||||
[1]:http://design.canonical.com/2014/09/canonical-and-ubuntu-at-dconstruct/
|
||||
[2]:http://2014.dconstruct.org/
|
||||
[3]:http://twitter.com/omgubuntu
|
||||
[4]:http://plus.google.com/+omgubuntu
|
||||
[5]:http://design.canonical.com/wp-content/uploads/042_CAN_dConstruct_instructions.pdf
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
|
||||
Potenza 图标主题2.0已可下载
|
||||
=================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[Potenza][1]图标主题版本2.0已经发布。Potenza 图标的灵感来自[faenza][2]，faenza是我们在[Ubuntu 13.10的最佳图标][3]的列出的一款漂亮的图标主题。
|
||||
|
||||
Potenza 的开发者 Alessandro Bompadre说，他曾试图建立一个适用于Linux的完整图标集，它应该适合各种桌面环境，包括如Unity，Gnome，Cinnamon，KDE等。
|
||||
|
||||
###下载 Potenza 图标###
|
||||
|
||||
Potenza 图标可在 Ubuntu，Linux Mint、Elementary OS、Linux Lite 等环境中通过Noobslab的PPA来安装。只有一点需要提醒你，因为要为所有主要类型的桌面环境提供了大量的图标，所以总下载字节大概是400 MB。
|
||||
|
||||
打开一个终端，使用下面的命令：
|
||||
|
||||
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:noobslab/potenza
|
||||
sudo apt-get update
|
||||
sudo apt-get install potenza-2
|
||||
|
||||
如果你不想使用PPA，您也可以从下面的链接安装该图标主题：
|
||||
|
||||
- [下载 Potenza 图标主题][4]
|
||||
|
||||
解压文件到 ~/.icons 目录。在Ubuntu的Unity环境中，你可以[使用Unity Tweak Tool把当前的图标主题切换][5] 为 Potenza 。
|
||||
|
||||
希望你喜欢Potenza，您也可以试试[Dalisha图标主题][6]或看看我们的[Ubuntu 14.04的最佳图标主题列表][7]。
|
||||
|
||||
-------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://itsfoss.com/potenza-icon-themes-20-download/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Abhishek][a]
|
||||
译者：[fbigun](https://github.com/fbigun)
|
||||
校对：[wxy]（https://github.com/wxy）
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://itsfoss.com/author/Abhishek/
|
||||
[1]:https://github.com/AlessandroBompadre/Potenza/
|
||||
[2]:http://tiheum.deviantart.com/art/Faenza-Icons-173323228
|
||||
[3]:http://itsfoss.com/best-icon-themes-ubuntu-1310/
|
||||
[4]:http://gnome-look.org/content/show.php/Potenza+2.0?content=166853
|
||||
[5]:http://itsfoss.com/best-icon-themes-ubuntu-1404/
|
||||
[6]:http://itsfoss.com/dalisha-icon-ubuntu-linux/
|
||||
[7]:http://itsfoss.com/best-icon-themes-ubuntu-1404/
|
||||
62
published/The Open Source Witch Hunts Have Returned.md
Normal file
62
published/The Open Source Witch Hunts Have Returned.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
|
||||
开源女巫狩猎归来！
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
> 开源软件社区已经做出了改变，就像之前的美好时光。
|
||||
|
||||
开源已经变的温和了，之前我们有过各种不同的思潮，但是最近我们对分享代码和创新却有种奇怪的迷恋。
|
||||
|
||||
幸运的是，这一系列的使用主义注定要结束了。在过去的一段时间里，我们团结在Mozilla身边支持DRM版权保护以及嘲笑Red Hat和OpenStack之间的竞争。开源社区那些年仅有的几个开源软件明星和[Open Core 这种商业模式][1]产生了冲突而被反噬了。
|
||||
|
||||
噢，怎么变成这样了！
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Red Hat 退回到2003年 ###
|
||||
|
||||
Red Hat，开源软件理想主义的典范，在几周前拒绝支持它的竞争对手。Jodi Mardesich[出色的][2]揭露了真相，而Red Hat在努力辩护，这个真相就是：
|
||||
|
||||
Red Hat不想支持它的竞争对手，它的OpenStack的竞争对手也不想这样做。
|
||||
|
||||
在另外世界上这算是新闻吗？
|
||||
|
||||
### Mozilla变成了麻瓜 ###
|
||||
|
||||
Red Hat作为开源软件理想主义的典范代表很容易成为各种带颜色攻击的目标，Mozilla其实是更大的一个目标。
|
||||
|
||||
Mozilla致力于为用户服务，它最近进行了一场自我牺牲似的CEO 下台，同意加入DRM的技术，即纯Firefox浏览器源码可以使用户观看视频。
|
||||
|
||||
人们想看视频，Mozilla倾向于在它的浏览器中观看。
|
||||
|
||||
总是找到别人的思想滑坡的问题，开源软件组织[批评了][3] Mozilla，深切表达了自己对于Mozilla的失望，因为这种“为减轻市场份额的流失而妥协重要原则的决定”令人担忧。
|
||||
|
||||
但是，Mozilla为什么要做这样的傻事呢，为了用户，你懂的。
|
||||
|
||||
抛开道德说教的部分不说，[电子前沿基金会哀叹][4]，“开放网络最后的抗争已经失败了”。它对Mozilla投降的做法争论道：“接受DRM会改变这个行业”！DRM的倡导者一再妥协，一个公司又一个公司(PC行业)演变成一个行业，它通过锁定装置，监视器，接受每一个人的管理建立自己的利益关系。
|
||||
|
||||
[Mitchell Bake解释道][5]，Mozilla可能并没有投降：“Firefox用户会需要使用另外的浏览器来观看他们自己想看的视频，这会让人怀疑Firfox做一一个产品是否真的有用”。
|
||||
|
||||
嗯，好吧。
|
||||
|
||||
### 回到我们的思想源头 ###
|
||||
|
||||
我们或许希望其它人都按照我们的想法来，但事实上他们却有着不同的考虑。免费的软件让步给更加务实的开源软件，认为只有“不二法门”的想法也逐渐消亡了。
|
||||
|
||||
这种意识在目前还是有用的，但它并不总是方便和舒服。我崇尚开源软件的实用主义和Apache软件基金会，这样有很大的好处提醒GPL组织在意识形态上的危机感。软件自由真的很重要。
|
||||
|
||||
这么多悲观的言论，我自己也感到了恐惧，希望回到一个不断会自我鞭策的免费的开软软件的组织。这使开源软件协作变少而且更难驾驭，但是会变得更有力而且关乎未来。
|
||||
|
||||
（译者注：本文来源于一篇国外的杂文，译者和校对在翻译时感觉颇为吃力，因此肯定有大量谬误和不足，敬请大家谅解，或提出指正。虽然这篇文章说的事情已经过去了一段时间了，但是其反映的问题和潜伏的暗流也许影响更为深远。）
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://readwrite.com/2014/05/21/open-source-witch-hunt-mozilla-openstack-redhat#feed=/hack&awesm=~oEYDhxfP0Qv5hE
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[jiajia9linuxer](https://github.com/jiajia9linuxer) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_core
|
||||
[2]:http://readwrite.com/2014/05/16/red-hat-openstack-mirantis-rhel-support
|
||||
[3]:http://www.fsf.org/news/fsf-condemns-partnership-between-mozilla-and-adobe-to-support-digital-restrictions-management
|
||||
[4]:https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2014/05/mozilla-and-drm
|
||||
[5]:https://blog.mozilla.org/blog/2014/05/14/drm-and-the-challenge-of-serving-users/
|
||||
@ -1,27 +0,0 @@
|
||||
disylee占个坑！来翻译了！
|
||||
Ubuntu Touch Now Has a Torrent Client in the Ubuntu Store
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**The Ubuntu Touch platform is already the host of many interesting applications, and it looks like the developers have started to implement software that goes beyond what you might expect, like a torrent client for example.**
|
||||
|
||||
The app store for Ubuntu Touch has been growing steadily over the past few months and interesting applications are added all the time. Most of them are covering some of the basic needs of the operating system, but there are quite a few that go well beyond regular users’ needs.
|
||||
|
||||
A torrent client is not something that you will find on most phones. Android and Windows Phone already have this kind of apps and it looks like Ubuntu is now one of those platforms. Ubuntu developer [Alan Pope][1] posted a screenshot with a new application that's being developed for the Ubuntu platforms called DowNow.
|
||||
|
||||
This is a relatively new application and it's still under development. You can find the click package for DowNow 0.3 in Launchpad, if you want to take a closer look, or you can download from Ubuntu Software Center.
|
||||
|
||||
For now, the only supported devices are Nexus 4 and Nexus 7, if you want to test Ubuntu for phones, but that might change in the coming months.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Ubuntu-Touch-Now-Has-a-Torrent-Clinent-in-the-Ubuntu-Store-457538.shtml
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Silviu Stahie][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://news.softpedia.com/editors/browse/silviu-stahie
|
||||
[1]:https://plus.google.com/u/0/+AlanPope/posts/Ej3vKVxBum8
|
||||
@ -1,38 +0,0 @@
|
||||
How to Go Hands On With the Utopic Unicorn – Literally!
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
**Looking to go hands-on with the Utopic Unicorn ahead of its release? Now you can — [literally][1]!**
|
||||
|
||||
A step-by-step guide to making your own paper Unicorn (to celebrate the upcoming release of the same name, obviously) has been posted online by Canonical. The instructions were offered as part of the company’s presence at the 2014 [deconstruct][2] event held in Brighton, UK in early September.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Image: Alejandra Obregon
|
||||
|
||||
The one-day conference for creative professionals and digital culture enthusiasts served as an ideal place for Canonical to showcase an in-progress version of the upcoming Ubuntu Phone, its design and the user interaction benefits they believe it offers.
|
||||
|
||||
Reaction was positive, they say. That will have made the prize of a brand new Ubuntu phone to the maker of the best origami unicorn all the more tempting!
|
||||
|
||||
### Download Origami Unicorn ###
|
||||
|
||||
No prizes are on offer to the rest of us attempting to fold our way to frustration, but a download of the how-to is.
|
||||
|
||||
If you have a spare five hours minutes, why not make one for fun? If you make particularly epic success/fail of it be sure to send us a pic on [Twitter][3] or [Google+][4].
|
||||
|
||||
- [Download ‘Make a Unicorn’ Instructions][5]
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/09/unicorn-origami-download-pdf-ubuntu-utopic
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Joey-Elijah Sneddon][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://plus.google.com/117485690627814051450/?rel=author
|
||||
[1]:http://design.canonical.com/2014/09/canonical-and-ubuntu-at-dconstruct/
|
||||
[2]:http://2014.dconstruct.org/
|
||||
[3]:http://twitter.com/omgubuntu
|
||||
[4]:http://plus.google.com/+omgubuntu
|
||||
[5]:http://design.canonical.com/wp-content/uploads/042_CAN_dConstruct_instructions.pdf
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
|
||||
One of the Smallest Distros in the World, Tiny Core, Gets a Fresh Update
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Tiny Core desktop
|
||||
|
||||
**Robert Shingledecker has announced the immediate availability for download of the final version of the Tiny Core 5.4 Linux operating system, which also happens to be one the smaller operating systems in the world.**
|
||||
|
||||
The name of the distro says pretty much everything about the operating system, but the developers have integrated some interesting packages and a very light desktop to match it. This latest iteration only had a single Release Candidate and it's one of the quietest releases made so far.
|
||||
|
||||
"Tiny Core is simply an example of what the Core Project can produce, an 12MB FLTK/FLWM desktop. The user has complete control over which applications and/or additional hardware to have supported, be it for a desktop, a netbook, an appliance, or server, selectable by the user by installing additional applications from online repositories, or easily compiling most anything you desire using tools provided," says the dev on the official website.
|
||||
|
||||
According to the changelog, entries for nfs server have been added, 'Done' is now printed in a new lin, and udev has been updated to version 174 to fix a race condition.
|
||||
|
||||
A complete list of updates and changes can be found in the official [announcement][1].
|
||||
|
||||
You can download Tiny Core Linux 5.4.
|
||||
|
||||
- [Tiny Core Linux 5.4 (ISO)][2][iso] [14 MB]
|
||||
- [Tiny Core Plus 5.4 (ISO)][3][iso] [72 MB]
|
||||
- [Core 5.4 (ISO)][4][iso] [8.90 MB]
|
||||
|
||||
The distribution is Live, so you can test it before installing it.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/One-of-the-Smallest-Distros-in-the-World-Tiny-Core-Gets-a-Fresh-Update-458785.shtml
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Silviu Stahie][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://news.softpedia.com/editors/browse/silviu-stahie
|
||||
[1]:http://forum.tinycorelinux.net/index.php/topic,17487.0.html
|
||||
[2]:http://distro.ibiblio.org/pub/linux/distributions/tinycorelinux/5.x/x86/release/TinyCore-5.4.iso
|
||||
[3]:http://repo.tinycorelinux.net/5.x/x86/release/CorePlus-5.4.iso
|
||||
[4]:http://distro.ibiblio.org/tinycorelinux/5.x/x86/release/Core-current.iso
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
|
||||
GNOME Control Center 3.14 RC1 Corrects Lots of Potential Crashes
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
GNOME Control Center in Arch Linux
|
||||
|
||||
**GNOME Control Center, GNOME's main interface for the configuration of various aspects of your desktop, has been updated to version 3.14 RC1, along with a lot of the packages from the GNOME stack.**
|
||||
|
||||
The GNOME Control Center is a piece of software that's actually very important in the GNOME ecosystem, although not all users are aware of its existence. This is the part that takes care of all the settings in an OS powered by GNOME, as you can see from the screenshot.
|
||||
|
||||
It's not something that's usually advertised and it's actually one of the few packages in the GNOME stack that doesn't have the same name as source and as implementation. The source package is called GNOME Control Center, but users will usually see Settings or System Settings, depending on what the developers choose.
|
||||
|
||||
### What's new in GNOME Control Center 3.14 RC1 ###
|
||||
|
||||
According to the changelog, libgd has been updated in order to fix the GdNotification theming, the background chooser dialog is no longer resizing when switching views, a stack with three views is now used for the chooser dialog, a memory leak in Flickr support has been fixed, the hard-code font size is no longer used for the Date & Time, a crash that occurred if the WM changed (or restarted) has been fixed, a possible crash that occurred when wireless-enabled was changing has been fixed, and more potential crashers for WWAN have been corrected.
|
||||
|
||||
Also, the hotspot is now running only if the device is active, all of the virtualization bridges are now hidden, the underlying device for VPN connections is no longer shown, the empty folder list is no longer shown by default, various UI padding issues have been fixed, the focus is now returned in the account dialog, a crash that occurred when setting year to 0 has been fixed, the "Wi-Fi hotspot" properties are now centered, a warning provided on startup with the hotspot enabled has been fixed, and an error is now provided when turning on the hotspot fails.
|
||||
|
||||
A complete list of changes, updates, and bug fixes can be found in the official [changelog][1].
|
||||
|
||||
You can download GNOME Control Center 3.14 RC1:
|
||||
|
||||
- [tar.xz (3.12.1 Stable)][2][sources] [6.50 MB]
|
||||
- [tar.xz (3.14 RC1 Development)][3][sources] [6.60 MB]
|
||||
|
||||
This is just the source package and you will have to compile it yourself in order to test it. Unless you really know what you are doing, you should wait until the complete GNOME stack is made available through the repositories.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/GNOME-Control-Center-3-14-RC1-Correct-Lots-of-Potential-Crashes-458986.shtml
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Silviu Stahie][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://news.softpedia.com/editors/browse/silviu-stahie
|
||||
[1]:http://ftp.acc.umu.se/pub/GNOME/sources/gnome-control-center/3.13/gnome-control-center-3.13.92.news
|
||||
[2]:http://ftp.acc.umu.se/pub/GNOME/sources/gnome-control-center/3.12/gnome-control-center-3.12.1.tar.xz
|
||||
[3]:http://ftp.acc.umu.se/pub/GNOME/sources/gnome-control-center/3.13/gnome-control-center-3.13.92.tar.xz
|
||||
@ -1,197 +0,0 @@
|
||||
barney-ro translating
|
||||
|
||||
How does the cloud affect the everyday linux user?
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
### Introduction ###
|
||||
|
||||
Cloud computing is one of those terms you hear about and see all the time whether it is in the national newspapers, online news websites, podcasts, technical blogs, technical news sites or on radio and television.
|
||||
|
||||
It is a fairly woolly term that encompasses so many things but what exactly is it?
|
||||
|
||||
> **Cloud computing** is a term used to refer to a model of network computing where a program or application runs on a connected server or servers rather than on a local computing device such as a PC, tablet or smartphone. Like the traditional client-server model or older mainframe computing,[1] a user connects with a server to perform a task. The difference with cloud computing is that the computing process may run on one or many connected computers at the same time, utilizing the concept of virtualization. With virtualization, one or more physical servers can be configured and partitioned into multiple independent “virtual” servers, all functioning independently and appearing to the user to be a single physical device. Such virtual servers are in essence disassociated from their physical server, and with this added flexibility, they can be moved around and scaled up or down on the fly without affecting the end user. The computing resources have become “granular”, which provides end user and operator benefits including on-demand self-service, broad access across multiple devices, resource pooling, rapid elasticity and service metering capability.[2]
|
||||
|
||||
The above quote was obviously taken from Wikipedia.
|
||||
|
||||
In the past we either used dumb terminals to connect to a mainframe or more recently desktop computers connected to applications on in-house servers which in turn connected to databases also kept on site.
|
||||
|
||||
The management of the desktops, applications and servers were all local and all had to be supported by the company who owned them.
|
||||
|
||||
Whilst this might be great for software houses it isn’t good business for other companies such as banks, insurance companies and oil companies. Information Technology is not a banking function in the same way catering isn’t a function of drilling oil out of the ground.
|
||||
|
||||
Large companies have long since outsourced many functions to dedicated companies. For example outside catering companies provide the staff canteen and we all know about the offshore call centres handling customer calls for the banks.
|
||||
|
||||
IT has also become an offshore function with a number of support and development functions shipped out to China, India, Malaysia and Eastern Europe.
|
||||
|
||||
Cloud computing is different to the typical model in that it is all about virtualisation. It is about putting applications on virtual servers which could all be in one location or could be thousands of miles apart but the point is it doesn’t matter because it is somebody else’s job to make sure they work.
|
||||
|
||||
> In common usage the term “the cloud” has become a shorthand way to refer to cloud computing infrastructure.[4] The term came from the cloud symbol that network engineers used on network diagrams to represent the unknown (to them) segments of a network.[5] Marketers have further popularized the phrase “in the cloud” to refer to software, platforms and infrastructure that are sold “as a service”, i.e. remotely through the Internet.
|
||||
|
||||
This article is therefore all about the cloud and what it means for the everyday linux user and what it can do for you and what, if any, pitfalls are there.
|
||||
|
||||
From an end user and home user point of view, cloud computing has basically come to mean any service that is hosted online.
|
||||
|
||||
So here goes, which cloud services are useful for an everyday linux user?
|
||||
|
||||
### Email ###
|
||||
|
||||
I would be very surprised if you are reading this and you don’t have an email account.
|
||||
|
||||
PC Advisor magazine analysed the top 6 emails services back in March, 2014 consisting of Outlook, GMail, Yahoo, iCloud, AOL and GMX.
|
||||
|
||||
### Office Suites ###
|
||||
|
||||
As well as an email client one of the most commonly used tools required by everyone is an office suite.
|
||||
|
||||
In the past people would toddle off down to PC World, buy a computer and come home with a great big machine and half a dozen CDs containing 5 programs you definitely won’t use and Microsoft Works which was a cheap and virtually useless cut down version of Microsoft Office.
|
||||
|
||||
Now you don’t even need an office suite on your computer even though there are some great free choices out there including LibreOffice and Kingsoft.
|
||||
|
||||
The obvious choices are of course Google Docs and Office 365. Does Office 365 work for Linux? Well this article from PC Pro in 2012 seems to suggest that it does.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
I don’t believe everything I read though so I signed up to Office 365 to see what would happen.
|
||||
|
||||
Signing up was free for a month and I was presented with a list of online applications that I could use which included Word, Excel and Outlook.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
All looked to be going well. I started Microsoft Word, chose a template to use and then of course it didn’t work at all.
|
||||
|
||||
Office 365 isn’t yet supported on Linux and to be honest you don’t need it. Move on.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Google Docs works and for home use it is perfect. There are hundreds of templates for the word processing and presentation tools and the spreadsheet application does most things although it doesn’t really replace Excel because you haven’t got hundreds of wannabe developers creating naff macros and VBA scripts everywhere.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Another alternative to Office 365 is Zoho.
|
||||
|
||||
Similar to Google Docs, Zoho includes a word processor, spreadsheet tool, presentation tool and mail.
|
||||
|
||||
There are finance and CRM tools as well.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
The interface for the tools is actually very nice and clean.
|
||||
|
||||
Services such as Google Docs and Zoho also give you the power of collaboration.
|
||||
|
||||
Documents can be shared and worked on by different people in different locations.
|
||||
|
||||
This site provides a good list of alternative choices to Google Docs and Zoho.
|
||||
|
||||
### Online File Storage ###
|
||||
|
||||
Another good service provided by Google Docs and Zoho is the ability to store the documents and files you create online.
|
||||
|
||||
There are other services however such as Dropbox that are used to exclusively store your documents in the cloud.
|
||||
|
||||
The benefit of storing files with services like Dropbox is that if your house is burgled or catches fire then you have an offshore backup that remains intact. You can also access your files anywhere.
|
||||
|
||||
Dropbox is free for up to 2 gigabytes of use. If you have a lot more data, and most of us do nowadays, then there is a $ 9.99 monthly plan that is available allowing for 100 gigabytes. There is also a business version available from $ 15 a month.
|
||||
|
||||
There are of course alternatives to Dropbox and this site provides a list of the best online backup solutions.
|
||||
|
||||
### Photos ###
|
||||
|
||||
Since the introduction of digital cameras and more recently smart phones, more and more of us have memory cards full of photos.
|
||||
|
||||
I bet that at some point or other that you have lost photos because your phone died and the photos were on the phone and not the memory card or you lost your phone losing pictures of your child’s sports day or another important occasion.
|
||||
|
||||
Losing a phone is never a good thing. If you are clever you will have set up some sort of security because most people have their phones synchronised with their email accounts, Facebook, Twitter and even online banking.
