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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
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[#]: translator: (geekpi)
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[#]: reviewer: ( )
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[#]: publisher: ( )
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[#]: url: ( )
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[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
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[#]: publisher: (wxy)
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[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-12569-1.html)
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[#]: subject: (AI system analyzes code similarities, makes progress toward automated coding)
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[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3570389/ai-system-analyzes-code-similarities-makes-progress-toward-automated-coding.html)
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[#]: author: (Patrick Nelson https://www.networkworld.com/author/Patrick-Nelson/)
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AI 系统分析代码相似性，向自动化编码迈进
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AI 系统向自动化编码迈进
|
||||
======
|
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来自 Intel、MIT 和佐治亚理工学院的研究人员正在研究一个 AI 引擎，它可以分析代码的相似性，以确定代码的实际作用，为自动化软件编写奠定基础。
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|
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随着人工智能 （AI） 的快速发展，我们是否会进入计算机智能到足以编写自己的代码并和人类一起完成工作？新的研究表明，我们可能正在接近这个里程碑。
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> 来自 Intel、MIT 和佐治亚理工学院的研究人员正在研究一个 AI 引擎，它可以分析代码的相似性，以确定代码的实际作用，为自动化软件编写奠定了基础。
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来自 MIT 和佐治亚理工学院的研究人员与 Intel 合作开发了一个人工智能引擎，被称为机器推断代码相似性（MISIM），它旨在分析软件代码并确定它与其他代码的相似性。最有趣的是，该系统有学习代码的潜力，然后利用这种智能来改变软件的编写方式。最终，人们可以解释希望程序做什么，然后机器编程 （MP） 系统可以拿出一个已经编写完的应用。
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Intel 首席科学家兼机器编程研究总监/创始人 Justin Gottschlich 在该公司的[新闻稿][2]中说：“当完全实现时，MP 能让每个人都能以任何最适合自己的方式，无论是代码、自然语言还是其他东西，来表达自己的意图来创建软件。这是一个大胆的目标，虽然还有很多工作要做，但 MISIM 是朝着这个目标迈出的坚实一步。"
|
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随着人工智能（AI）的快速发展，我们是否会进入计算机智能到足以编写自己的代码并和人类一起完成工作？新的研究表明，我们可能正在接近这个里程碑。
|
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|
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来自 MIT 和佐治亚理工学院的研究人员与 Intel 合作开发了一个人工智能引擎，被称为机器推断代码相似性（MISIM），它旨在分析软件代码并确定它与其他代码的相似性。最有趣的是，该系统有学习代码的潜力，然后利用这种智能来改变软件的编写方式。最终，人们可以解释希望程序做什么，然后机器编程（MP）系统可以拿出一个已经编写完的应用。
|
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|
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Intel 首席科学家兼机器编程研究总监/创始人 Justin Gottschlich 在该公司的[新闻稿][2]中说：“当完全实现时，MP 能让每个人都能以任何最适合自己的方式 —— 无论是代码、自然语言还是其他东西 —— 来表达自己的意图以创建软件。这是一个大胆的目标，虽然还有很多工作要做，但 MISIM 是朝着这个目标迈出的坚实一步。”
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### 它是如何工作的
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Intel 解释说，神经网络”根据它们被设计执行的作业“给代码片段打出相似度分数。例如，两个代码样本可能看起来完全不同，但由于它们执行相同的功能，因此被评为相同。然后，该算法可以确定哪个代码片段更有效率。
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Intel 解释说，神经网络“根据它们被设计执行的作业”给代码片段打出相似度分数。例如，两个代码样本可能看起来完全不同，但由于它们执行相同的功能，因此被评为相同。然后，该算法可以确定哪个代码片段更有效率。
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例如，代码相似性系统的原始版本被用于抄袭检测。然而，有了 MISIM，该算法会查看代码块，并试图根据上下文确定这些代码段是否具有相似的特征，或者是否有相似的目标。然后，它可以提供例如性能方面的改进，或者常规效率。
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例如，代码相似性系统的原始版本被用于抄袭检测。然而，有了 MISIM，该算法会查看代码块，并试图根据上下文确定这些代码段是否具有相似的特征，或者是否有相似的目标。然后，它可以提供性能方面的改进，例如说，总体效率的改进。
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MISIM 的关键是创造者的意图，它标志着向基于意图的编程的进步，它可以使软件的设计基于非程序员创造者想要实现的目标。通过基于意图的编程，算法会借助于一个开源代码池，而不是依靠传统的、手工的方法，编译一系列类似于步骤的编程指令，逐行告诉计算机如何做某件事。
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Intel 解释说：”MISIM 与现有代码相似性系统的核心区别在于其新颖的上下文感知语义结构 （CASS），其目的是将代码的实际作用提炼出来。与其他现有的方法不同，CASS 可以根据特定的上下文进行配置，使其能够捕捉到更高层次的代码描述信息。CASS 可以更具体地洞察代码的作用，而不是它是如何做的。“
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Intel 解释说：“MISIM 与现有代码相似性系统的核心区别在于其新颖的上下文感知语义结构 （CASS），其目的是将代码的实际作用提炼出来。与其他现有的方法不同，CASS 可以根据特定的上下文进行配置，使其能够捕捉到更高层次的代码描述信息。CASS 可以更具体地洞察代码的作用，而不是它是如何做的。”
