From d096b5e45a04315c4ac4f5f1c9658127513c10a2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sat, 1 Aug 2020 22:19:38 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 1/8] APL --- sources/tech/20200730 10 cheat sheets for Linux sysadmins.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20200730 10 cheat sheets for Linux sysadmins.md b/sources/tech/20200730 10 cheat sheets for Linux sysadmins.md index 4443aaa57a..7ac7d0af06 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20200730 10 cheat sheets for Linux sysadmins.md +++ b/sources/tech/20200730 10 cheat sheets for Linux sysadmins.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (wxy) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 31ba6bad3634598150c48f003f5b5f5044726ee0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sat, 1 Aug 2020 23:42:21 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 2/8] TSL&PRF --- ...730 10 cheat sheets for Linux sysadmins.md | 126 ----------------- ...730 10 cheat sheets for Linux sysadmins.md | 128 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 128 insertions(+), 126 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20200730 10 cheat sheets for Linux sysadmins.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20200730 10 cheat sheets for Linux sysadmins.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20200730 10 cheat sheets for Linux sysadmins.md b/sources/tech/20200730 10 cheat sheets for Linux sysadmins.md deleted file mode 100644 index 7ac7d0af06..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20200730 10 cheat sheets for Linux sysadmins.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,126 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (wxy) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (10 cheat sheets for Linux sysadmins) -[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/20/7/sysadmin-cheat-sheets) -[#]: author: (Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth) - -10 cheat sheets for Linux sysadmins -====== -These quick reference guides make sysadmins' lives and daily tasks -significantly easier, and they're all freely available. -![People work on a computer server with devices][1] - -When you're a systems administrator, you don't just have one job; you have ALL the jobs, and often each one is on-demand with little to no warning. Unless you do a task every day, you may not always have all the commands and options you need in mind when you need them. And that's why I love cheat sheets. - -Cheat sheets help you avoid silly mistakes, they keep you from having to look through pages of documentation, and they keep you moving efficiently through your tasks. I've selected my favorite 10 cheat sheets for any sysadmin, regardless of experience level. - -### Networking - -Our [Linux networking][2] cheat sheet is like the swiss army knife of cheat sheets. It contains gentle reminders for the most common networking commands, including `nslookup`, `tcpdump`, `nmcli`, `netstat`, `traceroute`, and more. Most importantly, it uses `ip` so you can finally stop defaulting to `ifconfig`! - -### Firewall - -There are two groups of sysadmins—those who understand iptables and those who use iptables config files written by the first group. If you're a member of that first group, you can keep using your iptables configurations with or without [firewalld][3]. - -If you're a member of the second group, you can finally set aside your iptables anxiety and embrace the ease of firewalld. Go read [Secure your Linux network with firewall-cmd][4], and then download our [firewalld cheat sheet][5] to remember what you learned. Protecting your network ports has never been easier. - -### SSH - -Many sysadmins live in a [POSIX][6] shell, so it's no surprise that one of the most important tools on Linux is a remote shell they can run on someone else's computer. Anyone learning server administration usually gets acquainted with SSH pretty early, but many of us learn only the basics. - -Sure, SSH can open an interactive shell on a remote machine, but there's a lot more to it than that. For instance, say you need a graphical login on a remote machine. The user of the remote host is either away from the keyboard or else can't seem to understand your instructions for enabling VNC. As long as you have SSH access, you can open the port for them: - - -``` -$ ssh -L 5901:localhost:5901 <remote_host> -``` - -Learn about that, and more, with our [SSH cheat sheet][7]. - -### Linux users and permissions - -Traditional user accounts in the style of mainframes and UNIX supercomputers have largely been replaced now by systems such as Samba, LDAP, and OpenShift. That doesn't change the need, however, for careful admin and services account management. For that, you still need to be familiar with commands like `useradd`, `usermod`, `chown`, `chmod`, `passwd`, `gpasswd`, `umask`, and others. - -Keep my [users and permissions cheat sheet][8] handy, and you'll always have a sensible overview of tasks related to user management, and example commands demonstrating the correct syntax for whatever you need to do. - -### Essential Linux commands - -Not all sysadmins spend all their time in a terminal. Whether you just prefer a desktop for your work, and you're just starting out on Linux, sometimes it's nice to have a task-oriented reference for common terminal commands. - -It's difficult to capture everything you might need for an interface designed for flexibility and improvisation, but my [common commands cheat sheet][9] is pretty comprehensive. Modeled after a typical day in the life of any technically-inclined desktop user, this cheat sheet covers navigating your computer with text, finding absolute paths to files, copying and renaming files, making directories, starting system services, and more. - -### Git - -At one point in the history of computers, revision control was something only developers needed. But that was then, and Git is now. Version control is an important tool for anyone looking to track changes to anything from Bash scripts to configuration files, documentation, and code. Git is applicable to everyone, including programmers site reliability engineers (SRE), and even sysadmins. - -Get our [Git cheat sheet][10] to learn the essentials, the basic workflow, and the most important Git flags. - -### Curl - -Curl isn't necessarily a tool specific to sysadmins; it's technically "just" a non-interactive web browser for the terminal. You might go days without using it. And yet, chances are strong that you'll find Curl useful for something you do on a daily basis, whether it's a way to quickly reference some information on a website, to troubleshoot a web host, or to verify an important API you either run or rely upon. - -Curl is a command to transfer data to and from a server, and it supports protocols including HTTP, FTP, IMAP, LDAP, POP3, SCP, SFTP, SMB, SMTP, and more. It's a vital networking tool, so download our [cheat sheet][11] and start exploring Curl. - -### SELinux - -Linux security policies are good by default, with strong separation between root and user privileges, but SELinux improves upon that using a labeling system. On a host configured with SELinux, every process and every file object (or directory, network port, device, and so on) has a label. SELinux provides a set of rules to control the access of a process label to an object (like a file) label. - -Sometimes you need to adjust SELinux policies, or debug something that didn't get set properly upon install, or gain insight into current policies. Our [SELinux cheat sheet][12] can help. - -### Kubectl - -Whether you've moved into an open hybrid cloud, a closed cloud, or you're still investigating what such a move will take, you need to know Kubernetes. While the cloud does still need people to wrangle physical servers, your future as a sysadmin is definitely going to involve containers, and nothing does that better than Kubernetes. - -While [OpenShift][13] provides a smooth "dashboard" experience for Kubernetes, sometimes a direct approach is necessary, which is exactly what `kubectl` provides. Next time you have to push containers around, make sure you have our [kubectl cheat sheet][14] on hand. - -### awk - -Linux has seen a lot of innovation in recent years; there have been virtual machines, containers, new security models, new init systems, clouds, and much more. And yet some things never seem to