|
||||
|
||||
All it takes to fix a lost phone is to change the passwords to all of the above accounts but lost photos are just not possible to recover and are a little bit more upsetting when lost.
|
||||
|
||||
One solution of course is to backup to your computer. This is of course a good first step but occasionally laptops break as well and you are back to square one.
|
||||
|
||||
Online photo storage sites are great resources because not only do they keep your photos safe you can also share them with whoever you choose to, eliminating the need to get 5 copies of the same photo developed to send to mum, nan, sister, aunty and mother-in-law.
|
||||
|
||||
The solution I like to use is Google’s Picasa but many of you will have heard of services like Flickr as well.
|
||||
|
||||
Lifehacker has a list of the five best photo sharing services.
|
||||
|
||||
Remember though that just because they are called photo sharing services doesn’t mean you have to share them. You can keep them just to yourself.
|
||||
|
||||
### Music ###
|
||||
|
||||
The first record that I was ever given was a 12 inch vinyl version of “Kings of the wild frontier” by “Adam and the Ants” back in the early 1980s.
|
||||
|
||||
As the 1980s progressed the long play records were replaced by cassettes and just as I had accumulated a decent number of cassettes the compact disc became the thing to have.
|
||||
|
||||
Hundreds of compact discs later and MP3 file sharing became the norm and it even became the legal way of doing things.
|
||||
|
||||
Nothing sits still with technology and the future is now with audio streaming services such as Spotify.
|
||||
|
||||
Spotify is free to use but is supported with the inclusion of adverts. In this regard it is like having your own personal radio station where you choose the playlist. Of course you can pay a monthly fee and have the adverts removed altogether.
|
||||
|
||||
There are dozens of similar services including Grooveshark and last.fm.
|
||||
|
||||
Techradar has a list of 7 alternatives to Spotify.
|
||||
|
||||
### Film ###
|
||||
|
||||
The first film I ever watched in the Cinema was Dumbo. The first video I ever watched was “Krull” which contained a young Dulph Lundgren. The format of the video was on Beta Max. (My next door neighbour had one).
|
||||
|
||||
My dad came home one day with a video recorder from Radio Rentals and my sister and I used to take it in turns to pick a video to hire from the video store. I remember my first choice being “The Black Hole”.
|
||||
|
||||
As with music time moves on. Just as you get large units full of movies, some genius comes along and develops DVDs and then they come out with Bluerays.
|
||||
|
||||
Now of course video streaming is the order of the day especially if you have a decent enough internet connection.
|
||||
|
||||
The most commonly known services are Netflix and Lovefilm.
|
||||
|
||||
This website has a list of good alternatives to Netflix. Not all of these services (including Netflix) work seamlessly on Linux.
|
||||
|
||||
### Gaming ###
|
||||
|
||||
Music, films and now gaming have moved to the online arena.
|
||||
|
||||
Gaming is of course more difficult. Music is relatively low cost in terms of bandwidth and although films require a little more, the stream just needs to remain steady to get a clear picture.
|
||||
|
||||
Games need to run at a consistently high frame rate to be playable and unless you have a decent connection it probably isn’t even worth trying.
|
||||
|
||||
Current services offering a cloud gaming service include OnLive and StreamMyGame.
|
||||
|
||||
This site contains a list of 6 online gaming services to rival OnLive.
|
||||
|
||||
### Pitfalls ###
|
||||
|
||||
Cloud computing isn’t free from issues.
|
||||
|
||||
There is the obvious problem of hacking. If someone gets access to your online banking or your email then you have a real problem.
|
||||
|
||||
What about online file storage? There is currently the high profile case of Megaupload.com.
|
||||
|
||||
Megaupload.com was essentially a file storage site for storing large files. The problem is that a lot of people used the service to share copyright material and the US authorities came down like a ton of bricks and the service was shut down.
|
||||
|
||||
Now a lot of people losing files would perhaps be expecting the inevitable but what about people who genuinely did nothing wrong. Their data has been lost. The US authorities refusing to give it back.
|
||||
|
||||
Finally there is the subject of service maintenance. If your email went down for a day could you cope? What about 3 days? What about a month? You are at the mercy of the service provider.
|
||||
|
||||
A lot has been made about large companies losing data and there has also been a lot of noise regarding heartbleed which is a vulnerability found in SSL left unpatched for years.
|
||||
|
||||
If you have services hosted for you online then you are relying on technical support staff to do their job properly and if they don’t you could be at the mercy of hackers, hardware failures and poor backup and recovery maintenance.
|
||||
|
||||
### Summary ###
|
||||
|
||||
Cloud computing has really become the buzz term for any online service. Your web browser is a client connecting to a server or clusters of servers hosted anywhere in the world. The point is that you don’t care. You don’t need to know.
|
||||
|
||||
Generally speaking I have barely touched the surface. We all use the cloud everyday and most of us don’t even think about it.
|
||||
|
||||
How does the cloud affect the everyday linux user? It turns out quite a bit.
|
||||
|
||||
Is the cloud a good or bad thing? Neither. Each service has to be judged on it’s own merits.
|
||||
|
||||
The term “The Cloud” is just something marketing people and the technical press get excited about. Anyone remember when they kept using the term “Web 2.0″?
|
||||
|
||||
Thankyou for reading.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.linuxnews.pro/how-does-the-cloud-affect-the-everyday-linux-user/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
@ -1,105 +0,0 @@
|
||||
zpl1025
|
||||
Where And How To Code: Choosing The Best Free Code Editor
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
A close look at Cloud9, Koding and Nitrous.IO.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**Ready to start your first coding project? Great! Just configure** Terminal or Command Prompt, learn to use it and then install all the languages, add-on libraries and APIs you’ll need. When you're finally through with all that, you can get started with installing [Visual Studio][1] so you can preview your work.
|
||||
|
||||
At least that's how you used to have to do it.
|
||||
|
||||
No wonder beginning coders are increasingly turning to online integrated development environments (IDEs). An IDE is a code editor that comes ready to work with languages and all their dependencies, saving you the hassle of installing them on your computer.
|
||||
|
||||
I wanted to learn more about what constitutes the typical IDE, so I took a look at the free tier for three of the most popular integrated development environments out there: [Cloud9][2], [Koding][3], and [Nitrous.IO][4]. In the process, I learned a lot about the cases in which programmers would and would not want to use IDEs.
|
||||
|
||||
### Why Use An IDE? ###
|
||||
|
||||
If a text editor is like Microsoft Word, think of an IDE as Google Drive. You get similar functionality, but it's accessible from any computer and ready to share. As the Internet becomes an increasingly influential part of project workflow, IDEs make life easier.
|
||||
|
||||
I used Nitrous.IO for my last ReadWrite tutorial, the Python app in [Create Your Own Obnoxiously Simple Messaging App Just Like Yo][5]. When you use an IDE, you select the language you want to work in so you can test and preview how it looks on the IDE’s Virtual Machine (VM) designed to run programs written specifically in that language.
|
||||
|
||||
If you read the tutorial, you'll see there are only two API libraries that my app depended on—messaging service Twilio and Python microframework Flask. That would have been easy to build using a text editor and Terminal on my computer, but I chose an IDE for yet another convenience: when everyone is using the same developer environment, it’s easier to follow along with a tutorial.
|
||||
|
||||
### What An IDE Is Not ###
|
||||
|
||||
Still, an IDE is not a long term hosting solution.
|
||||
|
||||
When you’re working on an IDE, you’re able to build, test and preview your app in the cloud. You’re even able to share the final draft via link.
|
||||
|
||||
But you can’t use an IDE to store your project permanently. You wouldn't ditch your blog in favor of hosting your posts as Google Drive documents. Like Google Drive, IDEs allow you to link and share content, but neither are equipped to replace real hosting.
|
||||
|
||||
What's more, IDEs aren't designed for wide-spread sharing. Despite the increased functionality IDEs add to the preview capability of most text editors, stick with showing off your app preview to friends and coworkers, not with, say, the front page of Hacker News. In that case, your IDE would probably shut you down for excessive traffic.
|
||||
|
||||
Think of it this way: an IDE is a place to build and test your app; a host is a place for it to live. So once you’ve finalized your app, you’ll want to deploy it on a cloud-based service that lets you host apps long term, preferably one with a free hosting option like [Heroku][6].
|
||||
|
||||
### Choosing An IDE ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
As IDEs become more popular, more are popping up all the time. In my opinion, there’s no perfect IDE. However, some IDEs are better for certain work process priorities than others.
|
||||
|
||||
I took a look at the free tier for three of the most popular integrated development environments out there: Cloud9, Koding, and Nitrous.IO. Each has its benefits, depending on what you're working on. Here's what I found.
|
||||
|
||||
### Cloud9: Ready To Collaborate ###
|
||||
|
||||
When I signed up for Cloud9, one of the first things it prompted me to do was integrate my GitHub and BitBucket accounts. Instantly, all my GitHub projects, solo and collaborative, were ready to clone and work on in Cloud9’s development tool. Other IDEs have nowhere near this level of GitHub integration.
|
||||
|
||||
Out of the three IDEs I looked at, Cloud9 seemed most intent on ensuring an environment where I could work seamlessly with co-coders. Here, it’s not just a chat function in the corner. In fact, said CEO Ruben Daniels, Cloud9 collaborators can see each others coding in real time, just like co-authors are able to on Google Drive.
|
||||
|
||||
“Most services’ collaborative features only work on a single file,” said Daniels. “Ours work on multiples throughout the project. Collaboration is fully integrated within the IDE.”
|
||||
|
||||
### Koding: Help When You Need It ###
|
||||
|
||||
IDEs give you the tools you need to build and test applications in the gamut of open source languages. For a beginner, that can be a little bit intimidating. For example, if I’m working on a project with both Python and Ruby components, which VM do I use for testing?
|
||||
|
||||
The answer is both, though on a free account, you can only turn on one VM for testing at a time. I was able to find that out right on my Koding dashboard, which doubles as a place for users to give and get advice on their Koding projects. Of the three, it’s the most transparent when it comes to where you can ask for assistance and hear back in minutes.
|
||||
|
||||
“We have an active community built into the application,” said Nitin Gupta, Chief Business Officer at Koding. “We wanted to create an environment that is extremely attractive to people who need help and who want to help.”
|
||||
|
||||
### Nitrous.IO: An IDE Wherever You Want ###
|
||||
|
||||
The ultimate advantage of using an IDE over your own desktop environment is that it’s self-contained. You don’t have to install anything to use it. On the other hand, the ultimate advantage of using your own desktop environment is that you can work locally, even without Internet.
|
||||
|
||||
Nitrous.IO gives you the best of both worlds. You can use the IDE on the Web, or you can download it to your own computer, said cofounder AJ Solimine. The advantage is that you can merge the integrations of Nitrous with the familiarity of your preferred text editor.
|
||||
|
||||
“You can access Nitrous.IO from any modern web browser via our online Web IDE, but we also have handy desktop applications for Windows and Mac that let you edit with your favorite editor,” he said.
|
||||
|
||||
### The Bottom Line ###
|
||||
|
||||
The most surprising thing I learned from a week of [using][7] three different IDEs? How similar they are. [When it comes to the basics of coding][8], they’re all equally helpful.
|
||||
|
||||
Cloud9, Koding, [and Nitrous.IO all support][9] every major open source language, from Ruby to Python to PHP to HTML5. You can choose from any of those VMs.
|
||||
|
||||
Both Cloud9 and Nitrous.IO have built-in one-click GitHub integration. For Koding there are a [couple more steps][10], but it can be done.
|
||||
|
||||
Each integrated easily with the APIs I needed. Each let me install my preferred package installers, too (and Koding made me do it as a superuser). They all have a built in Terminal for easily testing and deploying projects. All three allow you to easily preview your project. And of course, they all hosted my project in the cloud so I could work on it anywhere.
|
||||
|
||||
On the downside, they all had the same negatives, which is reasonable when you consider they're free. You can only run one VM at a time to test a program written in a particular language. When you’re not using your VM for a while, the IDE preserves bandwidth by putting it into hibernation and you have to wait for it to reload next time you use it (and Cloud9 was especially laborious). None of them make a good permanent host for your finished projects.
|
||||
|
||||
So to answer those who ask me if there’s a perfect free IDE out there, probably not. But depending on your priorities, there might be one that’s perfect for your project.
|
||||
|
||||
Lead image courtesy of [Shutterstock][11]
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://readwrite.com/2014/08/14/cloud9-koding-nitrousio-integrated-development-environment-ide-coding
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Lauren Orsini][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://readwrite.com/author/lauren-orsini
|
||||
[1]:http://www.visualstudio.com/
|
||||
[2]:http://c9.io/
|
||||
[3]:https://koding.com/
|
||||
[4]:http://nitrous.io/
|
||||
[5]:http://readwrite.com/2014/07/11/one-click-messaging-app
|
||||
[6]:http://heroku.com/
|
||||
[7]:http://help.nitrous.io/ide-general/
|
||||
[8]:https://www.nitrous.io/desktop
|
||||
[9]:https://www.nitrous.io/desktop
|
||||
[10]:https://koding.com/Activity/steps-clone-projects-github-koding-1-create-account-github-2-open-your-terminal-3
|
||||
[11]:http://www.shutterstock.com/
|
||||
@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
|
||||
barney-ro translating
|
||||
|
||||
Why Your Company Needs To Write More Open Source Software - ReadWrite
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
> Real innovation doesn't happen behind closed doors.
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
|
||||
Linux Doesn't Need to Own the Desktop
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Linus Torvalds issued Linux 3.17 rc-2 on Monday of this week, and [he deviated from his normal schedule][1] in doing so, because August 25 happens to mark the 23rd anniversary of the original Linux announcement. "Hello everybody out there using minix," Torvalds wrote.
|
||||
|
||||
Meanwhile, PCMag.com has proclaimed that [Linux has run out of time][2]. But isn't it true that the endless discussions of whether Linux is a success on the desktop are moot? Linux is in supercomputers and cars, it formed the basis for Android and is the most popular platform to run emerging cloud platforms like OpenStack on--just to name a few of its successes. The desktop is not the only battleground for Linux.
|
||||
|
||||
Jon Buys took note of specialization and the Linux desktop [in a recent post][3], where he wrote:
|
||||
|
||||
> "Recently, IT World asked “[Does it still make sense for Linus to want the desktop for Linux?][4]”, and Matt Asay from Tech Repubic asked “[Can we please stop talking about the Linux desktop?][5]”. Both publishers are critical of the claim that there is still room for Linux on Personal Computers, and point to Android as a Linux success story...What both articles miss though is that the flexibility of Linux, and the permissiveness of its open source license may be the things that save Linux on the desktop."
|
||||
|
||||
That may be true, but Linux is so much to so many people beyond the desktop. Linux's opportunity for great market share on the desktop has come and gone.
|
||||
|
||||
The simple fact is that Linux has changed the world and been a tremendous success outside the desktop, and there is nothing wrong with that. Android is hardly the only Linux-based platform that has made a big mark. Linux is huge on servers, in embedded technology, and is a constant prompt for innovation on emerging platforms. Ubuntu is the most popular platform for building OpenStack deployments on. Supercomputers all over the world run Linux, and Chrome OS is based on it.
|
||||
|
||||
So Linux is making a huge difference globally, and it is time for detractors to stop focusing exclusively on its status on the desktop.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://ostatic.com/blog/linux-doesnt-need-to-own-the-desktop
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Sam Dean][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://ostatic.com/member/samdean
|
||||
[1]:http://www.theregister.co.uk/2014/08/26/linux_turns_23_and_linus_torvalds_celebrates_as_only_he_can/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2465125,00.asp
|
||||
[3]:http://ostatic.com/blog/specialization-and-the-linux-desktop
|
||||
[4]:http://www.itworld.com/open-source/432816/does-it-still-make-sense-linus-want-desktop-linux
|
||||
[5]:http://www.techrepublic.com/article/can-we-please-stop-talking-about-the-linux-desktop/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
|
||||
10 Open Source Cloning Software For Linux Users
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
> These cloning software take all disk data, convert them into a single .img file and you can copy it to another hard drive.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Disk cloning means copying data from a hard disk to another one and you can do this by simple copy & paste. But you cannot copy the hidden files and folders and not the in-use files too. That's when you need a cloning software which can also help you in saving a back-up image from your files and folders. The cloning software takes all disk data, convert them into a single .img file and you can copy it to another hard drive. Here we give you the best 10 Open Source Cloning software:
|
||||
|
||||
### 1. [Clonezilla][1]: ###
|
||||
|
||||
Clonezilla is a Live CD based on Ubuntu and Debian. It clones all your hard drive data and take a backup just like Norton Ghost on Windows but in a more effective way. Clonezilla support many filesystems like ext2, ext3, ext4, btrfs, xfs and others. It also supports BIOS, UEFI, MPR and GPT partitions.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 2. [Redo Backup][2]: ###
|
||||
|
||||
Redo Bakcup is another Live CD tool which clones your drivers easily. It is free and Open Source Live System which has its licence under GPL 3. Its main features include easy GUI boots from CD, no installation, restoration of Linux and Windows systems, access to files with out any log-in, recovery of deleted files and more.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 3. [Mondo Rescue][3]: ###
|
||||
|
||||
Mondo doesn't work like other software. It doesn’t convert your hard drivers into an .img file. It converts them into an .iso image and with Mondo you can also create a custom Live CD using “mindi” which is a special tool developed by Mondo Rescue to clone your data from the Live CD. It supports most Linux distributions, FreeBSD, and it is licensed under GPL.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 4. [Partimage][4]: ###
|
||||
|
||||
This is an open-source software backup, which works under Linux system, by default. It's also available to install from the package manager for most Linux distributions and if you don’t have a Linux system then you can use “SystemRescueCd”. It is a Live CD which includes Partimage by default to do the cloning process that you want. Partimage is very fast in cloning hard drivers.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 5. [FSArchiver][5]: ###
|
||||
|
||||
FSArchiver is a follow-up to Partimage, and it is again a good tool to clone hard disks. It supports cloning Ext4 partitions and NTFS partitions, basic file attributes like owner, permissions, extended attributes like those used by SELinux, basic file system attributes for all Linux file systems and so on.
|
||||
|
||||
### 6. [Partclone][6]: ###
|
||||
|
||||
Partclone is a free tool which clones and restores partitions. Written in C it first appeared in 2007 and it supports many filesystems like ext2, ext3, ext4, xfs, nfs, reiserfs, reiser4, hfs+, btrfs. It is very simple to use and it's licensed under GPL.
|
||||
|
||||
### 7. [doClone][7]: ###
|
||||
|
||||
doClone is a free software project which is developed to clone Linux system partitions easily. It's written in C++ and it supports up to 12 different filesystems. It can preform Grub bootloader restoration and can also transform the clone image to another computer via LAN. It also provides support to live cloning which means you will eb able to clone from the system even if it's running.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 8. [Macrium Reflect Free Edition][8]: ###
|
||||
|
||||
Macrium Reflect Free Edition is claimed to be one of the fastest disk cloning utilities which supports only Windows file systems. It is a fairly straightforward user interface. This software does disk imaging and disk cloning and also allows you to access images from the file manager. It allows you to create a Linux rescue CD and it is compatible with Windows Vista and 7.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 9. [DriveImage XML][9]: ###
|
||||
|
||||
DriveImage XML uses Microsoft VSS for creation of images, quite reliably. With this software you can create "hot" images from a disk, which is still running. XML files store images, which means you can access them from any supporting third-party software. DriveImage XML also allows restoring an image to a machine without any reboot. This software is also compatible with Windows XP, Windows Server 2003, Vista, and 7.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 10. [Paragon Backup & Recovery Free][10]: ###
|
||||
|
||||
Paragon Backup & Recovery Free does a great job when it comes to managing scheduled imaging. This is a free software but it's for personal use only.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.efytimes.com/e1/fullnews.asp?edid=148039
|
||||
|
||||
作者：Sanchari Banerjee
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://clonezilla.org/
|
||||
[2]:http://redobackup.org/
|
||||
[3]:http://www.mondorescue.org/
|
||||
[4]:http://www.partimage.org/Main_Page
|
||||
[5]:http://www.fsarchiver.org/Main_Page
|
||||
[6]:http://www.partclone.org/
|
||||
[7]:http://doclone.nongnu.org/
|
||||
[8]:http://www.macrium.com/reflectfree.aspx
|
||||
[9]:http://www.runtime.org/driveimage-xml.htm
|
||||
[10]:http://www.paragon-software.com/home/br-free/
|
||||
189
sources/talk/20140915 Make Downloading Files Effortless.md
Normal file
189
sources/talk/20140915 Make Downloading Files Effortless.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,189 @@
|
||||
Make Downloading Files Effortless
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
A download manager is computer software that is dedicated to the task of downloading files, optimizing bandwidth usage, and operating in a more organized way. Some web browsers, such as Firefox, include a download manager as a feature, but their implementation lacks the sophistication of a dedicated download manager (or add-ons for the web browser), without using bandwidth optimally, and without good file management features.
|
||||
|
||||
Users that regularly download files benefit from using a good download manager. The ability to maximize download speeds (with download acceleration), resume and schedule downloads, make safer and more rewarding downloading. Download managers have lost some of their popularity, but the best of them offer real benefits including tight integration with browsers, support for popular sites such as YouTube and much more.
|
||||
|
||||
There are some sublime open source download managers for Linux, which makes selection somewhat problematic. I have compiled a roundup of my favorite download managers, and add-ons that turn a download manager into an excellent download manager for Firefox. Each application featured here is released under an open source license.
