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How blockchain can complement open source
======
![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/block-quilt-chain.png?itok=mECoDbrc)
[The Cathedral and The Bazaar][1] is a classic open source story, written 20 years ago by Eric Steven Raymond. In the story, Eric describes a new revolutionary software development model where complex software projects are built without (or with a very little) central management. This new model is open source.
Eric's story compares two models:
* The classic model (represented by the cathedral), in which software is crafted by a small group of individuals in a closed and controlled environment through slow and stable releases.
* And the new model (represented by the bazaar), in which software is crafted in an open environment where individuals can participate freely but still produce a stable and coherent system.
Some of the reasons open source is so successful can be traced back to the founding principles Eric describes. Releasing early, releasing often, and accepting the fact that many heads are inevitably better than one allows open source projects to tap into the world’s pool of talent (and few companies can match that using the closed source model).
Two decades after Eric's reflective analysis of the hacker community, we see open source becoming dominant. It is no longer a model only for scratching a developer’s personal itch, but instead, the place where innovation happens. Even the world's [largest][2] software companies are transitioning to this model in order to continue dominating.
### A barter system
If we look closely at how the open source model works in practice, we realize that it is a closed system, exclusive only to open source developers and techies. The only way to influence the direction of a project is by joining the open source community, understanding the written and the unwritten rules, learning how to contribute, the coding standards, etc., and doing it yourself.
This is how the bazaar works, and it is where the barter system analogy comes from. A barter system is a method of exchanging services and goods in return for other services and goods. In the bazaar—where the software is built—that means in order to take something, you must also be a producer yourself and give something back in return. And that is by exchanging your time and knowledge for getting something done. A bazaar is a place where open source developers interact with other open source developers and produce open source software the open source way.
The barter system is a great step forward and an evolution from the state of self-sufficiency where everybody must be a jack of all trades. The bazaar (open source model) using the barter system allows people with common interests and different skills to gather, collaborate, and create something that no individual can create on their own. The barter system is simple and lacks complex problems of the modern monetary systems, but it also has some limitations, such as:
* Lack of divisibility: In the absence of a common medium of exchange, a large indivisible commodity/value cannot be exchanged for a smaller commodity/value. For example, if you want to do even a small change in an open source project, you may sometimes still need to go through a high entry barrier.
* Storing value: If a project is important to your company, you may want to have a large investment/commitment in it. But since it is a barter system among open source developers, the only way to have a strong say is by employing many open source committers, and that is not always possible.
* Transferring value: If you have invested in a project (trained employees, hired open source developers) and want to move focus to another project, it is not possible to transfer expertise, reputation, and influence quickly.
* Temporal decoupling: The barter system does not provide a good mechanism for deferred or advance commitments. In the open source world, that means a user cannot express commitment or interest in a project in a measurable way in advance, or continuously for future periods.
Below, we will explore how to address these limitations using the back door to the bazaar.
### A currency system
People are hanging at the bazaar for different reasons: Some are there to learn, some are there to scratch a personal developer's itch, and some work for large software farms. Because the only way to have a say in the bazaar is to become part of the open source community and join the barter system, in order to gain credibility in the open source world, many large software companies employ these developers and pay them in monetary value. This represents the use of a currency system to influence the bazaar. Open source is no longer only for scratching the personal developer itch. It also accounts for a significant part of the overall software production worldwide, and there are many who want to have an influence.
Open source sets the guiding principles through which developers interact and build a coherent system in a distributed way. It dictates how a project is governed, how software is built, and how the output distributed to users. It is an open consensus model for decentralized entities for building quality software together. But the open source model does not cover how open source is subsidized. Whether it is sponsored, directly or indirectly, through intrinsic or extrinsic motivators is irrelevant to the bazaar.
![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/tokenomics_-_page_4.png)
Currently, there is no equivalent of the decentralized open source development model for subsidization purposes. The majority of open source subsidization is centralized, where typically one company dominates a project by employing the majority of the open source developers of that project. And to be honest, this is currently the best-case scenario, as it guarantees that the developers will be paid for a long period and the project will continue to flourish.
There are also exceptions for the project monopoly scenario: For example, some Cloud Native Computing Foundation projects are developed by a large number of competing companies. Also, the Apache Software Foundation aims for their projects not to be dominated by a single vendor by encouraging diverse contributors, but most of the popular projects, in reality, are still single-vendor projects.
What we are missing is an open and decentralized model that works like the bazaar without a central coordination and ownership, where consumers (open source users) and producers (open source developers) interact with each other, driven by market forces and open source value. In order to complement open source, such a model must also be open and decentralized, and this is why I think the blockchain technology would [fit best here][3].
Most of the existing blockchain (and non-blockchain) platforms that aim to subsidize open source development are targeting primarily bug bounties, small and piecemeal tasks. A few also focus on funding new open source projects. But not many aim to provide mechanisms for sustaining continued development of open source projects—basically, a system that would emulate the behavior of an open source service provider company, or open core, open source-based SaaS product company: ensuring developers get continued and predictable incentives and guiding the project development based on the priorities of the incentivizers; i.e., the users. Such a model would address the limitations of the barter system listed above:
* Allow divisibility: If you want something small fixed, you can pay a small amount rather than the full premium of becoming an open source developer for a project.