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这是在没有编译器（编程中的一个阶段，将人类可读代码转换为计算机程序）的情况下完成的。方便的是，部分片段可以被执行，只是为了看看那段代码中会发生什么。另外，该系统摆脱了软件开发中一些比较繁琐的部分，比如逐行查找错误。更多细节可以在该小组的论文（[PDF][3]） 中找到。
|
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这是在没有编译器（编程中的一个阶段，将人类可读代码转换为计算机程序）的情况下完成的。方便的是，可以执行部分片段，只是为了看看那段代码中会发生什么。另外，该系统摆脱了软件开发中一些比较繁琐的部分，比如逐行查找错误。更多细节可以在该小组的论文（[PDF][3]）中找到。
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Intel 表示，该团队的 MISIM 系统比之前的代码相似性系统识别相似代码的准确率高 40 倍。
|
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一个 Redditor，Heres_your_sign [对 MISIM 报道][4]的评论中有趣地指出，幸好计算机不写需求。这位 Redditor 认为，那是自找麻烦。
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|
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加入 [Facebook][5] 和 [LinkedIn][6] 上的 Network World 社区，对热门的话题进行评论。
|
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|
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3570389/ai-system-analyzes-code-similarities-makes-progress-toward-automated-coding.html
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@ -42,7 +43,7 @@ via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3570389/ai-system-analyzes-code-simila
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作者：[Patrick Nelson][a]
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选题：[lujun9972][b]
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译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
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|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
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[#]: translator: ( )
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[#]: reviewer: ( )
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[#]: publisher: ( )
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[#]: url: ( )
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[#]: subject: (The power of open source during a pandemic)
|
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[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/open-organization/20/8/power-open-source-during-pandemic)
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[#]: author: (Laura Hilliger https://opensource.com/users/laurahilliger)
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The power of open source during a pandemic
|
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======
|
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Successfully addressing shared global problems requires open source—both
|
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principles and code—to foster innovation quickly and bridge gaps in
|
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effective remote collaboration.
|
||||
![Open source prescription.][1]
|
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|
||||
When a novel coronavirus made headlines earlier this year, the world wasn't ready. In a short period of time, we all witnessed the consequences of having a global, interconnected economy unprepared for effective global collaboration. Indeed, this pandemic shed light on the under-preparedness of a truly global economy in a hyper-connected world. We didn't pay attention to the fact that a health issue in China could have an impact on both the real estate market in North Carolina and a shoe factory in Italy. Facing a pandemic, especially one that forced such extreme social distancing, required drastic shifts—both technological and social.
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|
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Many organizations, governments, and companies realized that facing a global pandemic like COVID-19 required new tools for tracking the spread of the virus. In order to keep up with this growing threat, decision makers around the world needed effective technological solutions for both tracking and contact tracing; we needed correct, up-to-the-minute data for making the best decisions. Facing this pandemic also required non-technical organizations to become technically capable quite quickly. Organizations were forced to rapidly build new solutions and uncover new ways of working. Facing this new global problem, the world realized that the digital transformation everyone has been talking about—but delaying until they had a budget—was now more important than ever.