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
uGet is a lightweight, easy-to-use and full-featured open source download manager. uGet allows the user to download in multiple parallel streams for download acceleration, put files in a download queue, pause & resume downloads, offers advanced category management, with browser integration, clipboard monitoring, batch downloads, localized into 26 languages, and many more features.
|
||||
|
||||
uGet is mature software; it has been in developed for more than 11 years. In that time, it has progressed into a highly versatile download manager, with an estimable set of features, yet maintaining ease of use.
|
||||
|
||||
uGet is written in the C language, uses cURL as a backend, and the applicable library, libcurl. uGet has excellent platform compatibility. uGet is primarily a project for Linux, but it also runs on Mac OS X, FreeBSD, Android, and Windows.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Features include: ####
|
||||
|
||||
- Easy to use
|
||||
- Downloads queue place your downloads into a queue to download as many, or as few, downloads as you want simultaneously
|
||||
- Resume downloads
|
||||
- Categorized defaults
|
||||
- Clipboard monitor which is well implemented
|
||||
- Batch downloads
|
||||
- Import downloads import from HTML files
|
||||
- Support for downloading files through HTTP, HTTPS, FTP, BitTorrent & Metalink
|
||||
- Multi-connection (also known as Multi-Segment): up to 20 simultaneous connections per download with adaptive segment management which means that when one segment drops out then the other connections pick up the slack to ensure optimal download speeds at all times
|
||||
- Multi-mirror
|
||||
- FTP login & anonymous FTP
|
||||
- Powerful scheduler
|
||||
- FireFox integration via FlashGot
|
||||
- Aria2 plugin
|
||||
- Theme chameleoning
|
||||
- Quiet mode
|
||||
- Keyboard shortcuts
|
||||
- CLI / Terminal usage support
|
||||
- Folder auto-creation
|
||||
- Download history management
|
||||
- GnuTLS support
|
||||
- Supports 26 languages including: Arabic, Belarusian, Chinese (Simplified), Chinese (Traditional), Czech, Danish, English (default), French, Georgian, German, Hungarian, Indonesian, Italian, Polish, Portuguese (Brazil), Russian, Spanish, Turkish, Ukrainian, and Vietnamese
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
- Website: [ugetdm.com][1]
|
||||
- Developer: C.H. Huang and contributors
|
||||
- License: GNU LGPL 2.1
|
||||
- Version Number: 1.10.5
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
DownThemAll! is a fast, reliable and easy-to-use, open source download manager/accelerator built inside Firefox. This add-on lets the user download all the links or images contained in a webpage and much more. The add-on gives the user full control over downloads, dedicated speed and number of parallel connections at any time. Use Metalinks or add mirrors manually to download a file from different servers at the same time.
|
||||
|
||||
DownThemAll reads the size of the files you want to download and splits them into multiple sections, which are downloaded in parallel.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Features include: ####
|
||||
|
||||
- Complete integration with Firefox
|
||||
- Multi-part download which allows the user to download the file in pieces, then combining the pieces after a completed download; thus increasing the download speed when connected to a slow server
|
||||
- Metalink support which allows multiple URLs for each file to be passed to DTA, along with checksums and other informatio
|
||||
- Spider a page with a single link
|
||||
- Filtering
|
||||
- Advanced auto-renaming options
|
||||
- Pause and restart downloads
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
- Website: [addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/downthemall][2]
|
||||
- Developer: Federico Parodi, Stefano Verna, Nils Maier
|
||||
- License: GNU GPL v2
|
||||
- Version Number: 2.0.17
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
JDownloader is a free, open-source download management tool with a large community of developers that makes downloading easy and fast. Users can start, stop or pause downloads, set bandwith limitations, auto-extract archives and much more. It offers an easy-to-extend framework.
|
||||
|
||||
JDownloader simplifies downloading files from One-Click-Hosters. It also offers downloading in multiple parallel streams, captcha recognition, automatic file extraction and much more. Additionally, many "link encryption" sites are supported - so you just paste the "encrypted" links and JDownloader does the rest. JDownloader can import CCF, RSDF and DLC files.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Features include: ####
|
||||
|
||||
- Download several files at once
|
||||
- Download with multiple connections
|
||||
- JD has an own powerful OCR module
|
||||
- Automatic extractor (including password list search) (Rar archives)
|
||||
- Theme Support
|
||||
- Multilingual
|
||||
- About 110 hoster and over 300 decrypt plug-ins
|
||||
- Reconnect with JDLiveHeaderScripts: (1400 router supported)
|
||||
- Webupdate
|
||||
- Integrated package manager for additional modules (eg. Webinterface, Shutdown)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
- Website: [jdownloader.org][3]
|
||||
- Developer: AppWork UG
|
||||
- License: GNU GPL v3
|
||||
- Version Number: 0.9.581
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
FreeRapid Downloader is an easy to use open source downloader that supports downloading from Rapidshare, Youtube, Facebook, Picasa and other file-sharing services. Its engine is based on a list of plugins that make it possible to download from specific websites.
|
||||
|
||||
FreeRapid Downloader is an ideal choice for users needing a download manager specialized in sharing websites.
|
||||
|
||||
FreeRapid Downloader is written in Java. It needs at least Sun Java 7.0 to run.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Features include: ####
|
||||
|
||||
- Easy to use
|
||||
- Supports concurrent downloading from multiple services
|
||||
- Supports resuming downloads
|
||||
- Download using proxy list
|
||||
- Supports streamed videos or pictures
|
||||
- Download history
|
||||
- Smart clipboard monitoring
|
||||
- Automatic checking for file's existence on server
|
||||
- Auto shutdown options
|
||||
- Automatic plugins updates
|
||||
- Simple CAPTCHA recognition
|
||||
- Multi-platform support
|
||||
- Internationalization support: English, Bulgarian, Czech, Finnish, Portugal, Slovak, Hungarian, Simplified Chinese and many others
|
||||
- More than 700 supported sites
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
- Website: [wordrider.net/freerapid/][4]
|
||||
- Developer: Vity and contributors
|
||||
- License: GNU GPL v2
|
||||
- Version Number: 0.9u4
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
FlashGot is a free add-on for Firefox and Thunderbird, meant to handle single and massive ("all" and "selection") downloads with several external Download Managers.
|
||||
|
||||
FlashGot turns every supported download manager into a download manager for Firefox.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Features include: ####
|
||||
|
||||
- Supports in Linux: Aria, Axel Download Accelerator, cURL, Downloader 4 X, FatRat, GNOME Gwget, FatRat, JDownloader, KDE KGet, pyLoad, SteadyFlow, uGet, wxDFast, and wxDownload Fast)
|
||||
- Build Gallery functionality which helps to synthesize full media galleries in one page, from serial contents originally scattered on several pages, for easy and fast "download all"
|
||||
- FlashGot Link downloads through the default download manager the link under the mouse pointer
|
||||
- FlashGot Selection
|
||||
- FlashGot All
|
||||
- FlashGot Tabs
|
||||
- FlashGot Media
|
||||
- Capture all links from a page
|
||||
- Capture all links from all tabs
|
||||
- Filter the links using a mask (e.g. to download only certain types of files)
|
||||
- Make a selection on a web page and capture all links in that selection
|
||||
- Supports direct and batch download from the most popular link protection and file hosting services
|
||||
- Privacy options
|
||||
- Internationalization support
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
- Website: [flashgot.net][5]
|
||||
- Developer: Giorgio Maone
|
||||
- License: GNU GPL v2
|
||||
- Version Number: 1.5.6.5
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.linuxlinks.com/article/20140913062041384/DownloadManagers.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者：Frazer Kline
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://ugetdm.com/
|
||||
[2]:https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/downthemall/
|
||||
[3]:http://jdownloader.org/
|
||||
[4]:http://wordrider.net/freerapid/
|
||||
[5]:http://flashgot.net/
|
||||
@ -1,75 +0,0 @@
|
||||
alim0x translating
|
||||
|
||||
The history of Android
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
The T-Mobile G1
|
||||
Photo by T-Mobile
|
||||
|
||||
### Android 1.0—introducing Google Apps and actual hardware ###
|
||||
|
||||
By October 2008, Android 1.0 was ready for launch, and the OS debuted on the [T-Mobile G1][1] (AKA the HTC Dream). The G1 was released into a market dominated by the iPhone 3G and the [Nokia 1680 classic][2]. (Both of those phones went on to tie for the [best selling phone][3] of 2008, selling 35 million units each.) Hard numbers of G1 sales are tough to come by, but T-Mobile announced the device broke the one million units sold barrier in April 2009. It was way behind the competition by any measure.
|
||||
|
||||
The G1 was packing a single-core 528Mhz ARM 11 processor, an Adreno 130 GPU, 192MB of RAM, and a whopping 256MB of storage for the OS and Apps. It had a 3.2-inch, 320x480 display, which was mounted to a sliding mechanism that revealed a full hardware keyboard. So while Android software has certainly come a long way, the hardware has, too. Today, we can get much better specs than this in a watch form factor: the latest [Samsung smart watch][4] has 512MB of RAM and a 1GHz dual-core processor.
|
||||
|
||||
While the iPhone had a minimal amount of buttons, the G1 was the complete opposite, sporting almost every hardware control that was ever invented. It had call and end call buttons, home, back, and menu buttons, a shutter button for the camera, a volume rocker, a trackball, and, of course, about 50 keyboard buttons. Future Android devices would slowly back away from thousand-button interfaces, with nearly every new flagship lessening the number of buttons.
|
||||
|
||||
But for the first time, people saw Android running on actual hardware instead of a frustratingly slow emulator. Android 1.0 didn't have the smoothness, flare, or press coverage of the iPhone. It wasn't as capable as Windows Mobile 6.5. Still, it was a good start.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
The default app selection of Android 1.0 and 0.9.
|
||||
Photo by Ron Amadeo
|
||||
|
||||
The core of Android 1.0 didn't look significantly different from the beta version released two months earlier, but the consumer product brought a ton more apps, including the full suite of Google apps. Calendar, Email, Gmail, IM, Market, Settings, Voice Dialer, and YouTube were all new. At the time, music was the dominant media type on smartphones, the king of which was the iTunes music store. Google didn't have an in-house music service of its own, so it tapped Amazon and bundled the Amazon MP3 store.
|
||||
|
||||
The most important addition to Android 1.0 was the debut of Google's store, called "Android Market Beta." While most companies were content with calling their app catalog some variant of "app store"—meaning a store that sold apps and only apps—Google had much wider ambitions. It went with the much more general name of "Android Market." The idea was that the Android Market would not just house apps, but everything you needed for your Android device.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
The first Android Market client. Screenshots show the main page, “my downloads," an app page, and an app permissions page.
|
||||
Photo by [Google][5]
|
||||
|
||||
At the time, the Android Market only offered apps and games, and developers weren't even able to charge for them. Apple's App Store had a four-month head start on the Android Market, but Google's big differentiator was that Android's store was almost completely open. On the iPhone, apps were subject to review by Apple and had to meet design and technical guidelines. Potential apps also weren't allowed to duplicate the stock functionality. On the Android Market, developers were free to do whatever they wanted, including replacing the stock apps. The lack of control would turn out to be a blessing and a curse. It allowed developers to innovate on the existing functionality, but it also meant even the trashiest applications were allowed in.
|
||||
|
||||
Today, this client is another app that can no longer communicate with Google's servers. Luckily, it's one of the few early Android apps [actually documented][6] on the Internet. The main screen provided links to the common areas like Apps, Games, Search, and Downloads, and the top section had horizontally scrolling icons for featured apps. Search results and the "My Downloads" page displayed apps in a scrolling list, showing the name, developers, cost (at this point, always free), and rating. Individual app pages showed a brief description, install count, comments and ratings from users, and the all-important install button. This early Android Market didn’t support pictures, and the only field for developers was a description box with a 500-character limit. This made things like maintaining a changelog very difficult, as the only spot to put it was in the description.
|
||||
|
||||
Right out of the gate, the Android Market showed permissions that an app required before installing. This is something Apple wouldn't get around to implementing until 2012, after an iOS app was caught [uploading entire address books][7] to the cloud without the user's knowledge. The permissions display gave a full rundown of what permissions an app was using, although this version railroaded users into agreeing. There was an “OK" button, but no way to cancel other than the back button.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Gmail showing the inbox, the inbox with the menu open.
|
||||
Photo by Ron Amadeo
|
||||
|
||||
The next most important app was probably Gmail. Most of the base functionality was here already. Unviewed messages showed up in bold, and labels displayed as colored tags. Individual messages in the Inbox showed the subject, author(s), and number of replies in a conversation. The trademark Gmail star was here—a quick tap would star or unstar something. As usual for early versions of Android, the Menu housed all the buttons on the main inbox view. Once inside a message, though, things got a little more modern, with "reply" and "forward" buttons as permanent fixtures at the bottom of the screen. Individual replies could be expanded and collapsed just by tapping on them.
|
||||
|
||||
The rounded corners, shadows, and bubbly icons gave the whole app a "cartoonish" look, but it was a good start. Android's function-first philosophy was really coming through here: Gmail supported labels, threaded messaging, searching, and push e-mail.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Gmail’s label view, compose screen, and settings on Android 1.0.
|
||||
Photo by Ron Amadeo
|
||||
|
||||
But if you thought Gmail was ugly, the Email app took it to another level. There was no separate inbox or folder view—everything was mashed into a single screen. The app presented you with a list of folders and tapping on one would expand the contents in-line. Unread messages were denoted with a green line on the left, and that was about it for the e-mail interface. The app supported IMAP and POP3 but not Exchange.
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[Ron Amadeo][a] / Ron is the Reviews Editor at Ars Technica, where he specializes in Android OS and Google products. He is always on the hunt for a new gadget and loves to rip things apart to see how they work.
|
||||
|
||||
[@RonAmadeo][t]
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/6/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2008/10/android-g1-review/
|
||||
[2]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokia_1680_classic
|
||||
[3]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_best-selling_mobile_phones#2008
|
||||
[4]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/04/review-we-wear-samsungs-galaxy-gear-and-galaxy-fit-so-you-dont-have-to/
|
||||
[5]:http://android-developers.blogspot.com/2008/08/android-market-user-driven-content.html
|
||||
[6]:http://android-developers.blogspot.com/2008/08/android-market-user-driven-content.html
|
||||
[7]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2012/02/path-addresses-privacy-controversy-but-social-apps-remain-a-risk-to-users/
|
||||
[a]:http://arstechnica.com/author/ronamadeo
|
||||
[t]:https://twitter.com/RonAmadeo
|
||||
@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
|
||||
alim0x translating
|
||||
|
||||
The history of Android
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
@ -106,4 +108,4 @@ via: http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-histor
|
||||
[2]:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y3z7Tw1K17A
|
||||
[3]:http://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2009/02/google-tries-location-based-social-networking-with-latitude/
|
||||
[a]:http://arstechnica.com/author/ronamadeo
|
||||
[t]:https://twitter.com/RonAmadeo
|
||||
[t]:https://twitter.com/RonAmadeo
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,132 +0,0 @@
|
||||
Translating by ZTinoZ
|
||||
10 Useful “Squid Proxy Server” Interview Questions and Answers in Linux
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
It’s not only to System Administrator and Network Administrator, who listens the phrase Proxy Server every now and then but we too. Proxy Server is now a corporate culture and is the need of the hour. Proxy server now a days is implemented from small schools, cafeteria to large MNCs. Squid (also known as proxy) is such an application which acts as proxy server and one of the most widely used tool of its kind.
|
||||
|
||||
This Interview article aims at strengthening your base from Interview point on the ground of proxy server and squid.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Squid Interview Questions
|
||||
|
||||
### 1. What do you mean by Proxy Server? What is the use of Proxy Server in Computer Networks? ###
|
||||
|
||||
> **Answer** : A Proxy Server refers to physical machine or Application which acts intermediate between client and resource provider or server. A client seeks for file, page or data from the the proxy server and proxy server manages to get the requested demand of client fulfilled by handling all the complexities in between.
|
||||
|
||||
Proxy servers are the backbone of WWW (World Wide Web). Most of the proxies of today are web proxies. A proxy server handles the complexity in between the Communication of client and Server. Moreover it provides anonymity on the web which simply means your identity and digital footprints are safe. Proxies can be configured to allow which sites client can see and which sites are blocked.
|
||||
|
||||
### 2. What is Squid? ###
|
||||
|
||||
> **Answer** : Squid is an Application software released under GNU/GPL which acts as a proxy server as well as web cache Daemon. Squid primarily supports Protocol like HTTP and FTP however other protocols like HTTPS, SSL,TLS, etc are well supported. The feature web cache Daemon makes web surfing faster by caching web and DNS for frequently visited websites. Squid is known to support all major platforms including Linux, UNIX, Microsoft Windows and Mac.
|
||||
|
||||
### 3. What is the default port of squid and how to change its operating port? ###
|
||||
|
||||
> **Answer** : The default port on which squid runs is 3128. We can change the operating port of squid from default to any custom unused port by editing its configuration file which is located at /etc/squid/squid.conf as suggested below.
|
||||
|
||||
Open ‘/etc/squid/squid.conf’ file and with your choice of editor.
|
||||
|
||||
# nano /etc/squid/squid.conf
|
||||
|
||||
Now change this port to any other unused port. Save the editor and exit.
|
||||
|
||||
http_port 3128
|
||||
|
||||
Restart the squid service as shown below.
|
||||
|
||||
# service squid restart
|
||||
|
||||
### 4. You works for a company the management of which ask you to block certain domains through squid proxy server. What are you going to do? ###
|
||||
|
||||
> **Answer** : Blocking domain is a module which is implemented well in the configuration file. We just need to perform a little manual configuration as suggested below.
|
||||
|
||||
a. Create a file say ‘blacklist’ under directory ‘/etc/squid’.
|
||||
|
||||
# touch /etc/squid/blacklist
|
||||
|
||||
b. Open the file ‘/etc/squid/blacklist’ with nano editor.
|
||||
|
||||
# nano /etc/squid/blacklist
|
||||
|
||||
c. Add all the domains to the file blacklist with one domain per line.
|
||||
|
||||
.facebook.com
|
||||
.twitter.com
|
||||
.gmail.com
|
||||
.yahoo.com
|
||||
...
|
||||
|
||||
d. Save the file and exit. Now open the Squid configuration file from location ‘/etc/squid/squid.conf’.
|
||||
|
||||
# nano /etc/squid/squid.conf
|
||||
|
||||
e. Add the lines below to the Squid configuration file.
|
||||
|
||||
acl BLACKLIST dstdom_regex -i “/etc/squid/blacklist”
|
||||
http_access deny blacklist
|
||||
|
||||
f. Save the configuration file and exit. Restart Squid service to make the changes effective.
|
||||
|
||||
# service squid restart
|
||||
|
||||
### 5. What is Media Range Limitation and partial download in Squid? ###
|
||||
|
||||
> **Answer** : Media Range Limitation is a special feature of squid in which just the required data is requested from the server and not the whole file. This feature is very well implemented in various videos streaming websites like Youtube and Metacafe where a user can click on the middle of progress bar hence whole video need not be fetched except for the requested part.
|
||||
|
||||
The squid’s feature of partial download is implemented well within windows update where downloads are requested in the form of small packets which can be paused. Because of this feature a update downloading windows machine can be restarted without any fear of data loss. Squid makes the Media Range Limitation and Partial Download possible only after storing a copy of whole data in it. Moreover the partial download gets deleted and not cached when user points to another page until Squid is specially configured somehow.
|
||||
|
||||
### 6. What is reverse proxy in squid? ###
|
||||
|
||||
> **Answer** : Reverse proxy is a feature of Squid which is used to accelerate the web surfing for end user. Say the Real server ‘RS’ contains the resource and ‘PS’ is the proxy Server. The client seek some data which is available at RS. It will rely on RS for the specified data for the first time and the copy of that specified data gets stored on PS for configurable amount of time. For every request for that data from now PS becomes the real source. This results in Less traffic, Lesser CPU usages, Lesser web resource utilization and hence lesser load to actual server RS. But RS has no statistics for the total traffic since PS acted as actual server and no Client reached RS. ‘X-Forwarded-For HTTP’ can be used to log the client IP although on RS.
|
||||
|
||||
Technically it is feasible to use single squid server to act both as normal proxy server and reverse proxy server at the same point of time.
|
||||
|
||||
### 7. Since Squid can be used as web-cache Daemon, is it possible to Clear its Cache? How? ###
|
||||
|
||||
> **Answer** : No Doubt! Squid acts as web-cache Daemon which is used to accelerate web surfing still it is possible to clear its cache and that too very easily.
|
||||
|
||||
a. First stop Squid proxy server and delete cache from the location ‘/var/lib/squid/cache’ directory.
|
||||
|
||||
# service squid stop
|
||||
# rm -rf /var/lib/squid/cache/*<
|
||||
|
||||
b. Create Swap directories.
|
||||
|
||||
# squid -z
|
||||
|
||||
### 8. A client approaches you, who is working. They want the web access time be restricted for their children. How will you achieve this scenario? ###
|
||||
|
||||
Say the web access allow time be 4′o clock to 7′o clock in the evening for three hours, sharply form Monday to Friday.
|
||||
|
||||
a. To restrict web access between 4 to 7 from Monday to Friday, open the Squid configuration file.
|
||||
|
||||
# nano /etc/squid/squid.conf
|
||||
|
||||
b. Add the following lines and save the file and exit.
|
||||
|
||||
acl ALLOW_TIME time M T W H F 16:00-19:00
|
||||
shttp_access allow ALLOW_TIME
|
||||
|
||||
c. Restart the Squid Service.
|
||||
|
||||
# service squid restart
|
||||
|
||||
### 9. Squid stores data in which file format? ###
|
||||
|
||||
> **Answer** : Data stored by Squid is in ufs format. Ufs is the old well-known Squid storage format.
|
||||
|
||||
### 10. Where do cache gets stored by squid? ###
|
||||
|
||||
> **Answer** : A squid stores cache in special folder at the location ‘/var/spool/squid’.
|
||||
|
||||
That’s all for now. I’ll be here again with another interesting article soon. Till then stay tuned and connected to Tecmint. Don’t forget to provide us with your valuable feedback the comment section below.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.tecmint.com/squid-interview-questions/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Avishek Kumar][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/avishek/
|
||||
@ -1,44 +0,0 @@
|
||||
Disable reboot using Ctrl-Alt-Del Keys in RHEL / CentOS
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
In Linux , It's a security concern for us to allow anyone to **reboot** the server using **Ctrl-Alt-Del keys**. It is always recommended in production boxes that one should disable reboot uisng Ctrl-Alt-Del keys.
|
||||
|
||||
In this article we will discuss how can we disable reboot via above keys in RHEL & CentOS
|
||||
|
||||
### For RHEL 5.X & CentOS 5.X ###
|
||||
|
||||
To prevent the **init** process from handling **Ctrl-Alt-Del**, edit the file '**/etc/inittab**' comment the line which begins with '**ca::ctrlaltdel**:' as shown below :
|
||||
|
||||
[root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/inittab
|
||||
# Trap CTRL-ALT-DELETE
|
||||
#ca::ctrlaltdel:/sbin/shutdown -t3 -r now
|
||||
|
||||
We can also modify the line 'ca::ctrlaltdel:' to generate logs , if anybody try to reboot the server using the keys ,
|
||||
|
||||
[root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/inittab
|
||||
# Trap CTRL-ALT-DELETE
|
||||
ca::ctrlaltdel:/bin/logger -p authpriv.warning -t init "Console-invoked Ctrl-Alt-Del was ignored"
|
||||
|
||||
### For RHEL6.X & CentOS 6.X ###
|
||||
|
||||
In RHEL 6.X / CentOS 6.X , reboot using the keys are handled by the file '**/etc/init/control-alt-delete.conf**'.
