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20141224-1 选题
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DeadFire
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Calife – A lightweight alternative to sudo
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================================================================================
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Calife requests user's own password for becoming login (or root, if no login is provided), and switches to that user and group ID after verifying proper rights to do so. A shell is then executed. If calife is executed by root, no password is requested and a shell with the appropriate user ID is executed.
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The invoked shell is the user's own except when a shell is specified in the configuration file calife.auth.
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If "-" is specified on the command line, user's profile files are read as if it was a login shell.
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This is not the traditional behavior of su.
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Only users specified in calife.auth can use calife to become another one with this method.
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calife.auth is installed as /etc/calife.auth
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### Calife Features ###
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Here is an extensive list of features:
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you keep your environment variables and shell aliases intact
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it has start and end of session logging
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you can have a list of all permitted logins for each calife user. That way, you can give a user newsmaster’s rights without giving out the root password
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you can specify a group in the configuration file instead of the logins of all administrators: Juste use @staff or %staff and all members of the staff group will have access to calife
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calife can also be used to become users even if they have no home directory or even no shell. That’s very practical if you want to become uucp or even bin
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you can make calife runs a specific system-wide script at the end of the session (to send a mailabout what was done as root for example)
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### Install calife in ubuntu ###
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Open the terminal and run the following command
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sudo apt-get install calife
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### Using Calife ###
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### Syntax ###
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calife [-] [login]
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Check calife manpage for more details
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: http://www.ubuntugeek.com/calife-a-lightweight-alternative-to-sudo.html
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作者：[ruchi][a]
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]:http://www.ubuntugeek.com/author/ubuntufix
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[1]:
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[2]:
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[3]:
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[4]:
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[5]:
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[7]:
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[8]:
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[9]:
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[10]:
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[11]:
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[12]:
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[18]:
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[19]:
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[20]:
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The Curious Case of the Disappearing Distros
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================================================================================
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"Linux is a big game now, with billions of dollars of profit, and it's the best thing since sliced bread, but corporations are taking control, and slowly but systematically, community distros are being killed," said Google+ blogger Alessandro Ebersol. "Linux is slowly becoming just like BSD, where companies use and abuse it and give very little in return."
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Well the holidays are pretty much upon us at last here in the Linux blogosphere, and there's nowhere left to hide. The next two weeks or so promise little more than a blur of forced social occasions and too-large meals, punctuated only -- for the luckier ones among us -- by occasional respite down at the Broken Windows Lounge.
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Perhaps that's why Linux bloggers seized with such glee upon the good old-fashioned mystery that came up recently -- delivered in the nick of time, as if on cue.
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"Why is the Number of Linux Distros Declining?" is the [question][1] posed over at Datamation, and it's just the distraction so many FOSS fans have been needing.
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"Until about 2011, the number of active distributions slowly increased by a few each year," wrote author Bruce Byfield. "By contrast, the last three years have seen a 12 percent decline -- a decrease too high to be likely to be coincidence.
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"So what's happening?" Byfield wondered.
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It would be difficult to imagine a more thought-provoking question with which to spend the Northern hemisphere's shortest days.
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### 'There Are Too Many Distros' ###
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"That's an easy question," began blogger [Robert Pogson][2]. "There are too many distros."
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After all, "if a fanatic like me can enjoy life having sampled only a dozen distros, why have any more?" Pogson explained. "If someone has a concept different from the dozen or so most common distros, that concept can likely be demonstrated by documenting the tweaks and package-lists and, perhaps, some code."
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Trying to compete with some 40,000 package repositories like Debian's, however, is "just silly," he said.
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"No startup can compete with such a distro," Pogson asserted. "Why try? Just use it to do what you want and tell the world about it."
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### 'I Don't Distro-Hop Anymore' ###
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The major existing distros are doing a good job, so "we don't need so many derivative works," Google+ blogger Kevin O'Brien agreed.
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"I know I don't 'distro-hop' anymore, and my focus is on using my computer to get work done," O'Brien added.
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"If my apps run fine every day, that is all that I need," he said. "Right now I am sticking with Ubuntu LTS 14.04, and probably will until 2016."