change. Particularly, a sysadmin's need to parse and isolate information from log files and other endless streams of data. There's still no better tool better suited for the job than Aho, Weinberger, and Kernighan's classic `awk` command. - -Of course, awk has come a long way since it was written way back in 1977, with new options and features to make it even easier to use. But if you don't use awk every day, all the options and syntax can be a little overwhelming. Download our [awk cheat sheet][15] for the executive summary of how GNU awk works. - -### Bonus: Bash scripting - -Cheat sheets are useful, but if you're looking for something a little more comprehensive, you can download our [Bash scripting book][16]. This guide teaches you how to combine all the commands you know from cheat sheets and experience into scripts, helping you build an arsenal of on-call, automated solutions to solve your everyday problems. It's packed with detailed explanations of how Bash works, how scripting is different from interactive commands, how to catch errors, and much more. - -### Enabling sysadmins - -Are you a sysadmin? -Are you on your way to becoming one? -Are you curious about what sysadmins do all day? - -If so, check out [Enable Sysadmin][17] for new articles from the industry's hardest working systems administrators about what they do and how Linux and open source make it all possible. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://opensource.com/article/20/7/sysadmin-cheat-sheets - -作者：[Seth Kenlon][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://opensource.com/users/seth -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/rh_003499_01_linux11x_cc.png?itok=XMDOouJR (People work on a computer server with devices) -[2]: https://opensource.com/downloads/cheat-sheet-networking -[3]: https://firewalld.org/ -[4]: https://www.redhat.com/sysadmin/secure-linux-network-firewall-cmd -[5]: https://opensource.com/downloads/firewall-cheat-sheet -[6]: https://opensource.com/article/19/7/what-posix-richard-stallman-explains -[7]: https://opensource.com/downloads/advanced-ssh-cheat-sheet -[8]: https://opensource.com/downloads/linux-permissions-cheat-sheet -[9]: https://opensource.com/downloads/linux-common-commands-cheat-sheet -[10]: https://opensource.com/downloads/cheat-sheet-git -[11]: https://opensource.com/downloads/curl-command-cheat-sheet -[12]: https://opensource.com/downloads/cheat-sheet-selinux -[13]: https://opensource.com/tags/openshift -[14]: https://opensource.com/downloads/kubectl-cheat-sheet -[15]: https://opensource.com/downloads/cheat-sheet-awk-features -[16]: https://opensource.com/downloads/bash-scripting-ebook -[17]: http://redhat.com/sysadmin diff --git a/translated/tech/20200730 10 cheat sheets for Linux sysadmins.md b/translated/tech/20200730 10 cheat sheets for Linux sysadmins.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..b0056321de --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20200730 10 cheat sheets for Linux sysadmins.md @@ -0,0 +1,128 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (wxy) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (10 cheat sheets for Linux sysadmins) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/20/7/sysadmin-cheat-sheets) +[#]: author: (Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth) + +Linux 系统管理员的 10 份速查表 +====== + +> 这些快速参考指南让系统管理员的生活和日常工作变得更轻松，而且它们都是免费提供的。 + +![People work on a computer server with devices][1] + +作为一名系统管理员，你做所的不是一件工作，而是**全部**工作，而且往往每一件工作都是随时随地出现，毫无预兆。除非你每天都只做一项任务，否则当需要的时候，你可能并不总是都能将所有的命令和选项都记在脑海里。这就是为什么我喜欢速查表的原因。 + +速查表可以帮助你避免愚蠢的错误，它们可以让你不必翻阅数页的文档，并让你高效地完成任务。我为每位系统管理员挑选了我最喜欢的 10 个速查表，无论他的经验水平如何。 + +### 网络 + +我们的《[Linux 网络][2]》速查表是速查表界的的瑞士军刀，它包含了最常见的网络命令的简单提醒，包括 `nslookup`、`tcpdump`、`nmcli`、`netstat`、`traceroute` 等。最重要的是，它用了 `ip` 命令，所以你终于可以不用再默认使用 `ifconfig` 命令了！ + +### 防火墙 + +系统管理员有两种：了解 `iptables` 的和使用前一类人编写的 `iptables` 配置文件的。如果你是第一类人，你可以继续使用你的 `iptables` 配置，有没有 [firewalld][3] 都无所谓。 + +如果你是第二类人，你终于可以放下你的 iptables 焦虑，拥抱 firewalld 的轻松。阅读《[用 firewall-cmd 保护你的 Linux 网络][4]》，然后下载我们的《[firewalld 速查表][5]》来记住你所学到的东西，保护你的网络端口从未如此简单。 + +### SSH + +许多系统管理员都用的是 [POSIX][6] shell，所以可以在别人的计算机上运行的远程 shell 是 Linux 上最重要的工具之一也就不足为奇了。任何学习服务器管理的人通常很早就学会了使用 SSH，但我们中的许多人只学习了基础知识。 + +当然，SSH 可以在远程机器上打开一个交互式的 shell，但它的功能远不止这些。比如说，你需要在远程机器上进行图形化登录。远程主机的用户要么不在键盘旁边，要么无法理解你启用 VNC 的指令。只要你有 SSH 权限，就可以为他们打开端口。 + +``` +$ ssh -L 5901:localhost:5901 +``` + +通过我们的《[SSH 速查表][7]》了解更多。 + +### Linux 用户和权限 + +传统的大型机和 UNIX 超级计算机风格的用户账户现在基本上已经被 Samba、LDAP 和 OpenShift等系统所取代。然而，这并没有改变对管理员和服务账户仔细管理的需求。为此，你仍然需要熟悉`useradd`、`usermod`、`chown`、`chmod`、`passwd`、`gpasswd`、`umask` 等命令。 + +把我的《[用户和权限速查表][8]》放在手边，你就可以随时对与用户管理有关的任务进行合理的概览，并有实例命令演示你需要做的任何事情的正确语法。 + +### 基本的 Linux 命令 + +并不是所有的系统管理员都会把所有的时间花在终端上。无论你是否喜欢在桌面上工作，还是刚开始使用 Linux，有时为常用的终端命令提供一个任务导向的参考是很好的。 + +对于一个为灵活性和即兴性而设计的界面来说，找到所有你可能需要的东西是很困难的，但我的《[常用命令速查表][9]》是相当全面的。这张速查表以任何技术型桌面用户的典型生活为蓝本，涵盖了用命令在计算机内导航、寻找文件的绝对路径、复制和重命名文件、建立目录、启动系统服务等内容。 + +### Git + +在计算机的历史上，版本控制曾经是只有开发者才需要的东西。但那是过去，而 Git 是现在。对于任何希望跟踪从 Bash 脚本到配置文件、文档和代码的变化的人来说，版本控制是一个重要的工具。Git 适用于每个人，包括程序员、网站可靠性工程师（SRE），甚至系统管理员。 + +获取我们的《[Git 速查表][10]》来学习要领、基本工作流程和最重要的 Git 标志。 + +### Curl + +Curl 不一定是系统管理员专用的工具，从技术上讲，它“只是”一个用于终端的非交互式 Web 浏览器。你可能几天都不用它一次。然而，你很有可能会发现 Curl 对你每天要做的事情很有用，不管是快速参考网站上的一些信息，还是排除网络主机的故障，或者是验证你运行或依赖的一个重要 API。 + +Curl 是一个向服务器传输数据的命令，它支持的协议包括 HTTP、FTP、IMAP、LDAP、POP3、SCP、SFTP、SMB、SMTP 等。它是一个重要的网络工具，所以下载我们的《[Curl 速查表][11]》，开始探索 Curl 吧。 + +### SELinux + +Linux 的安全策略在默认情况下是很好的，root 权限和用户权限之间有很强的分离，但 SELinux 使用标签系统对其进行了改进。在配置了 SELinux 的主机上，每个进程和每个文件对象（或目录、网络端口、设备等）都有一个标签。SELinux 提供了一套规则来控制进程标签对对象（如文件）标签的访问。 + +有时候你需要调整 SELinux 策略，或者调试一些安装时没有正确设置的东西，或者深入了解当前的策略。我们的《[SELinux 速查表][12]》可以提供帮助。 + +### Kubectl + +无论你是已经迁移到了开放的混合云、封闭的私有云，还是你还在研究这样的迁移需要准备什么，你都需要了解 Kubernetes。虽然云确实还需要人去摆弄物理服务器，但作为一个系统管理员，你的未来肯定会涉及到容器，而没有什么比 Kubernetes 更能做到这一点。 + +虽然 [OpenShift][13] 为 Kubernetes 提供了流畅的“仪表盘”体验，但有时需要一种直接的方法，这正是 `kubectl` 提供的。下一次当你不得不到处推送容器时，请确保你手头有我们的《[kubectl 速查表][14]》。 + +### awk + +近几年来，Linux 经历了很多创新，有虚拟机、容器、新的安全模型、新的初始化系统、云等等。然而有些东西似乎永远不会改变。尤其是，系统管理员需要从日志文件和其它无尽的数据流中解析和隔离信息。仍然没有比 Aho、Weinberger 和 Kernighan 的经典 `awk` 命令更适合这项工作的工具。 + +当然，自从 1977 年它被编写出来后，`awk` 已经走过了很长的路，新的选项和功能使它更容易使用。但如果你不是每天都在使用 `awk`，那么多的选项和语法可能会让你有点不知所措。下载我们的《[awk 速查表][15]》，了解 GNU awk 的工作原理。 + +### 赠品：Bash 脚本编程 + +速查表是有用的，但如果你想找更全面的东西，你可以下载我们的《[Bash 脚本编程手册][16]》。这本指南教你如何将你从速查表中了解到的所有命令和经验结合到脚本中，帮助你建立一个随时能用的自动化解决方案库来解决你的日常问题。本书内容丰富，详细讲解了 Bash 的工作原理、脚本与交互式命令的区别、如何捕捉错误等。 + +### 赋能系统管理员 + +你是一名系统管理员吗？ + +你正在成为一名系统管理员的路上吗？ + +你是否对系统管理员一天都在做什么感到好奇？ + +如果是的话，请查看《[赋能系统管理员][17]》，这里有来自业界最勤奋的系统管理员的新文章，讲述他们的工作，以及 Linux 和开源如何让这一切成为可能。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/20/7/sysadmin-cheat-sheets + +作者：[Seth Kenlon][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/seth +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/rh_003499_01_linux11x_cc.png?itok=XMDOouJR (People work on a computer server with devices) +[2]: https://opensource.com/downloads/cheat-sheet-networking +[3]: https://firewalld.org/ +[4]: https://www.redhat.com/sysadmin/secure-linux-network-firewall-cmd +[5]: https://opensource.com/downloads/firewall-cheat-sheet +[6]: https://opensource.com/article/19/7/what-posix-richard-stallman-explains +[7]: https://opensource.com/downloads/advanced-ssh-cheat-sheet +[8]: https://opensource.com/downloads/linux-permissions-cheat-sheet +[9]: https://opensource.com/downloads/linux-common-commands-cheat-sheet +[10]: https://opensource.com/downloads/cheat-sheet-git +[11]: https://opensource.com/downloads/curl-command-cheat-sheet +[12]: https://opensource.com/downloads/cheat-sheet-selinux +[13]: https://opensource.com/tags/openshift +[14]: https://opensource.com/downloads/kubectl-cheat-sheet +[15]: https://opensource.com/downloads/cheat-sheet-awk-features +[16]: https://opensource.com/downloads/bash-scripting-ebook +[17]: http://redhat.com/sysadmin From 8c6e15af59180bdf742439ba4d18e982bb10ac43 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sun, 2 Aug 2020 00:12:55 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 3/8] APL --- sources/tech/20200728 Digging for DNS answers on Linux.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20200728 Digging for DNS answers on Linux.md b/sources/tech/20200728 Digging for DNS answers on Linux.md index 70c1d2a73c..86dc072703 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20200728 Digging for DNS answers on Linux.md +++ b/sources/tech/20200728 Digging for DNS answers on Linux.