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3 Simple, Excellent Linux Network Monitors
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============================================================
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KeyLD translating
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Learn more about your network connections with the iftop, Nethogs, and vnstat tools.[Used with permission][3]
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You can learn an amazing amount of information about your network connections with these three glorious Linux networking commands. iftop tracks network connections by process number, Nethogs quickly reveals what is hogging your bandwidth, and vnstat runs as a nice lightweight daemon to record your usage over time.
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### iftop
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The excellent [iftop][8] listens to the network interface that you specify, and displays connections in a top-style interface.
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This is a great little tool for quickly identifying hogs, measuring speed, and also to maintain a running total of your network traffic. It is rather surprising to see how much bandwidth we use, especially for us old people who remember the days of telephone land lines, modems, screaming kilobits of speed, and real live bauds. We abandoned bauds a long time ago in favor of bit rates. Baud measures signal changes, which sometimes were the same as bit rates, but mostly not.
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If you have just one network interface, run iftop with no options. iftop requires root permissions:
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```
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$ sudo iftop
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```
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When you have more than one, specify the interface you want to monitor:
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```
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$ sudo iftop -i wlan0
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```
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Just like top, you can change the display options while it is running.
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* **h** toggles the help screen.
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* **n** toggles name resolution.
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* **s** toggles source host display, and **d** toggles the destination hosts.
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* **s** toggles port numbers.
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* **N** toggles port resolution; to see all port numbers toggle resolution off.
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* **t** toggles the text interface. The default display requires ncurses. I think the text display is more readable and better-organized (Figure 1).
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* **p** pauses the display.
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* **q** quits the program.
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Figure 1: The text display is readable and organized.[Used with permission][1]
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When you toggle the display options, iftop continues to measure all traffic. You can also select a single host to monitor. You need the host's IP address and netmask. I was curious how much of a load Pandora put on my sad little meager bandwidth cap, so first I used dig to find their IP address:
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```
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$ dig A pandora.com
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[...]
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;; ANSWER SECTION:
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pandora.com. 267 IN A 208.85.40.20
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pandora.com. 267 IN A 208.85.40.50
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```
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What's the netmask? [ipcalc][9] tells us:
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```
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$ ipcalc -b 208.85.40.20
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Address: 208.85.40.20
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Netmask: 255.255.255.0 = 24
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Wildcard: 0.0.0.255
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=>
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Network: 208.85.40.0/24
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```
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Now feed the address and netmask to iftop:
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```
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$ sudo iftop -F 208.85.40.20/24 -i wlan0
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```
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Is that not seriously groovy? I was surprised to learn that Pandora is easy on my precious bits, using around 500Kb per hour. And, like most streaming services, Pandora's traffic comes in spurts and relies on caching to smooth out the lumps and bumps.
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You can do the same with IPv6 addresses, using the **-G** option. Consult the fine man page to learn the rest of iftop's features, including customizing your default options with a personal configuration file, and applying custom filters (see [PCAP-FILTER][10] for a filter reference).
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### Nethogs
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When you want to quickly learn who is sucking up your bandwidth, Nethogs is fast and easy. Run it as root and specify the interface to listen on. It displays the hoggy application and the process number, so that you may kill it if you so desire:
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```
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$ sudo nethogs wlan0
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NetHogs version 0.8.1
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PID USER PROGRAM DEV SENT RECEIVED
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7690 carla /usr/lib/firefox wlan0 12.494 556.580 KB/sec
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5648 carla .../chromium-browser wlan0 0.052 0.038 KB/sec
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TOTAL 12.546 556.618 KB/sec
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```
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Nethogs has few options: cycling between kb/s, kb, b, and mb, sorting by received or sent packets, and adjusting the delay between refreshes. See `man nethogs`, or run `nethogs -h`.
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### vnstat
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[vnstat][11] is the easiest network data collector to use. It is lightweight and does not need root permissions. It runs as a daemon and records your network statistics over time. The `vnstat`command displays the accumulated data:
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```
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$ vnstat -i wlan0
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Database updated: Tue Oct 17 08:36:38 2017
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wlan0 since 10/17/2017
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rx: 45.27 MiB tx: 3.77 MiB total: 49.04 MiB
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monthly
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rx | tx | total | avg. rate
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------------------------+-------------+-------------+---------------
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Oct '17 45.27 MiB | 3.77 MiB | 49.04 MiB | 0.28 kbit/s
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------------------------+-------------+-------------+---------------
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estimated 85 MiB | 5 MiB | 90 MiB |
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daily
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rx | tx | total | avg. rate
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------------------------+-------------+-------------+---------------
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today 45.27 MiB | 3.77 MiB | 49.04 MiB | 12.96 kbit/s
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------------------------+-------------+-------------+---------------
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estimated 125 MiB | 8 MiB | 133 MiB |
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```
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By default it displays all network interfaces. Use the `-i` option to select a single interface. Merge the data of multiple interfaces this way:
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```
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$ vnstat -i wlan0+eth0+eth1
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```
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You can filter the display in several ways:
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* **-h** displays statistics by hours.
