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Translating by qhwdw
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How To Create sar Graphs With kSar To Identifying Linux Bottlenecks
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======
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The sar command collects, report, or save UNIX / Linux system activity information. It will save selected counters in the operating system to the /var/log/sa/sadd file. From the collected data, you get lots of information about your server:
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1. CPU utilization
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2. Memory paging and its utilization
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3. Network I/O, and transfer statistics
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4. Process creation activity
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5. All block devices activity
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6. Interrupts/sec etc.
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The sar command output can be used for identifying server bottlenecks. However, analyzing information provided by sar can be difficult, so use kSar tool. kSar takes sar command output and plots a nice easy to understand graph over a period of time.
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## sysstat Package
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The sar, sa1, and sa2 commands are part of sysstat package. Collection of performance monitoring tools for Linux includes
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1. sar : Displays the data.
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2. sa1 and sa2: Collect and store the data for later analysis. The sa2 shell script write a daily report in the /var/log/sa directory. The sa1 shell script collect and store binary data in the system activity daily data file.
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3. sadc - System activity data collector. You can configure various options by modifying sa1 and sa2 scripts. They are located at the following location:
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* /usr/lib64/sa/sa1 (64bit) or /usr/lib/sa/sa1 (32bit) - This calls sadc to log reports to/var/log/sa/sadX format.
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* /usr/lib64/sa/sa2 (64bit) or /usr/lib/sa/sa2 (32bit) - This calls sar to log reports to /var/log/sa/sarX format.
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### How do I install sar on my system?
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Type the following [yum command][1] to install sysstat on a CentOS/RHEL based system:
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`# yum install sysstat`
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Sample outputs:
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```
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Loaded plugins: downloadonly, fastestmirror, priorities,
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: protectbase, security
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Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
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* addons: mirror.cs.vt.edu
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* base: mirror.ash.fastserv.com
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* epel: serverbeach1.fedoraproject.org
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* extras: mirror.cogentco.com
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* updates: centos.mirror.nac.net
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0 packages excluded due to repository protections
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Setting up Install Process
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Resolving Dependencies
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--> Running transaction check
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---> Package sysstat.x86_64 0:7.0.2-3.el5 set to be updated
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--> Finished Dependency Resolution
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Dependencies Resolved
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====================================================================
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Package Arch Version Repository Size
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====================================================================
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Installing:
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sysstat x86_64 7.0.2-3.el5 base 173 k
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Transaction Summary
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====================================================================
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Install 1 Package(s)
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Update 0 Package(s)
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Remove 0 Package(s)
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Total download size: 173 k
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Is this ok [y/N]: y
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Downloading Packages:
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sysstat-7.0.2-3.el5.x86_64.rpm | 173 kB 00:00
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Running rpm_check_debug
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Running Transaction Test
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Finished Transaction Test
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Transaction Test Succeeded
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Running Transaction
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Installing : sysstat 1/1
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Installed:
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sysstat.x86_64 0:7.0.2-3.el5
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Complete!
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```
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### Configuration files for sysstat
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Edit /etc/sysconfig/sysstat file specify how long to keep log files in days, maximum is a month:
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`# vi /etc/sysconfig/sysstat`
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Sample outputs:
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```
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# keep log for 28 days
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# the default is 7
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HISTORY=28
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```
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Save and close the file.