|
||||
|
||||
**Step:1** Before making the changes , first take the backup using below command
|
||||
|
||||
[root@localhost ~]# cp -v /etc/init/control-alt-delete.conf /etc/init/control-alt-delete.override
|
||||
|
||||
**Step:2** Edit the file , replacing the 'exec /sbin/shutdown' line with the following, which will simply generate a log entry each time Ctrl-Alt-Del is pressed:
|
||||
|
||||
[root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/init/control-alt-delete.conf
|
||||
exec /usr/bin/logger -p authpriv.notice -t init "Ctrl-Alt-Del was pressed and ignored"
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.linuxtechi.com/disable-reboot-using-ctrl-alt-del-keys/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Pradeep Kumar][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.linuxtechi.com/author/pradeep/
|
||||
@ -1,112 +0,0 @@
|
||||
8 Options to Trace/Debug Programs using Linux strace Command
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
The strace is the tool that helps in debugging issues by tracing system calls executed by a program. It is handy when you want to see how the program interacts with the operating system, like what system calls are executed in what order.
|
||||
|
||||
This simple yet very powerful tool is available for almost all the Linux based operating systems and can be used to debug a large number of programs.
|
||||
|
||||
### 1. Command Usage ###
|
||||
|
||||
Let’s see how we can use strace command to trace the execution of a program.
|
||||
|
||||
In the simplest form, any command can follow strace. It will list a whole lot of system calls. Not all of it would make sence at first, but if you’re really looking for something particular, then you should be able to figure something out of this output.
|
||||
Lets see the system calls trace for simple ls command.
|
||||
|
||||
raghu@raghu-Linoxide ~ $ strace ls
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
This output shows the first few lines for strace command. The rest of the output is truncated.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
The above part of the output shows the write system call where it outputs to STDOUT the current directory’s listing. Following image shows the listing of the directoy by ls command (without strace).
|
||||
|
||||
raghu@raghu-Linoxide ~ $ ls
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### 1.1 Find configuration file read by program ####
|
||||
|
||||
One use of strace (Except debugging some problem) is that you can find out which configuration files are read by a program. For example,
|
||||
|
||||
raghu@raghu-Linoxide ~ $ strace php 2>&1 | grep php.ini
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### 1.2 Trace specific system call ####
|
||||
|
||||
The -e option to strace command can be used to display certain system calls only (for example, open, write etc.)
|
||||
|
||||
Lets trace only ‘open’ system call for cat command.
|
||||
|
||||
raghu@raghu-Linoxide ~ $ strace -e open cat dead.letter
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### 1.3 Stracing a process ####
|
||||
|
||||
The strace command can not only be used on the commands, but also on the running processes with -p option.
|
||||
|
||||
raghu@raghu-Linoxide ~ $ sudo strace -p 1846
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### 1.4 Statistical summary of strace ####
|
||||
|
||||
The summary of the system calls, time of execution, errors etc. can be displayed in a neat manner with -c option:
|
||||
|
||||
raghu@raghu-Linoxide ~ $ strace -c ls
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### 1.5 Saving output ####
|
||||
|
||||
The output of strace command can be saved into a file with -o option.
|
||||
|
||||
raghu@raghu-Linoxide ~ $ sudo strace -o process_strace -p 3229
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
The above command is run with sudo as it will display error in case the user ID does not match with the process owner.
|
||||
|
||||
### 1.6 Displaying timestamp ###
|
||||
|
||||
The timestamp can be displayed before each output line with -t option.
|
||||
|
||||
raghu@raghu-Linoxide ~ $ strace -t ls
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### 1.7 The Finer timestamp ####
|
||||
|
||||
The -tt option displays timestamp followed by microsecond.
|
||||
|
||||
raghu@raghu-Linoxide ~ $ strace -tt ls
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
The -ttt displays microseconds like above, but instead of printing surrent time, it displays the number of seconds since the epoch.
|
||||
|
||||
raghu@raghu-Linoxide ~ $ strace -ttt ls
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### 1.8 Relative Time ####
|
||||
|
||||
The -r option displays the relative timestamp between the system calls.
|
||||
|
||||
raghu@raghu-Linoxide ~ $ strace -r ls
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://linoxide.com/linux-command/linux-strace-command-examples/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Raghu][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://linoxide.com/author/raghu/
|
||||
@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
|
||||
SPccman is translating
|
||||
How to sniff HTTP traffic from the command line on Linux
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Suppose you want to sniff live HTTP web traffic (i.e., HTTP requests and responses) on the wire for some reason. For example, you may be testing experimental features of a web server. Or you may be debugging a web application or a RESTful service. Or you may be trying to troubleshoot [PAC (proxy auto config)][1] or check for any malware files surreptitiously downloaded from a website. Whatever the reason is, there are cases where HTTP traffic sniffing is helpful, for system admins, developers, or even end users.
|
||||
@ -100,4 +101,4 @@ via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/08/sniff-http-traffic-command-line-linux.html
|
||||
[2]:http://xmodulo.com/2012/11/what-are-popular-packet-sniffers-on-linux.html
|
||||
[3]:http://xmodulo.com/2014/06/monitor-nginx-web-server-command-line-real-time.html
|
||||
[4]:http://dumpsterventures.com/jason/httpry/
|
||||
[5]:http://xmodulo.com/2013/03/how-to-set-up-epel-repository-on-centos.html
|
||||
[5]:http://xmodulo.com/2013/03/how-to-set-up-epel-repository-on-centos.html
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,112 +0,0 @@
|
||||
How to share on linux the output of your shell commands
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Some time ago I posted an article about [shelr.tv][1] a website and a service that was made to allow you to share your [terminal][2] records directly from the website.
|
||||
|
||||
Now the website of shelr.tv seems dead and so I’ve took a look around to see if there are similar websites and I’ve found [commands.com][3].
|
||||
|
||||
For what I can see from their homepage it’s a service similar to the other, so let’s test it.
|
||||
|
||||
### Step 1 – Register on the website ###
|
||||
|
||||
Just [register][4] with a new username/password or use your github account to do it quickly.
|
||||
|
||||
### Step 2 – download and install the program monitor ###
|
||||
|
||||
[Monitor][5] is a command-line tool that captures command-line input/output and sends it to commands.com, the program it’s open source and hosted on github.
|
||||
|
||||
Monitor makes it easy to automate set-up/install of repos. With it you can easily show at people the most common errors and output from commands.
|
||||
|
||||
In short with it you can easily share your commands and their output with the world.
|
||||
|
||||
To install it follow these simple steps:
|
||||
|
||||
1) Clone the github repository of this project, in this way you’ll get the latest source code.
|
||||
|
||||
To do this you need the git command installed on your system, if you get an error with this command install it with your package manager, such as
|
||||
|
||||
Debian based distributions:
|
||||
|
||||
apt-get install git
|
||||
|
||||
Redhat/Centos/Fedora distributions
|
||||
|
||||
yum install git
|
||||
|
||||
And now from a terminal clone the repository with:
|
||||
|
||||
git clone https://github.com/dtannen/monitor.git
|
||||
|
||||
2) Install readline and curl, these libraries are a pre-requisite for building the program from the sources:
|
||||
|
||||
Debian based distributions:
|
||||
|
||||
apt-get install libreadline-dev libcurl4-openssl-dev
|
||||
|
||||
Redhat/Centos/Fedora distributions
|
||||
|
||||
yum install readline-devel curl-devel
|
||||
|
||||
3) Build the program:
|
||||
|
||||
To do this you have to go to the directory we just cloned with git and compile the c program:
|
||||
|
||||
cd monitor
|
||||
make
|
||||
sudo make install
|
||||
|
||||
The default installation will put the binary in /usr/local/bin
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Step 3 – using the monitor command ###
|
||||
|
||||
The command monitor it’s pretty easy to use:
|
||||
|
||||
monitor {-d} {-h} {-u <username>}
|
||||
|
||||
-d : do not delete /tmp files
|
||||
-h : help
|
||||
-u : commands.com username</username>
|
||||
|
||||
To exit the monitor program you just have to use ctrl-c.
|
||||
|
||||
So for me this means just opening a terminal and give these commands:
|
||||
|
||||
riccio@mint-desktop ~ $ monitor -u ricciocri
|
||||
Password:
|
||||
|
||||
Successfully logged in...
|
||||
AuthKey saved to /tmp/.riccio.commands.com. Delete file to return to Anonymous posting.
|
||||
monitor$ cd /tmp
|
||||
...
|
||||
|
||||
Want to see which command I’ve used after these ?
|
||||
I’ve made this session public (the default it’s private) so you can simply check this url: [https://commands.com/JTNSHRLQJA][6]
|
||||
|
||||
From there you can see the commands I’ve used and their output, an interesting options it’s the “fold/expand” so you could fold all commands and just expand the output of the one you like more.
|
||||
|
||||
### Conclusions ###
|
||||
|
||||
This is just the a basic startup guide, from the website you can make more “social” activity such as comment script/shell sessions, fork them or choose your favorites.
|
||||
|
||||
Like github, you can fork any public script/command and change it directly from the website and after that you can also get a public (or private url) that you can use to run directly your script with something like this:
|
||||
|
||||
curl commands.io/JTNSHRLQJA | sh
|
||||
|
||||
That’s great to store on the net some scripts that you run frequently on different computers/server, as usual don’t put anything with passwords or sensible information on the net and you’ll be safe enough.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://linuxaria.com/article/how-to-share-on-linux-the-output-of-your-shell-commands
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://linuxaria.com/recensioni/shelr-broadcast-your-linux-shell-on-the-net
|
||||
[2]:http://linuxaria.com/tag/shell
|
||||
[3]:https://commands.com/
|
||||
[4]:https://commands.com/Register/Index
|
||||
[5]:https://github.com/dtannen/monitor
|
||||
[6]:https://commands.com/JTNSHRLQJA
|
||||
@ -1,38 +0,0 @@
|
||||
How To Recover Default Openbox Config Files On Crunchbang
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
[CrunchBang][1] is a Debian GNU/Linux based distribution offering a great blend of speed, style and substance. Using the nimble Openbox window manager, it is highly customizable and provides a modern, full-featured GNU/Linux system without sacrificing performance.
|
||||
|
||||
As Crunchbang is highly customizable, users tweak it to their liking as much as they can. All this is done via text files (config). As a “Crunchbanger” myself, I recently messed up with my **menu.xml** config file, which is responsible for the menu shown below.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Which removed every code from the menu configuration file. Since I wasn’t having a backup (It’s good to backup config files too) I have to search for the default configuration that comes with Crunchbang out of the box. And here’s how I got it fixed thanks to Crunchbang forums.
|
||||
|
||||
It is very interesting to know all default configs were pre-backed up for you and can be found at
|
||||
|
||||
/etc/skel/.config/
|
||||
|
||||
So for any default config you just copy them over and restart the appropriate application.
|
||||
|
||||
I will use Openbox **menu.xml** as an example here:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
cp -r /etc/skel/.config/openbox/menu.xml ~/.config/openbox/menu.xml
|
||||
|
||||
Then restart openbox.
|
||||
|
||||
openbox --restart
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.unixmen.com/recover-default-openbox-config-files-crunchbang/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Enock Seth Nyamador][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.unixmen.com/author/seth/
|
||||
[1]:http://crunchbang.org/
|
||||
@ -1,61 +0,0 @@
|
||||
johnhoow translating...
|
||||
Install UberWriter Markdown Editor In Ubuntu 14.04
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Quick tutorial to show you **how to install UberWriter markdown editor in Ubuntu 14.04** for free via official PPA.
|
||||
|
||||
[UberWriter][1] is a [markdown][2] editor for Ubuntu with a clean interface with focus on writing only. UberWriter utilizes [pandoc][3] markdown. The UI is based on GTK3 which is not yet fully integrated with Unity. A quick list of features for UberWriter is as following:
|
||||
|
||||
- Clean interface
|
||||
- pandoc markdown
|
||||
- Preview option
|
||||
- Distraction free “focus mode”
|
||||
- Spell check
|
||||
- Syntax highlighting and math in html and pdf
|
||||
- Option to export as PDF, HTML, ODT etc
|
||||
|
||||
### Install UberWriter in Ubuntu 14.04 ###
|
||||
|
||||
UberWriter is available in [Ubuntu Software Center][4] but it costs $5. I would really recommend that you buy it, if you like it and if you can afford it to support the developer.
|
||||
|
||||
UberWriter is also available for free via its official PPA. You can install it using the following commands in terminal:
|
||||
|
||||
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:w-vollprecht/ppa
|
||||
sudo apt-get update
|
||||
sudo apt-get install uberwriter
|
||||
|
||||
Once installed, you can run it from Unity Dash. Write down your document in UberWriter. As you can see, it highlights the markdown syntax:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
You can use the preview feature to see how your document will actually look like:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
I tried to export it as PDF but it asked me to install texlive.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Export to HTML and ODT was fine though.
|
||||
|
||||
There are several other markdown editors available for Linux. [Remarkable][5] is one of them which has the feature of real time preview, which is not in UberWriter. But overall it is a nice application. If you are looking for document writing tool, you can also use [Texmaker LaTeX editor][6].
|
||||
|
||||
I hope this tutorial helped you to **install UberWriter in Ubuntu 14.04**. I haven’t tried but I presume that it should also work in Ubuntu 12.04, Linux Mint 17, Elementary OS and other Linux distributions based on Ubuntu.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://itsfoss.com/install-uberwriter-markdown-editor-ubuntu-1404/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Abhishek][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://itsfoss.com/author/Abhishek/
|
||||
[1]:http://uberwriter.wolfvollprecht.de/
|
||||
[2]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markdown
|
||||
[3]:http://johnmacfarlane.net/pandoc/
|
||||
[4]:apt://uberwriter
|
||||
[5]:http://itsfoss.com/remarkable-markdown-editor-linux/
|
||||
[6]:http://itsfoss.com/install-latex-ubuntu-1404/
|
||||
@ -1,53 +0,0 @@
|
||||
QuiteRSS: RSS Reader For Desktop Linux
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
[QuiteRSS][1] is a free and [open source][2] RSS/Atome reader available for Windows , Linux and Mac. Written in C++/QT, it comes with a number of features.
|
||||
|
||||
The interface of QuiteRSS reminds me of Lotus Notes mail. You have plenty of RSS displayed in right side pane, which you can group together in labels. Clicking on an item, opens the RSS feed in lower panel.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Apart from this, it has ad blocker, a newspaper layout view, importing feeds from URL features etc. You can find the full list of features [here][3].
|
||||
|
||||
### Install QuiteRSS in Ubuntu and Linux Mint ###
|
||||
|
||||
QuiteRSS is available in Ubuntu 14.04 and Linux Mint 17. You can install it by simply using the command below:
|
||||
|
||||
sudo apt-get install quiterss
|
||||
|
||||
If you want to have the latest stable version, you can use the official [QuiteRSS PPA][4]:
|
||||
|
||||
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:quiterss/quiterss
|
||||
sudo apt-get update
|
||||
sudo apt-get install quiterss
|
||||
|
||||
The above should work for all Ubuntu based Linux distributions such as Linux Mint, Elementary OS, Linux Lite, Pinguy OS etc. For other Linux distributions and other platforms, you can get the source code and installers from the [download page][5].
|
||||
|
||||
### Uninstall QuiteRSS ###
|
||||
|
||||
To uninstall QuiteRSS, use the following command:
|
||||
|
||||
sudo apt-get remove quiterss
|
||||
|
||||
If you used the PPA, you should also remove the repository from the sources list.
|
||||
|
||||
sudo add-apt-repository --remove ppa:quiterss/quiterss
|
||||
|
||||
QuiteRSS is a fine Open Source RSS reader, though I prefer [Feedly][6]. Though there is no desktop application of Feedly for Linux as of now, you can still use it in web browser apart from your smartphone. I hope you find QuiteRSS worth a try on desktop Linux.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://itsfoss.com/quiterss-rss-reader-desktop-linux/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Abhishek][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://itsfoss.com/author/Abhishek/
|
||||
[1]:http://quiterss.org/
|
||||
[2]:http://itsfoss.com/category/open-source-software/
|
||||
[3]:http://quiterss.org/en/about
|
||||
[4]:https://launchpad.net/~quiterss/+archive/ubuntu/quiterss/
|
||||
[5]:http://quiterss.org/en/download
|
||||
[6]:http://feedly.com/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
|
||||
Linux FAQs with Answers--How to capture TCP SYN, ACK and FIN packets with tcpdump
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
> **Question**: I want to monitor TCP connection dynamics (e.g., three-way handshake for connection establishment, and four-way handshake for connection tear-down). For that, I need to capture only TCP control packets such as those with SYN, ACK or FIN flag set. How can I use tcpdump to capture TCP SYN, ACK, and/or FYN packets only?
|
||||
|
||||
As a de-facto packet capture tool, tcpdump provides powerful and flexible packet filtering capabilities. The libpcap packet capture engine which tcpdump is based upon supports standard packet filtering rules such as 5-tuple packet header based filtering (i.e., based on source/destination IP addresses/ports and IP protocol type).
|
||||
|
||||
The packet filtering rules of tcpdump/libpcap also supports more general packet expressions, where arbitrary byte ranges in a packet are checked with relation or binary operators. For byte range representation, you can use the following format:
|
||||
|
||||
proto [ expr : size ]
|
||||
|
||||
"proto" can be one of well-known protocols (e.g., ip, arp, tcp, udp, icmp, ipv6). "expr" represents byte offset relative to the beginning of a specified protocol header. There exist well-known byte offsets such as tcpflags, or value constants such as tcp-syn, tcp-ack or tcp-fin. "size" is optional, indicating the number of bytes to check starting from the byte offset.
|
||||
|
||||
Using this format, you can filter TCP SYN, ACK or FIN packets as follows.
|
||||
|
||||
To capture only TCP SYN packets:
|
||||
|
||||
# tcpdump -i <interface> "tcp[tcpflags] & (tcp-syn) != 0"
|
||||
|
||||
To capture only TCP ACK packets:
|
||||
|
||||
# tcpdump -i <interface> "tcp[tcpflags] & (tcp-ack) != 0"
|
||||
|
||||
To capture only TCP FIN packets:
|
||||
|
||||
# tcpdump -i <interface> "tcp[tcpflags] & (tcp-fin) != 0"
|
||||
|
||||
To capture only TCP SYN or ACK packets:
|
||||
|
||||
# tcpdump -r <interface> "tcp[tcpflags] & (tcp-syn|tcp-ack) != 0"
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://ask.xmodulo.com/capture-tcp-syn-ack-fin-packets-tcpdump.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[作者名][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
|
||||
Linux FAQs with Answers--How to change hostname on CentOS or RHEL 7
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
> Question: What is a proper way to change hostname on CentOS / RHEL 7 (permanently or temporarily)?
|
||||
|
||||
In CentOS or RHEL, there are three kinds of hostnames defined: (1) static, (2) transient, and (3) pretty. The "static" hostname is also known as kernel hostname, which is initialized from /etc/hostname automatically at boot time. The "transient" hostname is a temporary hostname assigned at run time, for example, by a DHCP or mDNS server. Both static and transient hostnames follow the same character restriction rules as Internet domain names. On the other hand, the "pretty" hostname is allowed to have a free-form (including special/whitespace characters) hostname, presented to end users (e.g., Dan's Computer).
|
||||
|
||||
In CentOS/RHEL 7, there is a command line utility called hostnamectl, which allows you to view or modify hostname related configurations.
|
||||
|
||||
To view hostname related settings:
|
||||
|
||||
$ hostnamectl status
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
To view static, transient or pretty hostname only, use "--static", "--transient" or "--pretty" option, respectively.
|
||||
|
||||
$ hostnamectl status [--static|--transient|--pretty]
|
||||
|
||||
To change all three hostnames: static, transient, and pretty, simultaneously:
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo hostnamectl set-hostname <host-name>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
As shown above, in case of static/transient hostnames, any special or whitespace character will be removed, and any uppercase letter will automatically be converted to lowercase in the supplied <host-name> argument. Once the static hostname is changed, /etc/hostname will automatically be updated accordingly. However, /etc/hosts will not be updated to reflect the change, so you need to update /etc/hosts manually.
|
||||
|
||||
If you want to change a particular hostname only (static, transient or pretty), you can use "--static", "--transient" or "--pretty" option.
|
||||
|
||||
For example, to change hostname permanently, you can change the static hostname:
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo hostnamectl --static set-hostname <host-name>
|
||||
|
||||
Note that you do not have to reboot the machine to activate permanent hostname change. The above command will change kernel hostname immediately. Log out, and log back in to see the new static hostname in the command-line prompt.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://ask.xmodulo.com/change-hostname-centos-rhel-7.html
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
|
||||
Linux FAQs with Answers--How to create a new Amazon AWS access key
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
> **Question**: I was asked to provide an **AWS access key ID** and **secret access key** when configuring an application which requires access to my Amazon AWS account. How can I create a new AWS access key?
|
||||
|
||||
Amazon AWS security credentials are used to authenticate you and authorize any third-party application to access your AWS account. There are different types of AWS security credentials available, e.g., password, access key, multi-factor authentication, X.509 certificates, etc.
|
||||
|
||||
If you want to create a new access key (access key ID and secret access key), here is how to do it.
|
||||
|
||||
First, log in to [AWS console][1].
|
||||
|
||||
Choose "Security Credentials" menu from the top bar.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
In the next page, choose "Access Keys (Access Key ID and Secret Access Key) option.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
In the next page, you will see a list of existing access key IDs (if any). Note that you cannot retrieve "secret access keys" of existing access key IDs. For security reason, a secret access key is visible only at the time you create a new access key.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Click on "Create New Access Key", and it will create a new pair of access key ID and secret access key instantly.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Either download a key file which contains a new access key, or copy and paste a new access key information. Again remember. Once you close this window, the secret access key will not be available again unless you download a key file.
|
||||
|
||||
### Multi-User AWS Account ###
|
||||
|
||||
If you are a corporate which has a corporate AWS account shared by multiple employees, you may want to use Identity and Access Management (IAM) to create and manage their access keys.