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* **-d** displays statistics by days.
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* **-w** and **-m** displays statistics by weeks and months.
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* Watch live updates with the **-l** option.
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This command deletes the database for wlan1 and stops watching it:
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```
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$ vnstat -i wlan1 --delete
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```
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This command creates an alias for a network interface. This example uses one of the weird interface names from Ubuntu 16.04:
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```
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$ vnstat -u -i enp0s25 --nick eth0
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```
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By default vnstat monitors eth0\. You can change this in `/etc/vnstat.conf`, or create your own personal configuration file in your home directory. See `man vnstat` for a complete reference.
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You can also install vnstati to create simple, colored graphs (Figure 2):
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```
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$ vnstati -s -i wlx7cdd90a0a1c2 -o vnstat.png
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```
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Figure 2: You can create simple colored graphs with vnstati.[Used with permission][2]
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See `man vnstati` for complete options.
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_Learn more about Linux through the free ["Introduction to Linux" ][7]course from The Linux Foundation and edX._
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://www.linux.com/learn/intro-to-linux/2017/10/3-simple-excellent-linux-network-monitors
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作者：[CARLA SCHRODER ][a]
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]:https://www.linux.com/users/cschroder
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[1]:https://www.linux.com/licenses/category/used-permission
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[2]:https://www.linux.com/licenses/category/used-permission
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[3]:https://www.linux.com/licenses/category/used-permission
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[4]:https://www.linux.com/files/images/fig-1png-8
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[5]:https://www.linux.com/files/images/fig-2png-5
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[6]:https://www.linux.com/files/images/bannerpng-3
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[7]:https://training.linuxfoundation.org/linux-courses/system-administration-training/introduction-to-linux
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[8]:http://www.ex-parrot.com/pdw/iftop/
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[9]:https://www.linux.com/learn/intro-to-linux/2017/8/how-calculate-network-addresses-ipcalc
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[10]:http://www.tcpdump.org/manpages/pcap-filter.7.html
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[11]:http://humdi.net/vnstat/
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@ -0,0 +1,190 @@
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三款简单而优秀的Linux网络监视工具
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============================================================
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通过iftop，Nethogs和vnstat详细了解你的网络连接状态。[经许可使用][3]
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你可以通过这三个Linux命令了解当前网络的大量信息。iftop通过进程号跟踪网络连接，Nethogs快速告知你哪些进程在占用你的带宽，而vnstat以一个良好的轻量级守护进程在后台运行，并实时记录你的网络使用情况。
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### iftop
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优秀的iftop可以监听您指定的网络接口，并以top的样式呈现。
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这是一个不错的小工具，用于找出网络拥塞，测速和维持网络流量总量。看到自己到底在用多少带宽往往是非常惊人的，尤其是对于我们这些仍然记得电话线路，调制解调器，“高速”到令人惊叫的kb和实时波特率的老人们。我们在很久之前就不再使用波特率，转而钟情于比特率。波特率用于衡量信号变化，尽管有时候与比特率相同，但大多数情况下并非如此。
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如果你只有一个网络接口，直接运行iftop即可。不过iftop需要root权限：
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```
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$ sudo iftop
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```
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如果你有多个，那就指定你要监控的接口：
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```
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$ sudo iftop -i wlan0
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```
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就像top命令一样，你可以在命令运行时更改显示选项：
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* **h** 切换帮助界面。
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* **n** 是否解析域名。
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* **s** 切换源地址的显示，**d**则切换目的地址的显示。
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* **S** 是否显示端口号。
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* **N** 是否解析端口;若关闭解析则显示端口号。
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* **t**切换文本显示接口。默认的显示方式需要ncurses。我个人认为图1的显示方式在组织性和可读性都更加良好。
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* **p** 暂停显示更新。
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* **q** 退出程序。
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图 1:组织性和可读性良好的文本显示。[经许可使用][1]
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当你切换显示设置的时候，iftop并不会中断监测流量。当然你也可以单独监测一台主机。而这需要主机的IP地址和子网掩码。现在，我很好奇Pandora（译者注：一家美国的电台公司）能给我贫瘠的带宽带来多大的负载。因此我首先使用dig命令找到他们的IP地址：
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```
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$ dig A pandora.com
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[...]