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (wxy) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 365300f0b767847a6fcb4635992dfea7b2cdcbd4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sun, 2 Aug 2020 01:00:43 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 4/8] TSL&PRF --- ...200728 Digging for DNS answers on Linux.md | 235 ------------------ ...200728 Digging for DNS answers on Linux.md | 227 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 227 insertions(+), 235 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20200728 Digging for DNS answers on Linux.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20200728 Digging for DNS answers on Linux.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20200728 Digging for DNS answers on Linux.md b/sources/tech/20200728 Digging for DNS answers on Linux.md deleted file mode 100644 index 86dc072703..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20200728 Digging for DNS answers on Linux.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,235 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (wxy) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (Digging for DNS answers on Linux) -[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3568488/digging-for-dns-answers-on-linux.html) -[#]: author: (Sandra Henry-Stocker https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/) - -Digging for DNS answers on Linux -====== -Dig is a powerful and flexible tool for interrogating domain name system (DNS) servers. In this post, we’ll take a deep dive into how it works and what it can tell you. -[Laurie Avocado][1] [(CC BY 2.0)][2] - -Dig is a powerful and flexible tool for interrogating DNS name servers. It performs DNS lookups and displays the answers that are returned from the name servers that were involved in the process along with details related to the search. System and [DNS][3] administrators often use **dig** to help troubleshoot DNS problems. In this post, we’ll take a deep dive into how it works and see what it can tell us. - -To get started, it's helpful to have a good mental image of how DNS or domain name system works. It's a critical part of the global Internet because it provides a way to look up and, thereby, connect with servers around the world. You can think of it as the Internet's address book and any system that is properly connected to the Internet should be able to use it to look up the IP address of any properly registered server. - -### Getting started with dig - -The **dig** tool is generally installed on Linux systems by default. Here’s an example of a **dig** command with a little annotation: - -``` -$ dig www.networkworld.com - -; <<>> DiG 9.16.1-Ubuntu <<>> www.networkworld.com <== version of dig you’re using -;; global options: +cmd -;; Got answer: -;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 6034 -;; flags: qr rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 2, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 1 - -;; OPT PSEUDOSECTION: -; EDNS: version: 0, flags:; udp: 65494 -;; QUESTION SECTION: <== details on your query -;www.networkworld.com. IN A - -;; ANSWER SECTION: <== results - -www.networkworld.com. 3568 IN CNAME idg.map.fastly.net. -idg.map.fastly.net. 30 IN A 151.101.250.165 - -;; Query time: 36 msec <== query time -;; SERVER: 127.0.0.53#53(127.0.0.53) <== local caching resolver -;; WHEN: Fri Jul 24 19:11:42 EDT 2020 <== date and time of inquiry -;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 97 <== bytes returned -``` - -If you get a response like this, is it good news?  The short answer is “yes”. You got a reply in a timely manner. The status field (status: NOERROR) shows there were no problems. You’re connecting to a name server that is able to supply the requested information and getting a reply that tells you some important details about the system you’re inquiring about. In short, you’ve verified that your system and the domain name system are getting along just fine. - -Other possible status indicators include: - -**SERVFAIL** – The name that was queried exists, but no data is available or available data is invalid. - -**NXDOMAIN** – The name in question does not exist. - -**REFUSED** – The zone does not exist at the requested authority and the infrastructure is not set up to provide responses when this is the case. - -Here's an example of what you'd see if you were looking up a domain that doesn't exist: - -``` -$ dig cannotbe.org - -; <<>> DiG 9.16.1-Ubuntu <<>> cannotbe.org -;; global options: +cmd -;; Got answer: -;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NXDOMAIN, id: 35348 -;; flags: qr rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 0, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 1 -``` - -In general, **dig** provides more details than **ping**, though **ping** will respond with "Name or service not known" if the domain doesn't exit. When you ask about a legitimate system, you get to see what the domain name system knows about the system, how those records are configured and how long it takes to retrieve that data. - -In fact, sometimes **dig** can respond with information when **ping** cannot respond at all and that kind of information can be very helpful when you're trying to nail down a connection problem. - -### DNS record types and flags - -One thing we can see in the first query above is the presence of both **CNAME** and **A** records. The **CNAME** (canonical name) is like an alias that refers one domain name to another. Most systems that you dig for won’t have a **CNAME** record, but only an **A** record. If you run a “dig localhost” command, you will see an **A** record that simply refers to 127.0.0.1 – the "loopback" address that every system uses. An **A** record maps a name to an IP address. - -The DNS record types include: - - * A or AAAA -– IPv4 and IPv6 addresses - * CNAME –- alias - * MX –- mail exchanger - * NS –- name server - * PTR –- a reversing entry that lets you find a system name when providing the IP address - * SOA –- start of authority record - * TXT –- some related text - - - -We also see a series of “flags” on the fifth line of output. These are defined in [RFC 1035][4] which defines the flags included in the header of DNS messages and even shows the format of headers. - -``` - 1 1 1 1 1 1 - 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 -+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+ -| ID | -+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+ -|QR| Opcode |AA|TC|RD|RA| Z | RCODE | -+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+ -| QDCOUNT | -+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+ -| ANCOUNT | -+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+ -| NSCOUNT | -+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+ -| ARCOUNT | -+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+ -``` - -The flags shown in the fifth line in the initial query above are: - - * **qr** = query - * **rd** = recursion desired - * **ra** = recursion available - - - -Other flags described in the RFC include: - - * **aa** = authoritative answer - * **cd** = checking disabled - * **ad** = authentic data - * **opcode** = a 4-bit field - * **tc** = truncation - * **z** (unused) - - - -### Adding the +trace option - -You will get a LOT more output from **dig** if you add **+trace** as an option. It will add information that shows how your DNS query rooted through the hierarchy of name servers to locate the answer you’re looking for. - -All the **NS** records shown below reflect name servers – and this is just the first section of data you will see as the query runs through the hierarchy of name servers to track down what you're looking for.  - -``` -$ dig +trace networkworld.com - -; <<>> DiG 9.16.1-Ubuntu <<>> +trace networkworld.com -;; global options: +cmd -. 84895 IN NS k.root-servers.net. -. 84895 IN NS e.root-servers.net. -. 84895 IN NS m.root-servers.net. -. 84895 IN NS h.root-servers.net. -. 84895 IN NS c.root-servers.net. -. 84895 IN NS f.root-servers.net. -. 84895 IN NS a.root-servers.net. -. 84895 IN NS g.root-servers.net. -. 84895 IN NS l.root-servers.net. -. 84895 IN NS d.root-servers.net. -. 84895 IN NS b.root-servers.net. -. 84895 IN NS i.root-servers.net. -. 