|
||||
|
||||
IAM is a web service which allows a corporate to manage multiple users and their associated security credentials under a single AWS account. Using IAM, multiple users can sign in as different identities under a single AWS account, and manage their own security credentials without tampering with each other's keys.
|
||||
|
||||
To manage IAM users, click on "Users" menu on the "Security Credentials" page.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Then you can create a new IAM user and manage their security credentials such as access keys.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://ask.xmodulo.com/create-amazon-aws-access-key.html
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://aws.amazon.com/console/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
|
||||
Linux FAQs with Answers--How to expand an XFS file system
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
> **Question**: I have extra space in my disk, so I want to grow the size of an existing XFS file system created on it, in order to fully utilize the extra space. What is a proper way to expand an XFS file system?
|
||||
|
||||
XFS is an open-source (GPL) journaling file system originally developed by Silicon Graphics. The suport for XFS file system is available on most Linux distros nowadays. In fact, XFS has become the default file system adopted by the latest CentOS/RHEL 7. One of its many features is "online resizing", where an existing XFS file system can be expanded while it is mounted. Support for shrinking an XFS file system is not available though.
|
||||
|
||||
To expand an existing XFS file system, you can use a command line utility called xfs_growfs, which is available by default on most Linux distros. Since XFS supports online resizing, the target file system can be mounted or unmounted.
|
||||
|
||||
Here is the basic usage of **xfs_growfs**:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
As the destination XFS file system to expand, you can specify either a mountpoint, a disk partition, or logical volume (in case of LVM). You specify the size of a new XFS file system as the number of data blocks. You can use xfs_info command-line tool to check data block size and the number of data blocks:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
To extend the size of an XFS file system to 1986208:
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo xfs_growfs /dev/centos/root -D 1986208
|
||||
|
||||
If you do not specify size with "-D" option, xfs_growfs will automatically expand an XFS file system to the largest possible size.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo xfs_growfs /dev/centos/root
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Note that when you expand an existing XFS file system, you must prepare added space for the XFS file system to grow beforehand. It may be obvious, but if there is no free space available in the underlying partition or disk volume, xfs_growfs will not do anything. Also, if you attempt to extend XFS file system size beyond the size of disk partition or volume, xfs_growfs will fail.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://ask.xmodulo.com/expand-xfs-file-system.html
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
|
||||
Linux FAQs with Answers--How to find and remove obsolete PPA repositories on Ubuntu
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
> **Question**: I was trying to re-synchronize package index files by running apt-get update. But I am getting the following "404 Not Found" errors. Looks like I cannot fetch the latest index from some third-party PPA repositories that I've added before. How can I clean up such broken and old PPA repositories?
|
||||
|
||||
Err http://ppa.launchpad.net trusty/main amd64 Packages
|
||||
404 Not Found
|
||||
Err http://ppa.launchpad.net trusty/main i386 Packages
|
||||
404 Not Found
|
||||
W: Failed to fetch http://ppa.launchpad.net/finalterm/daily/ubuntu/dists/trusty/main/binary-amd64/Packages 404 Not Found
|
||||
|
||||
W: Failed to fetch http://ppa.launchpad.net/finalterm/daily/ubuntu/dists/trusty/main/binary-i386/Packages 404 Not Found
|
||||
|
||||
E: Some index files failed to download. They have been ignored, or old ones used instead.
|
||||
|
||||
When you attempt to update APT package indexes, "404 Not Found" errors can often happen after distro upgrade. That is, after you upgraded your Ubuntu release, some third-party PPA repositories which you added on the old release are no longer supported on the upgraded release. In that case, you can **identify and purge those broken PPA repositories** as follows.
|
||||
|
||||
First, find out the PPAs which cause "404 Not Found" failures.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo apt-get update | grep "Failed"
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
In this example, the PPA repository which is no longer supported in Ubuntu Trusty is "ppa:finalterm/daily".
|
||||
|
||||
Go ahead and [remove the PPA repository][1]（注：此文原文在同一个更新中，文件名：“20140915 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to remove PPA repository from command line on Ubuntu.md”）.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo add-apt-repository --remove ppa:finalterm/daily
|
||||
|
||||
You have to repeat this process for every obsolete PPA repository that you found from above.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
After removing all obsolete PPA repositories, re-run "apt-get update" to check all of them have been successfully removed.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://ask.xmodulo.com/find-remove-obsolete-ppa-repositories-ubuntu.html
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://ask.xmodulo.com/how-to-remove-ppa-repository-from-command-line-on-ubuntu.html
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
|
||||
Vic020
|
||||
Linux FAQs with Answers--How to remove PPA repository from command line on Ubuntu
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
> **Question**: I added a third-party PPA repository on my Ubuntu box some time ago. How can I remove the PPA repository?
|
||||
|
||||
A Personal Package Archives (PPA) is a Ubuntu way to allow independent developers and contributors to build and distribute any custom packages as a third-party APT repository via Launchpad. If you are a Ubuntu user, chances are that you have added some popular third-party PPA repositories to your Ubuntu system. If you want to remove any pre-configured PPA repository, here is how to do it.
|
||||
|
||||
Suppose you have a third-party PPA repository named "ppa:webapps/preview" added on your Ubuntu system, as follows.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:webapps/preview
|
||||
|
||||
If you want to **delete a PPA repository alone**, run the following command.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo add-apt-repository --remove ppa:someppa/ppa
|
||||
|
||||
Note that the above command does not touch any packages installed or upgraded from the PPA itself.
|
||||
|
||||
If you want to **delete a PPA repository as well as all packages installed/upgraded from the PPA**, you can use ppa-purge command.
|
||||
|
||||
To install ppa-purge package:
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo apt-get install ppa-purge
|
||||
|
||||
To remove a PPA repository and all its packages from the command line:
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo ppa-purge ppa:webapps/preview
|
||||
|
||||
These methods can be useful when you [identify and purge broken PPA repositories][1]（注：此文原文在同一个更新中，文件名：“20140915 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to find and remove obsolete PPA repositories on Ubuntu.md”） after distro upgrade.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://ask.xmodulo.com/how-to-remove-ppa-repository-from-command-line-on-ubuntu.html
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://ask.xmodulo.com/find-remove-obsolete-ppa-repositories-ubuntu.html
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,223 @@
|
||||
How to create a software RAID-1 array with mdadm on Linux
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Redundant Array of Independent Disks (RAID) is a storage technology that combines multiple hard disks into a single logical unit to provide fault-tolerance and/or improve disk I/O performance. Depending on how data is stored in an array of disks (e.g., with striping, mirroring, parity, or any combination thereof), different RAID levels are defined (e.g., RAID-0, RAID-1, RAID-5, etc). RAID can be implemented either in software or with a hardware RAID card. On modern Linux, basic software RAID functionality is available by default.
|
||||
|
||||
In this post, we'll discuss the software setup of a RAID-1 array (also known as a "mirroring" array), where identical data is written to the two devices that form the array. While it is possible to implement RAID-1 with partitions on a single physical hard drive (as with other RAID levels), it won't be of much use if that single hard drive fails. In fact, that's why most RAID levels normally use multiple physical drives to provide redundancy. In the event of any single drive failure, the virtual RAID block device should continue functioning without issues, and allow us to replace the faulty drive without significant production downtime and, more importantly, with no data loss. However, it does not replace the need to save periodic system backups in external storage.
|
||||
|
||||
Since the actual storage capacity (size) of a RAID-1 array is the size of the smallest drive, normally (if not always) you will find two identical physical drives in RAID-1 setup.
|
||||
|
||||
### Installing mdadm on Linux ###
|
||||
|
||||
The tool that we are going to use to create, assemble, manage, and monitor our software RAID-1 is called mdadm (short for **m**ultiple **d**isks **adm**in). On Linux distros such as Fedora, CentOS, RHEL or Arch Linux, mdadm is available by default. On Debian-based distros, mdadm can be installed with aptitude or apt-get.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Fedora, CentOS or RHEL ####
|
||||
|
||||
As mdadm comes pre-installed, all you have to do is to start RAID monitoring service, and configure it to auto-start upon boot:
|
||||
|
||||
# systemctl start mdmonitor
|
||||
# systemctl enable mdmonitor
|
||||
|
||||
For CentOS/RHEL 6, use these commands instead:
|
||||
|
||||
# service mdmonitor start
|
||||
# chkconfig mdmonitor on
|
||||
|
||||
#### Debian, Ubuntu or Linux Mint ####
|
||||
|
||||
On Debian and its derivatives, mdadm can be installed with **aptitude or apt-get**:
|
||||
|
||||
# aptitude install mdadm
|
||||
|
||||
On Ubuntu, you will be asked to configure postfix MTA for sending out email notifications (as part of RAID monitoring). You can skip it for now.
|
||||
|
||||
On Debian, the installation will start with the following explanatory message to help us decide whether or not we are going to install the root filesystem on a RAID array. What we need to enter on the next screen will depend on this decision. Read it carefully:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Since we will not use our RAID-1 for the root filesystem, we will leave the answer blank:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
When asked whether we want to start (reassemble) our array automatically during each boot, choose "Yes". Note that we will need to add an entry to the /etc/fstab file later in order for the array to be properly mounted during the boot process as well.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Partitioning Hard Drives ###
|
||||
|
||||
Now it's time to prepare the physical devices that will be used in our array. For this setup, I have plugged in two 8 GB USB drives that have been identified as /dev/sdb and /dev/sdc from dmesg output:
|
||||
|
||||
# dmesg | less
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
[ 60.014863] sd 3:0:0:0: [sdb] 15826944 512-byte logical blocks: (8.10 GB/7.54 GiB)
|
||||
[ 75.066466] sd 4:0:0:0: [sdc] 15826944 512-byte logical blocks: (8.10 GB/7.54 GiB)
|
||||
|
||||
We will use fdisk to create a primary partition on each disk that will occupy its entire size. The following steps show how to perform this task on /dev/sdb, and assume that this drive hasn't been partitioned yet (otherwise, we can delete the existing partition(s) to start off with a clean disk):
|
||||
|
||||
# fdisk /dev/sdb
|
||||
|
||||
Press 'p' to print the current partition table:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
(if one or more partitions are found, they can be deleted with 'd' option. Then 'w' option is used to apply the changes).
|
||||
|
||||
Since no partitions are found, we will create a new primary partition ['n'] as a primary partition ['p'], assign the partition number = ['1'] to it, and then indicate its size. You can press Enter key to accept the proposed default values, or enter a value of your choosing, as shown in the image below.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Now repeat the same process for /dev/sdc.
|
||||
|
||||
If we have two drives of different sizes, say 750 GB and 1 TB for example, we should create a primary partition of 750 GB on each of them, and use the remaining space on the bigger drive for another purpose, independent of the RAID array.
|
||||
|
||||
### Create a RAID-1 Array ###
|
||||
|
||||
Once you are done with creating the primary partition on each drive, use the following command to create a RAID-1 array:
|
||||
|
||||
# mdadm -Cv /dev/md0 -l1 -n2 /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdc1
|
||||
|
||||
Where:
|
||||
|
||||
- **-Cv**: creates an array and produce verbose output.
|
||||
- **/dev/md0**: is the name of the array.
|
||||
- **-l1** (l as in "level"): indicates that this will be a RAID-1 array.
|
||||
- **-n2**: indicates that we will add two partitions to the array, namely /dev/sdb1 and /dev/sdc1.
|
||||
|
||||
The above command is equivalent to:
|
||||
|
||||
# mdadm --create --verbose /dev/md0 --level=1 --raid-devices=2 /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdc1
|
||||
|
||||
If alternatively you want to add a spare device in order to replace a faulty disk in the future, you can add '--spare-devices=1 /dev/sdd1' to the above command.
|
||||
|
||||
Answer "y" when prompted if you want to continue creating an array, then press Enter:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
You can check the progress with the following command:
|
||||
|
||||
# cat /proc/mdstat
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Another way to obtain more information about a RAID array (both while it's being assembled and after the process is finished) is:
|
||||
|
||||
# mdadm --query /dev/md0
|
||||
# mdadm --detail /dev/md0 (or mdadm -D /dev/md0)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Of the information provided by 'mdadm -D', perhaps the most useful is that which shows the state of the array. The active state means that there is currently I/O activity happening. Other possible states are clean (all I/O activity has been completed), degraded (one of the devices is faulty or missing), resyncing (the system is recovering from an unclean shutdown such as a power outage), or recovering (a new drive has been added to the array, and data is being copied from the other drive onto it), to name the most common states.
|
||||
|
||||
### Formatting and Mounting a RAID Array ###
|
||||
|
||||
The next step is formatting (with ext4 in this example) the array:
|
||||
|
||||
# mkfs.ext4 /dev/md0
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Now let's mount the array, and verify that it was mounted correctly:
|
||||
|
||||
# mount /dev/md0 /mnt
|
||||
# mount
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Monitor a RAID Array ###
|
||||
|
||||
The mdadm tool comes with RAID monitoring capability built in. When mdadm is set to run as a daemon (which is the case with our RAID setup), it periodically polls existing RAID arrays, and reports on any detected events via email notification or syslog logging. Optionally, it can also be configured to invoke contingency commands (e.g., retrying or removing a disk) upon detecting any critical errors.
|
||||
|
||||
By default, mdadm scans all existing partitions and MD arrays, and logs any detected event to /var/log/syslog. Alternatively, you can specify devices and RAID arrays to scan in mdadm.conf located in /etc/mdadm/mdadm.conf (Debian-based) or /etc/mdadm.conf (Red Hat-based), in the following format. If mdadm.conf does not exist, create one.
|
||||
|
||||
DEVICE /dev/sd[bcde]1 /dev/sd[ab]1
|
||||
|
||||
ARRAY /dev/md0 devices=/dev/sdb1,/dev/sdc1
|
||||
ARRAY /dev/md1 devices=/dev/sdd1,/dev/sde1
|
||||
.....
|
||||
|
||||
# optional email address to notify events
|
||||
MAILADDR your@email.com
|
||||
|
||||
After modifying mdadm configuration, restart mdadm daemon:
|
||||
|
||||
On Debian, Ubuntu or Linux Mint:
|
||||
|
||||
# service mdadm restart
|
||||
|
||||
On Fedora, CentOS/RHEL 7:
|
||||
|
||||
# systemctl restart mdmonitor
|
||||
|
||||
On CentOS/RHEL 6:
|
||||
|
||||
# service mdmonitor restart
|
||||
|
||||
### Auto-mount a RAID Array ###
|
||||
|
||||
Now we will add an entry in the /etc/fstab to mount the array in /mnt automatically during boot (you can specify any other mount point):
|
||||
|
||||
# echo "/dev/md0 /mnt ext4 defaults 0 2" << /etc/fstab
|
||||
|
||||
To verify that mount works okay, we now unmount the array, restart mdadm, and remount. We can see that /dev/md0 has been mounted as per the entry we just added to /etc/fstab:
|
||||
|
||||
# umount /mnt
|
||||
# service mdadm restart (on Debian, Ubuntu or Linux Mint)
|
||||
or systemctl restart mdmonitor (on Fedora, CentOS/RHEL7)
|
||||
or service mdmonitor restart (on CentOS/RHEL6)
|
||||
# mount -a
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Now we are ready to access the RAID array via /mnt mount point. To test the array, we'll copy the /etc/passwd file (any other file will do) into /mnt:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
On Debian, we need to tell the mdadm daemon to automatically start the RAID array during boot by setting the AUTOSTART variable to true in the /etc/default/mdadm file:
|
||||
|
||||
AUTOSTART=true
|
||||
|
||||
### Simulating Drive Failures ###
|
||||
|
||||
We will simulate a faulty drive and remove it with the following commands. Note that in a real life scenario, it is not necessary to mark a device as faulty first, as it will already be in that state in case of a failure.
|
||||
|
||||
First, unmount the array:
|
||||
|
||||
# umount /mnt
|
||||
|
||||
Now, notice how the output of 'mdadm -D /dev/md0' indicates the changes after performing each command below.
|
||||
|
||||
# mdadm /dev/md0 --fail /dev/sdb1 #Marks /dev/sdb1 as faulty
|
||||
# mdadm --remove /dev/md0 /dev/sdb1 #Removes /dev/sdb1 from the array
|
||||
|
||||
Afterwards, when you have a new drive for replacement, re-add the drive again:
|
||||
|
||||
# mdadm /dev/md0 --add /dev/sdb1
|
||||
|
||||
The data is then immediately started to be rebuilt onto /dev/sdb1:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Note that the steps detailed above apply for systems with hot-swappable disks. If you do not have such technology, you will also have to stop a current array, and shutdown your system first in order to replace the part:
|
||||
|
||||
# mdadm --stop /dev/md0
|
||||
# shutdown -h now
|
||||
|
||||
Then add the new drive and re-assemble the array:
|
||||
|
||||
# mdadm /dev/md0 --add /dev/sdb1
|
||||
# mdadm --assemble /dev/md0 /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdc1
|
||||
|
||||
Hope this helps.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/09/create-software-raid1-array-mdadm-linux.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Gabriel Cánepa][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://xmodulo.com/author/gabriel
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
|
||||
在哪儿以及怎么写代码：选择最好的免费代码编辑器
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
深入了解一下Cloud9，Koding和Nitrous.IO。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**已经准备好开始你的第一个编程项目了吗？很好！只要配置一下**终端或命令行，学习如何使用并安装所有要用到的编程语言，插件库和API函数库。当最终准备好一切以后，再安装好[Visual Studio][1]就可以开始了，然后才可以预览自己的工作。
|
||||
|
||||
至少这是大家过去已经熟悉的方式。
|
||||
|
||||
也难怪初学程序员们逐渐喜欢上在线集成开发环境(IDE)了。IDE是一个代码编辑器，不过已经准备好编程语言以及所有需要的依赖，可以让你避免把它们一一安装到电脑上的麻烦。
|
||||
|
||||
我想搞清楚到底是哪些因素能组成一个典型的IDE，所以我试用了一下免费级别的时下最受欢迎的三款集成开发环境：[Cloud9][2]，[Koding][3]和[Nitrous.IO][4]。在这个过程中，我了解了许多程序员应该或不应该使用IDE的各种情形。
|
||||
|
||||
### 为什么要用IDE？ ###
|
||||
|
||||
假如有一个像Microsoft Word那样的文字编辑器，想想类似Google Drive那样的IDE吧。你可以拥有类似的功能，但是它还能支持从任意电脑上访问，还能随时共享。因为因特网在项目工作流中的影响已经越来越重要，IDE也让生活更轻松。
|
||||
|
||||
在我最近的一篇ReadWrite教程中我使用了Nitrous.IO，这是在文章[创建一个你自己的像Yo那样的极端简单的聊天应用][5]里的一个Python应用。当使用IDE的时候，你只要选择你要用的编程语言，然后通过IDE特别设计用来运行这种语言程序的虚拟机（VM），你就可以测试和预览你的应用了。
|
||||
|
||||
如果你读过那篇教程，就会知道我的那个应用只用到了两个API库－信息服务Twilio和Python微框架Flask。在我的电脑上就算是使用文字编辑器和终端来做也是很简单的，不过我选择使用IDE还有一个方便的地方：如果大家都使用同样的开发环境，跟着教程一步步走下去就更简单了。
|
||||
|
||||
### IDE不能做的事情 ###
|
||||
|
||||
到目前为止，IDE还不是一个长期托管方案。
|
||||
|
||||
当你使用IDE工作的时候，你可以在云上构建，测试和预览你的应用。你甚至还可以直接通过链接共享你的最终作品。
|
||||
|
||||
但是不能用IDE来永久存储你的整个项目。把帖子保存在Google Drive文件中不会让你的博客丢失。类似Google Drive，IDE可以让你创建链接用于共享内容，但是任何一个都还不足以替代真正的托管服务器。
|
||||
|
||||
还有，IDE并不是设计成方便广泛共享。尽管各种IDE都在不断改善大多数文字编辑器的预览功能，还只能用来给你的朋友或同事展示一下应用预览，而不是，比如说，类似Hacker News的主页。那样的话，占用太多带宽的IDE也许会让你崩溃。
|
||||
|
||||
这样说吧：IDE只是构建和测试你的应用的地方，托管服务器才是它们生存的地方。所以一旦完成了你的应用，你会希望把它布置到能长期托管的云服务器上，最好是能免费托管的那种，例如[Heroku][6]。
|
||||
|
||||
### 选择一个IDE ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
随着IDE变得越来越流行，选择也越来越多。在我眼里，没有一个是完美的。不过，还是有些IDE在完成某些工作方面相对来说有些优势。
|
||||
|
||||
我尝试了一下免费级别的三个最受欢迎的集成开发环境：Cloud9，Koding和Nitrous.IO。每一个都有自己的优点，当然跟你用来做的事情有关系。下面就是我的发现。
|
||||
|
||||
### Cloud9：乐于协作 ###
|
||||
|
||||
当我完成了Cloud9的注册后，它提示的第一件事情就是添加我的GitHub和BitBucket账号。马上，所有我的GitHub项目，个人的和协作的，都可以直接克隆到本地并使用Cloud9的开发工具开始工作。其他的IDE在和GitHub集成的方面都没有达到这种水准。
|
||||
|
||||
在我测试的这三款IDE中，Cloud9看起来更加侧重于一个可以让协同工作的人们无缝衔接工作的环境。在这里，它并不是角落里放个聊天窗口。实际上，按照CEO Ruben Daniels说的，试用Cloud9的协作者可以互相看到其他人实时的编码情况，就像Google Drive上的合作者那样。
|
||||
|
||||
“大多数IDE服务的协同功能只能操作单一文件”，Daniels说，“而我们的产品可以支持整个项目中的不同文件。协同功能被完美集成到了我们的IDE中。”
|
||||
|
||||
### Koding：在你需要的时候能提供帮助 ###
|
||||
|
||||
IDE可以提供你所需的工具来构建和测试所有开源编程语言的应用。对于初学者来说，看起来有点吓人。举个例子，如果我要做一个项目同时用到Python和Ruby组件，那我要用哪个VM来测试？
|
||||
|
||||
答案是两个都要，尽管使用免费账号的话，只能够同时打开一个VM用于测试。我就在Koding的控制面板里找到了答案，一个折叠起来的地方，用户可以提供或获得他们Koding项目的各种经验。在这三者中间，它是最容易使用的，拥有一个你可以寻求帮助并很快有人回答的地方。
|
||||
|
||||
“我们在这款产品里加入了一个积极的社区功能”，Koding的首席商务官Nitin Gupta说，“我们希望搭建一个环境，真正吸引那些希望得到帮助和愿意提供帮助的人们。”
|
||||
|
||||
### Nitrous.IO: An IDE Wherever You Want ###
|
||||
|
||||
相对于自己的桌面环境，使用IDE的最大优势是它是自包含的。你不需要安装任何其他的就可以使用。而另一方面，使用自己的桌面环境的最大优势就是你可以在本地工作，甚至在没有互联网的情况下。
|
||||
|
||||
Nitrous.IO结合了这两个优势。你可以在网站上在线使用这个IDE，你也可以把它下载到自己的饿电脑上，共同创始人AJ Solimine这样说。优点是你可以结合Nitrous的集成性和你最喜欢的文字编辑器的熟悉。
|
||||
|
||||
他说：“你可以使用任意当代浏览器访问Nitrous.IO的在线IDE网站，但我们仍然提供了方便的Windows和Mac桌面应用，可以让你使用你最喜欢的编辑器来写代码。”
|
||||
|
||||
### 底线 ###
|
||||
|
||||
这一个星期的[使用][7]三个不同IDE的最让我意外的收获？它们是如此相似。[当用来做最基本的代码编辑的时候][8]，它们都一样的好用。
|
||||
|
||||
Cloud9，Koding，[和Nitrous.IO都支持][9]所有主流的开源编程语言，从Ruby到Python到PHP到HTML5。你可以选择任何一种VM。
|
||||
|
||||
Cloud9和Nitrous.IO都实现了GitHub的一键集成。Koding需要[多几个步骤][10]，不过也是可以实现的。
|
||||
|
||||
每一个都轻松地集成了我需要的API。每一个也都可以让我自己安装喜欢的包（Koding需要超级用户权限）。它们都带有内置的终端，可以用来轻松地测试和布置项目。三个都支持轻松地预览项目。当然，它们也都把我的项目托管在云服务器中，所以我在任意地方都可以在上边工作。
|
||||
|
||||
不好的一面，它们都有相同的缺陷，不过考虑到它们都是免费的也还合理。你每次只能同时运行一个VM来测试特定编程语言写出的程序。而当你一段时间没有使用VM之后，IDE会把VM切换成休眠模式以节省带宽，而下次要用的时候就得等它重新加载（Cloud9在这一点上更加费力）。它们中也没有任何一个为已完成的项目提供像样的永久托管服务。
|
||||
|
||||
所以，对咨询我是否有一个完美的免费IDE的人，答案是可能没有。但是这也要看你侧重的地方，对你的某个项目来说也许有一个完美的IDE。
|
||||
|
||||
图片由[Shutterstock][11]友情提供
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://readwrite.com/2014/08/14/cloud9-koding-nitrousio-integrated-development-environment-ide-coding
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Lauren Orsini][a]
|
||||
译者：[zpl1025](https://github.com/zpl1025)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://readwrite.com/author/lauren-orsini
|
||||
[1]:http://www.visualstudio.com/
|
||||
[2]:http://c9.io/
|
||||
[3]:https://koding.com/
|
||||
[4]:http://nitrous.io/
|
||||
[5]:http://readwrite.com/2014/07/11/one-click-messaging-app
|
||||
[6]:http://heroku.com/
|
||||
[7]:http://help.nitrous.io/ide-general/
|
||||
[8]:https://www.nitrous.io/desktop
|
||||
[9]:https://www.nitrous.io/desktop
|
||||
[10]:https://koding.com/Activity/steps-clone-projects-github-koding-1-create-account-github-2-open-your-terminal-3
|
||||
[11]:http://www.shutterstock.com/
|
||||
@ -1,67 +0,0 @@
|
||||
中国将要改变软件购买和销售的方式
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
> 这一切都是关于“开源”.