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### 'The More Distros, the Better' ###
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It stands to reason that "as distros get better, there will be less reasons to roll your own," concurred [Linux Rants][3] blogger Mike Stone.
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"I think the modern Linux distros cover the bases of a larger portion of the Linux-using crowd, so fewer and fewer people are starting their own distribution to compensate for something that the others aren't satisfying," he explained. "Add to that the fact that corporations are more heavily involved in the development of Linux now than they ever have been, and they're going to focus their resources."
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So, the decline isn't necessarily a bad thing, as it only points to the strength of the current offerings, he asserted.
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At the same time, "I do think there are some negative consequences as well," Stone added. "Variation in the distros is a way that Linux grows and evolves, and with a narrower field, we're seeing less opportunity to put new ideas out there. In my mind, the more distros, the better -- hopefully the trend reverses soon."
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### 'I Hope Some Diversity Survives' ###
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Indeed, "the era of novelty and experimentation is over," Google+ blogger Gonzalo Velasco C. told Linux Girl.
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"Linux is 20+ years old and got professional," he noted. "There is always room for experimentation, but the top 20 are here since more than a decade ago.
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"Godspeed GNU/Linux," he added. "I hope some diversity survives -- especially distros without Systemd; on the other hand, some standards are reached through consensus."
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### A Question of Package Managers ###
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There are two trends at work here, suggested consultant and [Slashdot][4] blogger Gerhard Mack.
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First, "there are fewer reasons to start a new distro," he said. "The basic nuts and bolts are mostly done, installation is pretty easy across most distros, and it's not difficult on most hardware to get a working system without having to resort to using the command line."
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The second thing is that "we are seeing a reduction of distros with inferior package managers," Mack suggested. "It is clear that .deb-based distros had fewer losses and ended up with a larger overall share."
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### Survival of the Fittest ###
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It's like survival of the fittest, suggested consultant Rodolfo Saenz, who is certified in Linux, IBM Tivoli Storage Manager and Microsoft Active Directory.
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"I prefer to see a strong Linux with less distros," Saenz added. "Too many distros dilutes development efforts and can confuse potential future users."
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Fewer distros, on the other hand, "focuses development efforts into the stronger distros and also attracts new potential users with clear choices for their needs," he said.
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### All About the Money ###
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Google+ blogger Alessandro Ebersol also saw survival of the fittest at play, but he took a darker view.
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"Linux is a big game now, with billions of dollars of profit, and it's the best thing since sliced bread," Ebersol began. "But corporations are taking control, and slowly but systematically, community distros are being killed."
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It's difficult for community distros to keep pace with the ever-changing field, and cash is a necessity, he conceded.
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Still, "Linux is slowly becoming just like BSD, where companies use and abuse it and give very little in return," Ebersol said. "It saddens me, but GNU/Linux's best days were 10 years ago, circa 2002 to 2004. Now, it's the survival of the fittest -- and of course, the ones with more money will prevail."
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### 'Fewer Devs Care' ###
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SoylentNews blogger hairyfeet focused on today's altered computing landscape.
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"The reason there are fewer distros is simple: With everybody moving to the Google Playwall of Android, and Windows 10 looking to be the next XP, fewer devs care," hairyfeet said.
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"Why should they?" he went on. "The desktop wars are over, MSFT won, and the mobile wars are gonna be proprietary Google, proprietary Apple and proprietary MSFT. The money is in apps and services, and with a slow economy, there just isn't time for pulling a Taco Bell and rerolling yet another distro.
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"For the few that care about Linux desktops you have Ubuntu, Mint and Cent, and that is plenty," hairyfeet said.
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### 'No Less Diversity' ###
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Last but not least, Chris Travers, a [blogger][5] who works on the [LedgerSMB][6] project, took an optimistic view.
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"Ever since I have been around Linux, there have been a few main families -- [SuSE][7], [Red Hat][8], Debian, Gentoo, Slackware -- and a number of forks of these," Travers said. "The number of major families of distros has been declining for some time -- Mandrake and Connectiva merging, for example, Caldera disappearing -- but each of these families is ending up with fewer members as well.
