diff --git a/sources/tech/20150505 How to Manage 'Systemd' Services and Units Using 'Systemctl' in Linux.md b/translated/tech/20150505 How to Manage 'Systemd' Services and Units Using 'Systemctl' in Linux.md similarity index 78% rename from sources/tech/20150505 How to Manage 'Systemd' Services and Units Using 'Systemctl' in Linux.md rename to translated/tech/20150505 How to Manage 'Systemd' Services and Units Using 'Systemctl' in Linux.md index 563eb2cd0f..a78dc01820 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20150505 How to Manage 'Systemd' Services and Units Using 'Systemctl' in Linux.md +++ b/translated/tech/20150505 How to Manage 'Systemd' Services and Units Using 'Systemctl' in Linux.md @@ -1,29 +1,28 @@ -Translating by GOLinux! -How to Manage ‘Systemd’ Services and Units Using ‘Systemctl’ in Linux +在Linux中使用‘Systemctl’管理‘Systemd’服务和单元 ================================================================================ -Systemctl is a systemd utility which is responsible for Controlling the systemd system and service manager. +Systemctl是一个systemd工具，主要负责控制systemd系统和服务管理器。 -Systemd is a collection of system management daemons, utilities and libraries which serves as a replacement of System V init daemon. Systemd functions as central management and configuration platform for UNIX like system. +Systemd是一个系统管理守护进程、工具和库的集合，用于取代System V初始进程。Systemd的功能是用于集中管理和配置类UNIX系统。 -In the Linux Ecosystem Systemd has been implemented on most of the standard Linux Distribution with a few exception. Systemd is the parent Process of all other daemons oftenly but not always. +在Linux生态系统中，Systemd被部署到了大多数的标准Linux发行版中，只有位数不多的几个尚未部署。Systemd通常是所有其它守护进程的父进程，但并非总是如此。 ![Manage Linux Services Using Systemctl](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Manage-Linux-Services-Using-Systemctl.jpg) -Manage Linux Services Using Systemctl +使用Systemctl管理Linux服务 -This article aims at throwing light on “How to control System and Services” on a system running systemd. +本文旨在阐明在运行systemd的系统上“如何控制系统和服务”。 -### Starting with Systemtd and Systemctl Basics ### +### Systemd初体验和Systemctl基础 ### -#### 1. First check if systemd is installed on your system or not and what is the version of currently installed Systemd? #### +#### 1. 首先检查你的系统中是否安装有systemd并确定当前安装的版本 #### # systemd --version systemd 215 +PAM +AUDIT +SELINUX +IMA +SYSVINIT +LIBCRYPTSETUP +GCRYPT +ACL +XZ -SECCOMP -APPARMOR -It’s clear from the above example, that we have systemd 215 version Installed. +上例中很清楚地表明，我们安装了215版本的systemd。 -#### 2. Check where the binaries and libraries of systemd and systemctl are installed. #### +#### 2. 检查systemd和systemctl的二进制文件和库文件的安装位置 #### # whereis systemd systemd: /usr/lib/systemd /etc/systemd /usr/share/systemd /usr/share/man/man1/systemd.1.gz @@ -32,7 +31,7 @@ It’s clear from the above example, that we have systemd 215 version Installed. # whereis systemctl systemctl: /usr/bin/systemctl /usr/share/man/man1/systemctl.1.gz -#### 3. Check whether systemd is running or not. #### +#### 3. 检查systemd是否运行 #### # ps -eaf | grep [s]ystemd @@ -42,18 +41,18 @@ It’s clear from the above example, that we have systemd 215 version Installed. root 555 1 0 16:27 ? 00:00:00 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd-logind dbus 556 1 0 16:27 ? 00:00:00 /bin/dbus-daemon --system --address=systemd: --nofork --nopidfile --systemd-activation -**Notice**: systemd is running as parent daemon (PID=1). In the above command ps with (-e) select all Processes, (- +**注意**：systemd是作为父进程（PID=1）运行的。在上面带（-e）参数的ps命令输出中，选择所有进程，（- -a) select all processes except session leaders and (-f) for full format listing (i.e. -eaf). +a）选择除会话前导外的所有进程，并使用（-f）参数输出完整格式列表（如 -eaf）。 -Also note the square brackets in the above example and rest of the examples to follow. Square Bracket expression is part of grep’s character class pattern matching. +也请注意上例中后随的方括号和样例剩余部分。方括号表达式是grep的字符类表达式的一部分。 -#### 4. Analyze systemd boot process. #### +#### 4. 分析systemd启动进程 #### # systemd-analyze Startup finished in 487ms (kernel) + 2.776s (initrd) + 20.229s (userspace) = 23.493s -#### 5. Analyze time taken by each process at boot. #### +#### 5. 