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20141030-2 选题
This commit is contained in:
DeadFire
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Ubuntu Could Give a Fatal Blow to Windows in China
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================================================================================
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> Ubuntu Kylin might be able to replace Windows in China
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**The Windows operating systems is going out the front door in China and its place will be taken by a Linux distribution that will be used by the authorities and the governing body. The problem is that there is no real alternative, although at least one OS might be ready for the task, and that is Ubuntu Kylin.**
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The Chinese government and Microsoft now have a rocky relationship, to say the least. [As detailed in today's news][1], a plan to replace Windows gradually throughout the country with a Linux counterpart is in the works. It's unclear what system will be used to take over, especially since this a very complex situation and a very big country.
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Usually, there is no size-fits-all solution to this kind of problem and the Chinese approach does seem to be a little too blunt. In any case, this opens up a great window of opportunity for Ubuntu Kylin, a distribution based on Ubuntu and developed by Chinese devs and Canonical. It's been stable for quite some time and they already had a few consecutive launches.
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### Ubuntu Kylin is knocking on Windows' door ###
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It's interesting to see that in the same day that this piece of news about the Chinese intentions surfaces, an interview with Dr. Jonas Zhang, vice professor of the National University of Defense Technology (NUDT), about the [recent launch of the 14.10 branch][2] has been published.
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"In our 14.10 release, there are some sweet new features. For example, beginners can find a replacement of Windows software via Ubuntu Kylin Software Center easily; users can login to Ubuntu Kylin applications and community via the SSO of Ubuntu Kylin (Single Sign-On System of Ubuntu Kylin, we call it UKID); Sogou IM (one of the most famous Chinese input method in the world, which has been launched on Apple’s App Store since last month) reduces 40% of the CPU and memory usage."
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"More than 50 project managers, engineers and community managers from CSIP (one service agency of China government), Canonical and NUDT (National University of Defense Technology) are working on Ubuntu Kylin. Most of the full-time engineers are from NUDT. Many developers from Ubuntu, Debian and other communities also take part in the development of Ubuntu Kylin," [said][2] Dr. Jonas Zhang.
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The Chinese government might be looking to build yet another Linux distro by itself (not their first attempt), but it looks like they could already have a very good candidate to take over Windows. This would also be very good business for Canonical, at least in terms of recognition.
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If Ubuntu, through its Kylin connection, manages to replace Windows in a country as big as China, it would be a huge boost for the company. It remains to be seen if the developers' efforts to make Ubuntu Kylin a competitive OS were not in vain.
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Ubuntu-Could-Give-a-Fatal-Blow-to-Windows-in-China-463500.shtml
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作者：[Silviu Stahie][a]
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]:http://news.softpedia.com/editors/browse/silviu-stahie
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[1]:http://news.softpedia.com/news/China-Starts-Windows-Eradication-15-of-Govt-PCs-to-Switch-to-Linux-Every-Year-463393.shtml
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[2]:http://news.softpedia.com/news/Ubuntu-Kylin-14-10-Utopic-Unicorn-Consolidates-Its-Position-in-China-463068.shtml
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[3]:https://insights.ubuntu.com/2014/10/29/interview-nudt-talks-ubuntu-kylin-and-its-14-10-release/
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Debian's Civil War: Has It Really Come to This?
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================================================================================
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**"The 'new' Debian would be rather weak," said blogger Robert Pogson. "Would it have the hundreds of mirrors that make Debian wonderful? I doubt that. Debian is a great distro. Disemboweling it out of spite is just wrong. Why can't we come to some amicable agreement? Why do we have to race at full speed to the edge of a cliff when we don't know if we can stop?"**
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Well it seems no matter how loudly we here in the Linux blogosphere try to hum a happy tune or discuss [cheerful FOSS matters][1], we just can't seem to drown out the shouts and screams coming from those standing too close to the Systemd Inferno.
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Stand back, people! It's dangerous!
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The embers, of course, [had been hot][2] for some time already before the blaze [flared sky-high][3] a few months ago. Now, the conflagration appears to be completely out of control.
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Need proof? Two words: [Debian fork][4].
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That's right: Debian, the granddaddy of Linux distributions and embodiment of everything so many FOSS fans hold dear, may be forked, and it's apparently all because of Systemd.
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A more upsetting development would be hard to conceive.
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### 'Roll Up Your Sleeves' ###
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"Debian today is haunted by the tendency to betray its own mandate, a base principle of the Free Software movement: put the user's rights first," explained the anonymous developers behind the Debian Fork site. "What is happening now instead is that through a so-called 'do-ocracy,' developers and package maintainers are imposing their choices on users."