* Storing value: You can invest a large amount into a project and ensure both its continued development and that your voice is heard.
* Transferring value: At any point, you can stop investing in the project and move funds into other projects.
* Temporal decoupling: Allow regular recurring payments and subscriptions.
There would be also other benefits, purely from the fact that such a blockchain-based system is transparent and decentralized: to quantify a project’s value/usefulness based on its users’ commitment, open roadmap commitment, decentralized decision making, etc.
### Conclusion
On the one hand, we see large companies hiring open source developers and acquiring open source startups and even foundational platforms (such as Microsoft buying GitHub). Many, if not most, long-running successful open source projects are centralized around a single vendor. The significance of open source and its centralization is a fact.
On the other hand, the challenges around [sustaining open source][4] software are becoming more apparent, and many are investigating this space and its foundational issues more deeply. There are a few projects with high visibility and a large number of contributors, but there are also many other still-important projects that lack enough contributors and maintainers.
There are [many efforts][3] trying to address the challenges of open source through blockchain. These projects should improve the transparency, decentralization, and subsidization and establish a direct link between open source users and developers. This space is still very young, but it is progressing quickly, and with time, the bazaar is going to have a cryptocurrency system.
Given enough time and adequate technology, decentralization is happening at many levels:
* The internet is a decentralized medium that has unlocked the world’s potential for sharing and acquiring knowledge.
* Open source is a decentralized collaboration model that has unlocked the world’s potential for innovation.
* Similarly, blockchain can complement open source and become the decentralized open source subsidization model.
Follow me on [Twitter][5] for other posts in this space.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://opensource.com/article/18/9/barter-currency-system
作者：[Bilgin lbryam][a]
选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972)
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/bibryam
[1]: http://catb.org/
[2]: http://oss.cash/
[3]: https://opensource.com/article/18/8/open-source-tokenomics
[4]: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VS6IpvTWwkQ
[5]: http://twitter.com/bibryam

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区块链是如何补充开源的
======
![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/block-quilt-chain.png?itok=mECoDbrc)
[大教堂与集市][1]是 20 年前由<ruby>埃里克·史蒂文·雷蒙德<rt>Eric Steven Raymond<rt></ruby>（ESR）撰写的经典开源故事。在这个故事中，ESR 描述了一种新的革命性软件开发模型，其中复杂的软件项目是在没有（或者很少的）集中管理的情况下构建的。这个新模型就是开源。
ESR 的故事比较了两种模式：
* 经典模型（由“大教堂”代表），其中软件由一小群人在封闭和受控的环境中通过缓慢而稳定的发布版本制作而成。
* 以及新模式（由“集市”代表），其中软件是在开放的环境中制作的，个人可以自由参与，但仍然可以产生一个稳定和连贯的系统。
  
