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在红帽Linux中使用YUM包管理器
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===
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**YUM**是RHEL系系统中提供的一个安装，卸载和搜索软件包的工具。它能做的不仅仅是安装、卸载软件包，它能做的还有更多，下面我们将在本文中为你展示。
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YUM可以自动安装软件包的依赖，例如当你使用yum安装http时，它还会自动安装https apache服务以及它依赖的软件包。通过rpm软件包安装时就没有这么方便咯（译注：就是不会自动处理软件包依赖问题咯！），你必须下载所有它依赖的软件包，然后依序安装它们。
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yum工具从远端服务器上的软件仓库（通常由系统提供商提供）内获取软件包的信息。一个软件仓库基本上是被认为能在特定架构上运行的一系列rpm软件包的集合。例如，对于32位和64位系统各有一个软件仓库，还有针对RHEL5以及RHEL6的软件仓库。你也可以建立一个本地仓库，配置你的yum让其从你的本地仓库里搜索安装软件包。在接下来的例子中，我将想你展示一些yum除了在安装和卸载软件之外可以做的其它事情。为了理解起见，我将在我的Amazon EC2 RHEL 6.4服务器上使用httpd软件包最为例子。
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###从软件仓库里搜索软件包
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# yum search httpd
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Loaded plugins: amazon-id, rhui-lb, security
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=============================================== N/S Matched: httpd ==========
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httpd.x86_64 : Apache HTTP Server
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httpd-devel.i686 : Development interfaces for the Apache HTTP server
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httpd-devel.x86_64 : Development interfaces for the Apache HTTP server
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httpd-manual.noarch : Documentation for the Apache HTTP server
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httpd-tools.x86_64 : Tools for use with the Apache HTTP Server
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mod_dav_svn.x86_64 : Apache httpd module for Subversion server
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mod_dnssd.x86_64 : An Apache HTTPD module which adds Zeroconf support
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想获得详细的输出信息，可以使用下面的命令：
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# yum provides httpd
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Loaded plugins: amazon-id, rhui-lb, security
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httpd-2.2.15-26.el6.x86_64 : Apache HTTP Server
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Repo : rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases
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Matched from:
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*yum provides httpd*在软件仓库里搜索含有httpd的软件包
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###提供所有软件组列表
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# yum grouplist
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以上命令将为你显示已经安装的以及可用的软件组。你可以安装一个的软件组并可对组内软件进行选择。例如，我们将安装一个PHP支持的软件组。这个软件组内包含PHP需要的软件包。
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# yum groupinstall PHP Support
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Loaded plugins: amazon-id, downloadonly, rhui-lb, security
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Setting up Group Process
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Warning: Group Support does not exist.
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Resolving Dependencies
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–> Running transaction check
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—> Package php.x86_64 0:5.3.3-23.el6_4 will be installed
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–> Processing Dependency: php-common(x86-64) = 5.3.3-23.el6_4 for package: php-5.3.3-23.el6_4.x86_64
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–> Processing Dependency: php-cli(x86-64) = 5.3.3-23.el6_4 for package: php-5.3.3-23.el6_4.x86_64
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—> Package php-gd.x86_64 0:5.3.3-23.el6_4 will be installed
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–> Processing Dependency: libXpm.so.4()(64bit) for package: php-gd-5.3.3-23.el6_4.x86_64
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—> Package php-pdo.x86_64 0:5.3.3-23.el6_4 will be installed
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—> Package php-pear.noarch 1:1.9.4-4.el6 will be installed
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—> Package php-xml.x86_64 0:5.3.3-23.el6_4 will be installed
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–> Running transaction check
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—> Package libXpm.x86_64 0:3.5.10-2.el6 will be installed
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—> Package php-cli.x86_64 0:5.3.3-23.el6_4 will be installed
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—> Package php-common.x86_64 0:5.3.3-23.el6_4 will be installed
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–> Finished Dependency Resolution
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Dependencies Resolved
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=====================================================================
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Package Arch Version Repository Size
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=====================================================================
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Installing:
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php x86_64 5.3.3-23.el6_4 rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases 1.1 M
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php-gd x86_64 5.3.3-23.el6_4 rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases 106 k
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php-pdo x86_64 5.3.3-23.el6_4 rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases 75 k
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php-pear noarch 1:1.9.4-4.el6 rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases 393 k
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php-xml x86_64 5.3.3-23.el6_4 rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases 103 k
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Installing for dependencies:
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libXpm x86_64 3.5.10-2.el6 rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases 51 k
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php-cli x86_64 5.3.3-23.el6_4 rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases 2.2 M
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php-common x86_64 5.3.3-23.el6_4 rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases 524 k
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Transaction Summary
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========================================================================
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Install 8 Package(s)
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Total download size: 4.5 M
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Installed size: 16 M
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Is this ok [y/N]: y
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Downloading Packages:
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(1/8): libXpm-3.5.10-2.el6.x86_64.rpm | 51 kB 00:00
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(2/8): php-5.3.3-23.el6_4.x86_64.rpm | 1.1 MB 00:00
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(3/8): php-cli-5.3.3-23.el6_4.x86_64.rpm | 2.2 MB 00:00
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(4/8): php-common-5.3.3-23.el6_4.x86_64.rpm | 524 kB 00:00
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(5/8): php-gd-5.3.3-23.el6_4.x86_64.rpm | 106 kB 00:00
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(6/8): php-pdo-5.3.3-23.el6_4.x86_64.rpm | 75 kB 00:00
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(7/8): php-pear-1.9.4-4.el6.noarch.rpm | 393 kB 00:00
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(8/8): php-xml-5.3.3-23.el6_4.x86_64.rpm | 103 kB 00:00
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———————————————————————-
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Total 2.9 MB/s | 4.5 MB 00:01
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Running rpm_check_debug
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Running Transaction Test
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Transaction Test Succeeded
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Running Transaction
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Installing : php-common-5.3.3-23.el6_4.x86_64 1/8
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Installing : php-cli-5.3.3-23.el6_4.x86_64 2/8
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Installing : libXpm-3.5.10-2.el6.x86_64 3/8
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Installing : php-gd-5.3.3-23.el6_4.x86_64 4/8
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Installing : 1:php-pear-1.9.4-4.el6.noarch 5/8
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Installing : php-5.3.3-23.el6_4.x86_64 6/8
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Installing : php-xml-5.3.3-23.el6_4.x86_64 7/8
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Installing : php-pdo-5.3.3-23.el6_4.x86_64 8/8
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Verifying : 1:php-pear-1.9.4-4.el6.noarch 1/8
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Verifying : php-xml-5.3.3-23.el6_4.x86_64 2/8
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Verifying : php-common-5.3.3-23.el6_4.x86_64 3/8
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Verifying : libXpm-3.5.10-2.el6.x86_64 4/8
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Verifying : php-cli-5.3.3-23.el6_4.x86_64 5/8
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Verifying : php-5.3.3-23.el6_4.x86_64 6/8
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Verifying : php-pdo-5.3.3-23.el6_4.x86_64 7/8
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Verifying : php-gd-5.3.3-23.el6_4.x86_64 8/8
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Installed:
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php.x86_64 0:5.3.3-23.el6_4 php-gd.x86_64 0:5.3.3-23.el6_4 php-pdo.x86_64 0:5.3.3-23.el6_4
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php-pear.noarch 1:1.9.4-4.el6 php-xml.x86_64 0:5.3.3-23.el6_4
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Dependency Installed:
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libXpm.x86_64 0:3.5.10-2.el6 php-cli.x86_64 0:5.3.3-23.el6_4 php-common.x86_64 0:5.3.3-23.el6_4
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Complete!