|
||||
|
||||
**中国并不需要开源，也不需要你的软件。具体说来，中国市场并不需要你的工程师日以继夜的工作，也不需要你提供的任何东西。
|
||||
|
||||
中国每年会产生超过100000名新软件工程师们，这些工程师会写出一大批令人惊叹的奇妙软件。如果有中国市场上尚未出现的软件，中国的工程师们就会从国外“借鉴”。在2012年，这样的软件掠夺达到了77%之多。对于那些已经面对着开源和云服务的挑战的软件卖家来说，中国无疑让他们的日子更苦难了。
|
||||
|
||||
不止是更困难，简直是举步维艰。
|
||||
|
||||
中国正在挑战西方公司在中国或者其他地方赚钱的模式。对于那些已经明白如何在中国运营的公司来说，他们的未来看起来一片光明。
|
||||
|
||||
### 抵制中国模式 ###
|
||||
|
||||
当然，并非每家公司都会坐以待毙。以微软为例，微软通用美国的国家司法权力来禁止中国公司做生意——除非他们像微软购买许可证。这是一种很聪明的做法，而且它可能会为微软创造数以十亿计的价值。但是最终这一做法看起来与中国市场格格不入。
|
||||
|
||||
原因很简单，中国与微软对待知识产权的态度十分不同。
|
||||
|
||||
正如 [我所提到的][2]，“中国的企业更倾向于购买复杂的，面向企业的软件。因为这种软件比服务大众的公司设计出来的软件更先进，就像同在亚洲的印度。”但这种形势不会持续太久，因为中国的软件产业正在以一种惊人的速度前进，并毫无颓势。中国一定会坚持向西方国家“借鉴”代码直到有一天有足够的能力可以创造出有创新能力的软件。
|
||||
|
||||
但是即使这样，中国的软件公司与美国软件的运营模式还是有所不同，美国的软件大多都已经捆绑在设备、架构在云端或者公司只因为提供软件支持而要价。而这些运营模式中国是无法克隆的。
|
||||
|
||||
不出所料的，每一个收费模式是公司门使用“开源”进行盈利。
|
||||
|
||||
### 开源化中国 ###
|
||||
|
||||
正如CCID的分析师在 [J. Aaron Farr 的关于中国开源化报告][3] 中指出的，中国的开源社区规模很小而且没什么影响力。开源社区们没有大项目、参与者稀少而且资金匮乏。
|
||||
|
||||
这真是个坏消息。
|
||||
|
||||
好消息是，像华为这样的公司就把开源作为一种战略前景。具体而言，当华为的开源项目过时或者不是很强势的时候，这种现象就证明了他们的科技步伐是错误的。在与参与了开源项目的华为公司内部顾问的谈话中，虽然华为对如何参与到开源社区还处于摸索阶段，但他们总是对华为的开源项目赞不绝口。
|
||||
|
||||
这种无人关注开源的现象不会长久地持续下去。
|
||||
|
||||
从一件事就可以看出端倪。中国最大的互联网公司们都纷纷以积极地姿态拥抱开源，这意味着中国开源时代的到来。你若是和任意一位在百度、阿里巴巴、微博的员工谈话，你会发现他们的软件项目都是彻底开源的。这些开源的软件都是运行在这些公司自己研发的硬件上而不是西方的硬件上。
|
||||
|
||||
换句话说，这样的模式已经和西方的运营模式如出一辙了。
|
||||
|
||||
抬头看看 [现金软件行业内最炙手可热的新公司][5]， 你就会知道中国的互联网公司未来的主流趋势，正如发生在西方世界的一样。不出意料的，许多都是关于“开源”。
|
||||
|
||||
### 销售给中国 ###
|
||||
|
||||
所有的一切都表明中国的软件行业不会像美国的软件行业发展历史一般发展。中国不会产生在柜台上卖卖软件就赚上亿美元的公司。因为西方对于知识产权的观念就是不适于中国的科技经济。
|
||||
|
||||
所以，软件卖家们需要售卖币软件更丰富的产品。云服务是一大前景。硬件设施看起来也是前途璀璨。软件支持和咨询服务（虽然有一些非主流）也很被公司门看好。总而言之，中国的软件行业会充满了开源味道，而不能靠着简单的售卖专柜软件的形式赚钱。
|
||||
|
||||
图片由 [hackNY.org][6] 提供。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
原文: http://readwrite.com/2014/08/12/china-opensource-software-ip-programmers-united-states
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Matt Asay][a]
|
||||
译者：[chi1shi2](https://github.com/chi1shi2)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://readwrite.com/author/matt-asay
|
||||
[1]:http://readwrite.com/2014/03/17/microsoft-anti-piracy-strategy-china
|
||||
[2]:http://readwrite.com/2014/04/11/india-starts-paying-for-software-china-it
|
||||
[3]:http://cdn.oreillystatic.com/en/assets/1/event/12/Open%20Source%20in%20China%20Presentation%201.pdf
|
||||
[4]:http://huawei.com/en/about-huawei/Partner/openathuawei/index.htm
|
||||
[5]:http://codingvc.com/which-technologies-do-startups-use-an-exploration-of-angellist-data
|
||||
[6]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/hackny/8675057448/
|
||||
@ -1,62 +0,0 @@
|
||||
开源女巫狩猎归来！
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
> 开源软件社区已经做出了改变，就像之前的美好时光。
|
||||
|
||||
开源软件已经变的温和了，之前我们有的那些不纯洁的想法，可是随后我们却奇怪的和别人分享自己的代码与创作。
|
||||
|
||||
幸运的是，这种务实主义要结束了。在过去的几周当中，我们团结在Mozilla身边支持DRM版权保护以及嘲笑Red Hat和OpenStack之间的竞争。社区那些年如数家珍的开源软件明星和[Open Core][1]产生了冲突而被反噬了.
|
||||
|
||||
多么怀念啊。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 2003年的Red Hat ###
|
||||
|
||||
Red Hat，开源软件理想主义的典范，在几周前拒绝支持它的竞争对手。Jodi Mardesich做了[非凡的工作][2]却受到了指控以及Red Hat的回击。但是真实情况是:
|
||||
|
||||
Red Hat不想支持它的竞争对手OpenStack
|
||||
|
||||
在另外一边这难道算是新闻吗？
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Mozilla变成了麻瓜 ###
|
||||
|
||||
Red Hat作为开源软件理想主义的典范代表很容易成为各种带颜色攻击的目标，Mozilla其实是更大的一个目标。
|
||||
|
||||
Mozilla承诺为用户服务的罪过，它最近进行了一场自我牺牲似的行动违背CEO的策略同意加入DRM的技术，即纯Firefox浏览器源码可以使用户观看视频。
|
||||
|
||||
人们想看视频，Mozilla倾向于在它的浏览器中观看。
|
||||
|
||||
最新消息，这一次失败，开源软件组织[批评了][3] Mozilla，深切表达了自己对于Mozilla的失望，因为这种决定妥协的态度会导致浏览器份额的降低。
|
||||
|
||||
但是，Mozilla为什么要做这样的傻事呢，为了用户，你懂的。
|
||||
|
||||
说教部门不甘示弱，[电子前沿基金会感叹][4]到开放网络最后的抗争已经失败了。它对Mozilla失败的做法争论道：“接受DRM会改变这个行业”！DRM的倡导者一再妥协，一个公司又一个公司(PC行业)演变成一个行业，它通过锁定装置，监视器，接受每一个人的管理建立自己的利益关系。
|
||||
|
||||
[Mitchell Bake解释道][5]，Mozilla可能并没有投降：“Firefox用户会需要使用另外的浏览器来观看他们自己想看的视频，这让人怀疑Firfox做一一个产品是否真的有用”。
|
||||
|
||||
Um, yes.
|
||||
|
||||
### 回到我们的思想源头 ###
|
||||
|
||||
However much we may want to force others to live by our absolutist ideals, the reality is that others may have different 我们或许很专制的意图其他的东西活着，事实上他们却有着不同的优先度。免费的软件让步给开源软件，更加严格，更加固定“正确的方式”去获得授权。
|
||||
|
||||
这种意识在目前还是有用的，但它并不总是方便和愉悦。我崇尚开源软件的实用主义，Apache软件基金会，这样有很大的好处提醒GPL组织在意识形态上的危机感。软件自由真的很重要。
|
||||
|
||||
这么多悲观的言论，我自己也感到了恐惧，希望回到一个不断会自我鞭策的免费的开软软件的组织。这使开源软件协作变少而且更难驾驭，但是会变得更有力而且关乎未来。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://readwrite.com/2014/05/21/open-source-witch-hunt-mozilla-openstack-redhat#feed=/hack&awesm=~oEYDhxfP0Qv5hE
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[jiajia9linuxer](https://github.com/jiajia9linuxer) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_core
|
||||
[2]:http://readwrite.com/2014/05/16/red-hat-openstack-mirantis-rhel-support
|
||||
[3]:http://www.fsf.org/news/fsf-condemns-partnership-between-mozilla-and-adobe-to-support-digital-restrictions-management
|
||||
[4]:https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2014/05/mozilla-and-drm
|
||||
[5]:https://blog.mozilla.org/blog/2014/05/14/drm-and-the-challenge-of-serving-users/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
|
||||
The history of Android
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
T-Mobile G1
|
||||
T-Mobile供图
|
||||
|
||||
### 安卓1.0——谷歌系app和实体硬件的引入 ###
|
||||
|
||||
到了2008年10月，安卓1.0已经准备好发布，这个系统在[T-Mobile G1][1]（又以HTC Dream为人周知）上初次登台。G1进入了被iPhone 3G和[Nokia 1680 classic][2]所主宰的市场。（这些手机并列获得了2008年[销量最佳手机][3]称号，各自卖出了350万台。）G1的销量数字已难以获得，但T-Mobile宣称截至2009年4月该设备的销量突破了100万台。无论从哪方面来说这在竞争中都处于落后地位。
|
||||
|
||||
G1拥有单核528Mhz的ARM 11处理器，一个Adreno 130的GPU，192MB内存，以及多达256MB的存储空间供给系统以及应用使用。它有一块3.2英寸，320x480分辨率的显示屏，被布置在一个含有实体全键盘的滑动结构之上。所以尽管安卓软件的确走过了很长的一段路，硬件也是的。时至今日，我们可以在厂商的一个手表中得到比这更好的参数：最新的[三星智能手表][4]拥有512MB内存以及1GHz的双核处理器。
|
||||
|
||||
当iPhone有着最少数量的按键的时候，G1确实完全相反的，按键几乎支持每个硬件控制。它有拨通和挂断按钮，home键，后退，以及菜单键，一个相机快门键，音量控制键，一个轨迹球，当然，还有50个键盘按钮。未来安卓设备将会慢慢离开按键多多的界面设计，几乎每部新旗舰都在减少按键的数量。
|
||||
|
||||
但是这是第一次，人们见到了运行在实机上的安卓，而不是跑在一个令人沮丧的慢吞吞的模拟器上。安卓1.0没有iPhone那样顺滑流畅，闪亮耀眼，或拥有那么多的新闻报道。它也不像Windows Mobile 6.5那样才华横溢。但这仍然是个好的开始。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
安卓1.0和0.9的默认应用列表。
|
||||
Ron Amadeo供图
|
||||
|
||||
安卓1.0的核心与两个月前发布的beta版本相比看起来并没有什么引人注目的不同，但消费者产品带来了不少应用，包括一套完整的谷歌系应用。日历，电子邮件，Gmail，即时通讯，市场，设置，语音拨号，以及YouTube都是全新登场。那时候，音乐是智能手机上占据主宰地位的媒体类型，其王者是iTunes音乐商店。谷歌没有自家的音乐服务，所以它选择了亚马逊并绑定了亚马逊MP3商店。
|
||||
|
||||
安卓最重要的新增是谷歌商店的首次登场，叫做“安卓市场Beta”。与此同时大部分公司满足于将它们的软件目录称作一些不同的“应用商店”——意思是一个出售应用的商店，并且只出售应用——谷歌明显有着更大的野心。它搭配了一个更为通用的名字，“安卓市场”。这个名字的想法是安卓市场不仅仅拥有应用，还拥有一切你的安卓设备所需要的东西。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
第一个安卓市场客户端。截图展示了主页，“我的下载”，一个应用页面，以及一个应用权限页面。
|
||||
[Google][5]供图
|
||||
|
||||
那时候，安卓市场只提供应用和游戏，开发者们甚至还不能为它们收费。苹果的App Store相对与安卓市场有4个月的先发优势，但是谷歌的主要差异化在于安卓的商店几乎是完全开放的。在iPhone上，应用受制于苹果的审查，必须遵循设计和技术指南。潜在的新应用不允许在功能上复制已有应用。在安卓市场，开发者可以自由地做任何想做的，包括开发替代已有的应用。控制的缺失会转变成祝福同时也是诅咒。它允许开发者革新已有的功能，但同时意味着甚至是毫无价值的垃圾应用也被允许进入市场。
|
||||
|
||||
现在，这个客户端是又一个不再能够和谷歌服务器通讯的应用。幸运的是，它也是在因特网上被[真正记录][6]的为数不多的早期安卓应用之一。主页提供了通向一般区域的连接，像应用，游戏，搜索，以及下载，顶部有横向滚动显示的特色应用图标。搜索结果和“我的下载”页面以滚动列表的方式显示应用，显示应用名，开发者，费用（在那时都是免费的），以及评分。单独的应用页面展示了一个简短的描述，安装数，用户评论和评分，以及最重要的安装按钮。早期的安卓市场不支持图片，开发者唯一能使用的区域是应用描述，还有着500字的限制。这使得类似维护一个更新日志变的十分困难，因为只有描述的位置可以供其使用。
|
||||
|
||||
就在安装之前，安卓市场显示了应用所需要的权限。这是苹果直至2012年之前都避免做的，那年一个iOS应用被发现在用户不知情的情况下[将完整的通讯录上传][7]到云端。权限显示给出了一个完整的应用用到的权限列表，尽管这个版本强迫用户同意应用权限。界面有个“OK”按钮，但是除了后退按钮没有办法取消。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Gmail展示收件箱，打开菜单的收件箱。
|
||||
Ron Amadeo供图
|
||||
|
||||
下一个重要的应用也许就是Gmail。大多数基本的功能此时已经准备好了。未读邮件以加粗显示，标签是个有颜色的标记。在收件箱中每封独立邮件显示着主题，发件人，以及一个会话中的回复数。Gmail加星标志也在这里——快速点击即可给邮件加星或取消。一如往常，对于早期版本的安卓，菜单里有收件箱视图应有的所有按钮。但是，一旦打开了一封邮件，界面看起来就更加的现代了，“回复”和“转发”按钮永久固定在了屏幕底部。各个独立回复可以点击它们来展开和收缩。
|
||||
|
||||
圆角，阴影，以及气泡图标给了整个应用“卡通”的外表，但是这是个好的开始。安卓的功能第一哲学真正从此开始：Gmail支持标签，邮件会话，搜索，以及邮件推送。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Gmail在安卓1.0的标签视图，写邮件界面，以及设置。
|
||||
Ron Amadeo供图
|
||||
|
||||
但是如果你认为Gmail很丑，电子邮件应用又拉低了下限。它没有分离的收件箱或文件夹视图——所有东西都糊在一个界面。应用呈现给你一个文件夹列表，点击一个文件夹会以内嵌的方式展开内容。未读邮件左侧有条绿色的线指示，这就是电子邮件应用的界面。这个应用支持IMAP和POP3，但是没有Exchange。
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[Ron Amadeo][a] / Ron是Ars Technica的评论编缉，专注于安卓系统和谷歌产品。他总是在追寻新鲜事物，还喜欢拆解事物看看它们到底是怎么运作的。
|
||||
|
||||
[@RonAmadeo][t]
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/6/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[alim0x](https://github.com/alim0x) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2008/10/android-g1-review/
|
||||
[2]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokia_1680_classic
|
||||
[3]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_best-selling_mobile_phones#2008
|
||||
[4]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/04/review-we-wear-samsungs-galaxy-gear-and-galaxy-fit-so-you-dont-have-to/
|
||||
[5]:http://android-developers.blogspot.com/2008/08/android-market-user-driven-content.html
|
||||
[6]:http://android-developers.blogspot.com/2008/08/android-market-user-driven-content.html
|
||||
[7]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2012/02/path-addresses-privacy-controversy-but-social-apps-remain-a-risk-to-users/
|
||||
[a]:http://arstechnica.com/author/ronamadeo
|
||||
[t]:https://twitter.com/RonAmadeo
|
||||
@ -1,58 +0,0 @@
|
||||
需要在Ubuntu上安装微软办公软件？去安装官方的网络应用程序
|
||||
================================================== ==============================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**这是微软办公软件及其一贯繁琐的文件指令，而不是每个人的一杯咖啡。同时这是许多工作和教育环境的主要依靠——无论是好还是坏**
|
||||
|
||||
通过使用[LibreOffice的应用程序套件][1]，阅读、编辑和保存这些专有指令出现在Ubuntu上是有着某种程度的可能。在作家中，Calc和Impress都不同程度的夸耀微软办公软件文件的协作性，但在我自己的实际操作经验中（谢天谢地，它很简洁！）它并不完美。
|
||||
|
||||
时不时的，你会不得不使用微软办公软件，（虽然我们大多数人都心里向着开放标准，但是我们不应该无视实际问题）但你已经没有意愿去购买一个完整的微软办公软件许可证来运行这个窗口模拟器，那么微软的在线网络应用程序是完美的解决方法。
|
||||
|
||||
###安装微软在线办公软件上的应用程序在Ubuntu＃＃＃
|
||||
|
||||
为了使从Ubuntu的桌面访问这些在线版本更容易，“Linux的网络应用程序项目”创造了一个小的、非官方的安装程序。它可以添加网络应用程序的快捷方式（“荣耀书签”）到您的应用程序启动器。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
通过快捷方式，相应的Microsoft Web应用程序在你默认的系统浏览器中打开，不可能有比这更精美的了。听起来漂亮吗？下面是你的应用程序的快捷方式：
|
||||
|
||||
- 文档
|
||||
- 表格
|
||||
- 幻灯片
|
||||
- Outlook
|
||||
- OneDrive
|
||||
- 日历
|
||||
- OneNote
|
||||
- 通讯录
|
||||
|
||||
该软件包还创建了一个新的应用程序类别来容纳这些链接，不但可以让您把这些快捷方式从其他应用程序单独分开来，而且是直接位于常见的“办公软件”应用程序下。
|
||||
|
||||
这些都是必不可少的吗？不见得。他们有用吗？这取决于你的工作流程。但它是不错的选择吗？一定是的。
|
||||
|
||||
你可以从下面的链接保存含有.deb文件安装程序，其中有安装链接。适用于Ubuntu14.04 LTS和更高版本。
|
||||
|
||||
- [下载微软的在线办公应用(.deb)][2]
|
||||
|
||||
###其他可选项###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
类似的替代方案是[安装Chrome官方网上应用商店的在线办公应用程序][3]，然后添加应用程序启动器到Linux。这次短跑中仍然会为它们创建可启动的快捷方式，但那些可以被设置为打开自己的窗框，而且不需要安装任何第三方软件包。
|
||||
|
||||
同时，谷歌最近在整合完整的Office功能（由于其购买了QuickOffice）[到自己的文档，幻灯片和床单应用][4]。Android应用程序Quickoffice退出了舞台，同时Chrome也实现了扩展。
|
||||
|
||||
如果你是一个深度的谷歌网络硬盘/文档的用户，那么这个解决方案可能对你是更加好了。
|
||||
|
||||
-------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/07/run-microsoft-office-web-apps-ubuntu-desktop
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[cereuz](https://github.com/cereuz)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.libreoffice.org/
|
||||
[2]:https://docs.google.com/file/d/0ByQnaVw7riBQMjNCUFh4ZlM4Y0E/edit?usp=sharing
|
||||
[3]:http://www.omgchrome.com/microsoft-brings-office-online-chrome-web-store/
|
||||
[4]:http://www.omgchrome.com/quickoffice-chrome-extension-gets-name-change/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
|
||||
10个实用的关于linux中Squid代理服务器的面试问答
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
不仅是系统管理员和网络管理员时不时会听到“代理服务器”这个词，我们也经常听到。代理服务器已经是一种企业的文化，而且那是需要时间来积累的。它现在也在一些小型的学校或者大型跨国公司的自助餐厅里得到了实现。Squid（也可做代理服务）就是这样一个应用程序，它既可以被作为代理服务器，同时也是在其同类工具中比较被广泛使用的一种。
|
||||
|
||||
本文旨在提高你在遇到关于代理服务器面试点时的一些基本应对能力。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
以下为面试问答的内容
|
||||
|
||||
### 1. 什么是代理服务器？代理服务器在计算机网络中有什么用途？ ###
|
||||
|
||||
> **回答** : 代理服务器是指那些作为客户端和资源提供商或服务器之间的中间件的物理机或者应用程序。客户端从代理服务器中寻找文件、页面或者是数据而且代理服务器能处理客户端与服务器之间所有复杂事务从而满足客户端的生成的需求。
|
||||
代理服务器是WWW（万维网）的支柱，它们其中大部分都是Web代理。一台代理服务器能处理客户端与服务器之间的复杂通信事务。此外，它在网络上提供的是匿名信息那就意味着你的身份和浏览痕迹都是安全的。代理可以去配置允许哪些网站的客户能看到，哪些网站被屏蔽了。
|
||||
|
||||
### 2. Squid是什么? ###
|
||||
|
||||
> **回答** : Squid是一个在GNU/GPL协议下发布的即可作为代理服务器同时也可作为Web缓存守护进程的应用软件。Squid主要是支持像HTTP和FTP那样的协议但是对其它的协议比如HTTPS，SSL,TLS等同样也能支持。其特点是Web缓存守护进程通过从经常上访问的网站里缓存Web和DNS从而让上网速度更快。Squid支持所有的主流平台，包括Linux，UNIX，微软公司的Windows和苹果公司的Mac。
|
||||
|
||||
### 3. Squid的默认端口是什么？怎么去修改它的操作端口？ ###
|
||||
|
||||
> **回答** : Squid运行时的默认端口是3128。我们可以通过编辑它的配置文件来把它的默认端口修改成未被用户使用的端口，路径是 /etc/squid/squid.conf ，建议如下。
|
||||
|
||||
用你的编辑器打开 ‘/etc/squid/squid.conf’ 文件。
|
||||
|
||||
# nano /etc/squid/squid.conf
|
||||
|
||||
现在把它修改成未被使用的其它端口，并保存退出。
|
||||
|
||||
http_port 3128
|
||||
|
||||
重新启动Squid代理服务，如下显示。
|
||||
|
||||
# service squid restart
|
||||
|
||||
### 4. 你的公司管理层要求你通过Squid代理服务器屏蔽掉一些域名，你怎么做？ ###
|
||||
|
||||
> **回答** : 屏蔽域名是一个在配置文件中实现的功能模块。我们只需要执行一个小的手动配置即可，建议如下。
|
||||
|
||||
a. 在 ‘/etc/squid’ 目录下创建一个名为 ‘blacklist’ 的文件。
|
||||
|
||||
# touch /etc/squid/blacklist
|
||||
|
||||
b. 用nano编辑器打开这个文件。
|
||||
|
||||
# nano /etc/squid/blacklist
|
||||
|
||||
c. 以每行一个域名的方式将想要屏蔽的域名写进这个文件里。
|
||||
|
||||
.facebook.com
|
||||
.twitter.com
|
||||
.gmail.com
|
||||
.yahoo.com
|
||||
...