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### Find the default cron job for sar
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[The default cron job is located][2] at /etc/cron.d/sysstat:
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`# cat /etc/cron.d/sysstat`
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Sample outputs:
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```
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# run system activity accounting tool every 10 minutes
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*/10 * * * * root /usr/lib64/sa/sa1 1 1
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# generate a daily summary of process accounting at 23:53
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53 23 * * * root /usr/lib64/sa/sa2 -A
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```
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### Tell sadc to report statistics for disks
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Edit the /etc/cron.d/sysstat file using a text editor such as NA command or vim command, enter:
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`# vi /etc/cron.d/sysstat`
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Update it as follows to log all disk stats (the -d option force to log stats for each block device and the -I option force report statistics for all system interrupts):
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```
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# run system activity accounting tool every 10 minutes
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*/10 * * * * root /usr/lib64/sa/sa1 -I -d 1 1
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# generate a daily summary of process accounting at 23:53
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53 23 * * * root /usr/lib64/sa/sa2 -A
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```
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On a CentOS/RHEL 7.x you need to pass the -S DISK option to collect data for block devices. Pass the -S XALL to collect data about:
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1. Disk
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2. Partition
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3. System interrupts
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4. SNMP
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5. IPv6
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```
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# Run system activity accounting tool every 10 minutes
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*/10 * * * * root /usr/lib64/sa/sa1 -S DISK 1 1
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# 0 * * * * root /usr/lib64/sa/sa1 600 6 &
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# Generate a daily summary of process accounting at 23:53
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53 23 * * * root /usr/lib64/sa/sa2 -A
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# Run system activity accounting tool every 10 minutes
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```
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Save and close the file. Turn on the service for a CentOS/RHEL version 5.x/6.x, enter:
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`# chkconfig sysstat on
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# service sysstat start`
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Sample outputs:
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```
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Calling the system activity data collector (sadc):
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```
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For a CentOS/RHEL 7.x, run the following commands:
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```
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# systemctl enable sysstat
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# systemctl start sysstat.service
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# systemctl status sysstat.service
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```
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Sample outputs:
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```
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● sysstat.service - Resets System Activity Logs
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Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/sysstat.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
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Active: active (exited) since Sat 2018-01-06 16:33:19 IST; 3s ago
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Process: 28297 ExecStart=/usr/lib64/sa/sa1 --boot (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
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Main PID: 28297 (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
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Jan 06 16:33:19 centos7-box systemd[1]: Starting Resets System Activity Logs...
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Jan 06 16:33:19 centos7-box systemd[1]: Started Resets System Activity Logs.
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```
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## How Do I Use sar? How do I View Stats?
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Use the sar command to display output the contents of selected cumulative activity counters in the operating system. In this example, sar is run to get real-time reporting from the command line about CPU utilization:
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`# sar -u 3 10`
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Sample outputs:
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```
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Linux 2.6.18-164.2.1.el5 (www-03.nixcraft.in) 12/14/2009
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09:49:47 PM CPU %user %nice %system %iowait %steal %idle
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09:49:50 PM all 5.66 0.00 1.22 0.04 0.00 93.08
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09:49:53 PM all 12.29 0.00 1.93 0.04 0.00 85.74
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09:49:56 PM all 9.30 0.00 1.61 0.00 0.00 89.10
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09:49:59 PM all 10.86 0.00 1.51 0.04 0.00 87.58
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09:50:02 PM all 14.21 0.00 3.27 0.04 0.00 82.47
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09:50:05 PM all 13.98 0.00 4.04 0.04 0.00 81.93
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09:50:08 PM all 6.60 6.89 1.26 0.00 0.00 85.25
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09:50:11 PM all 7.25 0.00 1.55 0.04 0.00 91.15
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09:50:14 PM all 6.61 0.00 1.09 0.00 0.00 92.31
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09:50:17 PM all 5.71 0.00 0.96 0.00 0.00 93.33
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Average: all 9.24 0.69 1.84 0.03 0.00 88.20
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```
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Where,
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* 3 = interval
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* 10 = count
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To view process creation statistics, enter:
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`# sar -c 3 10`
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To view I/O and transfer rate statistics, enter:
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`# sar -b 3 10`
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To view paging statistics, enter:
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`# sar -B 3 10`
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To view block device statistics, enter:
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`# sar -d 3 10`
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To view statistics for all interrupt statistics, enter:
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`# sar -I XALL 3 10`
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To view device specific network statistics, enter:
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```
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# sar -n DEV 3 10
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# sar -n EDEV 3 10
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```
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To view CPU specific statistics, enter:
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```
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# sar -P ALL
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# Only 1st CPU stats
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# sar -P 1 3 10
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```
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To view queue length and load averages statistics, enter:
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`# sar -q 3 10`
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To view memory and swap space utilization statistics, enter:
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```
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# sar -r 3 10
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# sar -R 3 10
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```
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To view status of inode, file and other kernel tables statistics, enter:
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`# sar -v 3 10`
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To view system switching activity statistics, enter:
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`# sar -w 3 10`
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To view swapping statistics, enter:
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`# sar -W 3 10`
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To view statistics for a given process called Apache with PID # 3256, enter:
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`# sar -x 3256 3 10`
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## Say Hello To kSar
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sar and sadf provides CLI based output. The output may confuse all new users / sys admin. So you need to use kSar which is a java application that graph your sar data. It also permit to export data to PDF/JPG/PNG/CSV. You can load data from three method : local file, local command execution, and remote command execution via SSH. kSar supports the sar output of the following OS:
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1. Solaris 8, 9 and 10
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2. Mac OS/X 10.4+
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3. Linux (Systat Version >= 5.0.5)
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4. AIX (4.3 & 5.3)
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5. HPUX 11.00+
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### Download And Install kSar
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Visit the [official][3] website and grab the latest source code. Use [wget to][4] download the source code, enter:
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`$ wget https://github.com/vlsi/ksar/releases/download/v5.2.4-snapshot-652bf16/ksar-5.2.4-SNAPSHOT-all.jar`
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#### How Do I Run kSar?
