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[translated] How to stitch photos together in Linux

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translating by ailurus1991 (previous ID: pandachow)
How to stitch photos together on Linux
================================================================================
If you are an avid photographer, you will probably have several stunning panoramic photos in your portfolio. You don't have to be a professional photographer, nor need specialized equipment to create dramatic panoramic pictures. In fact, there are quite a few picture stitch apps (online or offline, desktop or mobile), which can easily create a panoramic view of a scene from two or more overlapping pictures.
In this tutorial, I will explain **how to stitch photos together on Linux**. For that, I am going to use panoramic photo stitching software called [Hugin][1].
Hugin is an open-source (GPLv2) free panorama photo stitching tool. It is available on multiple platforms including Linux, Windows, OS X, and FreeBSD. Being open-source freeware does not mean that Hugin won't match up to other commercial photo stitchers in terms of features and quality. On the contrary, Hugin is extremely powerful, capable of creating a 360-degree panoramic image, and featuring various advanced photometric corrections and optimizations.
### Install Hugin on Linux ###
To install Hugin on Debian, Ubuntu or Linux Mint:
$ sudo apt-get install hugin
To install Hugin on Fedora:
$ sudo yum install hugin
### Launch Hugin ###
Use hugin command to launch Hugin.
$ hugin
The first thing to do is to load photos that you want to stitch together. For that, click on "Load images" button, and load (two or more) pictures to join. It should be obvious, but individual pictures need to be overlapping with each other.
[![](http://farm3.staticflickr.com/2884/11230363115_9aaaf5d8e4_z.jpg)][2]
### First Round of Photo Stitching ###
After loading pictures, click on "Align" button for the first round of stitching.
[![](http://farm8.staticflickr.com/7405/11230471403_4aab2dd708_z.jpg)][3]
Hugin will then run stitching assistant in a separate window, which analyzes common keypoints (or control points) between photos to combine the photos properly. After analysis is completed, you will see a panorama preview window, which will display panorama preview.
Switch back to the Hugin's main window. Under the "Align" button, you will see the status of photo stitching (i.e., number of control points, mean error). It will also say whether fit is good or bad.
[![](http://farm3.staticflickr.com/2838/11230471243_c59a6dd6cd_z.jpg)][4]
If it says "bad" or "really bad" fit, you can go ahead and fine-tune picture alignment as demonstrated below.
### Add or Remove Control Points ###
In the main Hugin window, go to "Control Points" tab. In this tab, Hugin shows which common control points are used to join multiple photos. It shows a pair of photos in left/right panels, and common key points between them are visualized with small boxes of the same color. You can remove any spurious points, or add new common points by hand. The more accurately matched points there are, the better quality stitching you will get. Also, if matched control points are well spread-out, they will be more helpful (than highly clustered control points).
[![](http://farm4.staticflickr.com/3706/11230392866_aeee95908d_z.jpg)][5]
Using the left/right arrow buttons located at the top-center, find a pair of photos which have least common control points. Given such a pair, try adding more common points by hand as follows.
Click one spot on a left-side photo, and then click on the corresponding identical spot on a right-side photo. Hugin will try to fine-tune the match automatically. Click on "Add" button at the bottom to add the matched pair. Repeat this process to add additional common points.
[![](http://farm4.staticflickr.com/3790/11230376534_4acfdf09c8_z.jpg)][6]
### Other Optimizations ###
You can also try re-optimization. Either click on "Re-optimize" button in the toolbar, or go to "Optimizer" tab to fine-tune the optimization.
[![](http://farm4.staticflickr.com/3830/11230470413_05dbb778d0_z.jpg)][5]
Go back to "Assistant" tab in the main Hugin window, and click on "Align" button again to see if you get a better result.
If the combined panoramic view has a wavy horizon, you can straighten out the horizon. For that, click on "Preview panorama" button in the toolbar.
[![](http://farm8.staticflickr.com/7423/11230361845_afbb2e11ea_z.jpg)][6]
Then click on "Straighten" button in the Panorama preview window.
[![](http://farm4.staticflickr.com/3750/11230470463_2b4ef3dedf_z.jpg)][7]
Once you are satisfied with the stitch result, you can go ahead, and export it to an image file. For that, go to "Stitcher" tab in the Hugin's main window, and do the following.
Adjust canvas size, and amount of crop. Also, select output format (e.g., TIFF, JPEG, PNG). Finally, click on "Stitch!" button.
[![](http://farm3.staticflickr.com/2837/11230376234_2e46342a01_z.jpg)][8]
You will be asked to save a current project file (*.pto), and then specify output file name for the stitched photo.
It will take a couple of seconds to finalize photo stitch.