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"I think this is a good thing," he concluded.
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"The big community distros -- Debian, Slackware, Gentoo, Fedora -- are going strong and picking up a lot of the niche users that other distros catered to," he pointed out. "Many of these distros are making it easier to come up with customized variants for niche markets. So what you have is a greater connectedness within the big distros, and no less diversity."
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: http://www.linuxinsider.com/story/The-Curious-Case-of-the-Disappearing-Distros-81518.html
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作者：Katherine Noyes
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[1]:http://www.datamation.com/open-source/why-is-the-number-of-linux-distros-declining.html
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[2]:http://mrpogson.com/
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[3]:http://linuxrants.com/
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[4]:http://slashdot.org/
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[5]:http://ledgersmbdev.blogspot.com/
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[6]:http://www.ledgersmb.org/
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[7]:http://www.novell.com/linux
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[8]:http://www.redhat.com/
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Linux FAQs with Answers--How to check SSH protocol version on Linux
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================================================================================
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> **Question**: I am aware that there exist SSH protocol version 1 and 2 (SSH1 and SSH2). What is the difference between SSH1 and SSH2, and how can I check which SSH protocol version is supported on a Linux server?
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Secure Shell (SSH) is a network protocol that enables remote login or remote command execution between two hosts over a cryptographically secure communication channel. SSH was designed to replace insecure clear-text protocols such as telnet, rsh or rlogin. SSH provides a number of desirable features such as authentication, encryption, data integrity, authorization, and forwarding/tunneling.
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### SSH1 vs. SSH2 ###
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The SSH protocol specification has a number of minor version differences, but there are two major versions of the protocol: **SSH1** (SSH version 1.XX) and **SSH2** (SSH version 2.00).
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In fact, SSH1 and SSH2 are two entirely different protocols with no compatibility in between. SSH2 is a significantly improved version of SSH1 in many respects. First of all, while SSH1 is a monolithic design where several different functions (e.g., authentication, transport, connection) are packed into a single protocol, SSH2 is a layered architecture designed with extensibility and flexibility in mind. In terms of security, SSH2 comes with a number of stronger security features than SSH1, such as MAC-based integrity check, flexible session re-keying, fully-negotiable cryptographic algorithms, public-key certificates, etc.
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SSH2 is standardized by IETF, and as such its implementation is widely deployed and accepted in the industry. Due to SSH2's popularity and cryptographic superiority over SSH1, many products are dropping support for SSH1. As of this writing, OpenSSH still [supports][1] both SSH1 and SSH2, while on all modern Linux distributions, OpenSSH server comes with SSH1 disabled by default.
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### Check Supported SSH Protocol Version ###
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#### Method One ####
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If you want to check what SSH protocol version(s) are supported by a local OpenSSH server, you can refer to **/etc/ssh/sshd_config** file. Open /etc/ssh/sshd_config with a text editor, and look for "Protocol" field.
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If it shows the following, it means that OpenSSH server supports SSH2 only.
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Protocol 2
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If it displays the following instead, OpenSSH server supports both SSH1 and SSH2.
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Protocol 1,2
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#### Method Two ####
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If you cannot access /etc/ssh/sshd_config because OpenSSH server is running on a remote server, you can test its SSH protocol support by using SSH client program called ssh. More specifically, we force ssh to use a specific SSH protocol, and see how the remote SSH server responds.
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The following command will force ssh command to use SSH1:
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$ ssh -1 user@remote_server
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The following command will force ssh command to use SSH2:
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$ ssh -2 user@remote_server
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If the remote SSH server supports SSH2 only, the first command with "-1" option will fails with an error message like this:
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Protocol major versions differ: 1 vs. 2
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If the SSH server supports both SSH1 and SSH2, both commands should work successfully.
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### Method Three ###
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Another method to check supported SSH protocol version of a remote SSH server is to run an SSH scanning tool called [scanssh][2]. This command-line tool is useful when you want to check SSH protocol versions for a bulk of IP addresses or the entire local network to upgrade SSH1-capable SSH servers.
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Here is the basic syntax of scanssh for SSH version scanning.