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Make sure [JAVA jdk][5] is installed and working correctly. Type the following command to start kSar, run:
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`$ java -jar ksar-5.2.4-SNAPSHOT-all.jar`
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![Fig.01: kSar welcome screen][6]
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Next you will see main kSar window, and menus with two panels.
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![Fig.02: kSar - the main window][7]
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The left one will have a list of graphs available depending on the data kSar has parsed. The right window will show you the graph you have selected.
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## How Do I Generate sar Graphs Using kSar?
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First, you need to grab sar command statistics from the server named server1. Type the following command to get stats, run:
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`[ **server1** ]# LC_ALL=C sar -A > /tmp/sar.data.txt`
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Next copy file to local desktop from a remote box using the scp command:
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`[ **desktop** ]$ scp user@server1.nixcraft.com:/tmp/sar.data.txt /tmp/`
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Switch to kSar Windows. Click on **Data** > **Load data from text file** > Select sar.data.txt from /tmp/ > Click the **Open** button.
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Now, the graph type tree is deployed in left pane and a graph has been selected:
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![Fig.03: Processes for server1][8]
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![Fig.03: Disk stats \(blok device\) stats for server1][9]![Fig.05: Memory stats for server1][10]
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#### Zoom in and out
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Using the move, you can interactively zoom onto up a part of a graph. To select a zone to zoom, click on the upper left conner and while still holding the mouse but on move to the lower-right of the zone you want to zoom. To come back to unzoomed view click and drag the mouse to any corner location except a lower-right one. You can also right click and select zoom options
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#### Understanding kSar Graphs And sar Data
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I strongly recommend reading sar and sadf command man page:
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`$ man sar
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$ man sadf`
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## Case Study: Identifying Linux Server CPU Bottlenecks
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With sar command and kSar tool, one can get the detailed snapshot of memory, CPU, and other subsystems. For example, if CPU utilization is more than 80% for a long period, a CPU bottleneck is most likely occurring. Using **sar -x ALL** you can find out CPU eating process. The output of [mpstat command][11] (part of sysstat package itself) will also help you understand the cpu utilization. You can easily analyze this information with kSar.
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### I Found CPU Bottlenecks…
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Performance tuning options for the CPU are as follows:
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1. Make sure that no unnecessary programs are running in the background. Turn off [all unnecessary services on Linux][12].
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2. Use [cron to schedule][13] jobs (e.g., backup) to run at off-peak hours.
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3. Use [top and ps command][14] to find out all non-critical background jobs / services. Make sure you lower their priority using [renice command][15].
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4. Use [taskset command to set a processes's][16] CPU affinity (offload cpu) i.e. bind processes to different CPUs. For example, run MySQL database on cpu #2 and Apache on cpu # 3.
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5. Make sure you are using latest drivers and firmware for your server.
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6. If possible add additional CPUs to the system.
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7. Use faster CPUs for a single-threaded application (e.g. Lighttpd web server app).
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8. Use more CPUs for a multi-threaded application (e.g. MySQL database server app).
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9. Use more computer nodes and set up a [load balancer][17] for a web app.
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## isag - Interactive System Activity Grapher (alternate tool)
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The isag command graphically displays the system activity data stored in a binary data file by a previous sar run. The isag command invokes sar to extract the data to be plotted. isag has limited set of options as compare to kSar.
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![Fig.06: isag CPU utilization graphs][18]
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### about the author
|
|
||||||
|
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||||||
The author is the creator of nixCraft and a seasoned sysadmin and a trainer for the Linux operating system/Unix shell scripting. He has worked with global clients and in various industries, including IT, education, defense and space research, and the nonprofit sector. Follow him on [Twitter][19], [Facebook][20], [Google+][21].