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###使用YUM安装软件包
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可以使用yum命令安装软件包，如下所示：
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# yum install httpd
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Loaded plugins: amazon-id, rhui-lb, security
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Setting up Install Process
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Resolving Dependencies
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–> Running transaction check
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—> Package httpd.x86_64 0:2.2.15-29.el6_4 will be installed
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–> Processing Dependency: httpd-tools = 2.2.15-29.el6_4 for package: httpd-2.2.15-29.el6_4.x86_64
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–> Processing Dependency: apr-util-ldap for package: httpd-2.2.15-29.el6_4.x86_64
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–> Processing Dependency: libaprutil-1.so.0()(64bit) for package: httpd-2.2.15-29.el6_4.x86_64
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–> Processing Dependency: libapr-1.so.0()(64bit) for package: httpd-2.2.15-29.el6_4.x86_64
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–> Running transaction check
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—> Package apr.x86_64 0:1.3.9-5.el6_2 will be installed
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—> Package apr-util.x86_64 0:1.3.9-3.el6_0.1 will be installed
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—> Package apr-util-ldap.x86_64 0:1.3.9-3.el6_0.1 will be installed
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—> Package httpd-tools.x86_64 0:2.2.15-29.el6_4 will be installed
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–> Finished Dependency Resolution
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Dependencies Resolved
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=============================================================================
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Package Arch Version Repository Size
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=============================================================================
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Installing:
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httpd x86_64 2.2.15-29.el6_4 rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases 821 k
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Installing for dependencies:
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apr x86_64 1.3.9-5.el6_2 rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases 123 k
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apr-util x86_64 1.3.9-3.el6_0.1 rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases 87 k
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apr-util-ldap x86_64 1.3.9-3.el6_0.1 rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases 15 k
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httpd-tools x86_64 2.2.15-29.el6_4 rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases 73 k
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Transaction Summary
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==============================================================================
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Install 5 Package(s)
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Total download size: 1.1 M
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Installed size: 3.6 M
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Is this ok [y/N]: y
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如你所见，在安装httpd时yum安装了额外的软件包。这叫做被yum完成的依赖解析。
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假如你不想让yum弹出[y/N]选项，可以使用**yum install -y httpd**
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**使用yum命令更新一个已存在的软件包**
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# yum update httpd
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Loaded plugins: amazon-id, rhui-lb, security
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Setting up Update Process
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No Packages marked for Update
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这意味着你系统中安装的httpd软件包已经是yum软件仓库里的最新版本的了。
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**更新系统中所有的软件包**
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# yum update
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以上的命令将根系你系统上的所有软件包到最新版本，包括内核软件包，这意味着你的系统更新到了RHEL提供的最新版本了。
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###下载RPM软件包但是不安装
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使用yum从RHEL或者CentOS的软件仓库里下载RPM软件包但是不安装。你首先需要下载一个插件让yum只下载rpm软件包而不安装。插件名字叫downloadonly，可以通过yum安装，如下所示：
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# yum install yum-downloadonly
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Loaded plugins: amazon-id, rhui-lb, security
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Setting up Install Process
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Resolving Dependencies
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–> Running transaction check
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—> Package yum-plugin-downloadonly.noarch 0:1.1.30-14.el6 will be installed
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–> Finished Dependency Resolution
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Dependencies Resolved
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===========================================================================
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Package Arch Version Repository Size
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===========================================================================
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Installing:
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yum-plugin-downloadonly noarch 1.1.30-14.el6 rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases 20 k
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Transaction Summary
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===========================================================================
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Install 1 Package(s)
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Total download size: 20 k
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Installed size: 21 k
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Is this ok [y/N]: y
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Downloading Packages:
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yum-plugin-downloadonly-1.1.30-14.el6.noarch.rpm | 20 kB 00:00
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Running rpm_check_debug
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Running Transaction Test
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Transaction Test Succeeded
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Running Transaction
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Installing : yum-plugin-downloadonly-1.1.30-14.el6.noarch 1/1
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Verifying : yum-plugin-downloadonly-1.1.30-14.el6.noarch 1/1
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Installed:
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yum-plugin-downloadonly.noarch 0:1.1.30-14.el6
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Complete!