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$ sudo scanssh -s ssh -n [ports] [IP addresses or CIDR prefix]
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The "-n" option can specify the SSH port number(s) to scan. You can specify multiple port numbers separated by comma. Without this option, scanssh will scan port 22 by default.
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Use the following command to discover SSH servers on 192.168.1.0/24 local nework, and detect their SSH protocol versions:
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$ sudo scan -s ssh 192.168.1.0/24
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If scanssh reports "SSH-1.XX-XXXX" for a particular IP address, it implies that the minimum SSH protocol version supported by the corresponding SSH server is SSH1. If the remote server supports SSH2 only, scanssh will show "SSH-2.0-XXXX".
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: http://ask.xmodulo.com/check-ssh-protocol-version-linux.html
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
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||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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||||
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||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[1]:http://www.openssh.com/specs.html
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[2]:http://www.monkey.org/~provos/scanssh/
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Linux FAQs with Answers--How to fix “XXX is not in the sudoers file” error
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================================================================================
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> **Question**: I am trying to use sudo to run some privileged command on my Linux. However, when I attempt to do so, I am getting "[my-user-id] is not in the sudoers file. This incident will be reported." error message. How can I resolve this sudo error?
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sudo is a program which enables specific groups of users to run a command with the privilege of another user (typically root). sudo comes with detailed logging capability, and offers finer granular control over which user can type what commands via sudo.
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### Sudo vs. Su ###
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The su command also offers similar privilege escalation capability. Difference between sudo and su is their authentication process and the granularity of priviledge change. su allows you to switch your login session to another user's, where you can then run any arbitrary programs with the user's privilege as many times as you want. You will have to know the target user's password to switch to the user though. On the other hand, sudo works on a per-command basis, allowing you to run a single command with root privilege. To use sudo, you don't have to know the root password, but enter your own password at sudo password prompt.
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### Add a User to Sudoers List ###
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As a new user, if you attempt to run sudo command, you will encounter the following error. This means that you are not in the sudoers list which contains a group of users who are authorized to use sudo.
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[my-user-id] is not in the sudoers file. This incident will be reported.
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There are two ways to add you to sudoers list.
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### Metho One ###
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The first method is to add you to the Linux group named sudo. This special Linux group is pre-configured to be able to use sudo. Thus once you are in the group, you can run sudo command.
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The following command will add you to sudo Linux group. Make sure to run the command as the root.
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# adduser <username> sudo
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Now confirm that your group membership has been updated. Use groups command to see a list of groups you currently belong to. The list must include sudo group.
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$ groups
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----------
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alice adm cdrom sudo dip plugdev fuse lpadmin netdev sambashare davfs2 libvirtd docker promiscuous
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he group membership change (and sudo access) will be activated once you log out and log back in.
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### Metho Two ###
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The second method to enable you to use sudo is to add yourself to /etc/sudoers configuration file directly.
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To change /etc/sudoers file, you can use a special sudo editor command called visudo. Simply invoke the following command as the root.
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# visudo
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This will open up /etc/sudoers file for editing. Append the following line to the end of the file, and press Ctrl+X. When prompted, save the change, and exit.
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<username> ALL=(ALL) ALL
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This change will be effective immediately, and you will be able to use sudo right away.
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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||||
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||||
via: http://ask.xmodulo.com/fix-is-not-in-the-sudoers-file.html
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||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
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||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
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Linux FAQs with Answers--How to install 7zip on Linux
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================================================================================
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> **Question**: I need to extract files from an ISO image, and for that I want to use 7zip program. How can I install 7zip on [insert your Linux distro]?
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7zip is an open-source archive program originally developed for Windows, which can pack or unpack a variety of archive formats including its native format 7z as well as XZ, GZIP, TAR, ZIP and BZIP2. 7zip is also popularly used to extract RAR, DEB, RPM and ISO files. Besides simple archiving, 7zip can support AES-256 encryption as well as self-extracting and multi-volume archiving. For POSIX systems (Linux, Unix, BSD), the original 7zip program has been ported as p7zip (short for "POSIX 7zip").
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Here is how to install 7zip (or p7zip) on Linux.
