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Linus Torvalds Announces Kernel 3.13, opens Linux 3.14 Merge Window
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================================================================================
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Linux Kernel 3.13 has been released. However, it must be noted that the final release doesn’t bring in anything new except for a few fixes and the patch from rc8 is fairly small in size as it has a small number of architecture updates including those for ARM, PowerPC, x86, SPARC and driver updates including GPU and networking.
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The prominent changes include: nftables, the successor of iptables, a revamp of the block layer designed for high-performance SSDs, a power capping framework to cap power consumption in Intel RAPL devices, improved squashfs performance, AMD Radeon power management enabled by default and automatic AMD Radeon GPU switching, improved NUMA and hugepage performance , TCP Fast Open enabled by default, support for NFC payments, support for the high-availability Seamless Redundancy protocol, new drivers and many other small improvements.
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### A scalable block layer for high performance SSD storage ###
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This release includes a new design for the Linux block layer, based on two levels of queues: one level of per-CPU queues for submitting IO, which then funnel down into a second level of hardware submission queues. Experiments shown that this design can achieve many millions of IOs per second, leveraging the new capabilities of NVM-Express or high-end PCI-E devices and multicore CPUs, while still providing the common interface and convenience features of the block layer.
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### nftables, the successor of iptables ###
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There are new iptables/iptables utilities that translate iptables rules to nftables bytecode, and it is also possible to use and add new xtable modules. As a bonus, these new utilities provide features that weren't possible with the old iptables design: notification for changes in tables/chains, better incremental rule update support, and the ability to enable/disable the chains per table. The new nft utility has a improved syntax.
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### Radeon: power management enabled by default, automatic GPU switching, R9 290X Hawaii support ###
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The power management support provides improved power consumption, which is critical for battery powered devices, but it is also a requirement to provide good high-end performance, as it provides the ability to reclock to GPU to higher power states in GPUs and APUs that default to slower clock speeds.
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### Power capping framework ###
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This release includes a framework designed around the Intel RAPL (Running Average Power Limit) that allow to set power consumption limits to devices that support it.
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### Support for the Intel Many Integrated Core Architecture ###
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This release adds support for the Intel Many Integrated Core Architecture or MIC, a multiprocessor computer architecture incorporating earlier work on the Larrabee many core architecture, the Teraflops Research Chip multicore chip research project, and the Intel Single-chip Cloud Computer multicore microprocessor.
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### Improved performance in NUMA systems ###
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This release includes many of such policies that attempt to put a process near its memory, and can handle cases such as shared pages between processes or transparent huge pages. New sysctls have been added to enable/disable and tune the NUMA scheduling.
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### Improved page table access scalability in hugepage workloads ###
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This release uses finer grained locking improving the page table access scalability in threaded hugepage workloads. For more details, see the recommended LWN article.
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### Squashfs performance improved ###
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Squashfs, the read-only filesystem used by most live distributions, installers, and some embedded Linux distributions, has got important improvements that dramatically increase performance in workloads with multiple parallel reads.
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### Applications can cap the rate computed by network transport layer ###
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This release adds a new socket option, SO_MAX_PACING_RATE, which offers applications the ability to cap the rate computed by transport layer. It has been designed as a bufferbloat mechanism to avoid buffers getting filled up with packets, but it can also be used to limit the transmission rate in applications.
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### TCP Fast Open enabled by default ###
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Optimisation to the process of stablishing a TCP connection that allows the elimination of one round time trip from certain kinds of TCP conversation, which can improve the load speed of web pages
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### NFC payments support ###
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This release implements support for the Secure Element. A netlink API is available to enable, disable and discover NFC attached (embedded or UICC ones) secure elements. With some userspace help, this allows to support NFC payments, used to implement financial transactions.
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Support for the High-availability Seamless Redundancy protocol
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It is suited for applications that demand high availability and very short reaction time.
