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[Translated] 20141009 Linux Terminal--An lsof Primer.md
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Translating by GOLinux!
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Linux Terminal: An lsof Primer
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================================================================================
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Article by Daniel Miessler first posted on his [blog][1]
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**lsof** is the sysadmin/[security][2] über-tool. I use it most for getting [network][3] connection related information from a system, but that’s just the beginning for this powerful and too-little-known application. The tool is aptly called lsof because it “**lists openfiles**“. And remember, in UNIX just about everything (including a network socket) is a file.
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Interestingly, lsof is also the Linux/Unix command with the most switches. It has so many it has to use both minuses andpluses.
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usage: [-?abhlnNoOPRstUvV] [+|-c c] [+|-d s] [+D D] [+|-f[cgG]]
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[-F [f]] [-g [s]] [-i [i]] [+|-L [l]] [+|-M] [-o [o]]
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[-p s] [+|-r [t]] [-S [t]] [-T [t]] [-u s] [+|-w] [-x [fl]] [--] [names]
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As you can see, lsof has a truly staggering number of options. You can use it to get information about devices on your system, what a given user is touching at any given point, or even what files or network connectivity a process is using.
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For me, lsof replaces both netstat and ps entirely. It has everything I get from those tools and much, much more. So let’s look at some of its primary capabilities:
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### Key Options ###
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It’s important to understand a few key things about how lsofworks. Most importantly, when you’re passing options to it, the default behavior is to OR the results. So if you are pulling a list of ports with -i and also a process list with -p you’re by default going to get both results.
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Here are a few others like that to keep in mind:
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- **default** : without options, lsof lists all open files for active processes
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- **grouping** : it’s possible to group options, e.g. -abC, but you have to watch for which options take parameters
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- **-a** : AND the results (instead of OR)
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- **-l** : show the userID instead of the username in the output
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- **-h** : get help
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- **-t** : get process IDs only
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- **-U** : get the UNIX socket address
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- **-F** : the output is ready for another command, which can be formatted in various ways, e.g. -F pcfn (for process id, command name, file descriptor, and file name, with a null terminator)
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#### Getting Information About the Network ####
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As I said, one of my main usecases for lsof is getting information about how my system is interacting with the network. Here are some staples for getting this info:
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### Show all connections with -i ###
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Some like to use netstat to get network connections, but I much prefer using lsof for this. The display shows things in a format that’s intuitive to me, and I like knowing that from there I can simply change my syntax and get more information using the same command.
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# lsof -i
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COMMAND PID USER FD TYPE DEVICE SIZE NODE NAME
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dhcpcd 6061 root 4u IPv4 4510 UDP *:bootpc
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sshd 7703 root 3u IPv6 6499 TCP *:ssh (LISTEN)
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sshd 7892 root 3u IPv6 6757 TCP 10.10.1.5:ssh->192.168.1.5:49901 (ESTABLISHED)
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### Get only IPv6 traffic with -i 6 ###
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# lsof -i 6
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### Show only TCP connections (works the same for UDP) ###
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You can also show only TCP or UDP connections by providing the protocol right after the -i.
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# lsof -iTCP
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COMMAND PID USER FD TYPE DEVICE SIZE NODE NAME
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sshd 7703 root 3u IPv6 6499 TCP *:ssh (LISTEN)
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sshd 7892 root 3u IPv6 6757 TCP 10.10.1.5:ssh->192.168.1.5:49901 (ESTABLISHED)
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### Show networking related to a given port using -i :port ###
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Or you can search by port instead, which is great for figuring out what’s preventing another app from binding to a given port.
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# lsof -i :22
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COMMAND PID USER FD TYPE DEVICE SIZE NODE NAME
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sshd 7703 root 3u IPv6 6499 TCP *:ssh (LISTEN)
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sshd 7892 root 3u IPv6 6757 TCP 10.10.1.5:ssh->192.168.1.5:49901 (ESTABLISHED)
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### Show connections to a specific host using @host ###
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This is quite useful when you’re looking into whether you have open connections with a given host on the network or on the internet.