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### Install 7zip on Debian, Ubuntu or Linux Mint ###
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Debian-based distributions come with three packages related to 7zip.
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- **p7zip**: contains 7zr (a minimal 7zip archive tool) which can handle its native 7z format only.
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- **p7zip-full**: contains 7z which can support 7z, LZMA2, XZ, ZIP, CAB, GZIP, BZIP2, ARJ, TAR, CPIO, RPM, ISO and DEB.
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- **p7zip-rar**: contains a plugin for extracting RAR files.
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It is recommended to install p7zip-full package (not p7zip) since this is the most complete 7zip package which supports many archive formats. In addition, if you want to extract RAR files, you also need to install p7zip-rar package as well. The reason for having a separate plugin package is because RAR is a proprietary format.
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$ sudo apt-get install p7zip-full p7zip-rar
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### Install 7zip on Fedora or CentOS/RHEL ###
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Red Hat-based distributions offer two packages related to 7zip.
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- **p7zip**: contains 7za command which can support 7z, ZIP, GZIP, CAB, ARJ, BZIP2, TAR, CPIO, RPM and DEB.
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- **p7zip-plugins**: contains 7z command and additional plugins to extend 7za command (e.g., ISO extraction).
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On CentOS/RHEL, you need to enable [EPEL repository][1] before running yum command below. On Fedora, there is not need to set up additional repository.
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$ sudo yum install p7zip p7zip-plugins
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|
||||
Note that unlike Debian based distributions, Red Hat based distributions do not offer a RAR plugin. Therefore you will not be able to extract RAR files using 7z command.
|
||||
|
||||
### Create or Extract an Archive with 7z ###
|
||||
|
||||
Once you installed 7zip, you can use 7z command to pack or unpack various types of archives. The 7z command uses other plugins to handle the archives.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
To create an archive, use "a" option. Supported archive types for creation are 7z, XZ, GZIP, TAR, ZIP and BZIP2. If the specified archive file already exists, it will "add" the files to the existing archive, instead of overwriting it.
|
||||
|
||||
$ 7z a <archive-filename> <list-of-files>
|
||||
|
||||
To extract an archive, use "e" option. It will extract the archive in the current directory. Supported archive types for extraction are a lot more than those for creation. The list includes 7z, XZ, GZIP, TAR, ZIP, BZIP2, LZMA2, CAB, ARJ, CPIO, RPM, ISO and DEB.
|
||||
|
||||
$ 7z e <archive-filename>
|
||||
|
||||
Another way to unpack an archive is to use "x" option. Unlike "e" option, it will extract the content with full paths.
|
||||
|
||||
$ 7z x <archive-filename>
|
||||
|
||||
To see a list of files in an archive, use "l" option.
|
||||
|
||||
$ 7z l <archive-filename>
|
||||
|
||||
You can update or remove file(s) in an archive with "u" and "d" options, respectively.
|
||||
|
||||
$ 7z u <archive-filename> <list-of-files-to-update>
|
||||
$ 7z d <archive-filename> <list-of-files-to-delete>
|
||||
|
||||
To test the integrity of an archive:
|
||||
|
||||
$ 7z t <archive-filename>
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via:http://ask.xmodulo.com/install-7zip-linux.html
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://xmodulo.com/how-to-set-up-epel-repository-on-centos.html
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
|
||||
Linux FAQs with Answers--How to install Kingsoft Office on Linux
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
> **Question**: I heard good things about Kingsoft Office, so I would like to try it out on my Linux. How can I install Kingsoft Office on [insert your Linux distro]?
|
||||
|
||||
Kingsoft Office is an office suite available for muliple platforms including Windows, Linux, iOS and Android. It comes with three programs: Writer for word processing, Presentation for presentations, and Spreadsheets for spreadsheets. It is freemium model, where the basic version is free to use. Compared to other Linux office suites such as LibreOffice or OpenOffice, the best advantage of Kingsoft Office is its **excellent compatibility with Microsoft Office**. Thus for those of you who need to use an office suite on Linux and Windows platforms interchangeably, Kingsoft Office is a good choice for Linux platform.