开源如此成功的一些原因可以追溯到 ESR 所描述的基础原则。尽早发布、经常发布，并接受许多头脑必然比一个更好的事实，会让开源项目进入全世界的人才库（很少有公司能够使用闭源模式与之匹敌）。
在 ESR 对黑客社区的反思分析 20 年后，我们看到开源成为占据主导地位的的模式。它不再仅仅是开发人员的个人癖好的模式，而是创新发生的地方。即使是全球[最大][2]软件公司也正在转向这种模式，以便继续占据主导地位。
### 易货系统
如果我们仔细研究开源模型在实践中的运作方式，我们就会发现它是一个封闭的系统，专属于开源开发人员和技术人员。影响项目方向的唯一方法是加入开源社区，了解成文和不成文的规则，学习如何贡献，编码标准等，并自己亲力完成。
这就是集市的运作方式，也是易货系统类比的来源。易货系统是一种交换服务和货物以换取其他服务和货物的方法。在市场中（即软件的构建）这意味着为了获取某些东西，你必须自己也是一个生产者并回馈一些东西——那就是通过交换你的时间和知识来完成任务。集市是开源开发人员与其他开源开发人员交互并以开源方式生成开源软件的地方。
易货系统向前迈出了一大步，从自给自足的状态演变而来，而在自给自足的状态下，每个人都必须成为所有行业的杰出人选。使用易货系统的集市（开源模式）允许具有共同兴趣和不同技能的人们收集、协作和创造个人无法自己创造的东西。易货系统简单，而不像现代货币系统那么复杂，但也有一些局限性，例如：
* 缺乏可分性：在没有共同的交换媒介的情况下，不能将较大的不可分割的商品/价值换成较小的商品/价值。例如，如果你想在开源项目中进行一些小的更改，有时你可能仍需要经历一个高进入门槛。
* 存储价值：如果项目对贵公司很重要，你可能想要投入大量投资/承诺。但由于它是开源开发人员之间的易货系统，因此拥有强大发言权的唯一方法是雇佣许多开源贡献者，但这并非总是可行的。
* 转移价值：如果你投资了一个项目（受过培训的员工、雇用开源开发人员）并希望将重点转移到另一个项目，却不可能快速转移（你在上一个项目中拥有的）专业知识、声誉和影响力。
* 时间脱钩：易货系统没有为延期或提前承诺提供良好的机制。在开源世界中，这意味着用户无法提前或在未来期间以可衡量的方式表达对项目的承诺或兴趣。
  
下面，我们将探讨如何使用集市的后门解决这些限制。
### 货币系统
人们因为不同的原因勾连在集市上：有些人在那里学习，有些是出于满足开发人员个人的喜好，有些人在大型软件工厂工作。因为在集市中拥有发言权的唯一方法是成为开源社区的一份子并加入这个易货系统，为了在开源世界获得信誉，许多大型软件公司雇用这些开发者并以货币方式支付薪酬。这代表使用货币系统来影响集市。开源不再只是为了满足开发人员个人的喜好。它也占据全球整体软件生产的重要部分，并且有许多人想要产生影响。
开源设置了开发人员交互的指导原则，并以分布式方式构建一致的系统。它决定了项目的治理方式、软件的构建方式以及其成果如何分配给用户。它是分散实体共同构建高质量软件的开放共识模型。但是开源模型并没有包括如何补贴开源。无论是直接还是间接地通过内在或外在动机的赞助，都与集市无关。
![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/tokenomics_-_page_4.png)
目前，没有相当于以补贴为目的的去中心化式开源开发模型。大多数开源补贴都是集中式的，通常一家公司通过雇用该项目的主要开源开发人员来支配该项目。说实话，这是目前最好的情况，因为它保证了开发人员将长期获得报酬，项目也将继续蓬勃发展。
项目垄断情景也有例外情况：例如，一些云原生计算基金会（CNCF）项目是由大量的竞争公司开发的。此外，Apache 软件基金会（ASF）旨在通过鼓励不同的贡献者来使他们的项目不被单一供应商所主导，但实际上大多数受欢迎的项目仍然是单一供应商项目。
我们缺少的是一个开放的、去中心化的模式，就像一个没有集中协调和所有权的集市一样，消费者（开源用户）和生产者（开源开发者）在市场力量和开源价值的驱动下相互作用。为了补充开源，这样的模型也必须是开放和去中心化的，这就是为什么我认为区块链技术[最适合][3]的原因。
旨在补贴开源开发的大多数现有区块链（和非区块链）平台主要针对的是错误赏金、小型和零碎的任务。少数人还专注于资助新的开源项目。但并没有很多人的目标是提供维持开源项目持续开发的机制 —— 基本上，这个系统可以模仿开源服务提供商公司或开放核心、基于开源的 SaaS 产品公司的行为：确保开发人员继续进行可预测的激励措施，并根据激励者（即用户）的优先事项指导项目开发。这种模型将解决上面列出的易货系统的局限性：
* 允许可分性：如果你想要一些小的修复，你可以支付少量费用，而不是成为项目的开源开发人员的全部费用。
* 存储价值：你可以在项目中投入大量资金，并确保其持续发展和你的发言权。
* 转移价值：在任何时候，你都可以停止投资项目并将资金转移到其他项目中。
* 时间脱钩：允许定期定期付款和订阅。
还有其他好处，纯粹是因为这种基于区块链的系统是透明和去中心化的：根据用户的承诺、开放的路线图承诺、去中心化决策等来量化项目的价值/实用性。
### 总结
一方面，我们看到大公司雇用开源开发人员并收购开源初创公司甚至基础平台（例如微软收购 GitHub）。许多（甚至大多数）长期成功的开源项目集中在一个供应商周围。开源的重要性及其集中化是一个事实。
另一方面，围绕[持续开源][4]软件的挑战正变得越来越明显，许多人正在更深入地研究这个领域及其基础问题。有一些项目具有很高的知名度和大量的贡献者，但还有许多其他一样重要的项目缺乏足够的贡献者和维护者。
有[许多努力][3]试图通过区块链来解决开源的挑战。这些项目应提高透明度、去中心化和补贴，并在开源用户和开发人员之间建立直接联系。这个领域还很年轻，但是进展很快，随着时间的推移，集市将会有一个加密货币系统。
如果有足够的时间和足够的技术，去中心化就会发生在很多层面：
* 互联网是一种去中心化的媒介，它释放了全球分享和获取知识的潜力。
* 开源是一种去中心化的协作模式，它释放了全球的创新潜力。
* 同样，区块链可以补充开源，成为去中心化的开源补贴模式。
请在[推特][5]上关注我在这个领域的其他帖子。
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://opensource.com/article/18/9/barter-currency-system
作者：[Bilgin lbryam][a]
选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972)
译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/bibryam
[1]: http://catb.org/
[2]: http://oss.cash/
[3]: https://opensource.com/article/18/8/open-source-tokenomics
[4]: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VS6IpvTWwkQ
[5]: http://twitter.com/bibryam