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(translating by SteveArcher)
Gnu: toward the post-scarcity world – the Free Software Column
================================================================================
**It is 30 years since Richard Stallman announced that he was going to write a complete UNIX-compatible software system called GNU, pioneering the idea of free and open source software, but the struggle continues**
![](http://www.linuxuser.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/Richard-Hillesley-200x150.jpg)
Gnu was not the first software to be distributed free, but became the first manifestation of a lasting and “explicit political campaign to make software free”.
In the GNU Manifesto, Stallman expressed the romantic ideal. “In the long term,” he wrote, “making programs free is a step toward the post- scarcity world, where nobody will have to work very hard just to make a living. People will be free to devote themselves to activities that are fun, such as programming, after spending the necessary ten hours a week on required tasks such as legislation, family counselling, robot repair and asteroid prospecting…”
In the real world, GNU grew directly out of ‘the EMACS commune’ and the disputes that arose around James Gosling’s version of Emacs for UNIX. In the ‘Emacs Manual for ITS Users’, dated 22 October 1981, Stallman was already expressing the ideas that gave rise to the GPL.
“Emacs does not cost anything,” he wrote. “Instead, you are joining the Emacs software-sharing commune. The conditions of membership are that you must send back any improvements you make to Emacs, including any libraries you write…”
Initially, Gosling allowed free distribution of the source code to Gosling EMACS, to which others had contributed. However, in April 1983, as Stallman tells it (bit.ly/d58ndg): “He stabbed everyone in the back by putting copyrights on it, making people promise not to redistribute it, and then selling it to a software house.”
Stallman was hurt by what he saw as a betrayal, and said of Gosling, who later became known as the father of Java, “My later dealings with him personally showed that he was every bit as cowardly and despicable as you would expect from that history. “
The recriminations and legal threats surrounding these events led directly to the founding of GNU, and later, to the GPL. Gosling Emacs was soon eclipsed by GNU Emacs. The first tangible version of the GPL emerged as ‘the GNU Emacs copying permission notice’ in 1985, and went through several versions before the release of GPL 1.0 in 1989.
Stallman later recounted that when he founded GNU, people had said, “Oh, this is an infinitely hard job; you can’t possibly write a whole system like UNIX. How can we possibly do that much? It would be nice, but it’s just hopeless.” But his response was that he was would do it anyway. “This is where I am great. I am great at being very, very stubborn and ignoring all sorts of reasons why you should change your goal, reasons that many other people will be susceptible to. Many people want to be on the winning side. I didn’t give a damn about that. I wanted to be on the side that was right, and even if I didn’t win, at least I was going to give it a good try.”
“It’s not about money”, he said in 1999, “it’s about freedom. If you think it’s about money you’ve missed the point. I want to use a computer in freedom, to co-operate, to not be restricted or prohibited from sharing. The GNU/Linux system is catching on somewhat more now. The system is becoming popular for practical reasons. It’s a good system. The danger is people will like it because it’s practical and it will become popular without anyone having the vaguest idea of the ideals behind it, which would be an ironic way of failing.”
Free software owes much to the obduracy and insights of Stallman, but as he suggested in his history of the GNU project, the struggle and the cause of free software is just as indebted to the contributions of others, and threats to its existence continue.
“I have done most of my work while anxious about whether I could do the job, and unsure that it would be enough to achieve the goal if I did. But I tried anyway, because there was no one but me between the enemy and my city. Surprising myself, I have sometimes succeeded.
“Sometimes I failed; some of my cities have fallen. Then I found another threatened city, and got ready for another battle. Over time, I’ve learned to look for threats and put myself between them and my city, calling on other hackers to come and join me.
“Nowadays, often I’m not the only one. It is a relief and a joy when I see a regiment of hackers digging in to hold the line, and I realise, this city may survive – for now. But the dangers are greater each year.”