|
||||
|
||||
### Install Kingsoft Office on CentOS, Fedora or RHEL ###
|
||||
|
||||
Download a RPM file for the [official site][1]. The official RPM package is available as a 32-bit version only, but you can install it on both 32-bit and 64-bit systems.
|
||||
|
||||
Use yum command with "localinstall" option to install the RPM file.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo yum localinstall kingsoft-office-9.1.0.4244-0.1.a12p3.i686.rpm
|
||||
|
||||
Note that do NOT use rpm command to install it. Otherwise, you will get unmet dependency errors, which are not easy to solve manually:
|
||||
|
||||
error: Failed dependencies:
|
||||
libICE.so.6 is needed by kingsoft-office-9.1.0.4244-0.1.a12p3.i686
|
||||
libSM.so.6 is needed by kingsoft-office-9.1.0.4244-0.1.a12p3.i686
|
||||
libX11.so.6 is needed by kingsoft-office-9.1.0.4244-0.1.a12p3.i686
|
||||
libXext.so.6 is needed by kingsoft-office-9.1.0.4244-0.1.a12p3.i686
|
||||
libXrender.so.1 is needed by kingsoft-office-9.1.0.4244-0.1.a12p3.i686
|
||||
libc.so.6 is needed by kingsoft-office-9.1.0.4244-0.1.a12p3.i686
|
||||
|
||||
Red Hat based distributions have multilib support. If the RPM package you are trying to install is 32-bit and has 32-bit library dependencies, a better way is to use yum to install it as shown above. As long as the RPM is properily built with all dependency information, yum should be able to install it using yum repositories.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Install Kingsoft Office on Debian, Ubuntu or Linux Mint ###
|
||||
|
||||
Download a DEB package from the [official site][2]. The official DEB package is available as a 32-bit version only, but you can install it on both 32-bit and 64-bit systems.
|
||||
|
||||
The DEB package has a set of dependencies to meet. Therefore use [gdebi][3] instead of dpkg command to automatically resolve dependencies.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo apt-get install gdebi-core
|
||||
$ sudo gdebi kingsoft-office_9.1.0.4244~a12p3_i386.deb
|
||||
|
||||
### Launch Kingsoft Office ###
|
||||
|
||||
Once Kingsoft Office is installed, you can launch Witer, Presentation, and Spreadsheets from the desktop manager easily.
|
||||
|
||||
On Ubuntu Unity:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
On GNOME:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Alternatively, you can also launch Kingsoft Office from the command line.
|
||||
|
||||
To launch Kingsoft Writer from the command line, use this command:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
To launch Kingsoft Presentation from the command line, use this command:
|
||||
|
||||
$ wpp
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
To launch Kingsoft Spreadsheets from the command line, use this command:
|
||||
|
||||
$ et
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://ask.xmodulo.com/install-kingsoft-office-linux.html
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://ksosoft.com/product/office-2013-linux.html
|
||||
[2]:http://ksosoft.com/product/office-2013-linux.html
|
||||
[3]:http://xmodulo.com/how-to-install-deb-file-with-dependencies.html
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
|
||||
Linux FAQs with Answers--How to install kernel headers on Linux
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
> **Question**: I need to install kernel headers to install a device driver for my kernel. What is a proper way to install matching kernel headers on [insert your Linux distro]?
|
||||
|
||||
When you compile a device driver a custom kernel module, you need to have kernel header files installed on your Linux system. Kernel headers are needed also when you build a userspace application which links directly against the kernel. When you install kernel headers in such cases, you must make sure to kernel headers are exactly matched with the kernel version of your system (e.g., 3.13.0-24-generic).
|
||||
|
||||
If your kernel is the default version that comes with the distribution, or you upgraded it using the default package manager (e.g., apt-get, aptitude or yum) from base repositories, you can install matching kernel headers using the package manager as well. On the other hand, if you downloaded the [kernel source][1] and compiled it manually, you can install matching kernel headers by using [make command][2].
|
||||
|
||||
Here we assume that your kernel comes from base repositories of your Linux distribution, and see how we can install matching kernel headers.