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||||||
|
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||||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
via: https://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/identifying-linux-bottlenecks-sar-graphs-with-ksar.html
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|
||||||
|
|
||||||
作者：[Vivek Gite][a]
|
|
||||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
|
||||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
[a]:https://www.cyberciti.biz
|
|
||||||
[1]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/rhel-centos-fedora-linux-yum-command-howto/ (See Linux/Unix yum command examples for more info)
|
|
||||||
[2]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/how-do-i-add-jobs-to-cron-under-linux-or-unix-oses/
|
|
||||||
[3]:https://github.com/vlsi/ksar
|
|
||||||
[4]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/linux-wget-your-ultimate-command-line-downloader.html
|
|
||||||
[5]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/howto-ubuntu-linux-install-configure-jdk-jre/
|
|
||||||
[6]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/media/new/tips/2009/12/sar-welcome.png (kSar welcome screen)
|
|
||||||
[7]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/media/new/tips/2009/12/screenshot-kSar-a-sar-grapher-01.png (kSar - the main window)
|
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||||||
[8]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/media/new/tips/2009/12/cpu-ksar.png (Linux kSar Processes for server1 )
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|
||||||
[9]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/media/new/tips/2009/12/disk-stats-ksar.png (Linux Disk I/O Stats Using kSar)
|
|
||||||
[10]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/media/new/tips/2009/12/memory-ksar.png (Linux Memory paging and its utilization stats)
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|
||||||
[11]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/how-do-i-find-out-linux-cpu-utilization.html
|
|
||||||
[12]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/check-running-services-in-rhel-redhat-fedora-centoslinux/
|
|
||||||
[13]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/how-do-i-add-jobs-to-cron-under-linux-or-unix-oses/
|
|
||||||
[14]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/show-all-running-processes-in-linux/
|
|
||||||
[15]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/howto-change-unix-linux-process-priority/
|
|
||||||
[16]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/taskset-cpu-affinity-command/
|
|
||||||
[17]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/load-balancer-open-source-software.html
|
|
||||||
[18]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/media/new/tips/2009/12/isag.cpu_.png (Fig.06: isag CPU utilization graphs)
|
|
||||||
[19]:https://twitter.com/nixcraft
|
|
||||||
[20]:https://facebook.com/nixcraft
|
|
||||||
[21]:https://plus.google.com/+CybercitiBiz
|
|
||||||
@ -0,0 +1,350 @@
|
|||||||
|
如何使用 kSar 去创建 sar 图表来发现 Linux 瓶颈
|
||||||
|
======
|
||||||
|
sar 命令收集、报告、或者保存 UNIX / Linux 系统的活动信息。它保存选择的计数器到操作系统的 `/var/log/sa/sadd` 文件中。从收集的数据中，你可以得到许多关于你的服务器的信息：
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
1. CPU 使用率
|
||||||
|
2. 内存页面和使用率
|
||||||
|
3. 网络 I/O 和传输统计
|
||||||
|
4. 进程创建活动
|
||||||
|
5. 所有的块设备活动
|
||||||
|
6. 每秒中断数等等
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
sar 命令的输出能够用于识别服务器瓶颈。但是，分析 sar 命令提供的信息可能比较困难，所以要使用 kSar 工具。kSar 工具将 sar 命令的输出绘制成基于时间周期的、易于理解的图表。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## sysstat 包
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
sar、sa1、和 sa2 命令都是 sysstat 包的一部分。它是 Linux 包含的性能监视工具集合。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
1. sar：显示数据
|
||||||
|
2. sa1 和 sa2：为以后分析去收集和保存数据。sa2 shell 脚本在 `/var/log/sa` 目录中每日写入一个报告。sa1 shell 脚本将每日的系统活动信息以二进制数据的形式写入到文件中。
|
||||||
|