Here is the output of my experiment with Hugin. This is a beautiful panoramic view of luxury beach front in Cancun, Mexico. :-)
[![](http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/11230423496/)][9]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://xmodulo.com/2013/12/stitch-photos-together-linux.html
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[1]:http://hugin.sourceforge.net/
[2]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/11230363115/
[3]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/11230471403/
[4]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/11230471243/
[5]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/11230392866/
[6]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/11230376534/
[7]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/11230470413/
[8]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/11230361845/
[9]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/11230470463/
[10]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/11230376234/
[11]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/11230423496/

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如何在 Linux 中合并照片
================================================================================
如果你是一位狂热的摄影爱好者，那么你的摄影集中可能会有一些令人叹为观止的全景摄影作品。事实上，制作这些照片既不需要专业的摄影技术，也不需要什么特别的设备，利用一些照片合并软件（在线或者是离线，桌面设备或者移动设备）就可以将两幅或者多幅有重叠部分的照片轻松合成一幅全景照片。
这篇教程里，我将会解释 **如何在 Linux 中完成照片的合并工作**。在这儿，我将会使用一款叫做 [Hugin][1] 的照片合并软件。
Hugin 是一款开源（GPLv2）并可以免费使用的照片合并工具。它目前支持多个平台，包括 Linux，Windows，OS X 和 FreeBSD。 尽管作为一款开源软件，但是不论在功能上还是质量上，Hugin 都丝毫不逊色于商业软件。相反，Hugin 非常强大，不仅可以用来创建360度全景照片，还支持多种高级测光修正和优化。
### 在 Linux 中安装 Hugin
在 Debian，Ubuntu 或者 Linux Mint 中安装 Hugin：
$ sudo apt-get install hugin
在 Fedora 中安装 Hugin：
$ sudo yum install hugin
### 启动 Hugin
我们使用命令来启动Hugin。
$ hugin
在这儿，我们要做的第一件事就是导入我们想要合并的照片。我们先来点击Load images 按钮，然后导入（两张或者多张）图片。当然了，这些照片应该需要相互有一些重叠的部分。
[![](http://farm3.staticflickr.com/2884/11230363115_9aaaf5d8e4_z.jpg)][2]
### 第一次照片合并
在导入照片之后，点击 Align 按钮来开始我们的第一次合并
[![](http://farm8.staticflickr.com/7405/11230471403_4aab2dd708_z.jpg)][3]
为了正确合并照片，Hugin 将会在一个单独的窗口中启动合并助手，用来分析照片之间的关键点（控制点）。分析完毕之后，呈现在你眼前的将会是一幅全景照片的预览图。
接下来让我们切换回 Hugin 的主窗口。在 Align 按钮的下方，你将会看见照片合并的状态（比如控制点的数量，错误情况）。当然，还会有合并好坏的相关提示。
[![](http://farm3.staticflickr.com/2838/11230471243_c59a6dd6cd_z.jpg)][4]
如果合并提示显示 bad 或者 really bad，你可以继续按照下面的办法来进行排列的调整。
### 添加活着删除控制点
在主窗口中，进入 Control Points 标签页。在这儿，Hugin 展现在组合照片中常用的的控制点。我们看到，在左右面板中展现了一对照片，上面的一些同色的小方盒表示的是常用的控制点。你可以手动来添加或者删除这些控制点。这些控制点匹配的越精确，我们得到的合并质量也就越高。除此之外，如果这些控制点分散得比较均匀，得到的效果将会更好。
[![](http://farm4.staticflickr.com/3706/11230392866_aeee95908d_z.jpg)][5]
使用顶部中间的左右箭头按钮来找到拥有最少控制点的两幅照片。对这样的两幅照片，我们可以试图按照下面的办法来手动增加控制点。
首先我们点击左边照片中的某个点，然后再来点击右边照片中对应的点。Hugin 将会试图自动调整。接下来，我们继续点击底部的 Add 按钮来添加匹配对。重复上面的操作来添加更多的控制点。
[![](http://farm4.staticflickr.com/3790/11230376534_4acfdf09c8_z.jpg)][6]
### 其他优化
我们可以试图进行重新优化，比如点击工具栏中的 Re-optimize 按钮，或者去 Optimizer 标签中重新调整之前的优化。
[![](http://farm4.staticflickr.com/3830/11230470413_05dbb778d0_z.jpg)][5]
接下来回到 Hugin 主窗口中的 Assistant 标签，再次点击 Align 按钮来看看是否能得到一个更棒的结果。
倘若合并的全景照片的水平线参差不齐，我们可以试图将它拉直。首先点击工具栏上的 Preview panorama 按钮。
[![](http://farm8.staticflickr.com/7423/11230361845_afbb2e11ea_z.jpg)][6]
然后点击预览窗口中的 Straighten 按钮。
[![](http://farm4.staticflickr.com/3750/11230470463_2b4ef3dedf_z.jpg)][7]
一旦你对合并的结果感到满意，你可以继续将它导出为图片文件。只需要到 Hugin 主窗口中 Sticher 标签页里进行下面的操作：
调整画布大小，剪切数量。当然，还需要选择输出格式（比如 TIFF，JPEG，PNG）。最后，点击 Stitch！按钮来完成。
[![](http://farm3.staticflickr.com/2837/11230376234_2e46342a01_z.jpg)][8]
之后会有提示保存当前项目文件（*.pto），设定保存好输出的文件名即可。
导出过程可能会需要花费几秒钟的时间。
这里有一张我利用 Hugin 的实验输出结果。画面中是墨西哥坎昆迷人海滩的全景。:-)
[![](http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/11230423496/)][9]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://xmodulo.com/2013/12/stitch-photos-together-linux.html
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/ailurus1991) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[1]:http://hugin.sourceforge.net/
[2]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/11230363115/
[3]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/11230471403/
[4]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/11230471243/
[5]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/11230392866/
[6]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/11230376534/
[7]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/11230470413/
[8]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/11230361845/
[9]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/11230470463/
[10]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/11230376234/
[11]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/11230423496/