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;; ANSWER SECTION:
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pandora.com. 267 IN A 208.85.40.20
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pandora.com. 267 IN A 208.85.40.50
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```
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那子网掩码呢？[ipcalc][9]会告诉我们：
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```
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$ ipcalc -b 208.85.40.20
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Address: 208.85.40.20
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Netmask: 255.255.255.0 = 24
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Wildcard: 0.0.0.255
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=>
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Network: 208.85.40.0/24
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```
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现在，将IP地址和子网掩码提供给iftop：
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```
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$ sudo iftop -F 208.85.40.20/24 -i wlan0
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```
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很棒的不是么？而我也很惊奇地发现，Pandora在我的网络上，每小时大约使用500kb。并且就像大多数流媒体服务一样，Pandora的流量在迅速增长，并依靠缓存稳定下来。
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你可以使用**-G**选项对IPv6地址执行相同的操作。查阅友好的man可以帮助你了解iftop的其他功能，包括使用个人配置文件自定义你的默认选项，以及使用自定义过滤（请参阅 [PCAP-FILTER][10] 来获取过滤指南）。
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### Nethogs
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当你想要快速了解是谁在吸取你的带宽的时候，Nethogs是个快速而简单的方法。你需要以root身份运行并指定要监听的接口。它会给你显示大量的应用程序及其进程号，所以如果你想的话，你可以借此杀死任一进程。
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```
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$ sudo nethogs wlan0
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NetHogs version 0.8.1
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PID USER PROGRAM DEV SENT RECEIVED
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7690 carla /usr/lib/firefox wlan0 12.494 556.580 KB/sec
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5648 carla .../chromium-browser wlan0 0.052 0.038 KB/sec
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TOTAL 12.546 556.618 KB/sec
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```
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Nethogs并没有多少选项：在kb/s，kb，b，mb之间循环，按接收和发送的数据包排序，调整刷新延迟。具体请看`man nethogs`，或者是运行`nethogs -h`。
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### vnstat
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[vnstat][11]是最容易使用的网络数据收集工具。它十分轻量并且不需要root权限。它以守护进程在后台运行，因此可以实时地记录你的网络数据。单个`vnstat`命令就可以显示所累计的数据。
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```
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$ vnstat -i wlan0
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Database updated: Tue Oct 17 08:36:38 2017
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wlan0 since 10/17/2017
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rx: 45.27 MiB tx: 3.77 MiB total: 49.04 MiB
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monthly
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rx | tx | total | avg. rate
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------------------------+-------------+-------------+---------------
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Oct '17 45.27 MiB | 3.77 MiB | 49.04 MiB | 0.28 kbit/s
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------------------------+-------------+-------------+---------------
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estimated 85 MiB | 5 MiB | 90 MiB |
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daily
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rx | tx | total | avg. rate
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------------------------+-------------+-------------+---------------
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today 45.27 MiB | 3.77 MiB | 49.04 MiB | 12.96 kbit/s
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------------------------+-------------+-------------+---------------
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estimated 125 MiB | 8 MiB | 133 MiB |
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```
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默认情况下它会显示所有的网络接口。使用`-i`选项来选择某个接口。也可以像这样合并多个接口的数据：
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```
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$ vnstat -i wlan0+eth0+eth1
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```
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你可以通过这几种方式过滤数据显示：
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* **-h** 按小时显示统计信息。
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* **-d** 按天显示统计信息.
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* **-w**和**-m**分别按周和月份来显示统计信息。
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* 使用**-l**选项查看实时更新。
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以下这条命令将会删除wlan1的数据库并不再监视它：
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```
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$ vnstat -i wlan1 --delete
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```
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而这条命令将会为你的一个网络接口创建一个别名。这个例子使用了Ubuntu16.04的一个有线接口名称：
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```
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$ vnstat -u -i enp0s25 --nick eth0
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```
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默认情况下，vnstat会监视eth0。你可以在`/etc/vnstat.conf`对它进行修改，或者在你的home目录下创建你自己的个人配置文件。请参阅`man vnstat`以获取完整的指南。
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你也可以安装vnstati来创建简单的彩图（图 2）:
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```
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$ vnstati -s -i wlx7cdd90a0a1c2 -o vnstat.png
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```
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图 2:你可以使用vnstati来创建简单的彩图。[经许可使用][2]
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请参阅`man vnstati`以获取完整的选项。
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_欲了解 Linux 的更多信息，可以通过学习 Linux 基金会和 edX 的免费课程，[“Linux 入门”][7]。_
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://www.linux.com/learn/intro-to-linux/2017/10/3-simple-excellent-linux-network-monitors
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作者：[CARLA SCHRODER ][a]
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译者：[KeyLD](https://github.com/KeyLD)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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||||
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||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]:https://www.linux.com/users/cschroder
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[1]:https://www.linux.com/licenses/category/used-permission
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[2]:https://www.linux.com/licenses/category/used-permission
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[3]:https://www.linux.com/licenses/category/used-permission
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[4]:https://www.linux.com/files/images/fig-1png-8
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[5]:https://www.linux.com/files/images/fig-2png-5
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[6]:https://www.linux.com/files/images/bannerpng-3
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[7]:https://training.linuxfoundation.org/linux-courses/system-administration-training/introduction-to-linux
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[8]:http://www.ex-parrot.com/pdw/iftop/
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[9]:https://www.linux.com/learn/intro-to-linux/2017/8/how-calculate-network-addresses-ipcalc
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[10]:http://www.tcpdump.org/manpages/pcap-filter.7.html
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[11]:http://humdi.net/vnstat/
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Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user