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://www.linuxuser.co.uk/features/gnu-toward-the-post-scarcity-world-the-free-software-column
译者：[runningwater](https://github.com/runningwater) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出

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Gnu: 走向后匮乏世界 – 自由软件专栏
================================================================================
**自从理查德·斯托曼宣布编写名为 GNU 的完全兼容 UNIX 的软件系统以来已经过去 30 年了，GNU 点燃了软件自由之理念，并使开源斗争延续至今**
![](http://www.linuxuser.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/Richard-Hillesley-200x150.jpg)
Gnu 不是第一款分布式免费软件，却是第一款宣布永久免费，以及“不受政治约束的自由软件”。
在 GNU 宣言中，斯托曼描述了美好的愿景。“从长远角度来看，”他写道，“软件自由是步入后匮乏世界的必经之道，在后匮乏世界任何人都无需为生计奔波。人们可以自愿投身于一些他们感兴趣的活动，比如软件开发，代价只是每周花费十个小时完成诸如法律制定、家庭协商、机器人修理、小行星观察等工作任务。”
在现实世界中，GNU 因为'EMACS 社区'以及由詹姆斯·高斯林编写 UNIX 版 Emacs 所引发的争论而发展迅速。在'针对 ITS 用户的 Emacs 手册'里，标示着 1981 年 10 月 22 日起，斯托曼就表明了授权 GPL 的想法。
“Emacs 并未抄袭任何软件，”他写道。“与之相反，你正在加入 Emacs 软件分享社区。加入社区的条件是你必须提交对 Emacs 作出的改进，包括任何你所写的插件。”
最初，高斯林基于其他人已经做出贡献的原因，允许自由分发高斯林版本 Emacs 的源代码。但是，1983 年 4 月，斯托曼就此谈道（bit.ly/d58ndg）：“他通过申请版权的方式伤害了每一个人，他不允许任何人进行二次发布，接着把软件贩卖给软件公司。”
斯托曼被此种背叛的行为所伤害，但是高斯林，不久后作为 Java 之父而闻名于世，说道：“他对我的处理方式反映了他是一个既胆小又卑鄙的人，你可以从他做过的事看出来。”
围绕这件事的反击与法律威胁直接促成了 GNU 的成立，以及之后的 GPL 协议。高斯林版 Emacs 不久之后就被 GNU 版 Emacs 所吞并。GPL 出现的标志是 1985 年的 'GNU Emacs 分发许可事项'，经过几次修改重新发布，直到 1989 年 GPL 1.0 颁布。
斯托曼之后讲述当他创建 GNU 的时候，人们说：“噢，这是一项艰难地任务；你不可能写出一个像 UNIX 那样的完整系统来。我们能为之做出多少呢？这个主意很棒，但是很不现实。”然而斯托曼的回应是无论如何他都会去做。“这就是我强大的地方。我强大在我非常非常坚决，我会忽视各种诸如为什么你应该改变你的目标等理由，忽略许多其他人会为之动摇的因素。许多人都想成为胜利的一方。我并不反对这种想法。我只想成为正确的一方，即使甚至我没有成为胜利的一方，直到最后我仍将全力以赴。”
“这和钱没有关系”，他在 1999 年说道，“这关乎自由。如果你认为这和钱有关就已经偏离讨论方向了。我只想自由地使用电脑，使用电脑去合作,在使用电脑分享的过程中不会被限制或是禁止。GNU/Linux 系统现在或多或少已经做到了一些。系统因为付诸实践的原因正变得越来越流行。它是很好的操作系统。危险是人们将会喜欢上它，因为它是实用的，它将会变得流行，只要没有人在背后对这些理想产生含糊的念头，当然这些念头将会是具有讽刺意味的失败。”
自由软件归因于斯托曼的固执以及洞察力，但是正如同他过去在 GNU 项目中建议的一样，软件自由的斗争与成果很大程度上来自于他人的贡献，对它的威胁将会继续存在。
“当其他人怀疑我是否能够胜任工作，不确定我那么做将是否足够实现目标时，我已经完成了我的大部分工作。我尝试了各种手段，因为在我的同伴和敌人之间除了我什么都没有。我自己都感到很惊讶，有时候我竟然成功了。
“有时候我会失败; 我的一些同伴会突然离去。接着我会寻找其他受到威胁的同伴，准备好另一场战役。随着时间的流逝，我学会了寻找恐惧并将之置于我和我的同伴中，号召其他黑客来加入我。
“如今，很多时候我不是唯一的。当我看着这么多黑客不断参与进来并坚持下去，这是一种救赎、也是一种乐趣，我知道，这片乐土将会幸存下来 – 只是现在。因为危险每年都会扩增。”
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://www.linuxuser.co.uk/features/gnu-toward-the-post-scarcity-world-the-free-software-column
译者：[SteveArcher](https://github.com/SteveArcher) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出