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||||
Moreover, as we started to advise and work with different organizations around the world, we discovered that many of them were facing similar issues. As a last minute solution, many started building not only their own custom technologies but also their own custom _organizational strategies_ for tackling this crisis. Quick but reactive approaches left many governments and organizations across the world building exactly the same solutions, often in isolation. Had they collaborated and shared what they were learning, they could have been building solutions _with_ one another.
|
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||||
In other words: Had they been operating more like open source communities and truly open organizations, they could have found better answers sooner.
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|
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### Building global solutions the open source way
|
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|
||||
For years, members of the open source community have been collaborating with one another on projects like these. We've been working together in remote environments since long before the pandemic hit. Our processes and policies, documented or not, have allowed us to push the technology industry forward at warp speed. In a mere 30 years, we've managed to make open source the standard for new software, and we've proven that global, remote, community-based collaboration can solve big problems.
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|
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Now the rest of the world seems to be following suit, adapting open principles and practices to create global change. By relying on the open source principles and code, we could truly build more effectively shared solutions and strategies that could help us all stop a global pandemic.
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|
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We see many examples of openness bridging collaboration gaps. The [UK Government Digital Service][2] is uniting citizens and government, helping the government to operate more effectively and efficiently. The [UNESCO Global Network of Learning Cities][3] is pushing city education policy forward, facilitating partnerships between member cities. [Greenpeace is championing open source][4], and using it to help change mindsets and behaviors surrounding the climate emergency. Other coalitions have pledged to accelerate [cooperation on a coronavirus vaccine and to share research][5], treatment, and medicines across the globe.
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|
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The world needs to shift the way it's approaching problems and continue locating solutions the open source way. Individually, this might mean becoming connection-oriented problem-solvers. We need people able to think communally, communicate asynchronously, and consider innovation iteratively. We're seeing that organizations would need to consider technologists less as tradespeople who build systems and more as experts in global collaboration, people who can make future-proof decisions on everything from data structures to personnel processes.
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|
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### A new strategy: Cross-sector social innovation
|
||||
|
||||
Now is the time to start building new paradigms for global collaboration and find unifying solutions to our shared problems, and one key element to doing this successfully is our ability to work together across sectors. A global pandemic needs the public sector, the private sector, and the nonprofit world to collaborate, each bringing its own expertise to a common, shared platform.
|
||||
|
||||
By relying on the open source principles and code, we could truly build more effectively shared solutions and strategies that could help us all stop a global pandemic.
|
||||
|
||||
The private sector plays a key role in building this method of collaboration by building a robust social innovation strategy that aligns with the collective problems affecting us all. This pandemic is a great example of collective global issues affecting every business around the world, and this is the reason why shared platforms and effective collaboration will be key moving forward.
|
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|
||||
Social innovation is an approach to social responsibility that requires a unique strategy for every organization, one directly linking their business goals and company values to the common good. The most effective way of implementing this strategy that requires fast-paced, social innovation is by embracing open source principles to enable collaboration across regions and sectors.
|
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|
||||
For example, [PathCheck][6] Foundation is doing this to quickly and effectively build a platform for shared needs. The PathCheck suite of open source software gives public and private sector organizations solutions for digital contact tracing and exposure notification, with the goal of containing COVID-19 and restarting the economy without sacrificing privacy. Started by Prof. Ramesh Raskar and passionate students at MIT—and now consisting of 1800 volunteers in partnership with many companies, and supported by a newly created nonprofit—PathCheck is a great example of how collaboration on an open source platform is a multiplier (being developed by a growing global, passionate, community of engineers, scientist, health authorities, designers, and contributors, and being used by many governments and organizations than any other service provider).
|
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|
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There is a way to tackle the pandemic and other global issues more effectively through shared platforms and open collaboration. Open source advocates have been doing it for a while, bringing open source to non-profits, governments and corporations, opening up education, connecting open design to global knowledge networks, building open hardware initiatives and structuring open government work. Members of the global open source community have already shown how the post-pandemic world could look—humane, transparent, collaborative, diverse.
|
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Last but not least, the power of the individual aligned with a community—and the power of collaboration for solving issues that are important to all of us—are more powerful than we think. When companies, the public sector, and nonprofits work together, everyone can be part of a _shared_ solution. An open source approach allows every individual to make an impact and contribute to projects using different, complementary skill sets.