分析启动时各个进程花费的时间 #### # systemd-analyze blame @@ -69,7 +68,7 @@ Also note the square brackets in the above example and rest of the examples to f 1.126s systemd-logind.service .... -#### 6. Analyze critical chain at boot. #### +#### 6. 分析启动时的关键链 #### # systemd-analyze critical-chain @@ -95,9 +94,9 @@ Also note the square brackets in the above example and rest of the examples to f └─systemd-fsck@dev-disk-by\x2duuid-79f594ad\x2da332\x2d4730\x2dbb5f\x2d85d19608096 └─dev-disk-by\x2duuid-79f594ad\x2da332\x2d4730\x2dbb5f\x2d85d196080964.device @4 -**Important**: Systemctl accepts services (.service), mount point (.mount), sockets (.socket) and devices (.device) as units. +**重要**：Systemctl接受服务（.service），挂载点（.mount），套接口（.socket）和设备（.device）作为单元。 -#### 7. List all the available units. #### +#### 7. 列出所有可用单元 #### # systemctl list-unit-files @@ -113,7 +112,7 @@ Also note the square brackets in the above example and rest of the examples to f brandbot.path disabled ..... -#### 8. List all running units. #### +#### 8. 列出所有运行中单元 #### # systemctl list-units @@ -134,7 +133,7 @@ Also note the square brackets in the above example and rest of the examples to f sys-module-configfs.device loaded active plugged /sys/module/configfs ... -#### 9. List all failed units. #### +#### 9. 列出所有失败单元 #### # systemctl --failed @@ -148,13 +147,13 @@ Also note the square brackets in the above example and rest of the examples to f 1 loaded units listed. Pass --all to see loaded but inactive units, too. To show all installed unit files use 'systemctl list-unit-files'. -#### 10. Check if a Unit (cron.service) is enabled or not?. #### +#### 10. 检查某个单元（cron.service）是否启用 #### # systemctl is-enabled crond.service enabled -#### 11. Check whether a Unit or Service is running or not?. #### +#### 11. 检查某个单元或服务是否运行 #### # systemctl status firewalld.service @@ -168,9 +167,9 @@ Also note the square brackets in the above example and rest of the examples to f Apr 28 16:27:51 tecmint systemd[1]: Starting firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon... Apr 28 16:27:55 tecmint systemd[1]: Started firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon. -### Control and Manage Services Using Systemctl ### +### 使用Systemctl控制并管理服务 ### -#### 12. List all services (including enabled and disabled). #### +#### 12. 列出所有服务（包括启用的和禁用的） #### # systemctl list-unit-files --type=service @@ -188,7 +187,7 @@ Also note the square brackets in the above example and rest of the examples to f dbus-org.fedoraproject.FirewallD1.service enabled .... -#### 13. How do I start, restart, stop, reload and check the status of a service (httpd.service) in Linux. #### +#### 13. Linux中如何启动、重启、停止、重载服务以及检查服务（httpd.service）状态 #### # systemctl start httpd.service # systemctl restart httpd.service @@ -215,15 +214,15 @@ Also note the square brackets in the above example and rest of the examples to f Apr 28 17:21:30 tecmint systemd[1]: Started The Apache HTTP Server. Hint: Some lines were ellipsized, use -l to show in full. -**Note**: When we use commands like start, restart, stop and reload with systemctl, we will not get any output on the terminal, only status command will print the output. +**注意**：当我们使用systemctl的start，restart，stop和reload命令时，我们不会不会从终端获取到任何输出内容，只有status命令可以打印输出。 -#### 14. How to active a service and enable or disable a service at boot time (auto start service at system boot). #### +#### 14. 如何激活服务并在启动时启用或禁用服务（系统启动时自动启动服务） #### # systemctl is-active httpd.service # systemctl enable httpd.service # systemctl disable httpd.service -#### 15. How to mask (making it impossible to start) or unmask a service (httpd.service). #### +#### 15. 如何屏蔽（让它不能启动）或显示服务（httpd.service） #### # systemctl mask httpd.service ln -s '/dev/null' '/etc/systemd/system/httpd.service' @@ -231,7 +230,7 @@ Also note the square brackets in the above example and rest of the examples to f # systemctl unmask httpd.service rm '/etc/systemd/system/httpd.service' -#### 16. How to a Kill a service using systemctl command. #### +#### 16. 