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Their conclusion: "Roll up your sleeves, we may need to fork Debian."
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Quick as a flash, [word traveled][5] to [Slashdot][6], [LXer][7] and beyond.
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Down at the Linux blogosphere's Punchy Penguin Saloon, a profound hush fell as soon as the news arrived. Fortunately, it lasted only a fraction of a second.
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### 'I Say Go for It' ###
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"Freedom of choice implies the freedom to be a complete idiot, and clearly Free Software has its share," Google+ blogger Kevin O'Brien said.
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"I have been skeptical about Systemd, but I have trouble believing there are enough people this crazy to actually pull off a fork of Debian," O'Brien added. "I predict a year from now we won't remember what this was all about."
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On the other hand: "I say go for it if you're that passionate about it," offered [Linux Rants][8] blogger Mike Stone. "This is Linux we're talking about, after all, and Linux is open source. Anybody should always feel free to do what they want with Linux, as long as they're willing to share.
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"The fact that SysVinit will still be available on standard Debian kind of makes forking it over Systemd seem a little silly, but I'm not going to stand in the way of anybody that wants to fork any FOSS for their own use," Stone added.
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Indeed, "Linux's strength is also its Achilles' Heel," Google+ blogger Rodolfo Saenz opined. 'In the Linux world, forking is inevitable. It is part of Linux's evolution."
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### 'A Lot of Misinformation' ###
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At the same time, "I think if they were likely to actually fork Debian, they would have just gone and done it rather than throw a massive public temper tantrum," consultant and Slashdot blogger Gerhard Mack suggested.
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"Secondly, I think there is a lot of misinformation out there about what Systemd does and how it works," Mack added. 'At the beginning of all of this I was very worried about the stability and security of the systems I maintain after reading the nerd rage on Slashdot, The Register, and sites like [Boycott Systemd][9], so I looked into Systemd for myself.
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"What I have discovered is that they seem to be confusing Systemd with things that are bundled with Systemd but run separately using a 'least privilege needed for the task' type design," he explained. "There are things I don't like, such as the binary logs, but then I can just configure it to run through syslogd as usual and ignore the binary logs."
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Particularly "hilarious," Mack added, is that people "suggest that only desktops need to boot quickly," he said. "I have seen some automated systems that load VMs on demand, and they would be much more effective if they booted faster."
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### 'I'm Really Confused' ###
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It will be "a sad day if Debian forks over this Systemd thing," longtime Debian user [Robert Pogson][10] told Linux Girl.
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"I am one of the haters, I guess," Pogson said. "I see adopting Systemd as something that kept Jessie's bug count high for months. I just don't see the need for it. I've read that some desktop users complain that Systemd is all for server users and I've read that some server users complain that Systemd is all for desktop users. I'm both and I'm really confused."
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Meanwhile, "do I need to learn a lot about Systemd to use it?" Pogson wondered. "I'm too old to learn too many new tricks. Does it give me any benefits, or is it just a nuisance?
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"I see faster booting as a rather small benefit for a lot of nuisance value like binary logs... what's with that?" he added. "I've learned to use grep on current logs to get what I need. Hiding them is just making GNU/Linux more like that other OS. Yuck!"
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### 'Nonfree Software Is the Real Enemy' ###
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Debian is an organization of roughly a thousand developers, Pogson pointed out.
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"They work hard and make the world a better place," he said. "Forcing them to choose which fork to take is really cruel and unusual punishment for such generous people. If the fork is 50/50, Debian might take years of recruitment to recover. That does no one any good.
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"The 'new' Debian would be rather weak," Pogson added. "Would it have the hundreds of mirrors that make Debian wonderful? I doubt that. Debian is a great distro. Disemboweling it out of spite is just wrong. Why can't we come to some amicable agreement? Why do we have to race at full speed to the edge of a cliff when we don't know if we can stop?"
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Bottom line: "If this civil war gets any worse, I may switch back to Debian Stable/Wheezy, my 'bomb shelter,' in the hope that I can wait for peace to break out," he concluded. "I don't need the drama. Bill Gates must be laughing at this waste of energy. Nonfree software is the real enemy -- not folks building/using Debian GNU/Linux."
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### 'It Is What Happens' ###
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It is a sad development, Google+ blogger Gonzalo Velasco C. agreed.
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At the same time, "it is what happens in the FLOSS world when you don't listen to your peers and users and listen to others that have their own (commercial) agenda and 'suggest' you use a tool as hungry as Systemd, regardless of its merits and modernism comparing to old sisVinit," he said.
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"There are a lot of technical discussions and arguments out there, and Debian must show it is neither deaf nor blind and re-discuss the issue," he added.