84895 IN NS j.root-servers.net. -;; Received 262 bytes from 127.0.0.53#53(127.0.0.53) in 28 ms -... -``` - -Eventually, you'll get information tied directly to your request. - -``` -networkworld.com. 300 IN A 151.101.2.165 -networkworld.com. 300 IN A 151.101.66.165 -networkworld.com. 300 IN A 151.101.130.165 -networkworld.com. 300 IN A 151.101.194.165 -networkworld.com. 14400 IN NS ns-d.pnap.net. -networkworld.com. 14400 IN NS ns-a.pnap.net. -networkworld.com. 14400 IN NS ns0.pcworld.com. -networkworld.com. 14400 IN NS ns1.pcworld.com. -networkworld.com. 14400 IN NS ns-b.pnap.net. -networkworld.com. 14400 IN NS ns-c.pnap.net. -;; Received 269 bytes from 70.42.185.30#53(ns0.pcworld.com) in 116 ms -``` - -### Picking your responder - -You can use the **@** sign to specify a particular name server that you want to handle your query. Here we’re asking the primary name server for Google to respond to our query: - -``` -$ dig @8.8.8.8 networkworld.com - -; <<>> DiG 9.16.1-Ubuntu <<>> @8.8.8.8 networkworld.com -; (1 server found) -;; global options: +cmd -;; Got answer: -;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 43640 -;; flags: qr rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 4, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 1 - -;; OPT PSEUDOSECTION: -; EDNS: version: 0, flags:; udp: 512 -;; QUESTION SECTION: -;networkworld.com. IN A - -;; ANSWER SECTION: -networkworld.com. 299 IN A 151.101.66.165 -networkworld.com. 299 IN A 151.101.194.165 -networkworld.com. 299 IN A 151.101.130.165 -networkworld.com. 299 IN A 151.101.2.165 - -;; Query time: 48 msec -;; SERVER: 8.8.8.8#53(8.8.8.8) -;; WHEN: Sat Jul 25 11:21:19 EDT 2020 -;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 109 -``` - -The command shown below does a reverse lookup of the 8.8.8.8 IP address to show that it belongs to Google's DNS server. - -``` -$ nslookup 8.8.8.8 -8.8.8.8.in-addr.arpa name = dns.google. -``` - -#### Wrap-Up - -The dig command is an essential tool for both grasping how DNS works and troubleshooting connection problems when they arise. - -Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][5] and [LinkedIn][6] to comment on topics that are top of mind. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3568488/digging-for-dns-answers-on-linux.html - -作者：[Sandra Henry-Stocker][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://www.flickr.com/photos/auntylaurie/15997799384 -[2]: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/legalcode -[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3268449/what-is-dns-and-how-does-it-work.html -[4]: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1035 -[5]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ -[6]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world diff --git a/translated/tech/20200728 Digging for DNS answers on Linux.md b/translated/tech/20200728 Digging for DNS answers on Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..41ca81da88 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20200728 Digging for DNS answers on Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,227 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (wxy) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Digging for DNS answers on Linux) +[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3568488/digging-for-dns-answers-on-linux.html) +[#]: author: (Sandra Henry-Stocker https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/) + +在 Linux 上挖掘 DNS 应答中的秘密 +====== + +> dig 是一个强大而灵活的工具，用于查询域名系统（DNS）服务器。在这篇文章中，我们将深入了解它的工作原理以及它能告诉你什么。 + +![Laurie Avocado][1] + +`dig` 是一款强大而灵活的查询 DNS 名称服务器的工具。它执行 DNS 查询，并显示参与该过程的名称服务器返回的应答以及与搜索相关的细节。系统管理员和 [DNS][3] 管理员经常使用 `dig` 来帮助排除 DNS 问题。在这篇文章中，我们将深入了解它的工作原理，看看它能告诉我们什么。 + +开始之前，对 DNS（域名系统）的工作方式有一个基本的印象是很有帮助的。它是全球互联网的关键部分，因为它提供了一种查找世界各地的服务器的方式，从而可以与之连接。你可以把它看作是互联网的地址簿，任何正确连接到互联网的系统，都应该能够使用它来查询任何正确注册的服务器的 IP 地址。 + +### dig 入门 + +Linux 系统上一般都默认安装了 `dig` 工具。下面是一个带有一点注释的 `dig` 命令的例子： + +``` +$ dig www.networkworld.com + +; <<>> DiG 9.16.1-Ubuntu <<>> www.networkworld.com <== 你使用的 dig 版本 +;; global options: +cmd +;; Got answer: +;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 6034 +;; flags: qr rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 2, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 1 + +;; OPT PSEUDOSECTION: +; EDNS: version: 0, flags:; udp: 65494 +;; QUESTION SECTION: <== 你的查询细节 +;www.networkworld.com. IN A + +;; ANSWER SECTION: <== 结果 + +www.networkworld.com. 3568 IN CNAME idg.map.fastly.net. +idg.map.fastly.net. 30 IN A 151.101.250.165 + +;; Query time: 36 msec <== 查询用时 +;; SERVER: 127.0.0.53#53(127.0.0.53) <== 本地缓存解析器 +;; WHEN: Fri Jul 24 19:11:42 EDT 2020 <== 查询的时间 +;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 97 <== 返回的字节数 +``` + +如果你得到了一个这样的应答，是好消息吗？简短的回答是“是”。你得到了及时的回复。状态字段（`status: NOERROR`）显示没有问题。你正在连接到一个能够提供所要求的信息的名称服务器，并得到一个回复，告诉你一些关于你所查询的系统的重要细节。简而言之，你已经验证了你的系统和域名系统相处得很好。 + +其他可能的状态指标包括： + +- `SERVFAIL`：被查询的名称存在，但没有数据或现有数据无效。 +- `NXDOMAIN`：所查询的名称不存在。 +- `REFUSED`：该区域的数据不存在于所请求的权威服务器中，并且在这种情况下，基础设施没有设置为提供响应。 + +下面是一个例子，如果你要查找一个不存在的域名，你会看到什么？ + +``` +$ dig cannotbe.org + +; <<>> DiG 9.16.1-Ubuntu <<>> cannotbe.org +;; global options: +cmd +;; Got answer: +;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NXDOMAIN, id: 35348 +;; flags: qr rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 0, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 1 +``` + +一般来说，`dig` 比 `ping` 会提供更多的细节，如果域名不存在，`ping` 会回复 “名称或服务未知”。当你查询一个合法的系统时，你可以看到域名系统对该系统知道些什么，这些记录是如何配置的，以及检索这些数据需要多长时间。 + +事实上，有时 `dig` 可以在 `ping` 完全不能响应的时候进行响应，当你试图确定一个连接问题时，这种信息是非常有用的。 + +### DNS 记录类型和标志 + +在上面的第一个查询中，我们可以看到一个问题，那就是同时存在 `CNAME` 和 `A` 记录。`CNAME`（规范名称canonical name）就像一个别名，把一个域名指向另一个域名。你查询的大多数系统不会有 `CNAME` 记录，而只有 `A` 记录。如果你运行 `dig localhost` 命令，你会看到一个 `A` 记录，它就指向 `127.0.0.1` —— 这是每个系统都使用的“回环”地址。`A` 记录用于将一个名字映射到一个 IP 地址。 + +DNS 记录类型包括： + +* `A` 或 `AAAA`：IPv4 或 IPv6 地址 +* `CNAME`：别名 +* `MX`：邮件交换器 +* `NS`：名称服务器 +* `PTR`：一个反向条目，让你根据 IP 地址找到系统名称 +* `SOA`：表示授权记录开始 +* `TXT` 一些相关文本 + +我们还可以在上述输出的第五行看到一系列的“标志”。这些定义在 [RFC 1035][4] 中 —— 它定义了 DNS 报文头中包含的标志，甚至显示了报文头的格式。 + +``` + 1 1 1 1 1 1 + 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 ++--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+ +| ID | ++--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+ +|QR| Opcode |AA|TC|RD|RA| Z | RCODE | ++--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+ +| QDCOUNT | ++--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+ +| ANCOUNT | ++--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+ +| NSCOUNT | ++--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+ +| ARCOUNT | ++--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+ +``` + +在上面的初始查询中，第五行显示的标志是： + +* `qr` = 查询 +* `rd` = 进行递归查询 +* `ra` = 递归数据可用 + +RFC 中描述的其他标志包括： + +* `aa` = 权威答复 +* `cd` = 检查是否禁用 +* `ad` = 真实数据 +* `opcode` = 一个 4 位字段 +* `tc` = 截断 +* `z`（未使用） + +### 添加 +trace 选项 + +如果你添加 `+trace` 选项，你将从 `dig` 得到更多的输出。它会添加更多信息，显示你的 DNS 查询如何通过名称服务器的层次结构找到你要找的答案。 + +下面显示的所有 `NS` 记录都反映了名称服务器 —— 这只是你将看到的数据的第一部分，因为查询通过名称服务器的层次结构来追踪你要找的东西： + +``` +$ dig +trace networkworld.com + +; <<>> DiG 9.16.1-Ubuntu <<>> +trace networkworld.com +;; global options: +cmd +. 84895 IN NS k.root-servers.net. +. 84895 IN NS e.root-servers.net. +. 84895 IN NS m.root-servers.net. +. 84895 IN NS h.root-servers.net. +. 84895 IN NS c.root-servers.net. +. 84895 IN NS f.root-servers.net. +. 84895 IN NS a.root-servers.net. +. 84895 IN NS g.root-servers.net. +. 84895 IN NS l.root-servers.net. +. 84895 IN NS d.root-servers.net. +. 84895 IN NS b.root-servers.net. +. 84895 IN NS i.root-servers.net. +. 84895 IN NS j.root-servers.net. +;; Received 262 bytes from 127.0.0.53#53(127.0.0.53) in 28 ms +... +``` + +最终，你会得到与你的要求直接挂钩的信息： + +``` +networkworld.com. 300 IN A 151.101.2.165 +networkworld.com. 300 IN A 151.101.66.165 +networkworld.com. 300 IN A 151.101.130.165 +networkworld.com. 300 IN A 151.101.194.165 +networkworld.com. 14400 IN NS ns-d.pnap.net. +networkworld.com. 14400 IN NS ns-a.pnap.net. +networkworld.com. 14400 IN NS ns0.pcworld.com. +networkworld.com. 14400 IN NS ns1.pcworld.com. +networkworld.com. 14400 IN NS ns-b.pnap.net. +networkworld.com. 14400 IN NS ns-c.pnap.net. +;; Received 269 bytes from 70.42.185.30#53(ns0.pcworld.com) in 116 ms +``` + +### 挑选响应者 + +你可以使用 `@` 符号来指定一个特定的名称服务器来处理你的查询。