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现在你就可以从软件仓库里只下载软件包而不安装了，命令如下：
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# yum install httpd-devel -downloadonly
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默认情况下软件包会被下载到**/var/cache/yum/<arch\>**目录，但是你可以添加额外选项将其下载到指定位置
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# yum install httpd-devel -downloadonly -downloaddir=/opt
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假如你有一个rpm软件包但是没有它所依赖的软件包，你不知道到哪去得到它所依赖的软件包。你仍然可以通过yum安装这个rpm软件包然后从软件仓库里得到它所依赖的软件包。让我们安装刚刚下载的httpd-devel-2.2.15-29.el6_4.x86_64 RPM软件包。
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# yum localinstall /opt/httpd-devel-2.2.15-29.el6_4.x86_64.rpm
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Loaded plugins: amazon-id, downloadonly, rhui-lb, security
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Setting up Local Package Process
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Examining /opt/httpd-devel-2.2.15-29.el6_4.x86_64.rpm: httpd-devel-2.2.15-29.el6_4.x86_64
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Marking /opt/httpd-devel-2.2.15-29.el6_4.x86_64.rpm to be installed
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Resolving Dependencies
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–> Running transaction check
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—> Package httpd-devel.x86_64 0:2.2.15-29.el6_4 will be installed
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–> Processing Dependency: apr-devel for package: httpd-devel-2.2.15-29.el6_4.x86_64
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–> Processing Dependency: apr-util-devel for package: httpd-devel-2.2.15-29.el6_4.x86_64
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–> Running transaction check
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—> Package apr-devel.x86_64 0:1.3.9-5.el6_2 will be installed
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—> Package apr-util-devel.x86_64 0:1.3.9-3.el6_0.1 will be installed
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–> Processing Dependency: openldap-devel for package: apr-util-devel-1.3.9-3.el6_0.1.x86_64
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–> Processing Dependency: expat-devel for package: apr-util-devel-1.3.9-3.el6_0.1.x86_64
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–> Processing Dependency: db4-devel for package: apr-util-devel-1.3.9-3.el6_0.1.x86_64
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–> Running transaction check
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—> Package db4-devel.x86_64 0:4.7.25-18.el6_4 will be installed
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–> Processing Dependency: db4-cxx = 4.7.25-18.el6_4 for package: db4-devel-4.7.25-18.el6_4.x86_64
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–> Processing Dependency: db4 = 4.7.25-18.el6_4 for package: db4-devel-4.7.25-18.el6_4.x86_64
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–> Processing Dependency: libdb_cxx-4.7.so()(64bit) for package: db4-devel-4.7.25-18.el6_4.x86_64
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—> Package expat-devel.x86_64 0:2.0.1-11.el6_2 will be installed
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—> Package openldap-devel.x86_64 0:2.4.23-32.el6_4.1 will be installed
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–> Processing Dependency: cyrus-sasl-devel >= 2.1 for package: openldap-devel-2.4.23-32.el6_4.1.x86_64
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–> Running transaction check
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—> Package cyrus-sasl-devel.x86_64 0:2.1.23-13.el6_3.1 will be installed
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—> Package db4.x86_64 0:4.7.25-17.el6 will be updated
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–> Processing Dependency: db4 = 4.7.25-17.el6 for package: db4-utils-4.7.25-17.el6.x86_64
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—> Package db4.x86_64 0:4.7.25-18.el6_4 will be an update
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—> Package db4-cxx.x86_64 0:4.7.25-18.el6_4 will be installed
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–> Running transaction check
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||||
—> Package db4-utils.x86_64 0:4.7.25-17.el6 will be updated
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—> Package db4-utils.x86_64 0:4.7.25-18.el6_4 will be an update
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–> Finished Dependency Resolution
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Dependencies Resolved
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||||
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=============================================================================