3. sadc —— 系统活动数据收集器。你可以通过修改 sa1 和 sa2 脚本去配置各种选项。它们位于以下的目录：
|
||||||
|
* /usr/lib64/sa/sa1 (64bit) 或者 /usr/lib/sa/sa1 (32bit) —— 它调用 sadc 去记录报告到 /var/log/sa/sadX 格式。
|
||||||
|
* /usr/lib64/sa/sa2 (64bit) 或者 /usr/lib/sa/sa2 (32bit) —— 它调用 sar 去记录报告到 /var/log/sa/sarX 格式。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### 如何在我的系统上安装 sar？
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
在一个基于 CentOS/RHEL 的系统上，输入如下的 [yum 命令][1] 去安装 sysstat：
|
||||||
|
`# yum install sysstat`
|
||||||
|
示例输出如下：
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
Loaded plugins: downloadonly, fastestmirror, priorities,
|
||||||
|
: protectbase, security
|
||||||
|
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
|
||||||
|
* addons: mirror.cs.vt.edu
|
||||||
|
* base: mirror.ash.fastserv.com
|
||||||
|
* epel: serverbeach1.fedoraproject.org
|
||||||
|
* extras: mirror.cogentco.com
|
||||||
|
* updates: centos.mirror.nac.net
|
||||||
|
0 packages excluded due to repository protections
|
||||||
|
Setting up Install Process
|
||||||
|
Resolving Dependencies
|
||||||
|
--> Running transaction check
|
||||||
|
---> Package sysstat.x86_64 0:7.0.2-3.el5 set to be updated
|
||||||
|
--> Finished Dependency Resolution
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Dependencies Resolved
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
====================================================================
|
||||||
|
Package Arch Version Repository Size
|
||||||
|
====================================================================
|
||||||
|
Installing:
|
||||||
|
sysstat x86_64 7.0.2-3.el5 base 173 k
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Transaction Summary
|
||||||
|
====================================================================
|
||||||
|
Install 1 Package(s)
|
||||||
|
Update 0 Package(s)
|
||||||
|
Remove 0 Package(s)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Total download size: 173 k
|
||||||
|
Is this ok [y/N]: y
|
||||||
|
Downloading Packages:
|
||||||
|
sysstat-7.0.2-3.el5.x86_64.rpm | 173 kB 00:00
|
||||||
|
Running rpm_check_debug
|
||||||
|
Running Transaction Test
|
||||||
|
Finished Transaction Test
|
||||||
|
Transaction Test Succeeded
|
||||||
|
Running Transaction
|
||||||
|
Installing : sysstat 1/1
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Installed:
|
||||||
|
sysstat.x86_64 0:7.0.2-3.el5
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Complete!
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### 为 sysstat 配置文件
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
编辑 /etc/sysconfig/sysstat 文件去指定日志文件保存多少天（最长为一个月）：
|
||||||
|
`# vi /etc/sysconfig/sysstat`
|
||||||
|
示例输出如下 ：
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
# keep log for 28 days
|
||||||
|
# the default is 7
|
||||||
|
HISTORY=28
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
保存并关闭这个文件。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### 找到 sar 默认的 cron 作业
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
[默认的 cron 作业位于][2] `/etc/cron.d/sysstat`：
|
||||||
|
`# cat /etc/cron.d/sysstat`
|
||||||
|
示例输出如下：
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
# run system activity accounting tool every 10 minutes
|
||||||
|
*/10 * * * * root /usr/lib64/sa/sa1 1 1
|
||||||
|
# generate a daily summary of process accounting at 23:53
|
||||||
|
53 23 * * * root /usr/lib64/sa/sa2 -A
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### 告诉 sadc 去报告磁盘的统计数据
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
使用一个文本编辑器去编辑 `/etc/cron.d/sysstat` 文件，比如使用 NA 命令或者 vim 命令，输入如下：
|
||||||
|
`# vi /etc/cron.d/sysstat`
|
||||||
|
像下面的示例那样更新这个文件，以记录所有的硬盘统计数据（`-d` 选项强制记录每个块设备的统计数据，而 `-I` 选项强制记录所有系统中断的统计数据）：
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
# run system activity accounting tool every 10 minutes
|
||||||
|
*/10 * * * * root /usr/lib64/sa/sa1 -I -d 1 1
|
||||||
|
# generate a daily summary of process accounting at 23:53
|
||||||
|
53 23 * * * root /usr/lib64/sa/sa2 -A
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