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# lsof -i@172.16.12.5
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sshd 7892 root 3u IPv6 6757 TCP 10.10.1.5:ssh->172.16.12.5:49901 (ESTABLISHED)
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### Show connections based on the host and the port using@host:port ###
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You can also combine the display of host and port.
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# lsof -i@172.16.12.5:22
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sshd 7892 root 3u IPv6 6757 TCP 10.10.1.5:ssh->192.168.1.5:49901 (ESTABLISHED)
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### Find listening ports ###
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Find ports that are awaiting connections.
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# lsof -i -sTCP:LISTEN
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You can also do this by grepping for “LISTEN” as well.
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# lsof -i | grep -i LISTEN
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iTunes 400 daniel 16u IPv4 0x4575228 0t0 TCP *:daap (LISTEN)
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### Find established connections ###
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You can also show any connections that are already pinned up.
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# lsof -i -sTCP:ESTABLISHED
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You can also do this just by searching for “ESTABLISHED” in the output via grep.
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# lsof -i | grep -i ESTABLISHED
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firefox-b 169 daniel 49u IPv4 0t0 TCP 1.2.3.3:1863->1.2.3.4:http (ESTABLISHED)
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#### User Information ####
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You can also get information on various users and what they’re doing on the system, including their activity on the network, their interactions with files, etc.
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### Show what a given user has open using -u ###
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# lsof -u daniel
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-- snipped --
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Dock 155 daniel txt REG 14,2 2798436 823208 /usr/lib/libicucore.A.dylib
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Dock 155 daniel txt REG 14,2 1580212 823126 /usr/lib/libobjc.A.dylib
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Dock 155 daniel txt REG 14,2 2934184 823498 /usr/lib/libstdc++.6.0.4.dylib
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Dock 155 daniel txt REG 14,2 132008 823505 /usr/lib/libgcc_s.1.dylib
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Dock 155 daniel txt REG 14,2 212160 823214 /usr/lib/libauto.dylib
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-- snipped --
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### Show what all users are doing except a certain user using-u ^user ###
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# lsof -u ^daniel
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-- snipped --
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Dock 155 jim txt REG 14,2 2798436 823208 /usr/lib/libicucore.A.dylib
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Dock 155 jim txt REG 14,2 1580212 823126 /usr/lib/libobjc.A.dylib
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Dock 155 jim txt REG 14,2 2934184 823498 /usr/lib/libstdc++.6.0.4.dylib
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Dock 155 jim txt REG 14,2 132008 823505 /usr/lib/libgcc_s.1.dylib
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Dock 155 jim txt REG 14,2 212160 823214 /usr/lib/libauto.dylib
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-- snipped --
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### Kill everything a given user is doing ###
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It’s nice to be able to nuke everything being run by a given user.
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# kill -9 `lsof -t -u daniel`
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#### Commands and Processes ####
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It’s often useful to be able to see what a given program or process is up to, and with lsof you can do this by name or by process ID. Here are a few options:
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### See what files and network connections a named command is using with -c ###
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# lsof -c syslog-ng
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COMMAND PID USER FD TYPE DEVICE SIZE NODE NAME
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syslog-ng 7547 root cwd DIR 3,3 4096 2 /
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syslog-ng 7547 root rtd DIR 3,3 4096 2 /
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syslog-ng 7547 root txt REG 3,3 113524 1064970 /usr/sbin/syslog-ng
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-- snipped --
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### See what a given process ID has open using -p ###
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# lsof -p 10075
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-- snipped --
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sshd 10068 root mem REG 3,3 34808 850407 /lib/libnss_files-2.4.so
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sshd 10068 root mem REG 3,3 34924 850409 /lib/libnss_nis-2.4.so
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sshd 10068 root mem REG 3,3 26596 850405 /lib/libnss_compat-2.4.so
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sshd 10068 root mem REG 3,3 200152 509940 /usr/lib/libssl.so.0.9.7
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sshd 10068 root mem REG 3,3 46216 510014 /usr/lib/liblber-2.3
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sshd 10068 root mem REG 3,3 59868 850413 /lib/libresolv-2.4.so
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sshd 10068 root mem REG 3,3 1197180 850396 /lib/libc-2.4.so
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sshd 10068 root mem REG 3,3 22168 850398 /lib/libcrypt-2.4.so
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sshd 10068 root mem REG 3,3 72784 850404 /lib/libnsl-2.4.so
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sshd 10068 root mem REG 3,3 70632 850417 /lib/libz.so.1.2.3
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sshd 10068 root mem REG 3,3 9992 850416 /lib/libutil-2.4.so
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-- snipped --
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### The -t option returns just a PID ###
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# lsof -t -c Mail
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350
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#### Files and Directories ####
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By looking at a given file or directory you can see what all on the system is interacting with it–including users, processes, etc.