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Package Arch Version Repository Size
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=============================================================================
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Installing:
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httpd-devel x86_64 2.2.15-29.el6_4 /httpd-devel-2.2.15-29.el6_4.x86_64 526 k
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Installing for dependencies:
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apr-devel x86_64 1.3.9-5.el6_2 rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases 176 k
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apr-util-devel x86_64 1.3.9-3.el6_0.1 rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases 69 k
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cyrus-sasl-devel x86_64 2.1.23-13.el6_3.1 rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases 302 k
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db4-cxx x86_64 4.7.25-18.el6_4 rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases 588 k
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db4-devel x86_64 4.7.25-18.el6_4 rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases 6.6 M
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expat-devel x86_64 2.0.1-11.el6_2 rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases 120 k
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openldap-devel x86_64 2.4.23-32.el6_4.1 rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases 1.1 M
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Updating for dependencies:
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db4 x86_64 4.7.25-18.el6_4 rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases 563 k
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db4-utils x86_64 4.7.25-18.el6_4 rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases 130 k
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Transaction Summary
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||||
=======================================================================
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||||
Install 8 Package(s)
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Upgrade 2 Package(s)
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||||
Total size: 10 M
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Is this ok [y/N]: y
|
||||
Downloading Packages:
|
||||
Running rpm_check_debug
|
||||
Running Transaction Test
|
||||
Transaction Test Succeeded
|
||||
Running Transaction
|
||||
Updating : db4-4.7.25-18.el6_4.x86_64 1/12
|
||||
Installing : apr-devel-1.3.9-5.el6_2.x86_64 2/12
|
||||
Installing : expat-devel-2.0.1-11.el6_2.x86_64 3/12
|
||||
Installing : db4-cxx-4.7.25-18.el6_4.x86_64 4/12
|
||||
Installing : db4-devel-4.7.25-18.el6_4.x86_64 5/12
|
||||
Installing : cyrus-sasl-devel-2.1.23-13.el6_3.1.x86_64 6/12
|
||||
Installing : openldap-devel-2.4.23-32.el6_4.1.x86_64 7/12
|
||||
Installing : apr-util-devel-1.3.9-3.el6_0.1.x86_64 8/12
|
||||
Installing : httpd-devel-2.2.15-29.el6_4.x86_64 9/12
|
||||
Updating : db4-utils-4.7.25-18.el6_4.x86_64 10/12
|
||||
Cleanup : db4-utils-4.7.25-17.el6.x86_64 11/12
|
||||
Cleanup : db4-4.7.25-17.el6.x86_64 12/12
|
||||
Verifying : apr-devel-1.3.9-5.el6_2.x86_64 1/12
|
||||
Verifying : cyrus-sasl-devel-2.1.23-13.el6_3.1.x86_64 2/12
|
||||
Verifying : apr-util-devel-1.3.9-3.el6_0.1.x86_64 3/12
|
||||
Verifying : db4-cxx-4.7.25-18.el6_4.x86_64 4/12
|
||||
Verifying : httpd-devel-2.2.15-29.el6_4.x86_64 5/12
|
||||
Verifying : openldap-devel-2.4.23-32.el6_4.1.x86_64 6/12
|
||||
Verifying : expat-devel-2.0.1-11.el6_2.x86_64 7/12
|
||||
Verifying : db4-devel-4.7.25-18.el6_4.x86_64 8/12
|
||||
Verifying : db4-4.7.25-18.el6_4.x86_64 9/12
|
||||
Verifying : db4-utils-4.7.25-18.el6_4.x86_64 10/12
|
||||
Verifying : db4-4.7.25-17.el6.x86_64 11/12
|
||||
Verifying : db4-utils-4.7.25-17.el6.x86_64 12/12
|
||||
|
||||
Installed:
|
||||
httpd-devel.x86_64 0:2.2.15-29.el6_4
|
||||
|
||||
Dependency Installed:
|
||||
apr-devel.x86_64 0:1.3.9-5.el6_2 apr-util-devel.x86_64 0:1.3.9-3.el6_0.1
|
||||
cyrus-sasl-devel.x86_64 0:2.1.23-13.el6_3.1 db4-cxx.x86_64 0:4.7.25-18.el6_4
|
||||
db4-devel.x86_64 0:4.7.25-18.el6_4 expat-devel.x86_64 0:2.0.1-11.el6_2
|
||||
openldap-devel.x86_64 0:2.4.23-32.el6_4.1
|
||||
|
||||
Dependency Updated:
|
||||
db4.x86_64 0:4.7.25-18.el6_4 db4-utils.x86_64 0:4.7.25-18.el6_4
|
||||
|
||||
Complete!
|
||||
|
||||
###使用yum卸载软件包
|
||||
|
||||
格式为yum remove 要卸载的软件包。举例如下：
|
||||
|
||||
# yum remove httpd
|
||||
Failed to set locale, defaulting to C
|
||||
Loaded plugins: amazon-id, downloadonly, rhui-lb, security
|
||||