在一个 CentOS/RHEL 7.x 系统上你需要传递 `-S DISK` 选项去收集块设备的数据。传递`-S XALL` 选项去采集如下所列的数据：
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
1. 磁盘
|
||||||
|
2. 分区
|
||||||
|
3. 系统中断
|
||||||
|
4. SNMP
|
||||||
|
5. IPv6
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
# Run system activity accounting tool every 10 minutes
|
||||||
|
*/10 * * * * root /usr/lib64/sa/sa1 -S DISK 1 1
|
||||||
|
# 0 * * * * root /usr/lib64/sa/sa1 600 6 &
|
||||||
|
# Generate a daily summary of process accounting at 23:53
|
||||||
|
53 23 * * * root /usr/lib64/sa/sa2 -A
|
||||||
|
# Run system activity accounting tool every 10 minutes
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
保存并关闭这个文件。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
###打开 CentOS/RHEL 版本 5.x/6.x 的服务
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
输入如下命令:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
chkconfig sysstat on
|
||||||
|
service sysstat start
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
示例输出如下：
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
Calling the system activity data collector (sadc):
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
对于 CentOS/RHEL 7.x，运行如下的命令：
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
# systemctl enable sysstat
|
||||||
|
# systemctl start sysstat.service
|
||||||
|
# systemctl status sysstat.service
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
示例输出：
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
● sysstat.service - Resets System Activity Logs
|
||||||
|
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/sysstat.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
|
||||||
|
Active: active (exited) since Sat 2018-01-06 16:33:19 IST; 3s ago
|
||||||
|
Process: 28297 ExecStart=/usr/lib64/sa/sa1 --boot (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
|
||||||
|
Main PID: 28297 (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Jan 06 16:33:19 centos7-box systemd[1]: Starting Resets System Activity Logs...
|
||||||
|
Jan 06 16:33:19 centos7-box systemd[1]: Started Resets System Activity Logs.
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## 如何使用 sar？如何查看统计数据？
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
使用 sar 命令去显示操作系统中选定的累积活动计数器输出。在这个示例中，运行 sar 命令行，去实时获得 CPU 使用率的报告：
|
||||||
|
`# sar -u 3 10`
|
||||||
|
示例输出：
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
Linux 2.6.18-164.2.1.el5 (www-03.nixcraft.in) 12/14/2009
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
09:49:47 PM CPU %user %nice %system %iowait %steal %idle
|
||||||
|
09:49:50 PM all 5.66 0.00 1.22 0.04 0.00 93.08
|
||||||
|
09:49:53 PM all 12.29 0.00 1.93 0.04 0.00 85.74
|
||||||
|
09:49:56 PM all 9.30 0.00 1.61 0.00 0.00 89.10
|
||||||
|
09:49:59 PM all 10.86 0.00 1.51 0.04 0.00 87.58
|
||||||
|
09:50:02 PM all 14.21 0.00 3.27 0.04 0.00 82.47
|
||||||
|
09:50:05 PM all 13.98 0.00 4.04 0.04 0.00 81.93
|
||||||
|
09:50:08 PM all 6.60 6.89 1.26 0.00 0.00 85.25
|
||||||
|
09:50:11 PM all 7.25 0.00 1.55 0.04 0.00 91.15
|
||||||
|
09:50:14 PM all 6.61 0.00 1.09 0.00 0.00 92.31
|
||||||
|
09:50:17 PM all 5.71 0.00 0.96 0.00 0.00 93.33
|
||||||
|
Average: all 9.24 0.69 1.84 0.03 0.00 88.20
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
其中：
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
* 3 = 间隔时间
|
||||||
|
* 10 = 次数
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
查看进程创建的统计数据，输入：
|
||||||
|
`# sar -c 3 10`
|
||||||
|
查看 I/O 和传输率统计数据，输入：
|
||||||
|
`# sar -b 3 10`
|
||||||
|
查看内存页面统计数据，输入：
|
||||||
|
`# sar -B 3 10`
|
||||||
|
查看块设备统计数据，输入：
|
||||||
|
`# sar -d 3 10`
|
||||||
|
查看所有中断的统计数据，输入：
|
||||||
|
`# sar -I XALL 3 10`
|
||||||
|
查看网络设备特定的统计数据，输入：
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
# sar -n DEV 3 10
|
||||||
|
# sar -n EDEV 3 10
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
查看 CPU 特定的统计数据，输入：
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
# sar -P ALL
|
||||||
|
# Only 1st CPU stats
|
||||||
