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The Age of the Unikernel: 10 Projects to Know
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A unikernel is essentially a pared-down operating system that can pair with an application into a unikernel application, typically running within a virtual machine. Download the Guide to the Open Cloud to learn more.[Creative Commons Zero][1]Pixabay
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When it comes to operating systems, container technologies, and unikernels, the trend toward tiny continues. What is a unikernel? It is essentially a pared-down operating system (the unikernel) that can pair with an application into a unikernel application, typically running within a virtual machine. They are sometimes called library operating systems because they include libraries that enable applications to use hardware and network protocols in combination with a set of policies for access control and isolation of the network layer.
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Containers often come to mind when discussion turns to cloud computing and Linux, but unikernels are doing transformative things, too. Neither containers nor unikernels are brand new. There were unikernel-like systems in the 1990s such as Exokernel, but today popular unikernels include MirageOS and OSv. Unikernel applications can be used independently and deployed across heterogeneous environments. They can facilitate specialized and isolated services and have become widely used for developing applications within a microservices architecture.
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As an example of how unikernels are attracting attention, consider the fact that Docker purchased[ Cambridge-based Unikernel Systems][3], and has been working with unikernels in numerous scenarios.
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Unikernels, like container technologies, strip away non-essentials and thus they have a very positive impact on application stability and availability, as well as security. They are also attracting many of the top, most creative developers on the open source scene.
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The Linux Foundation recently[ announced][4] the release of its 2016 report[Guide to the Open Cloud: Current Trends and Open Source Projects.][5] This third annual report provides a comprehensive look at the state of open cloud computing and includes a section on unikernels. You can[ download the report][6] now. It aggregates and analyzes research, illustrating how trends in containers, unikernels, and more are reshaping cloud computing. The report provides descriptions and links to categorized projects central to today’s open cloud environment.
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In this series of articles, we are looking at the projects mentioned in the guide, by category, providing extra insights on how the overall category is evolving. Below, you’ll find a list of several important unikernels and the impact that they are having, along with links to their GitHub repositories, all gathered from the Guide to the Open Cloud:
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[CLICKOS][7]
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ClickOS is NEC’s high-performance, virtualized software middlebox platform for network function virtualization (NFV) built on top of MiniOS/ MirageOS. [ClickOS on GitHub][8]
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[CLIVE][9]
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Clive is an operating system written in Go and designed to work in distributed and cloud computing environments.
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[HALVM][10]
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The Haskell Lightweight Virtual Machine (HaLVM) is a port of the Glasgow Haskell Compiler toolsuite that enables developers to write high-level, lightweight virtual machines that can run directly on the Xen hypervisor. [HaLVM on GitHub][11]
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[INCLUDEOS][12]
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IncludeOS is a unikernel operating system for C++ services running in the cloud. It provides a bootloader, standard libraries and the build- and deployment system on which to run services. Test in VirtualBox or QEMU, and deploy services on OpenStack. [IncludeOS on GitHub][13]
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[LING][14]
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Ling is an Erlang platform for building super-scalable clouds that runs directly on top of the Xen hypervisor. It runs on only three external libraries — no OpenSSL — and the filesystem is read-only to remove the majority of attack vectors. [Ling on GitHub][15]
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[MIRAGEOS][16]
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MirageOS is a library operating system incubating under the Xen Project at The Linux Foundation. It uses the OCaml language to construct unikernels for secure, high-performance network applications across a variety of cloud computing and mobile platforms. Code can be developed on a normal OS such as Linux or MacOS X, and then compiled into a fully-standalone, specialised unikernel that runs under the Xen hypervisor.[ MirageOS on GitHub][17]
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[OSV][18]
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OSv is the open source operating system from Cloudius Systems designed for the cloud. It supports applications written in Java, Ruby (via JRuby), JavaScript (via Rhino and Nashorn), Scala, and others. And it runs on the VMware, VirtualBox, KVM, and Xen hypervisors. [OSv on GitHub][19]