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### Red Hat's Influence ###
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"Do the users wish to be beholden to [Red Hat's][11] corporate roadmap? If the answer is 'no,' then a fork is the only choice left open, as it's pretty plain to see that Debian will go Systemd whether their users like it or not," SoylentNews blogger hairyfeet said.
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"It all comes down to cloud computing, and RH intends to foist its version of SVCHOSTS for Linux onto Debian and Ubuntu," he added. "The reason why is obvious: it gives them pretty much every major Linux distro, as they are nearly all built on RH, Debian or Ubuntu."
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So, the answer is simple, hairyfeet said: "If you want RH calling the shots, then stay; if not, fork."
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### 'Seems Like a Lot of Work' ###
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Of course, there's nothing to prevent a fork, Google+ blogger Brett Legree pointed out.
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"If someone wants to do it, that's their choice," he noted.
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"Seems like a lot of work, though," Legree added. "I mean, I figure that most people wouldn't care either way what init system is being used, and those who do know can probably figure out how to configure Debian (or whatever) to use a different init system. That's been possible up to now, and I'd expect it will continue to be so."
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Forks are a lot of work to maintain, agreed Chris Travers, a [blogger][12] who works on the [LedgerSMB][13] project.
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"Trust me -- I know from experience, as LedgerSMB began life as a fork of SQL-Ledger," Travers said.
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Still, "there are huge differences in philosophy between init scripts and Systemd, and this is an area where there is probably room for a good Unix-like distro to keep the old ways," Travers said. "There are certainly worse things than forks developing. This being said, I wonder if people who really want Unix should instead switch to the BSDs."
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### 'Like Killing Mosquitoes With Shotguns' ###
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The Debian community was not aware of everything the changes in the init system would bring, Google+ blogger Alessandro Ebersol suggested. "They thought it was a non-issue."
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Now that "a large number of Debian sysadmins are not pleased," however, forking would be "an extreme measure," he said, "and a last resort. There are still a lot of things that can be done."
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After all, Debian is "the GNU/Linux that runs on anything, in any *nix setup -- remember the Debian BSD flavor, and that Debian BSD will have to be accommodated to work with the new init system," Ebersol pointed out.
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"So, I believe all is not lost for Debian, but a fork, right now, is too extreme, like killing mosquitoes with shotguns," he concluded. "There's still time and place to make peace and amendments in the Debian community."
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: http://www.linuxinsider.com/story/81262.html
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作者：[Katherine Noyes][a]
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]:http://twitter.com/noyesk
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[1]:http://www.reglue.org/
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[2]:http://www.linuxinsider.com/story/80472.html
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[3]:http://www.linuxinsider.com/story/80980.html
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[4]:http://debianfork.org/
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[5]:http://linux.slashdot.org/story/14/10/20/1944226/debians-systemd-adoption-inspires-threat-of-fork
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[6]:http://slashdot.org/
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[7]:http://lxer.com/module/forums/t/35625/
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[8]:http://linuxrants.com/
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[9]:http://boycottsystemd.org/
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[10]:http://mrpogson.com/
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[11]:http://www.redhat.com/
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[12]:http://ledgersmbdev.blogspot.com/
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[13]:http://www.ledgersmb.org/
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Test drive Linux with nothing but a flash drive
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================================================================================
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Image by : Opensource.com
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Maybe you’ve heard about Linux and are intrigued by it. So intrigued that you want to give it a try. But you might not know where to begin.
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You’ve probably done a bit of research online and have run across terms like dual booting and virtualization. Those terms might mean nothing to you, and you’re definitely not ready to sacrifice the operating system that you’re currently using to give Linux a try. So what can you do?
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If you have a USB flash drive lying around, you can test drive Linux by creating a live USB. It’s a USB flash drive that contains an operating system that can start from the flash drive. It doesn’t take much technical ability to create one. Let’s take a look at how to do that and how to run Linux using a live USB.
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### What you’ll need ###
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Aside from a desktop or laptop computer, you’ll need:
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- A blank USB flash drive—preferably one that has a capacity of 4 GB or more.
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- An [ISO image][1] (an archive of the contents of a hard disk) of the Linux distribution that you want to try. More about this in a moment.
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- An application called [Unetbootin][2], an open source tool, cross platform tool that creates a live USB. You don’t need to be running Linux to use it. In the instructions that below, I’m running Unetbootin on a MacBook.
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### Getting to work ###
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Plug your flash drive into a USB port on your computer and then fire up Unetbootin. You’ll be asked for the password that you use to log into your computer.
