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翻译中 by Linux-pdz
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CISCO Announce New Open Source H.264 Codec
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================================================================================
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*YouTube Is One of Many Sites Using H.264*
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**American networking company Cisco [has announced plans to offer an open-source H.264 codec][1] - a move it says will “remove barriers” to its use in WebRTC.**
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H.264 is widely used in HTML5 video streaming, though not all browsers and operating systems are able to make use of it.
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This is because use of the codec for encoding or decoding requires royalty payments to be made to the MPEG LA, an organisation who license the tangle of patents related to it (which, perhaps not so coincidentally, [includes some patents owned by Cisco][2]).
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Furthermore, the codec is prohibited from being distributed with open-source products like web browsers.
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This is why some of YouTube’s HTML5 videos don’t play in Firefox but do in Google Chrome. The latter is able to pay licensing costs on behalf of its users.
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But Cisco are aiming to reset this inequality by offering an open-source implementation of the H.264 codec – called OpenH264, developed by them – that **can be used by any project**, including open-source ones, **for free**. No license fees and no restrictions will apply to the use of its binary modules.
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The company say that by open-sourcing their H.264 codec, and offering a pre-compiled binary file for free download, it can be used to power newer technologies like WebRTC – a HTML5 API that allows for ‘real time communication’ between browsers.
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> ‘Cisco aren’t the first to create an open-source implementation of H.264…’
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Indeed, Mozilla [has already announced][3] that it plans to support Cisco’s H.264 binary modules in Firefox.
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Cisco aren’t the first to create an open-source implementation of this code. The GNU libavcodec library includes both a decoder and an encoder, the latter based on [x264][4]. But what Cisco are offering is a legal foothold – something other open-source efforts have lacked. This makes the decoder far more useful to companies like Mozilla, who can use it without fear or legal redress.
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The nitty-gritty of how this this new offering from Cisco will be offered is a little less straightforward, however.
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Cisco will open-source their H.264 stack. This, along with pre-compiled binary modules, will be available to download, for free, from their website. Applications such as Firefox will be able to ‘load’ the binary (even auto-download it where needed) to make use of it.
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While Cisco will pay patent license costs to the MPEG LA they won’t pass this on to users of their module. It’s less clear what protection those compiling directly from its source will have, though with the code due to hit Github in the coming weeks more information will be available.
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### Summary ###
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The tl;dr is that Cisco are helping to move the web forward. High-quality video streaming based on a widely used standard will, with OpenH264, be available to more people on more platforms thanks to some goodwill and open-source effort on behalf of Cisco.
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Whether you’re a fan of H.264, or favour the adoption of truly free codecs like VP8, the ‘levelling of the playing field’ this move offers can only be seen as a good move.
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2013/10/cisco-announce-open-source-h-264-codec
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[1]:http://blogs.cisco.com/collaboration/open-source-h-264-removes-barriers-webrtc/
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[2]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG_LA#H.264.2FMPEG-4_AVC_Licensors
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[3]:https://blog.mozilla.org/blog/2013/10/30/video-interoperability-on-the-web-gets-a-boost-from-ciscos-h-264-codec/
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[4]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X264
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occupied by rogetfan
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Daily Ubuntu Tips – Webcam Support In Ubuntu Via Cheese
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================================================================================
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For new users who are just starting with Ubuntu, here’s some information that may help you if you want to use webcam in Ubuntu. You see, Ubuntu aims to support the vast majority of webcam right out of the box. Most webcam manufacturers don’t provide drivers for for Linux systems, including Ubuntu. So Linux developers must do the hard work by enabling support for most webcam devices in the Linux Kernel.
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Webcam support for Linux is provided by the Linux UVC Project’s [UVC][1] driver. The aim of this project is to provide a universal USB support for webcam in the same way a general USB driver handles USB devices like thumb drives, external USB devices and others.
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The vast majority of USB webcam out there should work with Linux systems, including Ubuntu with the support of the Linux UVC project driver. If you want to purchase a webcam for your Ubuntu computer, but want to make sure it’s supported, [check out the UVC supported webcam list][2].
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Webcam on the list above support Linux machines easily. So, before purchasing webcam for your machine check out the list and find the model you like and purchase it.
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After purchasing a model that supports Linux systems, you’ll need an application in to display or view your videos. Currently the most popular webcam application for Ubuntu is Cheese. Cheese allows you to access your webcam and display the video easily.
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To install Cheese, run the commands below.
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sudo apt-get install cheese
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After installing it, open it via Unity Dash and launch it. If the webcam device is already attached, Cheese should begin showing the video from the webcam.