|
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|
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Everyone can make a difference every day. And we can use the power of open source to ensure that difference changes the world for good.
|
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://opensource.com/open-organization/20/8/power-open-source-during-pandemic
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|
||||
作者：[Laura Hilliger][a]
|
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选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
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[a]: https://opensource.com/users/laurahilliger
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[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
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[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/osdc_520x292_opensourceprescription.png?itok=gFrc_GTH (Open source prescription.)
|
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[2]: https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/government-digital-service/about
|
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[3]: https://uil.unesco.org/lifelong-learning/learning-cities
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[4]: https://opensource.com/tags/open-organization-greenpeace
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[5]: https://opensource.com/open-organization/20/6/covid-alliance
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[6]: https://pathcheck.org/
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@ -1,70 +1,68 @@
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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
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[#]: translator: ( )
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[#]: reviewer: ( )
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[#]: translator: (wxy)
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[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
|
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[#]: publisher: ( )
|
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[#]: url: ( )
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[#]: subject: (Linux Jargon Buster: What is Desktop Environment in Linux?)
|
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[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/what-is-desktop-environment/)
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[#]: author: (Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/)
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Linux Jargon Buster: What is Desktop Environment in Linux?
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Linux 黑话解释：什么是桌面环境？
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======
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One of the most commonly used term in desktop Linux world is Desktop Environment (DE). If you are new to Linux, you should understand this frequently used term.
|
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在桌面 Linux 世界中，最常用的术语之一就是<ruby>桌面环境<rt>Desktop Environment</rt></ruby>（DE）。如果你是 Linux 的新手，你应该了解一下这个经常使用的术语。
|
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|
||||
### What is Desktop Environment in Linux?
|
||||
### 什么是 Linux 中的桌面环境？
|
||||
|
||||
A desktop environment is the bundle of components that provide you common graphical user interface (GUI) elements such as icons, toolbars, wallpapers, and desktop widgets. Thanks to the desktop environment, you can use Linux graphically using your mouse and keyboard like you do in Windows.
|
||||
桌面环境是一个组件的组合体，为你提供常见的<ruby>图形用户界面<rt>graphical user interface</rt></ruby>（GUI）元素组件，如图标、工具栏、壁纸和桌面小部件。借助桌面环境，你可以像在 Windows 中一样使用鼠标和键盘使用 Linux。
|
||||
|
||||
There are several desktop environments and these desktop environments determines what your Linux system looks like and how you interact with it.
|
||||
有几种不同的桌面环境，这些桌面环境决定了你的 Linux 系统的样子以及你与它的交互方式。
|
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|
||||
Most of the desktop environments have their own set of integrated applications and utilities so that users get a uniform feel while using the OS. So, you get a file explorer, desktop search, menu of applications, wallpaper and screensaver utilities, text editors and more.
|
||||
大多数桌面环境都有自己的一套集成的应用程序和实用程序，这样用户在使用操作系统时就能得到统一的感受。所以，你会得到一个文件资源管理器、桌面搜索、应用程序菜单、壁纸和屏保实用程序、文本编辑器等。
|
||||
|
||||
Without a desktop environment, your Linux system will just have a terminal like utility and you’ll have to interact it using commands only.
|
||||
如果没有桌面环境，你的 Linux 系统就只有一个类似于终端的实用程序，你只能用命令与之交互。
|
||||
|
||||
![Screenshot of GNOME Desktop Environment][1]
|
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|
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### Different desktop environments in Linux
|
||||
### Linux 中各种桌面环境
|
||||
|
||||
Desktop environment is also referred as DE sometimes.
|
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桌面环境有时也被简称为 DE。
|
||||
|
||||
As I mentioned earlier, there are [various desktop environments available for Linux][2]. Why so?
|
||||
如前所述，Linux 有[各种桌面环境可供选择][2]。为什么这么说呢？
|
||||
|
||||
Think of the desktop environments as clothes. The clothes determine what you look like. If you wear skinny jeans and flat shoes, you would look good but running or hiking in those clothes won’t be comfortable.
|
||||
可以把桌面环境看成是衣服。衣服决定了你的样子。如果你穿紧身牛仔裤和平底鞋，你会很好看，但穿着这些衣服跑步或登山就不舒服了。
|
||||
|
||||
Some desktop environments such as [GNOME][3] focus on a modern look and user experience while desktop like [Xfce][4] focus more on using fewer computing resources than on fancy graphics.