|
||||
|
||||
### Install Kernel Headers on Debian, Ubuntu or Linux Mint ###
|
||||
|
||||
Assuming that you did not manually compile the kernel, you can install matching kernel headers using apt-get command.
|
||||
|
||||
First, check if matching kernel headers are already available on your system using dpkg-query command.
|
||||
|
||||
$ dpkg-query -s linux-headers-$(uname -r)
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
dpkg-query: package 'linux-headers-3.11.0-26-generic' is not installed and no information is available
|
||||
|
||||
Go ahead and install matching kernel headers as follows.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo apt-get install linux-headers-$(uname -r)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Verify that matching kernel headers are successfully installed.
|
||||
|
||||
$ dpkg-query -s linux-headers-$(uname -r)
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
Package: linux-headers-3.11.0-26-generic
|
||||
Status: install ok installed
|
||||
|
||||
The default location of kernel headers on Debian, Ubuntu or Linux Mint is **/usr/src**.
|
||||
|
||||
### Install Kernel Headers on Fedora, CentOS or RHEL ###
|
||||
|
||||
If you did not manually upgrade the kernel, you can install matching kernel headers using yum command.
|
||||
|
||||
First, check if matching kernel headers are already installed on your system. If the following command does not produce any output, it means kernel headers are not available.
|
||||
|
||||
$ rpm -qa | grep kernel-headers-$(uname -r)
|
||||
|
||||
Go ahead and install kernel headers with yum command. This command will automatically find a package of matching kernel headers, and install it.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo yum install kernel-headers
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Verify the status of the installed package.
|
||||
|
||||
$ rpm -qa | grep kernel-headers-$(uname -r)
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
kernel-headers-3.10.0-123.9.3.el7.x86_64
|
||||
|
||||
The default location of kernel headers on Fedora, CentOS or RHEL is **/usr/include/linux**.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://ask.xmodulo.com/install-kernel-headers-linux.html
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/
|
||||
[2]:https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/kbuild/headers_install.txt
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
|
||||
Linux FAQs with Answers--How to install non-free packages on Debian
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
> **Question**: I need to install some proprietary device driver on Debian, which is part of a non-free package. However, I cannot find and install the package in my Debian box. How can I install non-free packages on Debian?
|
||||
|
||||
The Debian project is distributed as a collection of packages, [48,000][1] of them, as of Debian Wheezy. These packages are categorized into three areas: main, contrib and non-free, mainly based on licensing requirements, e.g., [Debian Free Software Guidelines][2] (DFSG).
|
||||
|
||||
The main area contains free software that complies with DFSG. The contrib area contains free software that complies with DFSG, but relies on non-free software for compilation or execution. Finally, the non-free area contains non-free packages that are not compliant with DFSG but redistributable. The main repository is considered a part of Debian, but neither contrib or non-free repository is. The latter two are maintained and provided only as a convenience to users.
|
||||
|
||||
If you want to install a non-free package maintained by Debian, you need to enable contrib and non-free repositories. To do so, open /etc/apt/sources.list with a text editor, and append "contrib non-free" to each source.
|
||||
|
||||
The following is an example of /etc/apt/sources.list for Debian Wheezy.
|
||||
|
||||
deb http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/ wheezy main contrib non-free
|
||||
deb-src http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/ wheezy main contrib non-free
|
||||
|
||||
deb http://security.debian.org/ wheezy/updates main contrib non-free
|
||||
deb-src http://security.debian.org/ wheezy/updates main contrib non-free
|
||||
|
||||
# wheezy-updates, previously known as 'volatile'
|
||||
deb http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/ wheezy-updates main contrib non-free
|
||||
deb-src http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/ wheezy-updates main contrib non-free
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
After modifying sources of packages, run the following command to download package index files for contrib and non-free repositories.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo apt-get update
|
||||
|
||||
If you are using aptitude, run the following instead.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo aptitude update
|
||||
|
||||
Now you are ready to search and install any non-free package on Debian.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://ask.xmodulo.com/install-nonfree-packages-debian.html
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:https://packages.debian.org/stable/allpackages?format=txt.gz
|
||||
[2]:https://www.debian.org/social_contract.html#guidelines
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
|
||||
Linux FAQs with Answers--How to rename multiple files on Linux
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
> **Question**: I know I can rename a file using mv command. But what if I want to change the name of many files? It will be tedius to invoke mv command for every such file. Is there a more convenient way to rename multiple files at once?