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If you have a laptop equipped with webcam, chances are it should work because support for generic USB webcam is common with Ubuntu. All you have to do is install Cheese and enjoy!
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If you can’t get your current webcam to work in Ubuntu, you may have to purchase a model that works.
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Enjoy!
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: http://www.liberiangeek.net/2013/09/daily-ubuntu-tips-webcam-support-ubuntu-via-cheese/
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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[1]:https://help.ubuntu.com/community/UVC
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[2]:http://www.ideasonboard.org/uvc/
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51
translated/CISCO Announce New Open Source H.264 Codec.md
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51
translated/CISCO Announce New Open Source H.264 Codec.md
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思科宣布新的开源H.264编解码器
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================================================================================
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*YouTube是众多使用H.264的网站之一*
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**美国网络设备公司思科[宣布计划提供一个开源的H.264编解码器](1) - 也就是在WebRTC中播放电影就再也没有问题了。**
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尽管H.264广泛应用于HTML5视频流中，但是不是所有的浏览器和操作系统都可以利用H.264。
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这是因为使用可以编码与解码H.264视频的编解码器需要向持有相关专利的MPEG LA组织支付高昂的使用费（也许不是巧合，[一些专利为思科所拥有](2)）。
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此外，用于H.264的编解码器禁止随同像网页浏览器这样的开源软件一同分发。
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这就是一些YouTube的HTML5视频不能在Firefox中播放但却可以在Google Chrome中播放的原因。因为后者有能力支付许可费用从而使它的用户受益。
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但是思科打算通过他们自己开发一个可以被包括开源项目在内的**任何项目免费使用**的开源H.264编解码器实现，OpenH264，来消除这样的不平等。对它二进制模块的使用也不再有许可费用和限制。
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这家公司谈到，通过开源他们的H.264编解码器和为他们预编译的二进制文件提供免费下载，这将给像WebRTC这样的允许浏览器间实时通信的HTML5 API提供强大动力。
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>‘思科并不是第一个去创建H.264开源实现的。。。’
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实际上，Mozilla[已经宣布](3)它计划在Firefox中支持思科的H.264二进制模块。
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思科并不是第一个去创建H.264的开源实现的。GNU的libavcodec库已经包括了解码器和编码器，后者基于[x264](4)。但是思科提供的开源实现实有法律立足点的 - 而这正是其它的开源实现所缺乏的。这使得思科的解码器对象Mozilla这样的公司来说就非常有用咯，这可以使得它们无需担心法律问题。
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然而，思科公司为何提供这样一个新编解码器的真相还不很清楚。
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思科将开源他们的H.264栈。这将随着预编译二进制模块一同可从他们的网站上免费下载。像Firefox这样的应用就可以在需要解码H.264视频的时候载入它（甚至可在需要的时候自动下载它）。
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而于此同时，思科将要向MPEG LA组织支付专利费用，而这些费用也无法向使用它们模块的用户收取。对于直接由源代码进行编译的行为的限制也不清晰。尽管如此，随着代码下周在Github网站上进行托管，我们就可以获得更多信息。
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###总结###
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思科正在帮助Web技术的前进。多亏了思科公司在开源方面的努力，使用OpenH264，基于广泛使用的标准的高质量的视频流将可以在更多的平台被更多的人使用。
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不管你是否是一个H.264的粉丝，或者你赞成采纳完全免费的VP8，这一可以提供公平竞争环境的举措都是值得称道的。
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2013/10/cisco-announce-open-source-h-264-codec
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译者：[Linux-pdz](https://github.com/Linux-pdz) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[1]:http://blogs.cisco.com/collaboration/open-source-h-264-removes-barriers-webrtc/
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[2]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG_LA#H.264.2FMPEG-4_AVC_Licensors
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[3]:https://blog.mozilla.org/blog/2013/10/30/video-interoperability-on-the-web-gets-a-boost-from-ciscos-h-264-codec/
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[4]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X264
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@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
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occupied by rogetfan
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Ubuntu每日贴士——Ubuntu中通过Cheese支持Webcom
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================================================================================
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对于一些Ubuntu的新用户，如果你们想在Ubuntu中使用webcam的话，这里有一些信息能够帮助到你们。正如你们说知道的
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那样，Ubuntu致力于支持绝大多数webcom（right out of the box 网络翻译为开箱，我在这里并不这样认为，所以暂时不
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去翻译）大多数webcom生产商并不为Linux系统提供驱动，包括Ununtu。所以，Linux开发者们必须能够尽最大努力让webcom设备在Linux内核中能够运行。
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支持Linux的webcam驱动由Linux UVC项目提供[UVC][1]。
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该项目意图为webam提供一个万能USB支持，就像一个通用USB驱动控制一些USB设备，例如U盘，外部USB设备和其他一些设备。
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大多数主流的USB webcam设备都可以在Linux系统下工作，其中包括支持Linux UVC项目驱动的Ubuntu。如果你想为你的Ubuntu计算机购
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买一个webcam设备,又不确信它是否能被支持，最好参照一下下面的列表[check out the UVC supported webcam list][2].