Setting up Remove Process
|
||||
Resolving Dependencies
|
||||
–> Running transaction check
|
||||
—> Package httpd.x86_64 0:2.2.15-29.el6_4 will be erased
|
||||
–> Processing Dependency: httpd-mmn = 20051115 for package: php-5.3.3-23.el6_4.x86_64
|
||||
–> Processing Dependency: httpd = 2.2.15-29.el6_4 for package: httpd-devel-2.2.15-29.el6_4.x86_64
|
||||
–> Running transaction check
|
||||
—> Package httpd-devel.x86_64 0:2.2.15-29.el6_4 will be erased
|
||||
—> Package php.x86_64 0:5.3.3-23.el6_4 will be erased
|
||||
–> Finished Dependency Resolution
|
||||
|
||||
Dependencies Resolved
|
||||
|
||||
========================================================================
|
||||
Package Arch Version Repository Size
|
||||
========================================================================
|
||||
Removing:
|
||||
httpd x86_64 2.2.15-29.el6_4 @rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases 2.9 M
|
||||
Removing for dependencies:
|
||||
httpd-devel x86_64 2.2.15-29.el6_4 @/httpd-devel-2.2.15-29.el6_4.x86_64 526 k
|
||||
php x86_64 5.3.3-23.el6_4 @rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases 3.5 M
|
||||
|
||||
Transaction Summary
|
||||
==========================================================================
|
||||
Remove 3 Package(s)
|
||||
|
||||
Installed size: 7.0 M
|
||||
Is this ok [y/N]: y
|
||||
Downloading Packages:
|
||||
Running rpm_check_debug
|
||||
Running Transaction Test
|
||||
Transaction Test Succeeded
|
||||
Running Transaction
|
||||
Erasing : httpd-devel-2.2.15-29.el6_4.x86_64 1/3
|
||||
Erasing : php-5.3.3-23.el6_4.x86_64 2/3
|
||||
Erasing : httpd-2.2.15-29.el6_4.x86_64 3/3
|
||||
Verifying : httpd-2.2.15-29.el6_4.x86_64 1/3
|
||||
Verifying : httpd-devel-2.2.15-29.el6_4.x86_64 2/3
|
||||
Verifying : php-5.3.3-23.el6_4.x86_64 3/3
|
||||
|
||||
Removed:
|
||||
httpd.x86_64 0:2.2.15-29.el6_4
|
||||
|
||||
Dependency Removed:
|
||||
httpd-devel.x86_64 0:2.2.15-29.el6_4 php.x86_64 0:5.3.3-23.el6_4
|
||||
|
||||
Complete!
|
||||
|
||||
###列出所有安装的软件包
|
||||
|
||||
假如你要列出你系统上安装的所有软件包，你可以使用命令yum list installed。这条命令结合grep命令是非常有用的，可以用来检查某个特定的软件包是否已被安装。这与使用rpm -qa命令询问已经安装的软件包相似。
|
||||
|
||||
# yum list installed
|
||||
Loaded plugins: amazon-id, downloadonly, rhui-lb, security
|
||||
Installed Packages
|
||||
ConsoleKit.x86_64 0.4.1-3.el6 @koji-override-0/$releasever
|
||||
ConsoleKit-libs.x86_64 0.4.1-3.el6 @koji-override-0/$releasever
|
||||
MAKEDEV.x86_64 3.24-6.el6 @koji-override-0/$releasever
|
||||
PyYAML.x86_64 3.10-3.1.el6 @koji-override-0/$releasever
|
||||
Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux-Release_Notes-6-en-US.noarch
|
||||
4-2.el6 @koji-override-0/$releasever
|
||||
SDL.x86_64 1.2.14-3.el6 @koji-override-0/$releasever
|
||||
abrt.x86_64 2.0.8-15.el6 @koji-override-0/$releasever
|
||||
abrt-addon-ccpp.x86_64 2.0.8-15.el6 @koji-override-0/$releasever
|
||||
abrt-addon-kerneloops.x86_64 2.0.8-15.el6 @koji-override-0/$releasever
|
||||
abrt-addon-python.x86_64 2.0.8-15.el6 @koji-override-0/$releasever
|
||||
abrt-cli.x86_64 2.0.8-15.el6 @koji-override-0/$releasever
|
||||
abrt-libs.x86_64 2.0.8-15.el6 @koji-override-0/$releasever
|
||||
abrt-tui.x86_64 2.0.8-15.el6 @koji-override-0/$releasever
|
||||
acl.x86_64 2.2.49-6.el6 @koji-override-0/$releasever
|
||||
acpid.x86_64 1.0.10-2.1.el6 @koji-override-0/$releasever
|
||||
aic94xx-firmware.noarch 30-2.el6 @koji-override-0/$releasever
|
||||
.
|
||||
.
|
||||
Output Truncated.
|
||||
|
||||
###列出用于搜索、安装和更新软件包的可用软件仓库
|
||||
|
||||
# yum repolist
|
||||
|
||||
Loaded plugins: amazon-id, downloadonly, rhui-lb, security
|
||||
repo id repo name status
|
||||
rhui-REGION-client-config-server-6 Red Hat Update Infrastructure 2.0 Client Configuration Server 6 4
|
||||
rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server 6 (RPMs) 10994
|
||||
rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases-optional Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server 6 Optional (RPMs) 6250
|
||||
repolist: 17248
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://linoxide.com/linux-command/package-management-yum-redhat-linux/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[Linux-pdz](https://github.com/Linux-pdz) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
@ -1,97 +0,0 @@
|
||||
Personality Traits of the Best Software Developers
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
I come from the world of corporate software development. It may not be the most glamorous side of software (it’s nowhere near as interesting as [shrinkwrap startups][1] or those fancy-dancy [Web 2.0][2] companies that show up in your browser every time you mistype a domain name), but it’s stable, pays well, and has its own set of challenges that other types of software development know nothing about.
