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@ -1,177 +0,0 @@
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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
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[#]: translator: (robsean)
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[#]: reviewer: ( )
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[#]: publisher: ( )
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[#]: url: ( )
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[#]: subject: (How to manage your Linux environment)
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[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3385516/how-to-manage-your-linux-environment.html#tk.rss_all)
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[#]: author: (Sandra Henry-Stocker https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/)
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How to manage your Linux environment
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======
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### Linux user environments help you find the command you need and get a lot done without needing details about how the system is configured. Where the settings come from and how they can be modified is another matter.
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![IIP Photo Archive \(CC BY 2.0\)][1]
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The configuration of your user account on a Linux system simplifies your use of the system in a multitude of ways. You can run commands without knowing where they're located. You can reuse previously run commands without worrying how the system is keeping track of them. You can look at your email, view man pages, and get back to your home directory easily no matter where you might have wandered off to in the file system. And, when needed, you can tweak your account settings so that it works even more to your liking.
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Linux environment settings come from a series of files — some are system-wide (meaning they affect all user accounts) and some are configured in files that are sitting in your home directory. The system-wide settings take effect when you log in and local ones take effect right afterwards, so the changes that you make in your account will override system-wide settings. For bash users, these files include these system files:
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```
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/etc/environment
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/etc/bash.bashrc
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/etc/profile
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```
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And some of these local files:
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```
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~/.bashrc
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~/.profile -- not read if ~/.bash_profile or ~/.bash_login
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~/.bash_profile
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~/.bash_login
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```
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You can modify any of the local four that exist, since they sit in your home directory and belong to you.
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**[ Two-Minute Linux Tips:[Learn how to master a host of Linux commands in these 2-minute video tutorials][2] ]**
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### Viewing your Linux environment settings
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To view your environment settings, use the **env** command. Your output will likely look similar to this:
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```
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$ env
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LS_COLORS=rs=0:di=01;34:ln=01;36:mh=00:pi=40;33:so=01;35:do=01;35:bd=40;33;01:cd=40;33;
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01:or=40;31;01:mi=00:su=37;41:sg=30;43:ca=30;41:tw=30;42:ow=34;42:st=37;44:ex=01;32:
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*.tar=01;31:*.tgz=01;31:*.arc=01;31:*.arj=01;31:*.taz=01;31:*.lha=01;31:*.lz4=01;31:
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*.lzh=01;31:*.lzma=01;31:*.tlz=01;31:*.txz=01;31:*.tzo=01;31:*.t7z=01;31:*.zip=01;31:
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*.z=01;31:*.Z=01;31:*.dz=01;31:*.gz=01;31:*.lrz=01;31:*.lz=01;31:*.lzo=01;31:*.xz=01;
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31:*.zst=01;31:*.tzst=01;31:*.bz2=01;31:*.bz=01;31:*.tbz=01;31:*.tbz2=01;31:*.tz=01;31:
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*.deb=01;31:*.rpm=01;31:*.jar=01;31:*.war=01;31:*.ear=01;31:*.sar=01;31:*.rar=01;31:
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*.alz=01;31:*.ace=01;31:*.zoo=01;31:*.cpio=01;31:*.7z=01;31:*.rz=01;31:*.cab=01;31:
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*.wim=01;31:*.swm=01;31:*.dwm=01;31:*.esd=01;31:*.jpg=01;35:*.jpeg=01;35:*.mjpg=01;35:
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*.mjpeg=01;35:*.gif=01;35:*.bmp=01;35:*.pbm=01;35:*.pgm=01;35:*.ppm=01;35:*.tga=01;35:
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*.xbm=01;35:*.xpm=01;35:*.tif=01;35:*.tiff=01;35:*.png=01;35:*.svg=01;35:*.svgz=01;35:
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*.mng=01;35:*.pcx=01;35:*.mov=01;35:*.mpg=01;35:*.mpeg=01;35:*.m2v=01;35:*.mkv=01;35:
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*.webm=01;35:*.ogm=01;35:*.mp4=01;35:*.m4v=01;35:*.mp4v=01;35:*.vob=01;35:*.qt=01;35:
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*.nuv=01;35:*.wmv=01;35:*.asf=01;35:*.rm=01;35:*.rmvb=01;35:*.flc=01;35:*.avi=01;35:
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*.fli=01;35:*.flv=01;35:*.gl=01;35:*.dl=01;35:*.xcf=01;35:*.xwd=01;35:*.yuv=01;35:
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*.cgm=01;35:*.emf=01;35:*.ogv=01;35:*.ogx=01;35:*.aac=00;36:*.au=00;36:*.flac=00;36:
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*.m4a=00;36:*.mid=00;36:*.midi=00;36:*.mka=00;36:*.mp3=00;36:*.mpc=00;36:*.ogg=00;36:
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*.ra=00;36:*.wav=00;36:*.oga=00;36:*.opus=00;36:*.spx=00;36:*.spf=00;36:
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SSH_CONNECTION=192.168.0.21 34975 192.168.0.11 22
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LESSCLOSE=/usr/bin/lesspipe %s %s
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LANG=en_US.UTF-8