|
||||
[GNOME][3] 这样桌面环境注重现代的外观和用户体验，而像 [Xfce][4] 这样的桌面环境更注重使用更少的计算资源，而不是花哨的图形。
|
||||
|
||||
![Screenshot of Xfce Desktop Environment][5]
|
||||
|
||||
Your clothes depend on your need and determine your looks, the same is the case with the desktop environments. You have to decide whether you want something that looks good or something that lets your system run faster.
|
||||
你的衣服取决于你的需要，决定了你的外观，桌面环境也是如此。你必须决定你是想要一些好看的东西，还是让你的系统运行得更快。
|
||||
|
||||
Some of the [popular desktop environments][2] are:
|
||||
一些[流行的桌面环境][2]有：
|
||||
|
||||
* GNOME – Uses plenty of system resources but gives you a modern, polished system
|
||||
* Xfce – Vintage look but light on resources
|
||||
* KDE – Highly customizable desktop with moderate usage of system resources
|
||||
* LXDE – The entire focus is on using as few resources as possible
|
||||
* Budgie – Modern looks and moderate on system resources
|
||||
* GNOME - 使用大量的系统资源，但给你一个现代的、精致的系统
|
||||
* Xfce - 外观复古但占用资源很少
|
||||
* KDE - 可高度定制的桌面，适度占用系统资源
|
||||
* LXDE - 唯一的重点是尽可能少地使用资源
|
||||
* Budgie - 现代的外观和适度占用系统资源
|
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### Linux distributions and their DE variants
|
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### Linux 发行版及其桌面环境变体
|
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![][6]
|
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|
||||
Same desktop environment can be available on several Linux distributions and a Linux distribution may offer several desktop environments.
|
||||
同样的桌面环境可以在多个 Linux 发行版上使用，一个 Linux 发行版也可能提供多个桌面环境。
|
||||
|
||||
For example, Fedora and Ubuntu both use GNOME desktop by default. But both Fedora and Ubuntu offer other desktop environments.
|
||||
例如，Fedora 和 Ubuntu 都默认使用 GNOME 桌面，但 Fedora 和 Ubuntu 都提供了其他桌面环境。
|
||||
|
||||
The beauty and flexibility of Linux is that you can install a desktop environment on any Linux distribution by yourself. But most Linux distributions save you this trouble and offer ready-to-install ISO image for different desktop environments.
|
||||
Linux 的优点和灵活性在于，你可以自己在任何 Linux 发行版上安装桌面环境。但大多数 Linux 发行版都为你省去了这个麻烦，并为不同的桌面环境提供了随时安装的 ISO 镜像。
|
||||
|
||||
For example, [Manjaro Linux][7] uses Xfce by default but you can also download the ISO of GNOME version if you prefer using GNOME with Manjaro.
|
||||
例如 [Manjaro Linux][7] 默认使用 Xfce，但如果你喜欢在 Manjaro 上使用 GNOME，也可以下载 GNOME 版本的 ISO。
|
||||
|
||||
### In the end…
|
||||
### 最后...
|
||||
|
||||
Desktop environments are crucial part of Linux desktop while Linux servers usually rely on command line interface. It’s not that you cannot install desktop environment on Linux servers but it’s an overkill and waste of important system resources which can be utilized by the applications running on the server.
|
||||
桌面环境是 Linux 桌面计算机的重要组成部分，而 Linux 服务器通常依靠命令行界面。并不是说不能在 Linux 服务器上安装桌面环境，但这是画蛇添足，浪费了重要的系统资源，而这些资源可以被服务器上运行的应用程序所利用。
|
||||
|
||||
I hope you have a slightly better understanding of desktop environments in Linux now. I highly recommend reading my [explainer article on what is Linux and why there are so many Linux distributions][8]. I have a good feeling that you’ll love the analogy I have used it.
|
||||
我希望你现在对 Linux 中的桌面环境有了一些了解。我强烈推荐你阅读我的[关于什么是 Linux 以及为什么有这么多 Linux 发行版][8]的解释文章。我很有预感，你会喜欢我用它做的比喻。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
@ -72,8 +70,8 @@ via: https://itsfoss.com/what-is-desktop-environment/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
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