|
||||
|
||||
d. 保存退出，然后从 ‘/etc/squid/squid.conf’ 打开Squid配置文件。
|
||||
|
||||
# nano /etc/squid/squid.conf
|
||||
|
||||
e. 在配置文件中添加如下行。
|
||||
|
||||
acl BLACKLIST dstdom_regex -i “/etc/squid/blacklist”
|
||||
http_access deny blacklist
|
||||
|
||||
f. 保存配置文件并退出，重启Squid服务让其生效。
|
||||
|
||||
# service squid restart
|
||||
|
||||
### 5. 在Squid中什么是媒体范围限制和部分下载？ ###
|
||||
|
||||
> **回答** : 媒体范围限制是Squid的一种特殊的功能，它只从服务器中获取所需要的数据而不是整个文件。这个功能很好的实现了用户在各种视频流媒体网站如YouTube和Metacafe看视频时，可以点击视频中的进度条来选择进度，因此整个视频不用全部都加载，除了一些需要的部分。
|
||||
|
||||
Squid部分下载功能的特点是很好地实现了在Windows更新时下载的文件能以一个个小数据包的形式暂停。正因为它的这个特点，正在下载文件的Windows机器能不用担心数据会丢失，从而进行恢复下载。Squid让媒体范围限制和部分下载功能只在存储一个完整文件的复件之后实现。此外，当用户指向另一个页面时，Squid要以某种方式进行特殊地配置，部分下载下来的文件才会不被删除且留有缓存。
|
||||
|
||||
### 6. 什么是Squid的反向代理？ ###
|
||||
|
||||
> **回答** : 反向代理是Squid的一个特点，这个功能被用来加快最终用户的上网速度。缩写为 ‘RS’ 的原服务器包含了所有资源，而代理服务器则叫 ‘PS’ 。客户端寻找RS所提供的数据，第一次指定的数据和它的复件会经过多次配置从RS上存储在PS上。这样的话每次从PS上请求的数据就等于就是从原服务器上获取的。这样就会减轻网络拥堵，减少CPU使用率，降低网络资源的利用率从而缓解原来实际服务器的负载压力。但是RS统计不了总流量的数据因为PS分担了部分原服务器的任务。‘X-Forwarded-For HTTP’ 就能记录下通过HTTP代理或负载均衡方式连接到RS的客户端最原始的IP地址。
|
||||
|
||||
严格意义上来说，用单个Squid服务器同时作为正向代理服务器和反向代理服务器是可行的。
|
||||
|
||||
### 7. 由于Squid能作为一个Web缓存守护进程，那缓存可以删除吗？怎么删除？ ###
|
||||
|
||||
> **回答** : 当然！作为一个Web缓存守护进程，Squid能加快网页的访问速度，清除缓存也是非常简单的。
|
||||
|
||||
a. 首先停止Squid代理服务，然后从这个 ‘/var/lib/squid/cache’ 目录中删除缓存。
|
||||
|
||||
# service squid stop
|
||||
# rm -rf /var/lib/squid/cache/*<
|
||||
|
||||
b. 创建交换分区目录。
|
||||
|
||||
# squid -z
|
||||
|
||||
### 8. 你身边有一台客户机，而你正在工作，如果想要限制儿童的访问时间段，你会怎么去设置那个场景？ ###
|
||||
|
||||
把允许访问的时间设置成晚上4点到7点三个小时，跨度为星期一到星期五。
|
||||
|
||||
a. 想要限制Web访问时间在星期一到星期五的晚上4点到7点，要先打开Squid的配置文件。
|
||||
|
||||
# nano /etc/squid/squid.conf
|
||||
|
||||
b. 在配置文件中添加如下行，保存文件并退出。
|
||||
|
||||
acl ALLOW_TIME time M T W H F 16:00-19:00
|
||||
shttp_access allow ALLOW_TIME
|
||||
|
||||
c. 重启Squid服务。
|
||||
|
||||
# service squid restart
|
||||
|
||||
### 9. Squid存储的数据是什么文件格式？ ###
|
||||
|
||||
> **回答** : Squid存储的数据是UFS文件格式的。UFS是一种老的，使用比较广泛的Squid存储格式
|
||||
|
||||
### 10. Squid的缓存会存储到哪里？ ###
|
||||
|
||||
> **回答** : Squid存储的缓存是位于 ‘/var/spool/squid’ 的特殊目录下。
|
||||
|
||||
以上就是全部内容了，很快我还会带着其它有趣的内容回到这里，届时还请继续关注Tecmint。别忘了告诉我们你的反馈和评论。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.tecmint.com/squid-interview-questions/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Avishek Kumar][a]
|
||||
译者：[ZTinoZ](https://github.com/ZTinoZ)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/avishek/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
|
||||
在RHEL / CentOS下停用按下Ctrl-Alt-Del 重启系统的功能
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
在Linux里，由于对安全的考虑，我们允许任何人按下**Ctrl-Alt-Del**来**重启**系统。但是在生产环境中，应该停用按下Ctrl-Alt-Del 重启系统的功能。
|
||||
|
||||
在这篇文章里，我们将要介绍如何在RHEL和CentOS下停用该热键。
|
||||
|
||||
### 在RHEL 5.X和CentOS 5.X下 ###
|
||||
|
||||
保护**init**进程免于**Ctrl-Alt-Del**,像下面一样编辑'**/etc/inittab**'里由'**ca::ctrlaltdel**:'开头的一行:
|
||||
|
||||
[root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/inittab
|
||||
# Trap CTRL-ALT-DELETE
|
||||
#ca::ctrlaltdel:/sbin/shutdown -t3 -r now
|
||||
|
||||
我们还可以改变'ca::ctrlaltdel:'这行来输出日志 ,如果任何人想用该热键重启服务器,就会有日志,
|
||||
|
||||
[root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/inittab
|
||||
# Trap CTRL-ALT-DELETE
|
||||
ca::ctrlaltdel:/bin/logger -p authpriv.warning -t init "Console-invoked Ctrl-Alt-Del was ignored"
|
||||
|
||||
### 在RHEL6.X和CentOS 6.X下 ###
|
||||
|
||||
在RHEL6.X和CentOS 6.X下, 该热键的行为由'**/etc/init/control-alt-delete.conf**'控制.
|
||||
|
||||
**第一步** 在变化之前，先用下列命令备份配置
|
||||
|
||||
[root@localhost ~]# cp -v /etc/init/control-alt-delete.conf /etc/init/control-alt-delete.override
|
||||
|
||||
**第二步**编辑文件，把'exec /sbin/shutdown'这一行用下方配置代替，这个配置会在每次按下Ctrl-Alt-Del 时输出日志:
|
||||
|
||||
[root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/init/control-alt-delete.conf
|
||||
exec /usr/bin/logger -p authpriv.notice -t init "Ctrl-Alt-Del was pressed and ignored"
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.linuxtechi.com/disable-reboot-using-ctrl-alt-del-keys/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Pradeep Kumar][a]
|
||||
译者：[2q1w2007](https://github.com/2q1w2007)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.linuxtechi.com/author/pradeep/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
|
||||
8 Options to Trace/Debug Programs using Linux strace Command
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
在调试的时候，strace能帮助你追踪到一个程序所执行的系统调用。当你想知道程序和操作系统如何交互的时候，这是极其方便的，比如你想知道执行了哪些系统调用，并且以何种顺序执行。
|
||||
|
||||
这个简单而又强大的工具几乎在所有的Linux操作系统上可用，并且可被用来调试大量的程序。
|
||||
|
||||
### 1. 命令用法 ###
|
||||
|
||||
让我们看看strace命令如何追踪一个程序的执行情况。
|
||||
|
||||
最简单的形式，strace后面可以跟任何命令。它将列出许许多多的系统调用。一开始，我们并不能理解所有的输出，但是如果你正在寻找一些特殊的东西，那么你应该能从输出中发现它。
|
||||
让我们来看看简单命令ls的系统调用跟踪情况。
|
||||
|
||||
raghu@raghu-Linoxide ~ $ strace ls
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
这是strace命令输出的前几行。其他输出被截去了。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
上面的输出部分展示了write系统调用，它把当前目录的列表输出到标准输出。
|
||||
下面的图片展示了使用ls命令列出的目录内容（没有使用strace）。
|
||||
|
||||
raghu@raghu-Linoxide ~ $ ls
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### 1.1 寻找被程序读取的配置文件 ####
|
||||
|
||||
一个有用的跟踪（除了调试某些问题以外）是你能找到被一个程序读取的配置文件。例如，
|
||||
|
||||
raghu@raghu-Linoxide ~ $ strace php 2>&1 | grep php.ini
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### 1.2 跟踪指定的系统调用 ####
|
||||
|
||||
strace命令的-e选项仅仅被用来展示特定的系统调用（例如，open，write等等）
|
||||
|
||||
让我们跟踪一下cat命令的‘open’系统调用。
|
||||
|
||||
raghu@raghu-Linoxide ~ $ strace -e open cat dead.letter
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### 1.3 用于进程 ####
|
||||
|
||||
strace不但能用在命令上，而且通过使用-p选项能用在运行的进程上。
|
||||
|
||||
raghu@raghu-Linoxide ~ $ sudo strace -p 1846
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### 1.4 strace的统计概要 ####
|
||||
|
||||
包括系统调用的概要，执行时间，错误等等。使用-c选项能够以一种整洁的方式展示：
|
||||
|
||||
raghu@raghu-Linoxide ~ $ strace -c ls
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### 1.5 保存输出结果 ####
|
||||
|
||||
通过使用-o选项可以把strace命令的输出结果保存到一个文件中。
|
||||
|
||||
raghu@raghu-Linoxide ~ $ sudo strace -o process_strace -p 3229
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
之所以以sudo来运行上面的命令，是为了防止用户ID与所查看进程的所有者ID不匹配的情况。
|
||||
|
||||
### 1.6 显示时间戳 ###
|
||||
|
||||
使用-t选项，可以在每行的输出之前添加时间戳。
|
||||
|
||||
raghu@raghu-Linoxide ~ $ strace -t ls
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### 1.7 更好的时间戳 ####
|
||||
|
||||
-tt选项可以展示微秒级别的时间戳。
|
||||
|
||||
raghu@raghu-Linoxide ~ $ strace -tt ls
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
-ttt也可以向上面那样展示微秒级的时间戳，但是它并不是打印当前时间，而是显示自从epoch（译注：1970年1月1日00:00:00 UTC）以来的所经过的秒数。
|
||||
|
||||
raghu@raghu-Linoxide ~ $ strace -ttt ls
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### 1.8 Relative Time ####
|
||||
|
||||
-r选项展示系统调用之间的相对时间戳。
|
||||
|
||||
raghu@raghu-Linoxide ~ $ strace -r ls
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://linoxide.com/linux-command/linux-strace-command-examples/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Raghu][a]
|
||||
译者：[guodongxiaren](https://github.com/guodongxiaren)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://linoxide.com/author/raghu/
|
||||
@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
|
||||
Linux 下 SSH 命令实例指南
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
如果你已经接触计算机比较长时间, 应该对 SSH 这个了不起的工具及其安全特性有所耳闻吧. 本教程可以让你在短时间内掌握通过 SSH 安全便利地连接到远程计算机的技术.
|
||||
如果你已经在IT圈内混了很长时间, 应该对 SSH 这个了不起的工具及其安全特性有所耳闻吧. 本教程可以让你在短时间内掌握通过 SSH 安全便利地连接到远程计算机的技术.
|
||||
|
||||
如果你对 SSH 还没什么概念, 可以先访问 [维基百科][1] 进行了解.
|
||||
|
||||
### 基本用法 ###
|
||||
|
||||
最简单的 SSH 命令只需要提供用户名和主机名参数即可. 主机名可以是 IP 地址或者域名. 命令格式如下:
|
||||
最简单的 SSH 命令只需要指定用户名和主机名参数即可. 主机名可以是 IP 地址或者域名. 命令格式如下:
|
||||
|
||||
$ ssh user@hostname
|
||||
|
||||
比如要登录到局域网内我的一个树莓派系统, 只需要简单的在命令行输入如下命令:
|
||||
比如要在我的局域网内登录一个树莓派系统, 只需要简单的在命令行输入如下命令:
|
||||
|
||||
$ ssh pi@10.42.0.47
|
||||
|
||||
@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ Linux 下 SSH 命令实例指南
|
||||
|
||||
### 使用其他端口 ###
|
||||
|
||||
SSH 默认连接到目标主机的 22 端口上, 但是由于各种原因你可能需要连接到其他端口.
|
||||
SSH 默认连接到目标主机的 22 端口上,但是由于各种原因你可能需要连接到其他端口.
|
||||
|
||||
$ ssh -p 10022 user@hostname
|
||||
|
||||
@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ SSH 默认连接到目标主机的 22 端口上, 但是由于各种原因你可
|
||||
|
||||
### 远程执行命令 ###
|
||||
|
||||
有时需要很方便地在远程主机执行一条命令并显示到本地, 然后继续本地工作. SSH 就能满足这个需求:
|
||||
有时在远程主机执行一条命令并显示到本地, 然后继续本地工作是很方便的. SSH 就能满足这个需求:
|
||||
|
||||
$ ssh pi@10.42.0.47 ls -l
|
||||
|
||||
@ -38,9 +38,9 @@ SSH 默认连接到目标主机的 22 端口上, 但是由于各种原因你可
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 挂在远程文件系统 ###
|
||||
### 挂载远程文件系统 ###
|
||||
|
||||
有一个很赞的基于 SSH 的工具叫 sshfs. sshfs 可以让你在本地直接挂载远程主机的文件系统.
|
||||
另外一个很赞的基于 SSH 的工具叫 sshfs. sshfs 可以让你在本地直接挂载远程主机的文件系统.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sshfs -o idmap=user user@hostname:/home/user ~/Remote
|
||||
|
||||
@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ SSH 默认连接到目标主机的 22 端口上, 但是由于各种原因你可
|
||||
|
||||
该命令就将远程主机 pi 用户的主目录挂载到本地主目录下的 Pi 文件夹.
|
||||
|
||||
要详细了解可以参考 [sshfs 入门教程][2].
|
||||
要详细了解可以参考 [sshfs 教程][2].
|
||||
|
||||
### X11 图形界面 ###
|
||||
|
||||
@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ SSH 提供了多样的转义字符功能. 用 SSH 连接到任意一台远程主
|
||||
|
||||
### 总结 ###
|
||||
|
||||
通过以上的内容你应该可以很轻松的使用 SSH 了. SSH 还有很多功能值得你去发掘, 这就要看你的想象力了.
|
||||
通过以上的内容你应该可以轻松使用 SSH 了. SSH 还有很多功能值得你去发掘, 这就要看你的想象力了。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ via: http://linoxide.com/linux-command/pocket-guide-linux-ssh-command/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Bobbin Zachariah][a]
|
||||
译者：[henryfour](https://github.com/henryfour)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
校对：[Caroline](https://github.com/carolinewuyan)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
|
||||
如何在Crunchbang下回复Openbox的默认配置
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
[CrunchBang][1]是一个很好地融合了速度、风格和内容的基于Debian GNU/Linux的发行版。使用了灵活的Openbox窗口管理器，高度定制化并且提供了一个现代、全功能的GNU/Linux系统而没有牺牲性能。
|
||||
|
||||
Crunchbang是高度自定义的，用户可以尽情地地把它调整成他们想要的样子。这一切都通过文本文件（配置）。我作为一个Crunchbang用户，我最近搞乱了我的**menu.xml**配置文件，它负责下面的菜单显示。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
其中从菜单配置文件中去除了所有代码。由于我没有备份（最好备份配置文件）。我不得不搜索Crunchbang开箱即用的默认配置。这里就是我如何修复的过程，要感谢Crunchbang论坛。
|
||||
|
||||
了解所有为你预备份的默认配置是很有趣的，你可以在这里找到：
|
||||
|
||||
/etc/skel/.config/
|
||||
|
||||
因此对于任何默认配置，你只需复制他们并重启适当的程序。
|
||||
|
||||
我在这里使用Openbox的**menu.xml**作为示例：
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
cp -r /etc/skel/.config/openbox/menu.xml ~/.config/openbox/menu.xml
|
||||
|
||||
接着重启openbox。
|
||||
|
||||
openbox --restart
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.unixmen.com/recover-default-openbox-config-files-crunchbang/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Enock Seth Nyamador][a]
|
||||
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.unixmen.com/author/seth/
|
||||
[1]:http://crunchbang.org/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
|
||||
在Ubuntu14.04上安装UberWriterMarkdown编辑器
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
下面将展示如何通过官方的PPA源在Ubuntu14.04上安装UberWriter编辑器
|
||||
[UberWriter][1]是一款Ubuntu下的Markdown编辑器，它简洁的界面能让我们更致力于编辑文字。UberWriter利用了[pandoc][3](一个格式转换器)。但由于UberWriter的UI是基于GTK3的，因此不能完全兼容Unity桌面系统。以下是对UberWriter功能的列举：
|
||||
|
||||
- 简洁的界面
|
||||
- 使用pandoc转换markdown
|
||||
- 可预览
|
||||
- 免打扰模式
|
||||
- 拼写检查
|
||||
- 语法高亮，能在html和pdf中出现数学公式
|
||||
- 支持导出到PDF，HTML，ODT等
|
||||
|
||||
### 在Ubuntu14.04上安装UberWriter ###
|
||||
|
||||
UberWriter可以在[Ubuntu软件中心][4]中找到但是安装需要支付$5。如果你真的喜欢这款编辑器并想为开发者提供一些资金支持的话，我很建议你购买它。
|
||||
|
||||
除此之外，UberWriter也能通过官方的PPA源来免费安装。通过如下命令：
|
||||
|
||||
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:w-vollprecht/ppa
|
||||
sudo apt-get update
|
||||
sudo apt-get install uberwriter
|
||||
|
||||
安装完毕之后，你可以通过Unity的Dash运行使用。如你所见，它支持markdown的语法高亮:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
你可以使用预览功能来查看你的文档：
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
当想要导出到PDF的时候会提示先安装texlive。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
虽然导出到HTML和ODT格式是好的。
|
||||
|
||||
在Linux下还有一些其他的markdown编辑器。[Remarkable][5]是一款能够实时预览的编辑器，但UberWriter不能。如果你在寻找文本编辑器的话，你以可以试试[Texmaker LaTeX editor][6]。
|
||||
|
||||
系统这次展示能够帮你在Ubuntu14.04上成功安装UberWriter。我猜想UberWriter在Ubuntu12.04，Linux Mint 17，Elementary OS和其他在Ubuntu的基础上的Linux发行版上也能成功安装。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://itsfoss.com/install-uberwriter-markdown-editor-ubuntu-1404/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Abhishek][a]
|
||||
译者：[John](https://github.com/johnhoow)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://itsfoss.com/author/Abhishek/
|
||||
[1]:http://uberwriter.wolfvollprecht.de/
|
||||
[2]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markdown
|
||||
[3]:http://johnmacfarlane.net/pandoc/
|
||||
[4]:apt://uberwriter
|
||||
[5]:http://itsfoss.com/remarkable-markdown-editor-linux/
|
||||
[6]:http://itsfoss.com/install-latex-ubuntu-1404/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
|
||||
2q1w2007翻译中
|
||||
QuiteRSS: Linux桌面的RSS阅读器
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
[QuiteRSS][1]是一个自由而[开源][2]的RSS/Atome阅读器。它可以运行在Windows , Linux和Mac上运行。它用C++/QT编写,所以它会有更好的未来。
|
||||
|
||||
QuiteRSS的界面让我想起Lotus Notes mail，会有很多RSS信息排列在大小合适的方块上，你可以通过标签分组。需要查找东西时，只需在下面板上打开RSS信息。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
除了上述功能，它还有一个广告屏蔽器，一个报纸输出视图，通过URL特性导入RSS等众多功能。你可以在[这里][3]查找到完整的功能列表。
|
||||
|
||||
### 在 Ubuntu 和 Linux Mint 上安装 QuiteRSS ###
|
||||
|
||||
QuiteRSS在Ubuntu 14.04 和 Linux Mint 17中可用。你可以很简单的通过以下命令行安装：
|
||||
|
||||
sudo apt-get install quiterss
|
||||
|
||||
如果你想安装最新的稳定版本，你可以用官方的[QuiteRSS PPA][4]:
|
||||
|
||||
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:quiterss/quiterss
|
||||
sudo apt-get update
|
||||
sudo apt-get install quiterss
|
||||
|
||||
上面的命令在所有基于Ubuntu的发行版像 Linux Mint, Elementary OS, Linux Lite, Pinguy OS 都应该好用。在其他Linux发行版和平台上,你可以从 [下载页][5]获得源码来安装.