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OLDPWD=/home/shs
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XDG_SESSION_ID=2253
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USER=shs
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PWD=/home/shs
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HOME=/home/shs
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SSH_CLIENT=192.168.0.21 34975 22
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XDG_DATA_DIRS=/usr/local/share:/usr/share:/var/lib/snapd/desktop
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SSH_TTY=/dev/pts/0
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MAIL=/var/mail/shs
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TERM=xterm
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SHELL=/bin/bash
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SHLVL=1
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LOGNAME=shs
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DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS=unix:path=/run/user/1000/bus
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XDG_RUNTIME_DIR=/run/user/1000
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PATH=/home/shs/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/games:/usr/local/games:/snap/bin
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LESSOPEN=| /usr/bin/lesspipe %s
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_=/usr/bin/env
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```
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While you're likely to get a _lot_ of output, the first big section shown above deals with the colors that are used on the command line to identify various file types. When you see something like ***.tar=01;31:** , this tells you that tar files will be displayed in a file listing in red, while ***.jpg=01;35:** tells you that jpg files will show up in purple. These colors are meant to make it easy to pick out certain files from a file listing. You can learn more about these colors are defined and how to customize them at [Customizing your colors on the Linux command line][3].
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One easy way to turn colors off when you prefer a simpler display is to use a command such as this one:
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```
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$ ls -l --color=never
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```
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That command could easily be turned into an alias:
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```
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$ alias ll2='ls -l --color=never'
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```
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You can also display individual settings using the **echo** command. In this command, we display the number of commands that will be remembered in our history buffer:
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```
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$ echo $HISTSIZE
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1000
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```
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Your last location in the file system will be remembered if you've moved.
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```
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PWD=/home/shs
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OLDPWD=/tmp
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```
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### Making changes
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You can make changes to environment settings with a command like this, but add a line lsuch as "HISTSIZE=1234" in your ~/.bashrc file if you want to retain this setting.
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```
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$ export HISTSIZE=1234
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```
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### What it means to "export" a variable
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Exporting a variable makes the setting available to your shell and possible subshells. By default, user-defined variables are local and are not exported to new processes such as subshells and scripts. The export command makes variables available to functions to child processes.
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### Adding and removing variables
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You can create new variables and make them available to you on the command line and subshells quite easily. However, these variables will not survive your logging out and then back in again unless you also add them to ~/.bashrc or a similar file.
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```
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$ export MSG="Hello, World!"
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```
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You can unset a variable if you need by using the **unset** command:
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```
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$ unset MSG
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```
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If the variable is defined locally, you can easily set it back up by sourcing your startup file(s). For example:
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```
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$ echo $MSG
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Hello, World!
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$ unset $MSG
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$ echo $MSG
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$ . ~/.bashrc
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$ echo $MSG
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Hello, World!
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```
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### Wrap-up
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User accounts are set up with an appropriate set of startup files for creating a userful user environment, but both individual users and sysadmins can change the default settings by editing their personal setup files (users) or the files from which many of the settings originate (sysadmins).
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Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][4] and [LinkedIn][5] to comment on topics that are top of mind.