在这里，我们要求 Google 的主名称服务器响应我们的查询： + +``` +$ dig @8.8.8.8 networkworld.com + +; <<>> DiG 9.16.1-Ubuntu <<>> @8.8.8.8 networkworld.com +; (1 server found) +;; global options: +cmd +;; Got answer: +;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 43640 +;; flags: qr rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 4, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 1 + +;; OPT PSEUDOSECTION: +; EDNS: version: 0, flags:; udp: 512 +;; QUESTION SECTION: +;networkworld.com. IN A + +;; ANSWER SECTION: +networkworld.com. 299 IN A 151.101.66.165 +networkworld.com. 299 IN A 151.101.194.165 +networkworld.com. 299 IN A 151.101.130.165 +networkworld.com. 299 IN A 151.101.2.165 + +;; Query time: 48 msec +;; SERVER: 8.8.8.8#53(8.8.8.8) +;; WHEN: Sat Jul 25 11:21:19 EDT 2020 +;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 109 +``` + +下面所示的命令对 `8.8.8.8` IP 地址进行反向查找，以显示它属于 Google 的 DNS 服务器。 + +``` +$ nslookup 8.8.8.8 +8.8.8.8.in-addr.arpa name = dns.google. +``` + +### 总结 + +`dig` 命令是掌握 DNS 工作原理和在出现连接问题时排除故障的重要工具。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3568488/digging-for-dns-answers-on-linux.html + +作者：[Sandra Henry-Stocker][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://images.techhive.com/images/article/2017/01/05_tools-100704412-large.jpg +[2]: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/legalcode +[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3268449/what-is-dns-and-how-does-it-work.html +[4]: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1035 +[5]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ +[6]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world From 9fc361ce4c12dbf5f735540bdac37f1d83e5bc54 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Sun, 2 Aug 2020 05:01:37 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 5/8] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020200802=20Manj?= =?UTF-8?q?aro=20vs=20Arch=20Linux:=20What=E2=80=99s=20the=20Difference=3F?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Which=20one=20is=20Better=3F?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20200802 Manjaro vs Arch Linux- What-s the Difference- Which one is Better.md --- ...t-s the Difference- Which one is Better.md | 154 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 154 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20200802 Manjaro vs Arch Linux- What-s the Difference- Which one is Better.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20200802 Manjaro vs Arch Linux- What-s the Difference- Which one is Better.md b/sources/tech/20200802 Manjaro vs Arch Linux- What-s the Difference- Which one is Better.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..a14d65c6ef --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20200802 Manjaro vs Arch Linux- What-s the Difference- Which one is Better.md @@ -0,0 +1,154 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Manjaro vs Arch Linux: What’s the Difference? Which one is Better?) +[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/manjaro-vs-arch-linux/) +[#]: author: (Dimitrios Savvopoulos https://itsfoss.com/author/dimitrios/) + +Manjaro vs Arch Linux: What’s the Difference? Which one is Better? +====== + +_**Manjaro or Arch Linux? If Manjaro is based on Arch, how come is it different from Arch? Read how Arch and Manjaro are different in this comparison article.**_ + +Most of the [beginner-friendly Linux distributions][1] are based on Ubuntu. As Linux users gains more experience, some try their hands on the more ‘advanced distributions’, mostly in the ‘Arch domain’. + +This Arch domain dominated by two distributions: [Arch Linux][2] itself and [Manjaro][3]. There are other [Arch-based Linux distributions][4] but none are as popular as these two. + +If you are confused between Arch and Manjaro then this comparison should help you out. + +### Manjaro and Arch Linux: How different or similar are they? + +![][5] + +I have tried to compare these two distributions on various points. Please keep in mind that I have not exclusively focused on the differences. I have also pointed out where they are similar. + +#### Both are rolling release distributions but not of the same kind + +There are no “releases” every few months or years in Arch and Manjaro like Ubuntu or Fedora. Just [keep your Arch or Manjaro system updated][6] and you’ll always have the latest version of the operating system and the software packages. You don’t need to worry about upgrading your installed version like ever. + +If you are planning to do a fresh install at some point, keep in mind that both Manjaro and Arch update the installation ISO regularly. It is called ISO refresh and it ensures that newly installed systems don’t have to install all the new system updates made available in last few months. + +But there is a difference between the rolling release model of Arch and Manjaro. + +Manjaro maintains its own independent repositories except for the community-maintained Arch User Repository (AUR). These repositories also contain software packages not provided by Arch. Popular software packages initially provided by the official Arch repositories will first be thoroughly tested (and if necessary, patched), prior to being released, usually about two weeks behind Arch, to Manjaro’s own Stable Repositories for public use. + +![][7] + +A consequence of accommodating this testing process is that Manjaro will never be quite as bleeding-edge as Arch. But then, it makes Manjaro slightly more stable than Arch and less susceptible to breaking your system. + +#### Package Management – Pacman and Pamac + +Both Arch and Manjaro ship with command-line based package management tool called Pacman which was coded in C and uses tar to package applications. In other words, you can [use the same pacman commands][8] for managing packages in both distributions. + +In addition to the Pacman, Manjaro has also developed a GUI application called Pamac for easily installing software on Manjaro. This makes using Manjaro easier than Arch. + +![Pamac GUI Package Manager by Manjaro][9] + +Do note that you may also install Pamac from AUR in Arch Linux but the tool is integral part of Manjaro. + +#### Manjaro Hardware Detection Tool (MHWD) + +Pamac is not the only GUI tool developed by Manjaro team to help its users. Manjaro also has a dedicated tool for detecting hardware and suggest drivers for them. + +![Manjaro hardware configuration GUI tool][10] + +This hardware detection tool is so useful that it can be one of the [main reasons why Manjaro is loved by the community][11]. It is insanely easy to detect/install/use or switch from one driver to another and makes the hardware compatibility an issue from the past. + +#### Drivers support + +Manjaro offers great support for GPU drivers. As we all know for many years Linux has issues installing drivers (Specially Nvidia). + +While [installing Manjaro][12] it gives options to start with open source (free) or non-open source (non-free) graphics driver installation. When you choose “non-free” it automatically detects your graphics card and install the most appropriate driver for it and hence GPU works out of the box. + +Installing graphics driver is easier even after installing Manjaro thanks to the hardware detection tool you saw in the previous section. + +And if you have a system with Nvidia Optimus card (Hybrid GPU) it works fine with Manjaro. You will get plenty of options of get it working. + +In Arch Linux, you have to install (if you could find) the appropriate drivers for your machine. + +#### Access to the Arch User Repository (AUR) + +[Arch User Repository][13] (AUR) is a community-driven repository for Arch-based Linux distributions users. The AUR was created to organize and share new packages from the community and to help accelerate popular packages’ inclusion into the [community repository][14]. + +A good number of new packages that enter the official repositories start in the AUR. In the AUR, users are able to contribute their own package builds (PKGBUILD and related files). + +You can use AUR in both Arch and Manjaro. + +#### Desktop environments + +Alright! You can use virtually any desktop environments on any Linux distribution. Arch and Manjaro are no exceptions. + +However, a dedicated desktop flavor or version makes it easier for users to have a seamless experience of the said desktop environments. + +The default Arch ISO doesn’t include any desktop environment. For example, you want to [install KDE on Arch Linux][15], you will have to either download and install it while [installing Arch Linux][16] or after that. + +Manjaro, on the other hand, provides different ISO for desktop environments like Xfce, KDE and GNOME. Manjaro community also maintains ISO for MATE, Cinnamon, LXDE, LXQt, OpenBox and