使用systemctl命令杀死服务 #### # systemctl kill httpd # systemctl status httpd @@ -254,9 +253,9 @@ Also note the square brackets in the above example and rest of the examples to f Apr 28 18:01:42 tecmint systemd[1]: Unit httpd.service entered failed state. Hint: Some lines were ellipsized, use -l to show in full. -### Control and Manage Mount Points using Systemctl ### +### 使用Systemctl控制并管理挂载点 ### -#### 17. List all system mount points. #### +#### 17. 列出所有系统挂载点 #### # systemctl list-unit-files --type=mount @@ -269,7 +268,7 @@ Also note the square brackets in the above example and rest of the examples to f sys-kernel-debug.mount static tmp.mount disabled -#### 18. How do I mount, unmount, remount, reload system mount points and also check the status of mount points on the system. #### +#### 18. 挂载、卸载、重新挂载、重载系统挂载点并检查系统中挂载点状态 #### # systemctl start tmp.mount # systemctl stop tmp.mount @@ -292,13 +291,13 @@ Also note the square brackets in the above example and rest of the examples to f Apr 28 17:46:06 tecmint systemd[1]: tmp.mount: Directory /tmp to mount over is not empty, mounting anyway. Apr 28 17:46:06 tecmint systemd[1]: Mounted Temporary Directory. -#### 19. How to active, enable or disable a mount point at boot time (auto mount at system boot). #### +#### 19. 在启动时激活、启用或禁用挂载点（系统启动时自动挂载） #### # systemctl is-active tmp.mount # systemctl enable tmp.mount # systemctl disable tmp.mount -#### 20. How to mask (making it impossible to start) or unmask a mount points in Linux. #### +#### 20. 在Linux中屏蔽（让它不能启动）或显示挂载点 #### # systemctl mask tmp.mount @@ -308,9 +307,9 @@ Also note the square brackets in the above example and rest of the examples to f rm '/etc/systemd/system/tmp.mount' -### Control and Manage Sockets using Systemctl ### +### 使用Systemctl控制并管理套接口 ### -#### 21. List all available system sockets. #### +#### 21. 列出所有可用系统套接口 #### # systemctl list-unit-files --type=socket @@ -329,7 +328,7 @@ Also note the square brackets in the above example and rest of the examples to f 11 unit files listed. -#### 22. How do I start, restart, stop, reload and check the status of a socket (example: cups.socket) in Linux. #### +#### 22. 在Linux中启动、重启、停止、重载套接口并检查其状态#### # systemctl start cups.socket # systemctl restart cups.socket @@ -345,13 +344,13 @@ Also note the square brackets in the above example and rest of the examples to f Apr 28 18:10:59 tecmint systemd[1]: Starting CUPS Printing Service Sockets. Apr 28 18:10:59 tecmint systemd[1]: Listening on CUPS Printing Service Sockets. -#### 23. How to active a socket and enable or disable at boot time (auto start socket at system boot). #### +#### 23. 在启动时激活套接口，并启用或禁用它（系统启动时自启动） #### # systemctl is-active cups.socket # systemctl enable cups.socket # systemctl disable cups.socket -#### 24. How to mask (making it impossible to start) or unmask a socket (cups.socket). #### +#### 24. 屏蔽（使它不能启动）或显示套接口 #### # systemctl mask cups.socket ln -s '/dev/null' '/etc/systemd/system/cups.socket' @@ -359,31 +358,31 @@ Also note the square brackets in the above example and rest of the examples to f # systemctl unmask cups.socket rm '/etc/systemd/system/cups.socket' -### CPU Utilization (Shares) of a Service ### +### 服务的CPU利用率（分配额） ### -#### 25. Get the current CPU Shares of a Service (say httpd). #### +#### 25. 获取当前某个服务的CPU分配额（如httpd） #### # systemctl show -p CPUShares httpd.service CPUShares=1024 -**Note**: The default each service has a CPUShare = 1024. You may increase/decrease CPU share of a process. +**注意**：各个服务的默认CPU分配份额=1024，你可以增加/减少某个进程的CPU分配份额。 -#### 26. Limit the CPU Share of a service (httpd.service) to 2000 CPUShares/ #### +#### 26. 将某个服务（httpd.service）的CPU分配份额限制为2000 CPUShares/ #### # systemctl set-property httpd.service CPUShares=2000 # systemctl show -p CPUShares httpd.service CPUShares=2000 -**Note**: When you set CPUShare for a service, a directory with the name of service is created (httpd.service.d) which contains a file 90-CPUShares.conf which contains the CPUShare Limit information. You may view the file as: +**注意**：当你为某个服务设置CPUShares，会自动创建一个以服务名命名的目录（httpd.service），里面包含了一个名为90-CPUShares.conf的文件，该文件含有CPUShare限制信息，你可以通过以下方式查看该文件： # vi /etc/systemd/system/httpd.service.d/90-CPUShares.conf [Service] CPUShares=2000 -#### 27. Check all the configuration details of a service. #### +#### 27. 