|
||||
|
||||
In Linux, when you want to change a file name, mv command gets the job done. However, mv cannot rename multiple files using wildcard. There are ways to deal with multiple files by using a combination of sed, awk or find in conjunction with [xargs][1]. However, these CLIs are rather cumbersome and not user-friendly, and can be error-prone if you are not careful. You don't want to undo incorrect name change for 1,000 files.
|
||||
|
||||
When it comes to renaming multiple files, the rename utility is probably the easiest, the safest, and the most powerful command-line tool. The rename command is actually a Perl script, and comes pre-installed on all modern Linux distributions.
|
||||
|
||||
Here is the basic syntax of rename command.
|
||||
|
||||
rename [-v -n -f] <pcre> <files>
|
||||
|
||||
<pcre> is a Perl-compatible regular expression (PCRE) which represents file(s) to rename and how. This regular expression is in the form of 's/old-name/new-name/'.
|
||||
|
||||
The '-v' option shows the details of file name changes (e.g., XXX renamed as YYY).
|
||||
|
||||
The '-n' option tells rename to show how the files would be renamed without actually changing the names. This option is useful when you want to simulate filename change without touching files.
|
||||
|
||||
The '-f' option force overwriting existing files.
|
||||
|
||||
In the following, let's see several rename command examples.
|
||||
|
||||
### Change File Extensions ###
|
||||
|
||||
Suppose you have many image files with .jpeg extension. You want to change their file names to *.jpg. The following command converts *.jpeg files to *.jpg.
|
||||
|
||||
$ rename 's/\.jpeg$/\.jpg/' *.jpeg
|
||||
|
||||
### Convert Uppercase to Lowercase and Vice-Versa ###
|
||||
|
||||
In case you want to change text case in filenames, you can use the following commands.
|
||||
|
||||
To rename all files to lower-case:
|
||||
|
||||
# rename 'y/A-Z/a-z/' *
|
||||
|
||||
To rename all files to upper-case:
|
||||
|
||||
# rename 'y/a-z/A-Z/' *
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Change File Name Patterns ###
|
||||
|
||||
Now let's consider more complex regular expressions which involve subpatterns. In PCRE, a subpattern captured within round brackets can be referenced by a number preceded by a dollar sign (e.g., $1, $2).
|
||||
|
||||
For example, the following command will rename 'img_NNNN.jpeg' to 'dan_NNNN.jpg'.
|
||||
|
||||
# rename -v 's/img_(\d{4})\.jpeg$/dan_$1\.jpg/' *.jpeg
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
img_5417.jpeg renamed as dan_5417.jpg
|
||||
img_5418.jpeg renamed as dan_5418.jpg
|
||||
img_5419.jpeg renamed as dan_5419.jpg
|
||||
img_5420.jpeg renamed as dan_5420.jpg
|
||||
img_5421.jpeg renamed as dan_5421.jpg
|
||||
|
||||
The next command will rename 'img_000NNNN.jpeg' to 'dan_NNNN.jpg'.
|
||||
|
||||
# rename -v 's/img_\d{3}(\d{4})\.jpeg$/dan_$1\.jpg/' *jpeg
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
img_0005417.jpeg renamed as dan_5417.jpg
|
||||
img_0005418.jpeg renamed as dan_5418.jpg
|
||||
img_0005419.jpeg renamed as dan_5419.jpg
|
||||
img_0005420.jpeg renamed as dan_5420.jpg
|
||||
img_0005421.jpeg renamed as dan_5421.jpg
|
||||
|
||||
In both cases above, the subpattern '\d{4}' captures four consecutive digits. The captured four digits are then referred to as $1, and used as part of new filenames.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://ask.xmodulo.com/rename-multiple-files-linux.html
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://xmodulo.com/xargs-command-linux.html
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user