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Remember the ISO image that was mentioned a few moments ago? There are two ways you can get one: either by downloading it from the website of the Linux distribution that you want to try, or by having Unetbootin download it for you. To do that latter, click **Select Distribution** at the top of the window, choose the distribution that you want to download, and then click **Select Version** to select the version of the distribution that you want to try.
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Or, you can download the distribution yourself. Usually, the Linux distributions that I want to try aren’t in the list. If you go the second route, click **Disk image** and then click the button to search for the .iso file that you downloaded.
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Notice the **Space used to preserve files across reboots (Ubuntu only)** option? If you’re testing Ubuntu or one of its derivatives (like Lubuntu or Xubuntu), you can set aside a few megabytes of space on your flash drive to save files like web browser bookmarks or documents that you create. When you load Ubuntu from the flash drive again, you can reuse those files.
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Once the ISO image is loaded, click **OK**. It takes anywhere from a couple of minutes to 10 minutes for Unetbootin to create the live USB.
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### Testing out the live USB ###
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This is the point where you have to embrace your inner geek a bit. Not too much, but you will be taking a peek into the innards of your computer by going into the [BIOS][3]. Your computer’s BIOS starts various bits of hardware and controls where the computer’s operating system starts, or boots, from.
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The BIOS usually looks for the operating system in this order (or something like it): hard drive, then CD-ROM or DVD drive, and then an external drive. You’ll want to change that order so that the external drive (in this case, your live USB) is the one that the BIOS checks first.
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To do that, restart your computer with the flash drive plugged into a USB port. When you see the message **Press F2 to enter setup**, do just that. On some computers, the key might be F10.
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In the BIOS, use the right arrow key on your keyboard to navigate to the **Boot** menu. You’ll see a list of drives on your computer. Use the down arrow key on your keyboard to navigate to the item labeled **USB HDD** and then press **F6** to move that item to the top of the list.
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Once you’ve done that, press **F10** to save the changes. You’ll be kicked out of the BIOS and your computer will start up. After a short amount of time, you’ll be presented with a menu listing the options for starting the Linux distribution you’re trying out. Select **Run without installing** (or the menu item closest to it).
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Once the desktop loads, you can connect to a wireless or wired network, browse the web, and give the pre-installed software a whirl. You can also check to see if, for example, your printer or scanner works with the Linux distribution you’re testing. If you really, really want to you can also fiddle at the command line.
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### What to expect ###
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Depending on the Linux distribution you’re testing and the speed of the flash drive you’re using, the operating system might take longer to load and it might run a bit slower than it would if it was installed on your hard drive.
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As well, you’ll only have the basic software that the Linux distribution packs out of the box. You generally get a web browser, a word processor, a text editor, a media player, an image viewer, and a set of utilities. That should be enough to give you a feel for what it’s like to use Linux.
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If you decide that you like using Linux, you can install it from the flash drive by double clicking on the installer.
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://opensource.com/life/14/10/test-drive-linux-nothing-flash-drive
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作者：[Scott Nesbitt][a]
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]:https://opensource.com/users/scottnesbitt
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[1]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_image
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[2]:http://unetbootin.sourceforge.net/
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[3]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIOS
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rsync Command to Exclude a List of Files and Directories in Linux
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**rsync** is a very useful and popular linux tool being used for backup and restoring files, but also for comparing and syncing them. We already shown you in the past [how to use rsync command in linux with examples][1] and today we will add a few more useful tricks you can use rsync at.
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### Exclude a list of files and directories ###
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Sometimes when we do large syncs we may wish to exclude a list of files and directories from syncing, in general files that can't by synced like device files and some system files, or files that would take up unnecessary disk space like temporary or cache files.
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First let's make a file called "excluded" (you can name it whatever you wish) and write each folder or file we would like to exclude on a separate line like this. For our example if you wish to do a full backup of your root partition you should exclude devices directories that get created at boot time and directories that hold temporary files, your list may look like this:
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Then you can run the following command to backup your system:
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$ sudo rsync -aAXhv --exclude-from=excluded / /mnt/backup
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### Exclude files from the command line ###
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You can also exclude files directly from the command line, this is useful when you have a smaller number of files to exclude and you wish to include this in a script or crontab and don't want your script or cron to depend on another file to run successful.
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For example if you wish to sync /var to a backup directory but you don't wish to include cache and tmp folder that usualy don't hold important content between restarts you can use the following command:
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$ sudo rsync -aAXhv --exclude={"/var/cache","/var/tmp"} /var /home/adrian/var
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This command will be easy to use in any script or cron and will not depend on another file.
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: http://linoxide.com/linux-command/exclude-files-rsync-examples/
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作者：[Adrian Dinu][a]
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]:http://linoxide.com/author/adriand/
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[1]:http://linoxide.com/how-tos/rsync-copy/
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