检查某个服务的所有配置细节 #### # systemctl show httpd @@ -402,7 +401,7 @@ Also note the square brackets in the above example and rest of the examples to f FragmentPath=/usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service .... -#### 28. Analyze critical chain for a services(httpd). #### +#### 28. 分析某个服务（httpd）的关键链 #### # systemd-analyze critical-chain httpd.service @@ -427,7 +426,7 @@ Also note the square brackets in the above example and rest of the examples to f └─systemd-fsck@dev-disk-by\x2duuid-79f594ad\x2da332\x2d4730\x2dbb5f\x2d85d196080964.service @4.092s +149ms └─dev-disk-by\x2duuid-79f594ad\x2da332\x2d4730\x2dbb5f\x2d85d196080964.device @4.092s -#### 29. Get a list of dependencies for a services (httpd). #### +#### 29. 获取某个服务（httpd）的依赖性列表 #### # systemctl list-dependencies httpd.service @@ -449,7 +448,7 @@ Also note the square brackets in the above example and rest of the examples to f │ ├─dbus.socket .... -#### 30. List control groups hierarchically. #### +#### 30. 按等级列出控制组 #### # systemd-cgls @@ -473,7 +472,7 @@ Also note the square brackets in the above example and rest of the examples to f │ └─721 /usr/lib/polkit-1/polkitd --no-debug .... -#### 31. List control group according to CPU, memory, Input and Output. #### +#### 31. 按CPU、内存、输入和输出列出控制组 #### # systemd-cgtop @@ -502,9 +501,9 @@ Also note the square brackets in the above example and rest of the examples to f /system.slice/webmin.service 1 - - - - /user.slice/user-0.slice/session-1.scope 3 - - - - -### Control System Runlevels ### +### 控制系统运行等级 ### -#### 32. How to start system rescue mode. #### +#### 32. 启动系统救援模式 #### # systemctl rescue @@ -512,7 +511,7 @@ Also note the square brackets in the above example and rest of the examples to f The system is going down to rescue mode NOW! -#### 33. How to enter into emergency mode. #### +#### 33. 进入紧急模式 #### # systemctl emergency @@ -520,31 +519,31 @@ Also note the square brackets in the above example and rest of the examples to f system logs, "systemctl reboot" to reboot, "systemctl default" to try again to boot into default mode. -#### 34. List current run levels in use. #### +#### 34. 列出当前使用的运行等级 #### # systemctl get-default multi-user.target -#### 35. How to start Runlevel 5 aka graphical mode. #### +#### 35. 启动运行等级5，即图形模式 #### # systemctl isolate runlevel5.target OR # systemctl isolate graphical.target -#### 36. How to start Runlevel 3 aka multiuser mode (commandline). #### +#### 36. 启动运行等级3，即多用户模式（命令行） #### # systemctl isolate runlevel3.target OR # systemctl isolate multiuser.target -#### 36. How to set multiusermode or graphical mode as default runlevel. #### +#### 36. 设置多用户模式或图形模式为默认运行等级 #### # systemctl set-default runlevel3.target # systemctl set-default runlevel5.target -#### 37. How to reboot, halt, suspend, hibernate or put system in hybrid-sleep. #### +#### 37. 重启、停止、挂起、休眠系统或使系统进入混合睡眠 #### # systemctl reboot @@ -556,23 +555,23 @@ Also note the square brackets in the above example and rest of the examples to f # systemctl hybrid-sleep -For those who may not be aware of runlevels and what it does. +对于不知运行等级为何物的人，说明如下。 -- Runlevel 0 : Shut down and Power off the system. -- Runlevel 1 : Rescue?Maintainance Mode. -- Runlevel 3 : multiuser, no-graphic system. -- Runlevel 4 : multiuser, no-graphic system. -- Runlevel 5 : multiuser, graphical system. -- Runlevel 6 : Shutdown and Reboot the machine. +- Runlevel 0 : 关闭系统 +- Runlevel 1 : 救援？维护模式 +- Runlevel 3 : 多用户，无图形系统 +- Runlevel 4 : 多用户，无图形系统 +- Runlevel 5 : 多用户，图形化系统 +- Runlevel 6 : 关闭并重启机器 -That’s all for now. Keep connected! Keep commenting. Don’t forget to provide us with your valuable feedback in the comments below. Like and share us and help us get spread. +到此为止吧。保持连线，进行评论。别忘了在下面的评论中为我们提供一些有价值的反馈哦。喜欢我们、与我们分享，求扩散。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: http://www.tecmint.com/manage-services-using-systemd-and-systemctl-in-linux/ 作者：[Avishek Kumar][a] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出