|
# sar -P 1 3 10
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
查看队列长度和平均负载的统计数据，输入：
|
||||||
|
`# sar -q 3 10`
|
||||||
|
查看内存和 swap 空间的使用统计数据，输入：
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
# sar -r 3 10
|
||||||
|
# sar -R 3 10
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
查看 inode、文件、和其它内核表统计数据状态，输入：
|
||||||
|
`# sar -v 3 10`
|
||||||
|
查看系统切换活动统计数据，输入：
|
||||||
|
`# sar -w 3 10`
|
||||||
|
查看 swapping 统计数据，输入：
|
||||||
|
`# sar -W 3 10`
|
||||||
|
查看一个 PID 为 3256 的 Apache 进程，输入：
|
||||||
|
`# sar -x 3256 3 10`
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## kSar 介绍
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
sar 和 sadf 提供了基于命令行界面的输出。这种输出可能会使新手用户/系统管理员感到无从下手。因此，你需要使用 kSar，它是一个图形化显示你的 sar 数据的 Java 应用程序。它也允许你以 PDF/JPG/PNG/CSV 格式导出数据。你可以用三种方式去加载数据：本地文件、运行本地命令、以及通过 SSH 远程运行的命令。kSar 可以处理下列操作系统的 sar 输出：
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
1. Solaris 8, 9 和 10
|
||||||
|
2. Mac OS/X 10.4+
|
||||||
|
3. Linux (Systat Version >= 5.0.5)
|
||||||
|
4. AIX (4.3 & 5.3)
|
||||||
|
5. HPUX 11.00+
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### 下载和安装 kSar
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
访问 [官方][3] 网站去获得最新版本的源代码。使用 [wget][4] 去下载源代码，输入：
|
||||||
|
`$ wget https://github.com/vlsi/ksar/releases/download/v5.2.4-snapshot-652bf16/ksar-5.2.4-SNAPSHOT-all.jar`
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
#### 如何运行 kSar？
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
首先要确保你的机器上 [JAVA jdk][5] 已安装并能够正常工作。输入下列命令去启动 kSar：
|
||||||
|
`$ java -jar ksar-5.2.4-SNAPSHOT-all.jar`
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
![Fig.01: kSar welcome screen][6]
|
||||||
|
接下来你将看到 kSar 的主窗口，和有两个菜单的面板。
|
||||||
|
![Fig.02: kSar - the main window][7]
|
||||||
|
左侧有一个列表，是 kSar 根据数据已经解析出的可用图表的列表。右侧窗口将展示你选定的图表。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## 如何使用 kSar 去生成 sar 图表？
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
首先，你需要从命名为 server1 的服务器上采集 sar 命令的统计数据。输入如下的命令：
|
||||||
|
`[ **server1** ]# LC_ALL=C sar -A > /tmp/sar.data.txt`
|
||||||
|
接下来，使用 scp 命令从本地桌面拷贝到远程电脑上：
|
||||||
|
`[ **desktop** ]$ scp user@server1.nixcraft.com:/tmp/sar.data.txt /tmp/`
|
||||||
|
切换到 kSar 窗口，点击 **Data** > **Load data from text file** > 从 /tmp/ 中选择 sar.data.txt > 点击 **Open** 按扭。
|
||||||
|
现在，图表类型树已经出现在左侧面板中并选定了一个图形：
|
||||||
|
![Fig.03: Processes for server1][8]
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
![Fig.03: Disk stats \(blok device\) stats for server1][9]![Fig.05: Memory stats for server1][10]
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
#### 放大和缩小
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
通过移动你可以交互式缩放图像的一部分。在要缩放的图像的左上角点击并按下鼠标，移动到要缩放区域的右下角，可以选定要缩放的区域。返回到未缩放状态，点击并拖动鼠标到除了右下角外的任意位置，你也可以点击并选择 zoom 选项。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
#### 了解 kSar 图像和 sar 数据
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
我强烈建议你去阅读 sar 和 sadf 命令的 man 页面：
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
$ man sar
|
||||||
|
$ man sadf
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## 案例学习：识别 Linux 服务器的 CPU 瓶颈
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
使用 sar 命令和 kSar 工具，可以得到内存、CPU、以及其它子系统的详细快照。例如，如果 CPU 使用率在一个很长的时间内持续高于 80%，有可能就是出现了一个 CPU 瓶颈。使用 **sar -x ALL** 你可以找到大量消耗 CPU 的进程。[mpstat 命令][11] 的输出（sysstat 包的一部分）也会帮你去了解 CPU 的使用率。你可以使用 kSar 很容易地去分析这些信息。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### 找出 CPU 瓶颈 …
|
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然后对 CPU 选择执行如下的调整：
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1. 确保没有不需要的进程在后台运行。关闭 [Linux 上所有不需要的服务][12]。
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2. 使用 [cron 去计划作业][13] （比如，备份）运行在一个非高峰时刻。
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3. 使用 [top 和 ps 命令][14] 去找出所有非关键的后台作业/服务。使用 [renice 命令][15] 去调整低优先级作业。
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4. 使用 [taskset 命令去设置进程使用的 CPU ][16] （卸载 CPU），即，绑定进程到不同的 CPU 上。例如，在 2# CPU 上运行 MySQL 数据库，而在 3# CPU 上运行 Apache。