more. + +#### Installation procedure + +![Arch Live Boot][17] + +Manjaro is based on Arch Linux and it is Arch compatible, but **it is not Arch**. It’s not even a pre-configured version of Arch with just a graphical installer. Arch doesn’t come with the usual comfort out of the box, which is why most people prefer something easier. Manjaro offers you the easy entry, but supports you on your way to becoming an experienced user or power user. + +#### Documentation and support + +Both Arch and Manjaro have their own wiki pages and support forums to help their respective users. + +While Manjaro has a decent [wiki][18] for documentation, the [Arch wiki][19] is in a different league altogether. You can find detailed information on every aspect of Arch Linux in the Arch wiki. + +#### Targeted audience + +The key difference is that [Arch is aimed to users with a do-it-yourself attitude][20] who are willing to read the documentation, and solve their own problems. + +On the other hand Manjaro is targeted at Linux users who are not that experienced or who don’t want to spend time assembling the operating system. + +### Conclusion + +Some people often say that Manjaro is for those who can’t install Arch. But I think that’s not true. Not everyone wants to configure Arch from scratch or doesn’t have much time. + +Manjaro is definitely a beast, but a very different kind of beast than Arch. **Fast, powerful, and always up to date**, Manjaro provides all the benefits of an Arch operating system, but with an especial emphasis on **stability, user-friendliness and accessibility** for newcomers and experienced users. + +Manjaro doesn’t take its minimalism as far as Arch Linux does. With Arch, you start with a blank canvas and adjust each setting manually. When the default Arch installation completes, you have a running Linux instance at the command line. Want a [graphical desktop environment][21]? Go right ahead—there’s plenty to choose from. Pick one, install, and configure it. You learn so much doing that especially if you are new to Linux. You get a superb understanding of how the system goes together and why things are installed they way are. + +I hope you have a better understanding of Arch and Manjaro now. You understand how they are similar and yet different. + +_**I have voiced my opinion. Don’t hesitate to share yours in the comment section. Between Arch and Manjaro, which one do you prefer and why.**_ + +_With additional inputs from Abhishek Prakash._ + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://itsfoss.com/manjaro-vs-arch-linux/ + +作者：[Dimitrios Savvopoulos][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/dimitrios/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://itsfoss.com/best-linux-beginners/ +[2]: https://www.archlinux.org/ +[3]: https://manjaro.org/ +[4]: https://itsfoss.com/arch-based-linux-distros/ +[5]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/arch-vs-manjaro.png?ssl=1 +[6]: https://itsfoss.com/update-arch-linux/ +[7]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/repositories.png?ssl=1 +[8]: https://itsfoss.com/pacman-command/ +[9]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Pamac.png?resize=800%2C534&ssl=1 +[10]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/hardware-detection.png?ssl=1 +[11]: https://itsfoss.com/why-use-manjaro-linux/ +[12]: https://itsfoss.com/install-manjaro-linux/ +[13]: https://itsfoss.com/aur-arch-linux/ +[14]: https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Community_repository +[15]: https://itsfoss.com/install-kde-arch-linux/ +[16]: https://itsfoss.com/install-arch-linux/ +[17]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Arch-live-boot.jpg?ssl=1 +[18]: https://wiki.manjaro.org/index.php?title=Main_Page +[19]: https://wiki.archlinux.org/ +[20]: https://itsfoss.com/why-arch-linux/ +[21]: https://itsfoss.com/best-linux-desktop-environments/ From 1cf0531fb6fdaa224cac271d9bae00adbb7a5f87 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Sun, 2 Aug 2020 05:01:54 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 6/8] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020200801=208=20?= =?UTF-8?q?tips=20for=20running=20a=20virtual=20hackathon?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20200801 8 tips for running a virtual hackathon.md --- ... 8 tips for running a virtual hackathon.md | 123 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 123 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20200801 8 tips for running a virtual hackathon.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20200801 8 tips for running a virtual hackathon.md b/sources/tech/20200801 8 tips for running a virtual hackathon.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..0ed2d07296 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20200801 8 tips for running a virtual hackathon.md @@ -0,0 +1,123 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (8 tips for running a virtual hackathon) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/20/8/virtual-hackathon) +[#]: author: (Jason Blais https://opensource.com/users/jasonblais) + +8 tips for running a virtual hackathon +====== +Reach new developers and engage with your existing community through +virtual hackathons. +![Two people chatting via a video conference app][1] + +Hackathons are events where developers, product managers, designers, and others come together to tackle problems over a short time period. They have become increasingly popular over the last 15 years after [OpenBSD ran the first hackathon in June 1999][2]. + +These events provide several benefits—greater engagement across the community, innovation and new ideas, awareness for the organizers, and networking opportunities for participants. + +[Mattermost][3], an open source messaging platform for DevOps teams, has also run and participated in several hackathons to engage with the open source community. So far, in 2020, we participated in a [hackathon to overcome the challenges of COVID-19][4] and ran a [hackfest to create open source chatbots for developer workflows][5]. Both had thousands of participants and were run completely virtually. + +We've come a long way from our [first hackathon in 2016][6] that had only 20 participants to building a [step-by-step guide for running a virtual hackathon][7], and we've learned many valuable lessons. + +If you are considering running a virtual hackathon, here are eight tips to keep in mind: + +### Choose your hackathon theme + +Before you begin to plan your hackathon, you'll need to choose a theme or a topic for it first. + +Is there a specific business or social problem you're trying to solve? An industry you want to reach? Technologies you want to explore together with your community? + +Choosing the theme at the start is important, as it gives you a clear focus for the rest of your planning—which communities to reach out to, how to determine logistics, what materials to prepare, and other details. It also inspires your community to work on solving the specific kinds of problems you're organizing around. + +### Decide dates for the hackathon early + +With 365 days in a year, you'd think it'd be easy to find one on which to hold an event, but it can actually be a challenge to schedule even a virtual hackathon. The most important thing is not to rush the preparation. Ideally, you should schedule the hackathon at least two months out. This gives you enough time to promote and organize it and gives your participants enough time to prepare for it—whether it's researching the hackathon topic or setting aside time for it on their calendars. + +Here are a few quick tips when trying to decide when to run hackathons: + + * Avoid overlap with major holidays in the countries you're trying to reach. If the event is global, then avoid major holidays in the countries where you have bigger communities. + * Avoid overlap with significant company or community events that may act as a distraction during the hackathon, such as major product releases or developer conferences. + * Avoid starting the hackathon on a Friday, especially if you plan to reach developers around the world. If you're located in the Western Hemisphere and hold a hackathon kick-off call on Friday, those in Europe and Asia will either have to join in late Friday night or Saturday morning, effectively meaning the hackathon starts on a weekend in those areas. It is typically better to