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上面列出的webcam都能够很方便地应用在Linux机器中。因此，在为你的机器购买webcam之前，查看一下列表并找到你喜欢的某块
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在购买一个支持Linux系统的模块之后，你需要一个程序来操纵你的摄像头。现如今，最流行的Ubuntu webcam程序叫做Cheese.Cheese 允许用户访问自己的webcam并方便地播放视频。
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输入以下命令安装Cheese
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sudo apt-get install cheese
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安装完成之后，在Unity Dash中打开它就能运行。如果webcam驱动已经载入，Cheese就能够从Webcam中输出视频。
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只要你有一个配备了webcam的笔记本电脑，那它就可以工作，因为大多数USB webcam设备是在Ubuntu中通用的。
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你该做的就是安装Cheese并享受它
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如果你不能令当前的webcam在Ubuntu中工作，就应该尝试购买一个能够工作的模块!
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尽情享受吧！
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: http://www.liberiangeek.net/2013/09/daily-ubuntu-tips-webcam-support-ubuntu-via-cheese/
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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译者：[rogetfan](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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[1]:https://help.ubuntu.com/community/UVC
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[2]:http://www.ideasonboard.org/uvc/
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@ -1,26 +1,25 @@
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flsf
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Linux Pmap Command – Find How Much Memory Process Use
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Linux Pmap 命令 - 查看进程用了多少内存
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================================================================================
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Pmap provide memory map of a process, The pmap command display the memory usage map of a process or multiple processes. Pmap reports information about the address space or memory usage map of a process. Pmap is actually a Sun OS command and Linux supports only very limited number of features. But it is very helpful for finding the complete address space of a process. To check [memory usage of process][1] we need PID or unique process ID of running process, we can get PID from /proc or regular commands like top or ps.
|
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Pmap 提供进程的内存映射，pmap命令显示一个或多个进程的内存状态。Pmap报告进程地址空间和内存状态信息。Pmap实际上是一个Sun OS命令，linux仅支持有限的功能。但是它还是对查看完整的进程地址空间很有帮助。检查[进程内存状态][1]我们需要PID或者运行的进程的唯一进程ID,我们可以在/proc或者常规命令比如top或ps得到它.
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### Syntax or usage ###
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### 语法或用法 ###
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#pmap PID
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or
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或者
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#pmap [options] PID
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In outout it display total address, kbytes, mode and mapping.
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在输出中它显示全部的地址,kbytes,mode还有mapping。
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### Options ###
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### 选项 ###
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-x extended Show the extended format.
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-d device Show the device format.
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-q quiet Do not display some header/footer lines.
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-V show version Displays version of program.
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-x extended显示扩展格式
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-d device显示设备格式
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-q quiet不显示header/footer行
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-V 显示版本信息
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### Memory usage map of single process ###
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### 单一进程内存状态 ###
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[root@info ~]# pmap 1013
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@ -59,13 +58,13 @@ In outout it display total address, kbytes, mode and mapping.
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total 8232K
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### Memory usage map of multiple processes ###
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### 多进程内存状态 ###
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We can check memory map of multiple processes by inserting multiple PIDs. Add multiple PIDs with adding space.
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我们可以检查多进程内存通过插入多个PID。加入多个PID中间需要空格。
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pmap 1013 1217 1118
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### Extended memory map about a process ###
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### 扩展进程内存 ###
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[root@info ~]# pmap -x 1013
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1013: /usr/sbin/sshd
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@ -94,9 +93,9 @@ We can check memory map of multiple processes by inserting multiple PIDs. Add mu
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——– ——- ——- ——- ——-
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total kB 8232 – – -
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Here Address, Kbyte, Dirty, RSS, mode and mapping containd information as below
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这里的Address，Kbyte，Dirty，RSS，mode还有mapping包含在下面
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### Extended and Device Format Fields ###
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### 扩展和设备格式区域 ###
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Address: start address of map
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Kbytes: size of map in kilobytes
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@ -111,7 +110,7 @@ Here Address, Kbyte, Dirty, RSS, mode and mapping containd information as below
|
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via: http://linoxide.com/linux-command/pmap-command/
|
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|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
译者：[flsf](https://github.com/flsf) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
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|
||||
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