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#### Show everything interacting with a given directory ####
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# lsof /var/log/messages/
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COMMAND PID USER FD TYPE DEVICE SIZE NODE NAME
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syslog-ng 7547 root 4w REG 3,3 217309 834024 /var/log/messages
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### Show everything interacting with a given file ###
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# lsof /home/daniel/firewall_whitelist.txt
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#### Advanced Usage ####
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Similar to [tcpdump][4], the power really shows itself when you start combining queries.
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### Show me everything daniel is doing connected to 1.1.1.1 ###
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# lsof -u daniel -i @1.1.1.1
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bkdr 1893 daniel 3u IPv6 3456 TCP 10.10.1.10:1234->1.1.1.1:31337 (ESTABLISHED)
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### Using the -t and -c options together to HUP processes ###
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# kill -HUP `lsof -t -c sshd`
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### lsof +L1 shows you all open files that have a link count less than 1 ###
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This is often (but not always) indicative of an attacker trying to hide file content by unlinking it.
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# lsof +L1
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(hopefully nothing)
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### Show open connections with a port range ###
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# lsof -i @fw.google.com:2150=2180
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#### Conclusion ####
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This primer just scratches the surface of lsof‘s functionality. For a full reference, run man lsof or check out [the online version][5]. I hope this has been useful to you, and as always,[comments and corrections are welcomed][6].
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### Resources ###
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- The lsof man page:[http://www.netadmintools.com/html/lsof.man.html][7]
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: http://linuxaria.com/howto/linux-terminal-an-lsof-primer
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作者：[Daniel Miessler][a]
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]:https://plus.google.com/101727609700016666852/posts?rel=author
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[1]:http://danielmiessler.com/study/lsof/
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[2]:http://linuxaria.com/tag/security
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[3]:http://linuxaria.com/tag/network
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[4]:http://danielmiessler.com/study/tcpdump/
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[5]:http://www.netadmintools.com/html/lsof.man.html
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[6]:http://danielmiessler.com/connect/
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[7]:http://www.netadmintools.com/html/lsof.man.html
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252
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Linux终端：lsof入门