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[RUMPRUN][20]
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Rumprun is a production-ready unikernel that uses the drivers offered by rump kernels, adds a libc and an application environment on top, and provides a toolchain with which to build existing POSIX-y applications as Rumprun unikernels. It works on KVM and Xen hypervisors and on bare metal and supports applications written in C, C++, Erlang, Go, Java, Javascript (Node.js), Python, Ruby, Rust, and more. [Rumprun on GitHub][21]
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[RUNTIME.JS][22]
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Runtime.js is an open source library operating system (unikernel) for the cloud that runs JavaScript, can be bundled up with an application and deployed as a lightweight and immutable VM image. It’s built on V8 JavaScript engine and uses event-driven and non- blocking I/O model inspired by Node.js. KVM is the only supported hypervisor. [Runtime.js on GitHub][23]
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[UNIK][24]
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Unik is EMC’s tool for compiling application sources into unikernels (lightweight bootable disk images) rather than binaries. It allows applications to be deployed securely and with minimal footprint across a variety of cloud providers, embedded devices (IoT), as well as a developer laptop or workstation. It supports multiple unikernel types, processor architectures, hypervisors and orchestration tools including Cloud Foundry, Docker, and Kubernetes. [Unik on GitHub][25]
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via: https://www.linux.com/news/open-cloud-report/2016/guide-open-cloud-age-unikernel
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作者：[SAM DEAN][a]
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]:https://www.linux.com/users/sam-dean
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[1]:https://www.linux.com/licenses/category/creative-commons-zero
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[2]:https://www.linux.com/files/images/unikernelsjpg-0
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[3]:http://www.infoworld.com/article/3024410/application-virtualization/docker-kicks-off-unikernel-revolution.html
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[4]:https://www.linux.com/blog/linux-foundation-issues-2016-guide-open-source-cloud-projects
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[5]:http://ctt.marketwire.com/?release=11G120876-001&id=10172077&type=0&url=http%3A%2F%2Fgo.linuxfoundation.org%2Frd-open-cloud-report-2016-pr
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[6]:http://go.linuxfoundation.org/l/6342/2016-10-31/3krbjr
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[7]:http://cnp.neclab.eu/clickos/
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[8]:https://github.com/cnplab/clickos
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[9]:http://lsub.org/ls/clive.html
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[10]:https://galois.com/project/halvm/
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[11]:https://github.com/GaloisInc/HaLVM
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[12]:http://www.includeos.org/
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[13]:https://github.com/hioa-cs/IncludeOS
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[14]:http://erlangonxen.org/
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[15]:https://github.com/cloudozer/ling
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[16]:https://mirage.io/
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[17]:https://github.com/mirage/mirage
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[18]:http://osv.io/
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[19]:https://github.com/cloudius-systems/osv
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[20]:http://rumpkernel.org/
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[21]:https://github.com/rumpkernel/rumprun
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[22]:http://runtimejs.org/
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[23]:https://github.com/runtimejs/runtime
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[24]:http://dojoblog.emc.com/unikernels/unik-build-run-unikernels-easy/
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[25]:https://github.com/emc-advanced-dev/unik
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Unikernel 的时代：10个要知道的项目
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============================================================
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unikernel 实质上是一个缩减的操作系统, 它可以与应用程序结合成为一个 unikernel 程序, 它通常在虚拟机中运行。下载本指南到开放云了解更多。
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[Creative Commons Zero][1]Pixabay
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当涉及到操作系统、容器技术和 unikernel，趋势是朝着微型化。什么是 unikernel？unikernel 实质上是一个缩减的操作系统（unikernel）, 它可以与应用程序结合成为一个 unikernel 程序, 它通常在虚拟机中运行。它们有时被称为库操作系统，因为它包含使应用程序能够将硬件和网络协议与一组访问控制和网络层隔离的策略结合使用的库。
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在讨论云计算和 Linux 时，容器经常会出现，但是 unikernel 也在做变革的事情。容器和 unikernel 都不是新事物。在 20 世纪 90 年代就有类似内核的系统，如 Exokernel，但是如今流行的 unikernel 包括 MirageOS 和 OSv。 Unikernel 程序可以独立使用并在异构环境中部署。它们可以促进专业化和隔离服务，并被广泛用于在微服务架构中开发应用程序。
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作为 Unikernel 如何引起关注的一个例子，考虑到 Docker 购买了[基于 Cambridge 的 Unikernel 系统][3]，并且已在许多情况下在使用 unikernel。
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Unikernel，就像容器技术一样, 它剥离了非必需的，因此它们对应用程序的稳定性和可用性以及安全性有非常积极的影响。在开源领域，它们也吸引了许多顶级，最具创意的开发人员。
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Linux 基金会最近[宣布][4]发布了其 2016 年度报告[开放云指南：当前趋势和开源项目指南][5]。第三份年度报告全面介绍了开放云计算的状况，并包含了一个节关于 unikernel。你现在可以[下载报告][6]。它集中并分析研究，说明容器，unikernel 的趋势，更多是它们如何重塑云计算的。该报告提供了对当今开放云环境中心的分类项目的描述和链接。