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Features Courtesy [http://kernelnewbies.org/Linux_3.13][1]
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: http://www.efytimes.com/e1/fullnews.asp?edid=127445
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[1]:http://kernelnewbies.org/Linux_3.13
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Linus Torvalds发布内核3.13，并开放Linux3.14的合并窗口
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==============================================================================
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Linux内核3.13已经发布了。但是需要注意的是发布的最终版本除了一些小修复和来自rc8的针对ARM，PowerPC，x86,SPARC的结构更新以及对GPU和网卡的驱动更新外，并没有带来什么新的特性。
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重要的更新包括：nftables-iptables的继承者，针对高性能SSD的块层(block layer)的翻新，一个功耗上限(power capping)的框架来限制在Intel RAPL(Running Average Power Limit)设备中的功耗，优化的squashfs性能，默认开启AMD Radeon的电源管理和AMD Radeon GPU的自动切换，优化NUMA和hugepage的性能，默认开启TCP Fast Open(TFO)，支持NFC支付，支持High-availability Seamless Redundancy(HSR)协议，新驱动以及各种小改进。
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###为高性能SSD储存设计的可伸缩块层(block layer)###
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这次更新包括了Linux块层(block layer)的新设计，基于两个阶段的队列：第一层是为了提交IO的每个CPU中的队列，在这之后是在硬件层面的提交队列。实验表明这种双层面队列的设计可以实现每秒数百万的IO交换，压榨了NVM-Express或PCI-E设备在多核CPU支持下的性能，在压榨性能的同时，这种设计仍能够提供块层的大众接口以及一些方便的特性。
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###nftables，iptables的继承者###
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有一些新的iptable以及新的iptable工具可以将iptables的规则转换为nftables的字节码，而且添加新的xtable模块也是可能的。当然这些工具还提供了一些不被老的iptables设计所支持的附加的功能：对tables/chains中的改变的提示，更好的递增规则更新支持，还有开启/禁用每个table中的chains这个功能。新的nft工具有优化过的语法。
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###Radeon:默认开启的电源管理功能，自动GPU切换，R9 290X Hawaii显卡的支持###
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电源管理提供了更优的电源消耗计划，这对一些通过电池提供电能的设备来说十分重要。而且因为电源管理提供了为GPU以及APU超频的自由，这成为了提供高端性能的要求之一。
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###限能框架###
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本次发布包含了针对Intel RAPL(Running Average Power Limit)设计的框架，这使在支持这个功能的设备上限制功耗成为可能。
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###对Intel MIC(Many Integrated Core Architecture)实现支持###
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本次更新增加了对Intel MIC的支持，一个多处理器计算机架构，包含了之前的Larrabee多核技术，Teraflops Research Chip多核芯片研究项目还有Intel Single-chip Cloud Computer多核微处理器的成果。
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###优化性能的NUMA系统###
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本次更新包含了很多政策可以将处理过程移至其占用内存旁从而加快处理速度，这些新的政策也可以处理同一分页被不同进程占用以及巨大透明内存分页等情况。新的sysctls命令可以实现NUMA功能的开启/禁用以及调节。
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###优化在巨大工作量下的内存分页表的伸缩性###
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本次更新使用细粒度锁(finer grained locking)来优化在线程化的巨大分页工作中获取分页表的可伸缩性。看推荐的LWN文章来获取更多信息。
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###提升Squashfs的性能###
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Squashfs，被大量live distribution，安装包以及一些嵌入式Linux distribution采用的只读文件系统，有了一个重要的优化使得它在同步读取的工作中有了巨大的性能提升。
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###应用可以限制网络传输层的运算速率###
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本次更新加入了新的套接字选项，SO_MAX_PACING_RATE，这可以为应用提供限制传输层运算速率的能力。这项功能被设计为一种bufferbloat机制来避免缓存区域被数据包塞满，它也可以被用来限制应用中的传输率。
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###默认开启TCP Fast Open(TFO)###
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对建立TCP连接的优化可以消除特定TCP对话的网络传输往返时间，这可以加速wab页面的显示速度。
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###NFC支付支持###
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本次更新实现了对Secure Element的支持。一个网络连接的API可以实现开启，禁用和搜索NFC连接的安全元件(secure element)。通过一些用户空间的帮助，这可以实现NFC用来现金交易的支付。
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###支持High-availability Seamless Redundancy协议###
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这个功能对所有需要高可用性以及短反应时间的应用都十分适合。
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引用自 [http://kernelnewbies.org/Linux_3.13][1]
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------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: http://www.efytimes.com/e1/fullnews.asp?edid=127445
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译者：[ThomazL](https://github.com/ThomazL) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[1]:http://kernelnewbies.org/Linux_3.13
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