|
||||
|
||||
For example, when was the last time someone working on the next version of Halo spent three weeks trying to gather people from accounting, marketing, product management, and their call center in order to nail down requirements that would likely change in 2 months once they’ve delivered the software?
|
||||
|
||||
Or when was the last time someone at [37Signals][3] sat through back to back weeks of [JAD sessions][4]?
|
||||
|
||||
In this world of corporate development I’ve known a few phenomenal developers. I’m talking about those A people whom you would quit your job for to go start a company. And the the more I looked at what makes them so good, the more I realized they all share a handful of personality traits. Well, not exactly a handful, more like four.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Pessimistic ###
|
||||
|
||||
Admiral Jim Stockdale was the highest ranking US military officer imprisoned in Vietnam. He was held in the “Hanoi Hilton” and repeatedly tortured over 8 years. Stockdale told Jim Collins, author of [Good to Great][5], “You must never confuse faith that you will prevail in the end, which you can never afford to lose, with the discipline to confront the most brutal facts of your current reality, whatever they might be.”
|
||||
|
||||
After his release, Stockdale became the first three-star officer in the history of the navy to wear both aviator wings and the Congressional Medal of Honor.
|
||||
|
||||
Stockdale was a pessimist in the short-term because he faced the brutal facts of his reality, but was an optimist in the long-term because of his confidence that he would prevail in the end.
|
||||
|
||||
No one anticipates a catastrophic system failure by looking on the bright side. The best developers I know are experts at finding points of failure. You’ll often hear them quipping “What could possibly go wrong?” after someone makes a suggestion to handle a critical data transfer via nightly FTP over a dial-up connection. The best developers anticipate headaches that other developers never think of, and do everything within their power to avoid them.
|
||||
|
||||
On the flip side, great developers are optimistic, even downright confident, about their overall success. They know that by being a pessimist in the short-term, their long-term success is ensured. Just like Jim Stockdale, they realize that by confronting the brutal facts of their current reality they will prevail in the end.
|
||||
|
||||
### Angered By Sloppy Code ###
|
||||
|
||||
Paul Graham nailed it when [he said][6] “…people who are great at something are not so much convinced of their own greatness as mystified at why everyone else seems so incompetent.”
|
||||
|
||||
The worst nightmare for a great developer is to see someone else’s software gasping for air while bringing the rest of the system to its knees. It’s downright infuriating. And this isn’t limited to code; it can be bad installation packages, sloppy deployments, or a misspelled column name.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Due to the life and death nature of their products, NASA designs zero-defect software systems using a process that has nearly eliminated the possibility for human error. They’ve added layer after layer of checks and balances that have resulted from years of finding mistakes and figuring out the best way to eliminate them. NASA is the poster child for discovering the source of a mistake and modifying their process to eliminate the possibility of that mistake ever happening again. And it works. A quote from [this Fast Company article][7] on NASA’s development process says
|
||||
|
||||
“What makes it remarkable is how well the software works. This software never crashes. It never needs to be re-booted. This software is bug-free. It is perfect, as perfect as human beings have achieved. Consider these stats: the last three versions of the program — each 420,000 lines long-had just one error each. The last 11 versions of this software had a total of 17 errors. Commercial programs of equivalent complexity would have 5,000 errors.”
|
||||
|
||||
I’m not saying we have to develop to this standard, but NASA knows how to find and fix bugs, and the way they do it is to find the source of every problem.
|
||||
|
||||
Someone who fixes a problem but doesn’t take the time to find out what caused it is doomed to never become an expert in their field. Experience is not years on the job, it’s learning to recognize a problem before it occurs, which can only be done by knowing what causes it in the first place.
|
||||
|
||||
Developers who don’t take the time to find the source often create sloppy solutions. For hundreds of examples of sloppy solutions visit [The Daily WTF][8]. Here are a few I’ve seen in my career:
|
||||
|
||||
- An assembly is deleted from a server each time it’s rebooted. You could create a custom script to re-copy that assembly to the server after each reboot, or find out why the assembly is being deleted in the first place.