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================================================================================
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Daniel Miessler撰写，首次在他[博客][1]上贴出
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**lsof**是系统管理/[安全][2]尤伯工具。我大多数时候用它来从系统获得与[网络][3]连接相关的信息，但那只是这个强大而又鲜为人知的应用的第一步。将这个工具称之为lsof真实名副其实，因为它是指“**列出打开文件（lists openfiles）**”。而有一点要切记，在Unix中一切（包括网络套接口）都是文件。
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有趣的是，lsof也是有着最多开关的Linux/Unix命令。它有那么多的开关，它必须同时使用-和+。
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usage: [-?abhlnNoOPRstUvV] [+|-c c] [+|-d s] [+D D] [+|-f[cgG]]
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[-F [f]] [-g [s]] [-i [i]] [+|-L [l]] [+|-M] [-o [o]]
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[-p s] [+|-r [t]] [-S [t]] [-T [t]] [-u s] [+|-w] [-x [fl]] [--] [names]
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正如你所见，lsof有着实在是令人惊讶的选项数量。你可以使用它来获得你系统上设备的信息，你能通过它了解到指定的用户在指定的地点正在碰什么东西，或者甚至是一个进程正在使用什么文件或网络连接。
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对于我，lsof替代了netstat和ps的全部工作。它可以带来那些工具所能带来的一切，而且要比那些工具多得多。那么，让我们来看看它的一些基本能力吧：
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### 关键选项 ###
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理解一些关于lsof如何工作的关键性东西是很重要的。最重要的是，当你给它传递选项时，默认行为是对结果进行或运算。因此，如果你正是用-i来拉出一个端口列表，同时又用-p来拉出一个进程列表，那么默认情况下你会获得两者的结果。
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下面的一些其它东西需要牢记：
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- **default** : 没有选项，lsof列出活跃进程的所有打开文件
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- **grouping** : 可以分组选项，如-abc，但要当心哪些选项需要参数
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- **-a** : 结果进行与运算（而不是或）
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- **-l** : 在输出显示用户ID而不是用户名
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- **-h** : 获得帮助
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- **-t** : 仅获取进程ID
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- **-U** : 获取UNIX套接口地址
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- **-F** : 输出结果为其它命令准备好，可以通过多种方式格式化，如-F pcfn（用于进程id、命令名、文件描述符、文件名，并以空终止）
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#### 获取网络信息 ####
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正如我所说的，我主要将lsof用于获取关于系统怎么和网络交互的信息。这里提供了关于此信息的一些主题：
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### 使用-i显示所有连接 ###
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有些人喜欢用netstat来获取网络连接，但是我更喜欢使用lsof来进行此项工作。结果以对我来说很直观的方式呈现，而我了解到，我仅仅只需改变我的语法，就可以通过同样的命令来获取更多信息。
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# lsof -i
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COMMAND PID USER FD TYPE DEVICE SIZE NODE NAME
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dhcpcd 6061 root 4u IPv4 4510 UDP *:bootpc
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sshd 7703 root 3u IPv6 6499 TCP *:ssh (LISTEN)
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sshd 7892 root 3u IPv6 6757 TCP 10.10.1.5:ssh->192.168.1.5:49901 (ESTABLISHED)
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### 使用-i 6仅获取IPv6流量 ###
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# lsof -i 6
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### 仅显示TCP连接（同理可获得UDP连接） ###
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你也可以通过在-i后提供对应的协议来仅仅显示TCP或者UDP连接信息。
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# lsof -iTCP
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COMMAND PID USER FD TYPE DEVICE SIZE NODE NAME
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sshd 7703 root 3u IPv6 6499 TCP *:ssh (LISTEN)