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在本系列文章中，我们将按类别分析指南中提到的项目，为整体类别的演变提供了额外的见解。下面, 你将看到几个重要 unikernel 的列表以及它们所具有的影响, 以及它们的 GitHub 仓库的链接, 这些都是从开放云指南中收集到的:
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[CLICKOS][7]
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ClickOS 是 NEC 的高性能虚拟化软件中间件平台，用于基于 MiniOS/MirageOS 的网络功能虚拟化（NFV）[ ClickOS 的 GitHub][8]
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[CLIVE][9]
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Clive 是用 Go 编写的一个操作系统，旨在在分布式和云计算环境中工作。
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[HALVM][10]
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Haskell 轻量级虚拟机（HaLVM）是 Glasgow Haskell 编译器工具包的移植，它使开发人员能够编写可以直接在 Xen 虚拟机管理程序上运行的高级轻量级虚拟机。[HaLVM 的 GitHub][11]
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[INCLUDEOS][12]
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IncludeOS 是在云中运行 C++ 服务的 unikernel 操作系统。它提供了一个引导加载程序、标准库以及运行服务的构建和部署系统。在 VirtualBox 或 QEMU 中进行测试，并在 OpenStack 上部署服务。[IncludeOS 的 GitHub][13]
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[LING][14]
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Ling 是一个用于构建超级可扩展云的 Erlang 平台，可直接运行在 Xen 虚拟机管理程序之上。它只运行三个外部库 - 没有OpenSSL - 并且文件系统是只读的，以避免大多数攻击面。[Ling 的 GitHub][15]
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[MIRAGEOS][16]
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MirageOS 是在 Linux 基金会的 Xen 项目下孵化的库操作系统。它使用 OCaml 语言为各种云计算和移动平台上的安全、高性能网络应用构建 unikernel。代码可以在诸如 Linux 或 MacOS X 等普通的操作系统上开发，然后编译成在 Xen 虚拟机管理程序下运行的完全独立的专用 Unikernel。[MirageOS 的 GitHub][17]
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[OSV][18]
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OSv 是 Cloudius Systems 为云设计的开源操作系统。它支持用 Java、Ruby（通过JRuby）、JavaScript（通过 Rhino 和 Nashorn）、Scala 等编写程序。它运行在 VMware、VirtualBox、KVM和 Xen 虚拟机管理程序上。[OSV 的 GitHub][19]
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[RUMPRUN][20]
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Rumprun 是一个可用于生产环境的 unikernel，它使用 rump 内核提供的驱动程序，添加了 libc 和应用程序环境，并提供了一个工具链，用于将现有的 POSIX-y 程序构建为 Rumprun unikernel。它适用于 KVM 和 Xen 虚拟机管理程序和裸机，并支持用 C、C ++、Erlang、Go、Java、JavaScript（Node.js）、Python、Ruby、Rust 等编写的程序。[Rumprun 的 GitHub][21]
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[RUNTIME.JS][22]
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Runtime.js 是运行 JavaScript 的云的开源库操作系统（unikernel），它可以与应用程序捆绑在一起，并部署为轻量级和不可变 的VM 镜像。它基于 V8 JavaScript 引擎，并使用受 Node.js 启发的事件驱动和非阻塞 I/O 模型。KVM 是唯一支持的虚拟机管理程序。[Runtime.js 的 GitHub] [23]
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[UNIK][24]
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Unik 是 EMC 将应用程序源编译为 unikernel（轻量级可引导磁盘镜像）而不是二进制文件的工具。它允许应用程序在各种云提供商，嵌入式设备 （IoT） 以及开发人员的笔记本或工作站上安全地部署，占用很少。它支持多种 unikernel 类型、处理器架构、管理程序和编排工具，包括 Cloud Foundry、Docker 和 Kubernetes。[Unik 的 GitHub] [25]
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://www.linux.com/news/open-cloud-report/2016/guide-open-cloud-age-unikernel
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作者：[SAM DEAN][a]
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译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]:https://www.linux.com/users/sam-dean
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[1]:https://www.linux.com/licenses/category/creative-commons-zero
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[2]:https://www.linux.com/files/images/unikernelsjpg-0
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[3]:http://www.infoworld.com/article/3024410/application-virtualization/docker-kicks-off-unikernel-revolution.html
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[4]:https://www.linux.com/blog/linux-foundation-issues-2016-guide-open-source-cloud-projects
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[5]:http://ctt.marketwire.com/?release=11G120876-001&id=10172077&type=0&url=http%3A%2F%2Fgo.linuxfoundation.org%2Frd-open-cloud-report-2016-pr
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[6]:http://go.linuxfoundation.org/l/6342/2016-10-31/3krbjr
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[7]:http://cnp.neclab.eu/clickos/
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[8]:https://github.com/cnplab/clickos
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[9]:http://lsub.org/ls/clive.html
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[10]:https://galois.com/project/halvm/
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[11]:https://github.com/GaloisInc/HaLVM
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[12]:http://www.includeos.org/
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[13]:https://github.com/hioa-cs/IncludeOS
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[14]:http://erlangonxen.org/
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[15]:https://github.com/cloudozer/ling
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[16]:https://mirage.io/
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[17]:https://github.com/mirage/mirage
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[18]:http://osv.io/
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[19]:https://github.com/cloudius-systems/osv
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[20]:http://rumpkernel.org/
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[21]:https://github.com/rumpkernel/rumprun
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[22]:http://runtimejs.org/
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[23]:https://github.com/runtimejs/runtime
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[24]:http://dojoblog.emc.com/unikernels/unik-build-run-unikernels-easy/
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[25]:https://github.com/emc-advanced-dev/unik
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