start on a Thursday instead. + + + +Given the hackathon is online, there is also an opportunity to extend it beyond a standard 48-hour event. We have found that running a three- or four-day event, for instance, results in much higher quality submissions that are closer to completion. + +### Identify key team members to partner with during the hackathon + +It is much easier to promote and organize the event when you have someone you can collaborate with. At a minimum, find one or two developers who can act as leaders during the event, mentoring newcomers and answering questions from the participants. They can also be your point of contact for technical support before and during the event. + +You should also consider if you need a partner to run operations such as scheduling calls, and a partner to create the event marketing materials. + +Moreover, once you've picked the theme and dates of your event, reach out to your community and ask if anyone is open to help. Many may be interested. Acting as a hackathon organizer and mentor also provides a great experience for community members themselves. + +### Produce a workback schedule + +Start by listing everything you and your hackathon partners may need to do before, during, and after the hackathon. And I do mean everything—from deciding which platform to host your hackathon on to which video conferencing tool to use for presentations to what prizes to give out. The more comprehensive your workback schedule is, the better prepared you will be, and the more successful the hackathon will be. + +To help you get started, check out the Mattermost ["How to Run a Hackathon" playbook][7] with key dates and activities that you can use for inspiration. + +### Create a code of conduct + +Code of conduct is important to promote healthy behavior within your community. It establishes what is accepted by participants and helps create a safe and welcoming environment for everyone. + +The same is true for hackathons. The code of conduct establishes the rules and actions taken when the rules are broken. Include a clear contact or place to report harassment from the participants. Often, the members you're partnering with from tip #3 will also help enforce the code of conduct as needed. + +To learn more about codes of conduct, including ways to enforce them, see [this excellent guide][8]. + +### Make one landing page for the hackathon + +During the hackathon, there is a lot going on. People ask questions, share progress, and team up with others. Especially when running a hackathon with hundreds (or thousands!) of participants, it can quickly get chaotic. + +That is why a single hackathon landing page is critical. This landing page should contain all the information community members need to know, including resources to get started, where to ask questions, and how to create a submission. Updates can also be communicated in other channels like Twitter, but they should always be reflected on the hackathon's landing page. Your landing page is the source of truth. + +Plus, make sure to include plenty of information for first-time participants. If you've run a few events, a lot of the information you share is familiar to you and previous participants. However, everything is new and often confusing for first-time participants, so make sure to keep them in mind when building the landing page. + +### Plan for external promotion + +A common reason to run a hackathon is to reach new users and communities who have heard of your project before. Therefore, announcing and promoting the hackathon beyond just your social channels is very important. However, simply spamming other communities and pages is not just ineffective, but also disrespectful. + +Go back to point #1, where you selected the hackathon theme. Are there certain technologies that are relevant to it? Or industries?  + +If so, study where those communities exist and reach out in their respective channels. Even better, find their community manager and share the hackathon with them first before sharing with the wider community. + +### Include social interaction time + +The biggest challenge we've found with virtual hackathons as compared to physical hackathons are the social aspects. Since people are not working in the same rooms together anymore, building connections and collaborating with others takes extra effort. + +Make sure to add social activities throughout the event dates, accounting for different time zones. Include activity feeds where participants can share updates on what they're working on, drop-in social hours over video, coffee times, pizza hours, and more. + +Taking the extra step to ensure there are opportunities for social interaction creates a more engaging experience for everyone involved. + +### Ready to run your first virtual hackathon? + +Running a virtual hackathon is not easy, but if you prepare for it well and use the above tips to plan it, you will be set up for success, and hopefully have lots of fun along the way! There is also an [excellent guide from HackerEarth][9] that you can use as a reference. + +Ready to run your first virtual hackathon? Then use the Mattermost ["How to Run a Hackathon" playbook][7] to guide your planning and read about the [Mattermost Bot Hackfest][5] for inspiration. + +Thank you also to Jesús Espino and Justin Reynolds for their valuable feedback on this article. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/20/8/virtual-hackathon + +作者：[Jason Blais][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/jasonblais +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/chat_video_conference_talk_team.png?itok=t2_7fEH0 (Two people chatting via a video conference app) +[2]: http://www.openbsd.org/hackathons.html +[3]: http://mattermost.com/ +[4]: https://mattermost.com/blog/vencealvirus-virtual-hackathon/ +[5]: https://mattermost.com/blog/mattermost-bot-hackfest-winners/ +[6]: https://mattermost.com/blog/mattermost-holiday-hackfest-2016/ +[7]: https://handbook.mattermost.com/contributors/contributors/how-to-run-a-hackathon +[8]: https://opensource.guide/code-of-conduct/ +[9]: https://www.hackerearth.com/community-hackathons/resources/e-books/guide-to-organize-hackathon From 1dcff5eb102490d6df049759adc45596d1ed2da9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Jonathan Wang Date: Sun, 2 Aug 2020 10:29:14 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 7/8] Finish translating --- ...red internet service goes live in Kenya.md | 65 ------------------- ...red internet service goes live in Kenya.md | 64 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 64 insertions(+), 65 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/talk/20200720 Balloon-powered internet service goes live in Kenya.md create mode 100644 translated/talk/20200720 Balloon-powered internet service goes live in Kenya.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20200720 Balloon-powered internet service goes live in Kenya.md b/sources/talk/20200720 Balloon-powered internet service goes live in Kenya.md deleted file mode 100644 index 59e3539fce..0000000000 --- a/sources/talk/20200720 Balloon-powered internet service goes live in Kenya.