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sshd 7892 root 3u IPv6 6757 TCP 10.10.1.5:ssh->192.168.1.5:49901 (ESTABLISHED)
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### 使用-i:port来显示与指定端口相关的网络信息 ###
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或者，你也可以通过端口搜索，这对于要找出什么阻止了另外一个应用绑定到指定端口实在是太棒了。
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# lsof -i :22
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COMMAND PID USER FD TYPE DEVICE SIZE NODE NAME
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sshd 7703 root 3u IPv6 6499 TCP *:ssh (LISTEN)
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sshd 7892 root 3u IPv6 6757 TCP 10.10.1.5:ssh->192.168.1.5:49901 (ESTABLISHED)
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### 使用@host来显示指定到指定主机的连接 ###
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这对于你在检查是否开放连接到网络中或互联网上某个指定主机的连接时十分有用。
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# lsof -i@172.16.12.5
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sshd 7892 root 3u IPv6 6757 TCP 10.10.1.5:ssh->172.16.12.5:49901 (ESTABLISHED)
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### 使用@host:port显示基于主机与端口的连接 ###
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你也可以组合主机与端口的显示信息。
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# lsof -i@172.16.12.5:22
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sshd 7892 root 3u IPv6 6757 TCP 10.10.1.5:ssh->192.168.1.5:49901 (ESTABLISHED)
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### 找出监听端口 ###
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找出正等候连接的端口。
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# lsof -i -sTCP:LISTEN
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你也可以grep “LISTEN”来完成该任务。
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# lsof -i | grep -i LISTEN
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iTunes 400 daniel 16u IPv4 0x4575228 0t0 TCP *:daap (LISTEN)
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### 找出已建立的连接 ###
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你也可以显示任何已经连接的连接。
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# lsof -i -sTCP:ESTABLISHED
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你也可以通过grep搜索“ESTABLISHED”来完成该任务。
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# lsof -i | grep -i ESTABLISHED
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||||
|
||||
firefox-b 169 daniel 49u IPv4 0t0 TCP 1.2.3.3:1863->1.2.3.4:http (ESTABLISHED)
|
||||
|
||||
#### 用户信息 ####
|
||||
|
||||
你也可以获取各种用户的信息，以及它们在系统上正干着的事情，包括它们的网络活动、对文件的操作等。
|
||||
|
||||
### 使用-u显示指定用户打开了什么 ###
|
||||
|
||||
# lsof -u daniel
|
||||
|
||||
-- snipped --
|
||||
Dock 155 daniel txt REG 14,2 2798436 823208 /usr/lib/libicucore.A.dylib
|
||||
Dock 155 daniel txt REG 14,2 1580212 823126 /usr/lib/libobjc.A.dylib
|
||||
Dock 155 daniel txt REG 14,2 2934184 823498 /usr/lib/libstdc++.6.0.4.dylib
|
||||
Dock 155 daniel txt REG 14,2 132008 823505 /usr/lib/libgcc_s.1.dylib
|
||||
Dock 155 daniel txt REG 14,2 212160 823214 /usr/lib/libauto.dylib
|
||||
-- snipped --
|
||||
|
||||
### 使用-u ^user来显示除指定用户以外的其它所有用户所做的事情 ###
|
||||
|
||||
# lsof -u ^daniel
|
||||
|
||||
-- snipped --
|
||||
Dock 155 jim txt REG 14,2 2798436 823208 /usr/lib/libicucore.A.dylib
|
||||
Dock 155 jim txt REG 14,2 1580212 823126 /usr/lib/libobjc.A.dylib
|
||||
Dock 155 jim txt REG 14,2 2934184 823498 /usr/lib/libstdc++.6.0.4.dylib
|
||||
Dock 155 jim txt REG 14,2 132008 823505 /usr/lib/libgcc_s.1.dylib
|
||||
Dock 155 jim txt REG 14,2 212160 823214 /usr/lib/libauto.dylib
|
||||
-- snipped --
|
||||
|
||||
### 杀死指定用户所做的一切事情 ###
|
||||
|
||||
可以消灭指定用户运行的所有东西，这真不错。
|
