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translating by lujun9972
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How to find all files with a specific text using Linux shell
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------
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### Objective
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### 目标
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The following article provides some useful tips on how to find all files within any specific directory or entire file-system containing any specific word or string.
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### Difficulty
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### 难度
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EASY
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### Conventions
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### 约定
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* # - requires given command to be executed with root privileges either directly as a root user or by use of sudo command
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* $ - given command to be executed as a regular non-privileged user
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### Examples
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### 案例
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### Find all files with a specific string non-recursively
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#### Find all files with a specific string non-recursively
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The first command example will search for a string
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The first command example will search for a string `stretch` in all files within `/etc/` directory while excluding any sub-directories:
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`stretch`
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in all files within
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`/etc/`
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directory while excluding any sub-directories:
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```
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```shell
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# grep -s stretch /etc/*
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/etc/os-release:PRETTY_NAME="Debian GNU/Linux 9 (stretch)"
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/etc/os-release:VERSION="9 (stretch)"
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```
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`-s`
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The `-s` grep option will suppress error messages about nonexistent or unreadable files. The output shows filenames as well as prints the actual line containing requested string.
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grep option will suppress error messages about nonexistent or unreadable files. The output shows filenames as well as prints the actual line containing requested string.
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#### Find all files with a specific string recursively
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### Find all files with a specific string recursively
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The above command omitted all sub-directories. To search recursively means to also traverse all sub-directories. The following command will search for a string `stretch` in all files within `/etc/` directory including all sub-directories:
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The above command omitted all sub-directories. To search recursively means to also traverse all sub-directories. The following command will search for a string
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`stretch`
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in all files within
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`/etc/`
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directory including all sub-directories:
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```
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```shell
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# grep -R stretch /etc/*
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/etc/apt/sources.list:# deb cdrom:[Debian GNU/Linux testing _Stretch_ - Official Snapshot amd64 NETINST Binary-1 20170109-05:56]/ stretch main
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/etc/apt/sources.list:#deb cdrom:[Debian GNU/Linux testing _Stretch_ - Official Snapshot amd64 NETINST Binary-1 20170109-05:56]/ stretch main
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@ -84,29 +66,10 @@ directory including all sub-directories:
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/etc/os-release:VERSION="9 (stretch)"
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```
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The above
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#### Search for all files containing a specific word
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The above `grep` command example lists all files containing string `stretch` . Meaning the lines with `stretches` , `stretched` etc. are also shown. Use grep's `-w` option to show only a specific word:
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`grep`
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command example lists all files containing string
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`stretch`
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. Meaning the lines with
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`stretches`
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,
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`stretched`
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etc. are also shown. Use grep's
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`-w`
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option to show only a specific word:
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```
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```shell
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# grep -Rw stretch /etc/*
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/etc/apt/sources.list:# deb cdrom:[Debian GNU/Linux testing _Stretch_ - Official Snapshot amd64 NETINST Binary-1 20170109-05:56]/ stretch main
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/etc/apt/sources.list:#deb cdrom:[Debian GNU/Linux testing _Stretch_ - Official Snapshot amd64 NETINST Binary-1 20170109-05:56]/ stretch main
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@ -121,17 +84,10 @@ option to show only a specific word:
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/etc/os-release:VERSION="9 (stretch)"
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```
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The above commands may produce an unnecessary output. The next example will only show all file names containing string
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#### List only files names containing a specific text
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The above commands may produce an unnecessary output. The next example will only show all file names containing string `stretch` within `/etc/` directory recursively:
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`stretch`
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within
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`/etc/`
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directory recursively:
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```
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```shell
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# grep -Rl stretch /etc/*
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/etc/apt/sources.list
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/etc/dictionaries-common/words
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@ -139,29 +95,10 @@ directory recursively:
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/etc/os-release
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```
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All searches are by default case sensitive which means that any search for a string
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#### Perform case-insensitive search
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All searches are by default case sensitive which means that any search for a string `stretch` will only show files containing the exact uppercase and lowercase match. By using grep's `-i` option the command will also list any lines containing `Stretch` , `STRETCH` , `StReTcH` etc., hence, to perform case-insensitive search.
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`stretch`
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will only show files containing the exact uppercase and lowercase match. By using grep's
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`-i`
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option the command will also list any lines containing
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`Stretch`
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,
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`STRETCH`
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,
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`StReTcH`
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etc., hence, to perform case-insensitive search.
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```
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```shell
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# grep -Ril stretch /etc/*
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/etc/apt/sources.list
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/etc/dictionaries-common/default.hash
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@ -170,39 +107,19 @@ etc., hence, to perform case-insensitive search.
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/etc/os-release
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```
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Using
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#### Include or Exclude specific files names from search
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Using `grep` command it is also possible to include only specific files as part of the search. For example we only would like to search for a specific text/string within configuration files with extension `.conf` . The next example will find all files with extension `.conf` within `/etc` directory containing string `bash` :
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`grep`
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command it is also possible to include only specific files as part of the search. For example we only would like to search for a specific text/string within configuration files with extension
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`.conf`
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. The next example will find all files with extension
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`.conf`
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within
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`/etc`
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directory containing string
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`bash`
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:
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```
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```shell
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# grep -Ril bash /etc/*.conf
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OR
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# grep -Ril --include=\*.conf bash /etc/*
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/etc/adduser.conf
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```
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`--exclude`
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option we can exclude any specific filenames:
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Similarly, using `--exclude` option we can exclude any specific filenames:
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```
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```shell
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# grep -Ril --exclude=\*.conf bash /etc/*
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/etc/alternatives/view
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/etc/alternatives/vim
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@ -227,57 +144,28 @@ option we can exclude any specific filenames:
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/etc/skel/.bash_logout
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```
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Same as with files grep can also exclude specific directories from the search. Use
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#### Exclude specific Directories from search
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Same as with files grep can also exclude specific directories from the search. Use `--exclude-dir` option to exclude directory from search. The following search example will find all files containing string `stretch` within `/etc` directory and exclude `/etc/grub.d` from search:
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`--exclude-dir`
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option to exclude directory from search. The following search example will find all files containing string
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`stretch`
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within
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`/etc`
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directory and exclude
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`/etc/grub.d`
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from search:
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```
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```shell
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# grep --exclude-dir=/etc/grub.d -Rwl stretch /etc/*
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/etc/apt/sources.list
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/etc/dictionaries-common/words
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/etc/os-release
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```
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By using
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#### Display a line number containing searched string
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By using `-n` option grep will also provide an information regarding a line number where the specific string was found:
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`-n`
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option grep will also provide an information regarding a line number where the specific string was found:
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```
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```shell
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# grep -Rni bash /etc/*.conf
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/etc/adduser.conf:6:DSHELL=/bin/bash
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```
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The last example will use
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#### Find all files not containing a specific string
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The last example will use `-v` option to list all files NOT containing a specific keyword. For example the following search will list all files within `/etc/` directory which do not contain string `stretch` :
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`-v`
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option to list all files NOT containing a specific keyword. For example the following search will list all files within
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`/etc/`
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directory which do not contain string
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`stretch`
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:
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```
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```shell
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# grep -Rlv stretch /etc/*
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```
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