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,65 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (JonnieWayy) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (Balloon-powered internet service goes live in Kenya) -[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3566295/balloon-powered-internet-service-goes-live-in-kenya.html) -[#]: author: (Patrick Nelson https://www.networkworld.com/author/Patrick-Nelson/) - -Balloon-powered internet service goes live in Kenya -====== -Alphabet spinout Loon uses balloons to create a floating network of cell towers. -[Loon][1] - -ISP [Telkom Kenya][2] is launching the first commercially available 4G LTE service using balloons that act as a network of cell towers floating in the stratosphere. - -The service will initially cover approximately 19,000 square miles in Kenya, according to Alastair Westgarth, CEO of [Loon][1], a spinout of Alphabet and the underlying technology provider. Roughly 35 or more balloons will comprise the fleet, moving continually, drifting in the stratosphere about 12 miles above the surface of the earth, Westgarth said in an article [on Medium][3]. "We refer to Loon as a floating network of cell towers," Westgarth said. - -Kenya is underserved by traditional internet, which is why this delivery mechanism is appropriate, said Mugo Kibati, Telkom Kenya's CEO, in a [press release][4]. "… the Internet-enabled balloons will be able to offer connectivity to the many Kenyans who live in remote regions that are underserved or totally unserved, and as such remain disadvantaged," Kibati said. Telemedicine and online education are two expected use-cases. - -In testing, Loon achieved a downlink speed of 18.9 Mbps with 19 milliseconds latency and an uplink speed of 4.74Mbps. Westgarth said the service is capable of being used for "voice calls, video calls, YouTube, WhatsApp, email, texting, web browsing" and other applications. - -In the bigger picture, internet service delivery from the stratosphere is an attractive proposition for [IoT][5]. At altitude, network coverage footprints can be more widespread, and coverage can be shifted as demand changes—a mining area moves, for example. In addition, there's less ground-based infrastructure to build out or deal with; developers can avoid the hassle of private property easements required for laying cables, for example. - -Service outages are conceivably more controllable, too. A provider could launch another device instead of having to trace faults through elaborate, remote, ground infrastructure. Backup balloons could be staged, waiting to be placed into service. - -### Drone-based internet delivery - -Another organization that's exploring the atmospheric Internet is Softbank, which calls its 260-foot wide HAWK30 drones a "floating base station in the stratosphere." (See related story: [SoftBank plans drone-delivered IoT and internet by 2023][6]) - -One reason the major Japan telco is interested in stratosphere-delivered internet is because the archipelago is prone to natural disasters, such as earthquakes. Floating base stations above Earth can be more easily moved than traditional cell towers, enabling a quicker, more flexible response to natural disasters. - -Loon's balloons, in fact, been used successfully to deliver internet service following a disaster: Loon provided connectivity after Puerto Rico's Hurricane Maria in 2017, for example. - -Westgarth said Loon's balloons have come a long way since initial development. Launching is now performed by automated devices that can propel the ground-station-linked balloons to 60,000 feet once every half-hour, as opposed to by hand, as was done in earlier days. - -Machine-learning algorithms handle navigation to attempt to provide sustained service to users. That's not always possible, however, because wind (although not as excessive as can be found at ground level) and restricted airspace can affect coverage despite what Westgarth calls a "carefully choreographed and orchestrated balloon dance." - -Plus, the devices are solar powered, which means they only function and provide internet (or reposition themselves, or feed internet to other balloons) during daylight hours. For that and other reasons, Westgarth and Kibati have pointed out that the balloons must augment existing infrastructure and plans—they're not a total solution. - -"To connect all the people and things that are demanding it now and into the future, we need to expand our thinking; we need a new layer to the connectivity ecosystem," Westgarth said. - -Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][7] and [LinkedIn][8] to comment on topics that are top of mind. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3566295/balloon-powered-internet-service-goes-live-in-kenya.html - -作者：[Patrick Nelson][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Patrick-Nelson/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://loon.com/ -[2]: https://www.telkom.co.ke/ -[3]: https://medium.com/loon-for-all/loon-is-live-in-kenya-259d81c75a7a -[4]: https://telkom.co.ke/telkom-and-loon-announce-progressive-deployment-loon-technology-customers-july -[5]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3207535/what-is-iot-the-internet-of-things-explained.html -[6]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3405170/softbank-plans-drone-delivered-iot-and-internet-by-2023.html -[7]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ -[8]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world diff --git a/translated/talk/20200720 Balloon-powered internet service goes live in Kenya.md b/translated/talk/20200720 Balloon-powered internet service goes live in Kenya.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..28c90bdad3 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/talk/20200720 Balloon-powered internet service goes live in Kenya.md @@ -0,0 +1,64 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (JonnieWayy) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Balloon-powered internet service goes live in Kenya) +[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3566295/balloon-powered-internet-service-goes-live-in-kenya.html) +[#]: author: (Patrick Nelson https://www.networkworld.com/author/Patrick-Nelson/) + +气球驱动的互联网服务在肯尼亚上线 +====== +Alphabet 的衍生产品 [Loon][1] 使用气球创建了一个由蜂窝塔构成的浮动网络。 + +ISP [Telkom Kenya][2] 正在启动第一个使用气球的商业化 4G LTE 服务，气球的作用是在漂浮在平流层中作为蜂窝塔网络。 + +据 Alphabet 的衍生产品 [Loon][1] 的首席执行官及潜在的技术提供商 Alastair Westgarth 所说，这项服务起初将会覆盖肯尼亚接近 19000 平方英里的范围。 Westgarth 在 [Medium][3] 上的一篇文章中说，将会有大约 35 个或更多的气球组成编队，它们持续不断地移动，漂浮在地表上方大约 12 英里的平流层中。“我们将 Loon 称为浮动的蜂窝塔网络。” Westgarth 说道。 + +Telkom Kenya 的首席执行官 Mugo Kibati 在一篇[新闻稿][4]中提到，传统互联网对肯尼亚的服务不足，这是采用这种输送装置的原因。“…… 具有互联网功能的气球能够为生活在服务不足或是完全没有服务的偏远地区的许多肯尼亚人提供联系，因此仍然处于不利低位。” Kibati 说道。远程医疗和在线教育是两个预期的用例。 + +在测试中， Loon 实现了 有 19 毫秒延迟的 18.9 Mbps 下行速度，以及 4.74 Mbps 的上行速度。 Westgarth 说，该服务能够用于“语音通话、视频通话、 YouTube、 WhatsApp、电子邮件、发短信、网页浏览”和其他应用程序。 + +从更大的角度看，从平流层提供互联网服务对于[物联网（ IoT ）][5]来说是一个诱人的主张。在高海拔地区，网络覆盖范围可能会更广泛，并且覆盖范围可以随着需求的变化而变化（例如，采矿区的移动）。此外，要建立或处理的地面基础设施更少。 比方说，开发人员可以避免铺设电缆所需的私有财产纠纷。 + +可以想象，服务中断也更加可控。提供商可以启动另一台设备，而不必通过复杂的远程地面基础设施来跟踪故障。备用气球可以发挥作用，时刻准备着投入使用。 + +### 基于无人机的互联网交付 + +另一家正在探索大气层互联网的组织是软银（ Softbank ），它称其 260 英尺宽的 HAWK30 无人机是“平流层中的浮动基站”。（参见相关故事：[软银计划到 2023 年实现无人机交付的物联网和互联网][6]） + +日本主要的电信公司对平流层传送的互联网感兴趣的原因之一是，其群岛易于发生自然灾害，例如地震。与传统的基站相比，地球上空的浮动基站更容易移动，从而可以更快、更灵活地应对自然灾害。 + +实际上，在一场灾害过后， Loon 的气球已成功用于提供互联网服务：例如， Loon 在 2017 年波多黎各的飓风 Maria 之后提供了连接。 + +Westgarth 说， Loon 的气球自最初开发以来已经走了很长一段路。现如今，发射是通过自动设备执行的，该设备可以每半小时将连接在地面站点的气球推到 60000 英尺高空，而不像以前那样人工进行。 + +机器学习算法会处理导航，以尝试向用户提供持续的服务。但是，这并非总是可能的，因为风（尽管在地面上没有那么大）和受限的空域都会影响覆盖范围，尽管 Westgarth 称之为“精心编排组织的气球舞蹈”。 + +此外，这些设备是太阳能供电的，这意味着它们仅仅能够在白天工作并提供互联网（或重新定位自身，或向其他气球传输互联网）。出于上述原因和其他的一些原因， Westgarth 和 Kibati 指出，气球必须扩大现有的基础设施和计划，但这并不是一个完整的解决方案。 + +Westgarth 说：“为了连接现在和将来需要它的所有人员和事物，我们需要开阔我们的思维；我们需要在连通性生态系统中增加新的一层。” + +加入 [Facebook][7] 和 [LinkedIn][8] 上的 Network World 社区，以评论最首要的主题。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3566295/balloon-powered-internet-service-goes-live-in-kenya.html + +作者：[Patrick Nelson][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[JonnieWayy](https://github.com/JonnieWayy) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Patrick-Nelson/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://loon.com/ +[2]: https://www.telkom.co.ke/ +[3]: https://medium.com/loon-for-all/loon-is-live-in-kenya-259d81c75a7a +[4]: https://telkom.co.ke/telkom-and-loon-announce-progressive-deployment-loon-technology-customers-july +[5]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3207535/what-is-iot-the-internet-of-things-explained.html +[6]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3405170/softbank-plans-drone-delivered-iot-and-internet-by-2023.html +[7]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ +[8]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world From 8abfd1e4239bbc8e4e1dbd1869c9aa6b8b5d0355 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Sun, 2 Aug 2020 16:15:28 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 8/8] Rename sources/tech/20200801 8 tips for running a virtual hackathon.md to sources/talk/20200801 8 tips for running a virtual hackathon.md --- .../20200801 8 tips for running a virtual hackathon.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename sources/{tech => talk}/20200801 8 tips for running a virtual hackathon.md (100%) diff --git a/sources/tech/20200801 8 tips for running a virtual hackathon.md b/sources/talk/20200801 8 tips for running a virtual hackathon.md similarity index 100% rename from sources/tech/20200801 8 tips for running a virtual hackathon.md rename to sources/talk/20200801 8 tips for running a virtual hackathon.md