||||
|
||||
# kill -9 `lsof -t -u daniel`
|
||||
|
||||
#### 命令和进程 ####
|
||||
|
||||
可以查看指定程序或进程由什么决定，这通常会很有用，而你可以使用lsof通过名称或进程ID过滤来完成这个任务。下面列出了一些选项：
|
||||
|
||||
### 使用-c查看指定的命令正在使用的文件和网络连接 ###
|
||||
|
||||
# lsof -c syslog-ng
|
||||
|
||||
COMMAND PID USER FD TYPE DEVICE SIZE NODE NAME
|
||||
syslog-ng 7547 root cwd DIR 3,3 4096 2 /
|
||||
syslog-ng 7547 root rtd DIR 3,3 4096 2 /
|
||||
syslog-ng 7547 root txt REG 3,3 113524 1064970 /usr/sbin/syslog-ng
|
||||
-- snipped --
|
||||
|
||||
### 使用-p查看指定进程ID已打开的内容 ###
|
||||
|
||||
# lsof -p 10075
|
||||
|
||||
-- snipped --
|
||||
sshd 10068 root mem REG 3,3 34808 850407 /lib/libnss_files-2.4.so
|
||||
sshd 10068 root mem REG 3,3 34924 850409 /lib/libnss_nis-2.4.so
|
||||
sshd 10068 root mem REG 3,3 26596 850405 /lib/libnss_compat-2.4.so
|
||||
sshd 10068 root mem REG 3,3 200152 509940 /usr/lib/libssl.so.0.9.7
|
||||
sshd 10068 root mem REG 3,3 46216 510014 /usr/lib/liblber-2.3
|
||||
sshd 10068 root mem REG 3,3 59868 850413 /lib/libresolv-2.4.so
|
||||
sshd 10068 root mem REG 3,3 1197180 850396 /lib/libc-2.4.so
|
||||
sshd 10068 root mem REG 3,3 22168 850398 /lib/libcrypt-2.4.so
|
||||
sshd 10068 root mem REG 3,3 72784 850404 /lib/libnsl-2.4.so
|
||||
sshd 10068 root mem REG 3,3 70632 850417 /lib/libz.so.1.2.3
|
||||
sshd 10068 root mem REG 3,3 9992 850416 /lib/libutil-2.4.so
|
||||
-- snipped --
|
||||
|
||||
### -t选项只返回PID ###
|
||||
|
||||
# lsof -t -c Mail
|
||||
|
||||
350
|
||||
|
||||
#### 文件和目录 ####
|
||||
|
||||
通过查看指定文件或目录，你可以看到系统上所有正与其交互的资源——包括用户、进程等。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 显示与指定目录交互的所有一切 ####
|
||||
|
||||
# lsof /var/log/messages/
|
||||
|
||||
COMMAND PID USER FD TYPE DEVICE SIZE NODE NAME
|
||||
syslog-ng 7547 root 4w REG 3,3 217309 834024 /var/log/messages
|
||||
|
||||
### 显示与指定文件交互的所有一切 ###
|
||||
|
||||
# lsof /home/daniel/firewall_whitelist.txt
|
||||
|
||||
#### 高级用法 ####
|
||||
|
||||
与[tcpdump][4]类似，当你开始组合查询时，它就显示了它强大的功能。
|
||||
|
||||
### 显示daniel连接到1.1.1.1所做的一切 ###
|
||||
|
||||
# lsof -u daniel -i @1.1.1.1
|
||||
|
||||
bkdr 1893 daniel 3u IPv6 3456 TCP 10.10.1.10:1234->1.1.1.1:31337 (ESTABLISHED)
|
||||
|
||||
### 同时使用-t和-c选项以挂起进程 ###
|
||||
|
||||
# kill -HUP `lsof -t -c sshd`
|
||||
|
||||
### lsof +L1显示所有打开的链接数小于1的文件 ###
|
||||
|
||||
这通常（当不总是）表示某个攻击者正尝试通过取消文件链接来隐藏文件。
|
||||
|
||||
# lsof +L1
|
||||
|
||||
(hopefully nothing)
|
||||
|
||||
### 显示某个端口范围的开放连接 ###
|
||||
|
||||
# lsof -i @fw.google.com:2150=2180
|
||||
|
||||
#### 结尾 ####
|
||||
|
||||
This primer just scratches the surface of lsof‘s functionality. For a full reference, run man lsof or check out [the online version][5]. I hope this has been useful to you, and as always,[comments and corrections are welcomed][6].
|
||||
本入门教程只是管窥了lsof功能的一斑，要查看完整参考，运行man lsof命令或查看[在线版本][5]。希望本文对你有所助益，也随时[欢迎你的评论和指正][6]。
|
||||
|
||||
### 资源 ###
|
||||
|
||||
- lsof手册页：[http://www.netadmintools.com/html/lsof.man.html][7]
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://linuxaria.com/howto/linux-terminal-an-lsof-primer
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Daniel Miessler][a]
|
||||
译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://plus.google.com/101727609700016666852/posts?rel=author
|
||||
[1]:http://danielmiessler.com/study/lsof/
|
||||
[2]:http://linuxaria.com/tag/security
|
||||
[3]:http://linuxaria.com/tag/network
|
||||
[4]:http://danielmiessler.com/study/tcpdump/
|
||||
[5]:http://www.netadmintools.com/html/lsof.man.html
|
||||
[6]:http://danielmiessler.com/connect/
|
||||
[7]:http://www.netadmintools.com/html/lsof.man.html
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user