|
||||
|
||||
### 卸载 QuiteRSS ###
|
||||
|
||||
用下方命令卸载 QuiteRSS：
|
||||
|
||||
sudo apt-get remove quiterss
|
||||
|
||||
如果你用了PPA,你还需要从源列表中把仓库删除：
|
||||
|
||||
sudo add-apt-repository --remove ppa:quiterss/quiterss
|
||||
|
||||
QuiteRSS是一个不错的开源RSS阅读器，尽管我更喜欢[Feedly][6]。尽管现在 Feedly 还没有Linux桌面程序，但是你依然可以在网页浏览器中使用。我希望你会认为QuiteRSS值得一试。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://itsfoss.com/quiterss-rss-reader-desktop-linux/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Abhishek][a]
|
||||
译者：[2q1w2007(https://github.com/2q1w2007)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://itsfoss.com/author/Abhishek/
|
||||
[1]:http://quiterss.org/
|
||||
[2]:http://itsfoss.com/category/open-source-software/
|
||||
[3]:http://quiterss.org/en/about
|
||||
[4]:https://launchpad.net/~quiterss/+archive/ubuntu/quiterss/
|
||||
[5]:http://quiterss.org/en/download
|
||||
[6]:http://feedly.com/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
|
||||
从Windows双启动中卸载Ubuntu Linux
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
我在过去已经多次涉及过了[在UEFI模式下安装Ubuntu 14.04与Windows 8/8.1双启动][1]的话题。 但是要怎么从**Windows双启动中卸载Ubuntu呢**？下面我们将看到的教程适用于任意的Linux操作系统，如Ubuntu，Linux Mint，Elementary OS或其它任意Linux发行版。
|
||||
|
||||
如果你认为[在双启动模式下安装Ubuntu与Windows 8共存][2]是件难事，而从Windows双启动中移除Ubuntu将是很简单的的话，你的想法并不是完全错误的。如果你有个Windows安装介质的话，从Windows双启动中卸载Linux将是轻而易举的。
|
||||
|
||||
这个教程将教你如何在有**Windows 8/8.1安装介质**的情况下将Linux从Windows 8或Windows 8.1双启动中完全移除。
|
||||
|
||||
### 将Ubuntu从Windows 8双启动中安全卸载 ###
|
||||
|
||||
你有没有Windows 8安装介质以及是否有Windows 8.1安装在你系统上这都不重要。它同样工作得很好。但是我不能说在Windows 7上也一样。如果你身边有你的Windows安装盘，让我们开始从Windows双启动中移除Ubuntu的进程吧。
|
||||
|
||||
从双启动中删除Linux分为两部分。第一部分是删除Linux安装的所在分区。第二部分是修复Windows启动引导，因为简单地将Linux分区删除会引起[“Grub rescue”错误][3]。
|
||||
|
||||
### 第一部分：在Windows下删除Linux分区 ###
|
||||
|
||||
**第一步：**
|
||||
|
||||
登录Windows。按下 **Windows+R** 然后在其中运行 diskmgmt.msc 命令。它将会打开Windows磁盘管理工具。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**第二步：**
|
||||
|
||||
在你安装了Linux之后，就能很容易地从大小上分辨出Linux分区。另一个分辨Linux分区的提示是找没有文件系统以及驱动器卷标的分区。Windows分区通常用卷标进行标记，比如C，D，E等等，而且通常是NTFS或FAT文件系统。
|
||||
|
||||
就像你所能看到的，我在这里有三个Linux分区，因为我在安装Ubuntu时单独地创建了根分区(root)，交换分区(swap)和家目录(home)。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**Step 3:**
|
||||
**第三步：**
|
||||
|
||||
选择Linux分区，右键点击并选择 **删除卷** 选项。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
如果出现了警告，在这里选择是即可。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**Step 4:**
|
||||
**第四步：**
|
||||
|
||||
被删除的分区会变成一块可用的空闲空间。你可以用它来扩展已有的卷或创建一个新的Windows分区。我会建议你创建一个新的驱动器（或是卷或者分区，随便你怎么叫），因为这样子万一你将来又想将Linux和Winodws双启动时会简单一点。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### 第二部分：修复Windows启动引导 ####
|
||||
|
||||
一旦你删除了Linux分区，就是时候修复Windows启动引导了。这里的图片看起来可能不是很清楚，因为相对于Windows来说[在Ubuntu下对登录画面进行截图][4]要简单的多。我用手机拍下了这些照片。
|
||||
|
||||
**第一步：**
|
||||
|
||||
**插入Windows 8安装介质并重启**你的电脑。在启动的时候按下F10或F12进入BIOS/UEFI，选择**从可移除介质启动(boot from removable disk)**。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**第二步：**
|
||||
|
||||
选择修复你的计算机(repair your computer)：
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**第三步：**
|
||||
|
||||
在这里选择疑难解答(Troubleshoot)：
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**第四步：**
|
||||
|
||||
在疑难解答页面，选择高级选项(Advanced options)：
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**第五步：**
|
||||
|
||||
找到这里的命令提示符(command prompt)：
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**第六步：**
|
||||
|
||||
在命令行中输入下列命令来修复Windows启动引导：
|
||||
|
||||
bootrec.exe /fixmbr
|
||||
|
||||
正常情况下，它是立即生效的。你甚至都不用等。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**第七步：**
|
||||
|
||||
一旦完成了这一步，重启你的电脑，这次从硬盘正常启动。你应该能够启动进入Windows。如果你仍然看到Grub rescue错误，试试下面的步骤。
|
||||
|
||||
**第八步：如果第六步中的方法不起作用**
|
||||
|
||||
如果第六步中的命令不起作用，试试高级疑难解答中的自动修复选项。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
它会花点时间查找问题然后修复它。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
现在如果你重启的话，你应该能够正常进入Windows，不再看到任何的Grub rescue错误提示。
|
||||
|
||||
我希望这个指南能够帮助你**将Ubuntu从Windows 8双启动中完全移除**。欢迎提出任何问题与建议。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://itsfoss.com/uninstall-ubuntu-linux-windows-dual-boot/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Abhishek][a]
|
||||
译者：[alim0x](https://github.com/alim0x)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://itsfoss.com/author/Abhishek/
|
||||
[1]:http://linux.cn/article-3178-1.html
|
||||
[2]:http://itsfoss.com/install-ubuntu-dual-boot-mode-windows/
|
||||
[3]:http://itsfoss.com/solve-error-partition-grub-rescue-ubuntu-linux/
|
||||
[4]:http://itsfoss.com/screenshot-login-screen-ubuntu-linux/
|
||||
@ -1,42 +1,39 @@
|
||||
translating by cvsher
|
||||
Linux Performance Monitoring with Vmstat and Iostat Commands
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
This is our on-going series of commands and performance monitoring in **Linux**. **Vmstat** and **Iostat** both commands are available on all major **Unix-like (Linux/Unix/FreeBSD/Solaris)** Operating Systems.
|
||||
使用Vmstat和Iostat命令进行Linux性能监控
|
||||
================================================================
|
||||
这是我们正在进行的**Linux**命令和性能监控系列的一部分。**Vmstat**和**Iostat**两个命令都适用于所有主要的类**unix**系统（**Linux/unix/FreeBSD/Solaris**）。
|
||||
如果**vmstat**和**iostat**命令在你的系统中不可用，请安装**sysstat**软件包。**vmstat**，**sar**和**iostat**命令都包含在**sysstat**（系统监控工具）软件包中。iostat命令生成**CPU**和所有设备的统计信息。你可以从连接[sysstat][1]中下载源代码包编译安装sysstat，但是我们建议通过**YUM**命令进行安装。
|
||||
|
||||
If **vmstat** and **iostat** commands are not available on your box, please install **sysstat** package. The **vmstat**, **sar** and **iostat** commands are the collection of package included in **sysstat** – the system monitoring tools. The iostat generates reports of **CPU** & all device statistics. You may download and install **sysstat** using source tarball from link [sysstat][1], but we recommend installing through **YUM** command.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
使用Vmstat和Iostat命令进行Linux性能监控
|
||||
|
||||
Linux Performance Monitoring with Vmstat and Iostat
|
||||
###在Linux系统中安装sysstat###
|
||||
|
||||
### Install Sysstat in Linux ###
|
||||
#yum -y install sysstat
|
||||
|
||||
# yum -y install sysstat
|
||||
- **vmstat** - 内存，进程和分页等的简要信息。
|
||||
- **iostat** - CPU统计信息，设备和分区的输入/输出统计信息。
|
||||
|
||||
- **vmstat** – Summary information of Memory, Processes, Paging etc.
|
||||
- **iostat** – Central Processing Unit (CPU) statistics and input/output statistics for devices and partitions.
|
||||
### Linux下vmstat命令的6个范例###
|
||||
|
||||
### 6 Vmstat Command Examples in Linux ###
|
||||
####1. 列出活动和非活动的内存####
|
||||
|
||||
#### 1. List Active and Inactive Memory ####
|
||||
如下范例中输出6列。**vmstat**的man页面中解析的每一列的意义。最重要的是内存中的**free**属性和交换分区中是**si**和**so**属性。
|
||||
|
||||
In the below example, there are six columns. The significant of the columns are explained in man page of **vmstat** in details. Most important fields are **free** under memory and **si**, **so** under swap column.
|
||||
[root@tecmint ~]# vmstat -a
|
||||
|
||||
[root@tecmint ~]# vmstat -a
|
||||
|
||||
procs -----------memory---------- ---swap-- -----io---- --system-- -----cpu-----
|
||||
procs -----------memory---------- ---swap-- -----io---- --system-- -----cpu-----
|
||||
r b swpd free inact active si so bi bo in cs us sy id wa st
|
||||
1 0 0 810420 97380 70628 0 0 115 4 89 79 1 6 90 3 0
|
||||
|
||||
- **Free** – Amount of free/idle memory spaces.
|
||||
- **si** – Swaped in every second from disk in Kilo Bytes.
|
||||
- **so** – Swaped out every second to disk in Kilo Bytes.
|
||||
- **Free** – 空闲的内存空间
|
||||
- **si** – 每秒从磁盘中交换进内存的数据量（以KB为单位）。
|
||||
- **so** – 每秒从内存中交换出磁盘的数据量（以KB为单位）。
|
||||
|
||||
**Note**: If you run **vmstat** without parameters it’ll displays summary report since system boot.
|
||||
**注意**：如果你不带参数的执行**vmstat**命令，它会输出自系统启动以来的总结报告。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 2. Execute vmstat ‘X’ seconds and (‘N’number of times) ####
|
||||
|
||||
With this command, **vmstat** execute every two seconds and stop automatically after executing six intervals.
|
||||
####2. 每X秒执行vmstat，共执行N次####
|
||||
下面命令将会每2秒中执行一次**vmstat**，执行6次后自动停止执行。
|
||||
|
||||
[root@tecmint ~]# vmstat 2 6
|
||||
|
||||
@ -49,9 +46,10 @@ With this command, **vmstat** execute every two seconds and stop automatically a
|
||||
0 0 0 810412 22064 101368 0 0 0 0 17 35 0 0 100 0 0
|
||||
0 0 0 810412 22064 101368 0 0 0 0 18 36 0 1 100 0 0
|
||||
|
||||
#### 3. Vmstat with timestamps ####
|
||||
####3. 带时间戳的vmstat命令####
|
||||
|
||||
带**-t**参数执行**vmstat**命令，该命令将会在每一行输出后都带一个时间戳，如下所示。
|
||||
|
||||
**vmstat** command with **-t** parameter shows timestamps with every line printed as shown below.
|
||||
|
||||
[tecmint@tecmint ~]$ vmstat -t 1 5
|
||||
|
||||
@ -63,9 +61,10 @@ With this command, **vmstat** execute every two seconds and stop automatically a
|
||||
0 0 0 631780 24992 192244 0 0 0 0 156 524 0 5 95 0 0 2012-09-02 14:57:21 IST
|
||||
1 0 0 631656 24992 192244 0 0 0 0 189 592 0 5 95 0 0 2012-09-02 14:57:22 IST
|
||||
|
||||
#### 4. Statistics of Various Counter ####
|
||||
####4. 统计各种计数器####
|
||||
|
||||
**vmstat**命令的**-s**参数，将输出各种事件计数器和内存的统计信息。
|
||||
|
||||
**vmstat** command and -s switch displays summary of various event counters and memory statistics.
|
||||
|
||||
[tecmint@tecmint ~]$ vmstat -s
|
||||
|
||||
@ -96,9 +95,9 @@ With this command, **vmstat** execute every two seconds and stop automatically a
|
||||
1346574857 boot time
|
||||
2309 forks
|
||||
|
||||
#### 5. Disks Statistics ####
|
||||
####5. 磁盘统计信息####
|
||||
|
||||
**vmstat** with **-d** option display all disks statistics.
|
||||
**vmstat**的**-d**参数将会输出所有磁盘的统计信息。
|
||||
|
||||
[tecmint@tecmint ~]$ vmstat -d
|
||||
|
||||
@ -133,9 +132,9 @@ With this command, **vmstat** execute every two seconds and stop automatically a
|
||||
dm-0 11578 0 659242 1113017 32163 0 257384 8460026 0 126
|
||||
dm-1 324 0 2592 3845 0 0 0 0 0 2
|
||||
|
||||
#### 6. Display Statistics in Megabytes ####
|
||||
####6. 以MB为单位输出统计信息####
|
||||
|
||||
The **vmstat** displays in **Megabytes** with parameters **-S** and **M**(Uppercase & megabytes). By default **vmstat** displays statistics in kilobytes.
|
||||
**vmstat**的**-S**和**-M**参数（大写和MB）将会以MB为单位输出。**vmstat**默认以KB为单位输出统计信息。
|
||||
|
||||
[root@tecmint ~]# vmstat -S M 1 5
|
||||
|
||||
@ -147,11 +146,11 @@ The **vmstat** displays in **Megabytes** with parameters **-S** and **M**(Upperc
|
||||
0 0 0 346 53 476 0 0 0 0 15 13 0 0 100 0 0
|
||||
0 0 0 346 53 476 0 0 0 0 34 61 0 1 99 0 0
|
||||
|
||||
### 6 Iostat Command Examples in Linux ###
|
||||
###linux下的Iostat命令的6个范例###
|
||||
|
||||
#### 7. Display CPU and I/O statistics ####
|
||||
####1. 输出CPU和输入/输出（I/O）的统计信息####
|
||||
|
||||
**iostat** without arguments displays **CPU** and **I/O** statistics of all partitions as shown below.
|
||||
不带参数的**iostat**命令将会输出**CPU**和每个分区的**输出/输出**的统计信息，如下所示。
|
||||
|
||||
[root@tecmint ~]# iostat
|
||||
|
||||
@ -165,9 +164,9 @@ The **vmstat** displays in **Megabytes** with parameters **-S** and **M**(Upperc
|
||||
dm-0 5.76 159.71 13.47 1077154 90864
|
||||
dm-1 0.05 0.38 0.00 2576 0
|
||||
|
||||
#### 8. Shows only CPU Statistics ####
|
||||
####2. 只输出CPU的统计信息####
|
||||
|
||||
**iostat** with **-c** arguments displays only **CPU** statistics as shown below.
|
||||
**iostat**命令的**-c**参数仅输出**CPU**的统计信息，如下所示。
|
||||
|
||||
[root@tecmint ~]# iostat -c
|
||||
|
||||
@ -176,9 +175,9 @@ The **vmstat** displays in **Megabytes** with parameters **-S** and **M**(Upperc
|
||||
avg-cpu: %user %nice %system %iowait %steal %idle
|
||||
0.12 0.01 1.47 1.98 0.00 96.42
|
||||
|
||||
#### 9. Shows only Disks I/O Statistics ####
|
||||
####3. 只输出磁盘的输入/输出统计信息####
|
||||
|
||||
**iostat** with **-d** arguments displays only disks **I/O** statistics of all partitions as shown.
|
||||
**iostat**命令的**-d**参数仅输出磁盘的所有分区的**输入/输出**的统计信息，如下所示。
|
||||
|
||||
[root@tecmint ~]# iostat -d
|
||||
|
||||
@ -189,9 +188,9 @@ The **vmstat** displays in **Megabytes** with parameters **-S** and **M**(Upperc
|
||||
dm-0 5.37 148.59 12.65 1077154 91728
|
||||
dm-1 0.04 0.36 0.00 2576 0
|
||||
|
||||
#### 10. Shows I/O statistics only of a single device. ####
|
||||
####4. 只输出某个磁盘的输入/输出统计信息####
|
||||
|
||||
By default it displays statistics of all partitions, with **-p** and device name arguments displays only disks **I/O** statistics for specific device only as shown.
|
||||
在默认情况下iostat命令会输出所有分区的统计信息，但是若在iostat命令后加上**-p**参数和磁盘设备名，该命令将会仅输出列出的磁盘的输入/输出统计信息，如下所示。
|
||||
|
||||
[root@tecmint ~]# iostat -p sda
|
||||
|
||||
@ -205,9 +204,9 @@ By default it displays statistics of all partitions, with **-p** and device name
|
||||
sda1 0.07 0.56 0.00 4120 18
|
||||
sda2 3.22 147.79 12.55 1080650 91752
|
||||
|
||||
#### 11. Display LVM Statistics ####
|
||||
####5. 输出逻辑卷管理（LVM）的统计信息####
|
||||
|
||||
With **-N** (Uppercase) parameter displays only **LVM** statistics as shown.
|
||||
iostat命令的**-N**(大写)参数将会输出**LVM**（LCTT译注：[LVM][2]是linux环境下对磁盘分区进行管理的一种机制，是磁盘分区和文件系统间的一个逻辑层）的统计信息，如下所示。
|
||||
|
||||
[root@tecmint ~]# iostat -N
|
||||
|
||||
@ -221,26 +220,27 @@ With **-N** (Uppercase) parameter displays only **LVM** statistics as shown.
|
||||
vg_tecmint-lv_root 5.13 141.68 12.16 1077154 92448
|
||||
vg_tecmint-lv_swap 0.04 0.34 0.00 2576 0
|
||||
|
||||
#### 12. iostat version. ####
|
||||
####6. iostat版本信息####
|
||||
|
||||
With **-V** (Uppercase) parameter displays version of **iostat** as shown.
|
||||
iostat的**-V**(大写)参数将会输出**iostat**的版本信息，如下所示。
|
||||
|
||||
[root@tecmint ~]# iostat -V
|
||||
|
||||
sysstat version 9.0.4
|
||||
(C) Sebastien Godard (sysstat orange.fr)
|
||||
|
||||
**Note**: **vmstat** and **iostat** contains number of columns and flags which may not possible to explain in details. If you want to know more about it you may refer man page of **vmstat** and **iostat**. Please share it if you find this article is useful through our comment box below.
|
||||
**注意**：**vmstat**和**iostat**的输出中包含多列的数据和标志，限于篇幅无法在本文中进行详细的解析。如果你想知道更多的信息，请查看**vmstat**和**iostat**的man帮助手册。如果你觉得本文对你有价值，请在下面的评论框中与你的朋友分享。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.tecmint.com/linux-performance-monitoring-with-vmstat-and-iostat-commands/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Ravi Saive][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
译者：[cvsher](https://github.com/cvsher)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/admin/
|
||||
[1]:http://sebastien.godard.pagesperso-orange.fr/download.html
|
||||
[2]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_Volume_Manager_(Linux)
|
||||
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Block a user