|
||||
- An image-manipulation script is hogging processor power for minutes at a time when it should run in under 10 seconds. You could make the script run at 2am when no one will notice, or you can take the time to step through the code and figure out where the real problem is.
|
||||
- A shared XML file is being locked by a process, causing other processes to fail when they try to open it. You could make several copies of the XML file so each process has its own, or you could troubleshoot the file access code to find out why it’s locking the file.
|
||||
- And on and on…
|
||||
|
||||
### Long Term Life Planners ###
|
||||
|
||||
This one was a little puzzling for the longest time, but I think I’ve finally put it together.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
People who think many years down the road in their personal life have the gift to think down the road during development. Being able to see the impacts of present-day decisions is paramount to building great software. The best developers I know have stable family lives, save for retirement, own their own home, and eat an apple a day (ok, maybe not that last one). People who have spastic home-lives and live paycheck to paycheck can certainly be good developers, but what they lack in life they tend to lack in the office: the ability to be disciplined, and to develop and adhere to a long-term plan.
|
||||
|
||||
### Attention to Detail ###
|
||||
|
||||
I’ve known smart developers who don’t pay attention to detail. The result is misspelled database columns, uncommented code, projects that aren’t checked into source control, software that’s not unit tested, unimplemented features, and so on. All of these can be easily dealt with if you’re building a Google mash-up or a five page website. But in corporate development each of these screw-ups is a death knell.
|
||||
|
||||
So I’ll say it very loud, but I promise I’ll only say it once:
|
||||
|
||||
**I have never, ever, ever seen a great software developer who does not have amazing attention to detail.**
|
||||
|
||||
I worked with a programmer back in school who forced anyone working with him to indent using two spaces instead of tabs. If you gave him code that didn’t use two spaces he would go through it line-by-line and replace your tabs with his spaces. While the value of tabs is not even a question, (I’ve long-chided him for this anal behavior) his attention to such a small detail has served him well in his many years designing chips at Intel.
|
||||
|
||||
### So There You Have It ###
|
||||
|
||||
The next time you’re interviewing a potential developer, determine if she has the four personality traits I’ve listed above. Here are a few methods I’ve found useful:
|
||||
|
||||
- Ask if they’re an optimist or a pessimist
|
||||
- Ask about a time when they found the source of a problem
|
||||
- Find out if they save for retirement (you can work this in during discussions of your company’s retirement plan)
|
||||
- Make an obvious misspelling in a short code sample and ask if they see anything wrong
|
||||
|
||||
We know from [Facts and Fallacies of Software Engineering][9] that the best programmers are up to [28 times better][10] than the worst programmers, making them the best bargains in software. Take these four traits and go find a bargain (or better yet, make yourself into one).
|
||||
|
||||
If you liked this article you’ll also like my article [Timeline and Risk: How to Piss off Your Software Developers][11].
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.softwarebyrob.com/2006/08/20/personality-traits-of-the-best-software-developers/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.joelonsoftware.com/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.econsultant.com/web2/
|
||||
[3]:http://www.37signals.com/
|
||||
[4]:http://expertanswercenter.techtarget.com/eac/knowledgebaseAnswer/0,295199,sid63_gci986072,00.html
|
||||
[5]:http://www.amazon.com/gp/redirect.html?link_code=ur2&tag=softwarbyrob-20&camp=1789&creative=9325&location=%2Fgp%2Fproduct%2F0060794410%2Fsr%3D8-3%2Fqid%3D1155789849%2Fref%3Dpd_bbs_3%3Fie%3DUTF8
|
||||
[6]:http://www.paulgraham.com/gh.html
|
||||
[7]:http://www.fastcompany.com/online/06/writestuff.html
|
||||
[8]:http://www.thedailywtf.com/
|
||||
[9]:http://www.amazon.com/gp/redirect.html?link_code=ur2&tag=softwarbyrob-20&camp=1789&creative=9325&location=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fgp%2Fproduct%2F0321117425%2Fsr%3D8-1%2Fqid%3D1154642314%2Fref%3Dpd_bbs_1%3Fie%3DUTF8
|
||||
[10]:http://safari.oreilly.com/0321117425/ch01lev1sec1
|
||||
[11]:http://www.softwarebyrob.com/articles/Timeline_and_Risk_Piss_Off_Your_Software_Developers.aspx
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user