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5. 确保你的系统使用了最新的驱动程序和固件。
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6. 如有可能在系统上增加额外的 CPU。
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7. 为单线程应用程序使用更快的 CPU（比如，Lighttpd web 服务器应用程序）。
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8. 为多线程应用程序使用多个 CPU（比如，MySQL 数据库服务器应用程序）。
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9. 为一个 web 应用程序使用多个计算节点并设置一个 [负载均衡器][17]。
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## isag —— 交互式系统活动记录器（替代工具）
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isag 命令图形化显示了以前运行 sar 命令时存储在二进制文件中的系统活动数据。isag 命令引用 sar 并提取出它的数据来绘制图形。与 kSar 相比，isag 的选项比较少。
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![Fig.06: isag CPU utilization graphs][18]
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### 关于作者
|
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|
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本文作者是 nixCraft 的创始人和一位经验丰富的 Linux 操作系统/Unix shell 脚本培训师。他与包括 IT、教育、国防和空间研究、以及非营利组织等全球各行业客户一起合作。可以在 [Twitter][19]、[Facebook][20]、[Google+][21] 上关注他。
|
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|
||||||
|
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
via: https://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/identifying-linux-bottlenecks-sar-graphs-with-ksar.html
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
作者：[Vivek Gite][a]
|
||||||
|
译者：[qhwdw](https://github.com/qhwdw)
|
||||||
|
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
[a]:https://www.cyberciti.biz
|
||||||
|
[1]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/rhel-centos-fedora-linux-yum-command-howto/ "See Linux/Unix yum command examples for more info"
|
||||||
|
[2]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/how-do-i-add-jobs-to-cron-under-linux-or-unix-oses/
|
||||||
|
[3]:https://github.com/vlsi/ksar
|
||||||
|
[4]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/linux-wget-your-ultimate-command-line-downloader.html
|
||||||
|
[5]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/howto-ubuntu-linux-install-configure-jdk-jre/
|
||||||
|
[6]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/media/new/tips/2009/12/sar-welcome.png "kSar welcome screen"
|
||||||
|
[7]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/media/new/tips/2009/12/screenshot-kSar-a-sar-grapher-01.png "kSar - the main window"
|
||||||
|
[8]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/media/new/tips/2009/12/cpu-ksar.png "Linux kSar Processes for server1 "
|
||||||
|
[9]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/media/new/tips/2009/12/disk-stats-ksar.png "Linux Disk I/O Stats Using kSar"
|
||||||
|
[10]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/media/new/tips/2009/12/memory-ksar.png "Linux Memory paging and its utilization stats"
|
||||||
|
[11]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/how-do-i-find-out-linux-cpu-utilization.html
|
||||||
|
[12]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/check-running-services-in-rhel-redhat-fedora-centoslinux/
|
||||||
|
[13]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/how-do-i-add-jobs-to-cron-under-linux-or-unix-oses/
|
||||||
|
[14]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/show-all-running-processes-in-linux/
|
||||||
|
[15]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/howto-change-unix-linux-process-priority/
|
||||||
|
[16]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/taskset-cpu-affinity-command/
|
||||||
|
[17]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/load-balancer-open-source-software.html
|
||||||
|
[18]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/media/new/tips/2009/12/isag.cpu_.png "Fig.06: isag CPU utilization graphs"
|
||||||
|
[19]:https://twitter.com/nixcraft
|
||||||
|
[20]:https://facebook.com/nixcraft
|
||||||
|
[21]:https://plus.google.com/+CybercitiBiz
|
||||||
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Reference in New Issue
Block a user