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3385516/how-to-manage-your-linux-environment.html#tk.rss_all
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作者：[Sandra Henry-Stocker][a]
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选题：[lujun9972][b]
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/
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[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
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[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/03/environment-rocks-leaves-100792229-large.jpg
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[2]: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL7D2RMSmRO9J8OTpjFECi8DJiTQdd4hua
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[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3269587/customizing-your-text-colors-on-the-linux-command-line.html
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[4]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/
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[5]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world
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177
translated/tech/20190329 How to manage your Linux environment.md
Normal file
177
translated/tech/20190329 How to manage your Linux environment.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,177 @@
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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
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[#]: translator: (robsean)
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[#]: reviewer: ( )
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[#]: publisher: ( )
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[#]: url: ( )
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[#]: subject: (How to manage your Linux environment)
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[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3385516/how-to-manage-your-linux-environment.html#tk.rss_all)
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[#]: author: (Sandra Henry-Stocker https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/)
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如何管理你的 Linux 环境
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======
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### Linux 用户环境变量帮助你找到你需要的命令，获取很多完成的细节，而不需要知道系统如何配置的。 设置来自哪里和如何被修改它们是另一个课题。
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![IIP Photo Archive \(CC BY 2.0\)][1]
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在 Linux 系统上的用户配置可以用多种方法简化你的使用。你可以运行命令，而不需要知道它们的位置。你可以重新使用先前运行的命令，而不用发愁系统是如何保持它们的踪迹。你可以查看你的电子邮件，查看手册页，并容易地回到你的 home 目录，而不管你在文件系统可能已经迷失方向。并且，当需要的时候，你可以调整你的账户设置，以便它向着你喜欢的方式来工作。
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Linux 环境设置来自一系列的文件 — 一些是系统范围（意味着它们影响所有用户账户），一些是配置处于你的 home 目录中文件中。系统范围设置在你登陆时生效，本地设置在以后生效，所以，你在你账户中作出的更改将覆盖系统范围设置。对于 bash 用户，这些文件包含这些系统文件：
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```
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/etc/environment
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/etc/bash.bashrc
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/etc/profile
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```
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和其中一些本地文件：
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```
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~/.bashrc
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~/.profile -- not read if ~/.bash_profile or ~/.bash_login
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~/.bash_profile
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~/.bash_login
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```
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你可以修改本地存在的四个文件的任何一个，因为它们处于你的 home 目录，并且它们是属于你的。
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**[ 两分钟 Linux 提示：[学习如何在2分钟视频教程中掌握很多 Linux 命令][2] ]**
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### 查看你的 Linux 环境设置
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为查看你的环境设置，使用 **env** 命令。你的输出将可能与这相似：
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```
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$ env
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LS_COLORS=rs=0:di=01;34:ln=01;36:mh=00:pi=40;33:so=01;35:do=01;35:bd=40;33;01:cd=40;33;
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01:or=40;31;01:mi=00:su=37;41:sg=30;43:ca=30;41:tw=30;42:ow=34;42:st=37;44:ex=01;32:
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*.tar=01;31:*.tgz=01;31:*.arc=01;31:*.arj=01;31:*.taz=01;31:*.lha=01;31:*.lz4=01;31:
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*.lzh=01;31:*.lzma=01;31:*.tlz=01;31:*.txz=01;31:*.tzo=01;31:*.t7z=01;31:*.zip=01;31:
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*.z=01;31:*.Z=01;31:*.dz=01;31:*.gz=01;31:*.lrz=01;31:*.lz=01;31:*.lzo=01;31:*.xz=01;
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31:*.zst=01;31:*.tzst=01;31:*.bz2=01;31:*.bz=01;31:*.tbz=01;31:*.tbz2=01;31:*.tz=01;31:
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*.deb=01;31:*.rpm=01;31:*.jar=01;31:*.war=01;31:*.ear=01;31:*.sar=01;31:*.rar=01;31:
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*.alz=01;31:*.ace=01;31:*.zoo=01;31:*.cpio=01;31:*.7z=01;31:*.rz=01;31:*.cab=01;31:
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*.wim=01;31:*.swm=01;31:*.dwm=01;31:*.esd=01;31:*.jpg=01;35:*.jpeg=01;35:*.mjpg=01;35:
|
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*.mjpeg=01;35:*.gif=01;35:*.bmp=01;35:*.pbm=01;35:*.pgm=01;35:*.ppm=01;35:*.tga=01;35:
|
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*.xbm=01;35:*.xpm=01;35:*.tif=01;35:*.tiff=01;35:*.png=01;35:*.svg=01;35:*.svgz=01;35:
|
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*.mng=01;35:*.pcx=01;35:*.mov=01;35:*.mpg=01;35:*.mpeg=01;35:*.m2v=01;35:*.mkv=01;35:
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*.webm=01;35:*.ogm=01;35:*.mp4=01;35:*.m4v=01;35:*.mp4v=01;35:*.vob=01;35:*.qt=01;35:
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*.nuv=01;35:*.wmv=01;35:*.asf=01;35:*.rm=01;35:*.rmvb=01;35:*.flc=01;35:*.avi=01;35:
|
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*.fli=01;35:*.flv=01;35:*.gl=01;35:*.dl=01;35:*.xcf=01;35:*.xwd=01;35:*.yuv=01;35:
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*.cgm=01;35:*.emf=01;35:*.ogv=01;35:*.ogx=01;35:*.aac=00;36:*.au=00;36:*.flac=00;36:
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*.m4a=00;36:*.mid=00;36:*.midi=00;36:*.mka=00;36:*.mp3=00;36:*.mpc=00;36:*.ogg=00;36:
|
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*.ra=00;36:*.wav=00;36:*.oga=00;36:*.opus=00;36:*.spx=00;36:*.spf=00;36:
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SSH_CONNECTION=192.168.0.21 34975 192.168.0.11 22
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LESSCLOSE=/usr/bin/lesspipe %s %s
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LANG=en_US.UTF-8
|
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OLDPWD=/home/shs
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XDG_SESSION_ID=2253
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USER=shs
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PWD=/home/shs
|
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HOME=/home/shs
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SSH_CLIENT=192.168.0.21 34975 22
|
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XDG_DATA_DIRS=/usr/local/share:/usr/share:/var/lib/snapd/desktop
|
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SSH_TTY=/dev/pts/0
|
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MAIL=/var/mail/shs
|
||||
TERM=xterm
|
||||
SHELL=/bin/bash
|
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SHLVL=1
|
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LOGNAME=shs
|
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DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS=unix:path=/run/user/1000/bus
|
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XDG_RUNTIME_DIR=/run/user/1000
|
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PATH=/home/shs/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/games:/usr/local/games:/snap/bin
|
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LESSOPEN=| /usr/bin/lesspipe %s
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_=/usr/bin/env
|
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```
|
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|
||||
虽然你可能会得到大量的输出，第一个大部分用颜色显示上面的细节，颜色被用于命令行上来识别各种各样文件类型。当你看到一些东西，像 ***.tar=01;31:** ，这告诉你 tar 文件将以红色显示在文件列表中，然而 ***.jpg=01;35:** 告诉你 jpg 文件将以紫色显现出来。这些颜色本意是使它易于从一个文件列表中分辨出某些文件。你可以在[在 Linux 命令行中自定义你的颜色][3]处学习更多关于这些颜色的定义，和如何自定义它们，
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|
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当你更喜欢一种不加装饰的显示时，一种简单关闭颜色方法是使用一个命令，例如这一个：
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|
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```
|
||||
$ ls -l --color=never
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```
|
||||
|
||||
这个命令可以简单地转换到一个别名：
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|
||||
```
|
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$ alias ll2='ls -l --color=never'
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```
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你也可以使用 **echo** 命令来单独地显现设置。在这个命令中，我们显示在历史缓存区中将被记忆命令的数量：
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|
||||
```
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$ echo $HISTSIZE
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1000
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||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
如果你已经移动，你在文件系统中的最后位置将被记忆。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
PWD=/home/shs
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OLDPWD=/tmp
|
||||
```
|
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|
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### 作出更改
|
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|
||||
你可以使用一个像这样的命令更改环境设置的，但是，如果你希望保持这个设置，在你的 ~/.bashrc 文件中添加一行代码，例如 "HISTSIZE=1234" 。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ export HISTSIZE=1234
|
||||
```
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||||
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### "export" 一个变量的本意是什么
|
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|
||||
导出一个变量使设置可用于你的 shell 和可能的子shell。默认情况下，用户定义的变量是本地的，并不被导出到新的进程，例如，子 shell 和脚本。export 命令使变量可用于子进程的函数。
|
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|
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### 添加和移除变量
|
||||
|
||||
你可以创建新的变量，并使它们在命令行和子 shell 上非常容易地可用。然而，这些变量将不存活于你的登出和再次回来，除非你也添加它们到 ~/.bashrc 或一个类似的文件。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ export MSG="Hello, World!"
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
如果你需要，你可以使用 **unset** 命令来消除一个变量：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ unset MSG
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
如果变量被局部定义，你可以通过获得你的启动文件来简单地设置它回来。例如：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ echo $MSG
|
||||
Hello, World!
|
||||
$ unset $MSG
|
||||
$ echo $MSG
|
||||
|
||||
$ . ~/.bashrc
|
||||
$ echo $MSG
|
||||
Hello, World!
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 小结
|
||||
|
||||
用户账户是为创建一个有用的用户环境，而使用一组恰当的启动文件建立，但是，独立的用户和系统管理员都可以通过编辑他们的个人设置文件（对于用户）或很多来自设置起源的文件（对于系统管理员）来更改默认设置。
|
||||
|
||||
Join the Network World communities on 在 [Facebook][4] 和 [LinkedIn][5] 上加入网络世界社区来评论重要话题。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3385516/how-to-manage-your-linux-environment.html#tk.rss_all
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Sandra Henry-Stocker][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[robsean](https://github.com/robsean)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/03/environment-rocks-leaves-100792229-large.jpg
|
||||
[2]: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL7D2RMSmRO9J8OTpjFECi8DJiTQdd4hua
|
||||
[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3269587/customizing-your-text-colors-on-the-linux-command-line.html
|
||||
[4]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/
|
||||
[5]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user