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344 lines
8.7 KiB
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Turn your vi editor into a productivity powerhouse
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======
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A versatile and powerful editor, vi includes a rich set of potent commands that make it a popular choice for many users. This article specifically looks at commands that are not enabled by default in vi but are nevertheless useful. The commands recommended here are expected to be set in a vi configuration file. Though it is possible to enable commands individually from each vi session, the purpose of this article is to create a highly productive environment out of the box.
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### Before you begin
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While "vim" is the technically correct name of the newer version of the vi editor, this article refers to it as "vi." vimrc is the configuration file used by vim.
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The commands or configurations discussed here go into the vi startup configuration file, vimrc, located in the user home directory. Follow the instructions below to set the commands in vimrc:
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(Note: The vimrc file is also used for system-wide configurations in Linux, such as `/etc/vimrc` or `/etc/vim/vimrc`. In this article, we'll consider only user-specific vimrc, present in user home folder.)
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In Linux:
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* Open the file with `vi $HOME/.vimrc`
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* Type or copy/paste the commands in the cheat sheet at the end of this article
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* Save and close (`:wq`)
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In Windows:
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* First, [install gvim][1]
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* Open gvim
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* Click Edit --> Startup settings, which opens the _vimrc file
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* Type or copy/paste the commands in the cheat sheet at the end of this article
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* Click File --> Save
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Let's delve into the individual vi productivity commands. These commands are classified into the following categories:
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1. Indentation & Tabs
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2. Display & Format
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3. Search
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4. Browse & Scroll
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5. Spell
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6. Miscellaneous
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### 1\. Indentation & Tabs
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To automatically align the indentation of a line in a file:
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```
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set autoindent
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```
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Smart Indent uses the code syntax and style to align:
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```
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set smartindent
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```
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Tip: vi is language-aware and provides a default setting that works efficiently based on the programming language used in your file. There are many default configuration commands, including `axs cindent`, `cinoptions`, `indentexpr`, etc., which are not explained here. `syn` is a helpful command that shows or sets the file syntax.
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To set the number of spaces to display for a tab:
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```
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set tabstop=4
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```
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To set the number of spaces to display for a “shift operation” (such as ‘>>’ or ‘<<’):
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```
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set shiftwidth=4
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```
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If you prefer to use spaces instead of tabs, this option inserts spaces when the Tab key is pressed. This may cause problems for languages such as Python that rely on tabs instead of spaces. In such cases, you may set this option based on the file type (see `autocmd`).
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```
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set expandtab
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```
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### 2\. Display & Format
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To show line numbers:
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```
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set number
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```
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To wrap text when it crosses the maximum line width:
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```
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set textwidth=80
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```
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To wrap text based on a number of columns from the right side:
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```
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set wrapmargin=2
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```
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To identify open and close brace positions when you traverse through the file:
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```
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set showmatch
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```
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### 3\. Search
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To highlight the searched term in a file:
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```
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set hlsearch
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```
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To perform incremental searches as you type:
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```
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set incsearch
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```
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To search ignoring case (many users prefer not to use this command; set it only if you think it will be useful):
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```
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set ignorecase
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```
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To search without considering `ignorecase` when both `ignorecase` and `smartcase` are set and the search pattern contains uppercase:
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```
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set smartcase
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```
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For example, if the file contains:
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test
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Test
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When both `ignorecase` and `smartcase` are set, a search for “test” finds and highlights both:
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test
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Test
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A search for “Test” highlights or finds only the second line:
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test
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Test
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### 4. Browse & Scroll
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For a better visual experience, you may prefer to have the cursor somewhere in the middle rather than on the first line. The following option sets the cursor position to the 5th row.
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```
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set scrolloff=5
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```
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Example:
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The first image is with scrolloff=0 and the second image is with scrolloff=5.
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Tip: `set sidescrolloff` is useful if you also set `nowrap.`
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To display a permanent status bar at the bottom of the vi screen showing the filename, row number, column number, etc.:
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```
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set laststatus=2
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```
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### 5. Spell
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vi has a built-in spell-checker that is quite useful for text editing as well as coding. vi recognizes the file type and checks the spelling of comments only in code. Use the following command to turn on spell-check for the English language:
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```
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set spell spelllang=en_us
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```
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### 6. Miscellaneous
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Disable creating backup file: When this option is on, vi creates a backup of the previous edit. If you do not want this feature, disable it as shown below. Backup files are named with a tilde (~) at the end of the filename.
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```
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set nobackup
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```
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Disable creating a swap file: When this option is on, vi creates a swap file that exists until you start editing the file. Swapfile is used to recover a file in the event of a crash or a use conflict. Swap files are hidden files that begin with `.` and end with `.swp`.
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```
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set noswapfile
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```
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Suppose you need to edit multiple files in the same vi session and switch between them. An annoying feature that's not readily apparent is that the working directory is the one from which you opened the first file. Often it is useful to automatically switch the working directory to that of the file being edited. To enable this option:
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```
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set autochdir
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```
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vi maintains an undo history that lets you undo changes. By default, this history is active only until the file is closed. vi includes a nifty feature that maintains the undo history even after the file is closed, which means you may undo your changes even after the file is saved, closed, and reopened. The undo file is a hidden file saved with the `.un~` extension.
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```
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set undofile
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```
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To set audible alert bells (which sound a warning if you try to scroll beyond the end of a line):
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set errorbells
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```
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If you prefer, you may set visual alert bells:
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```
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set visualbell
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```
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### Bonus
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vi provides long-format as well as short-format commands. Either format can be used to set or unset the configuration.
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Long format for the `autoindent` command:
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```
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set autoindent
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```
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Short format for the `autoindent` command:
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```
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set ai
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```
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To see the current configuration setting of a command without changing its current value, use `?` at the end:
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```
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set autoindent?
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```
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To unset or turn off a command, most commands take `no` as a prefix:
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```
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set noautoindent
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```
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It is possible to set a command for one file but not for the global configuration. To do this, open the file and type `:`, followed by the `set` command. This configuration is effective only for the current file editing session.
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For help on a command:
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```
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:help autoindent
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```
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Note: The commands listed here were tested on Linux with Vim version 7.4 (2013 Aug 10) and Windows with Vim 8.0 (2016 Sep 12).
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These useful commands are sure to enhance your vi experience. Which other commands do you recommend?
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### Cheat sheet
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Copy/paste this list of commands in your vimrc file:
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```
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" Indentation & Tabs
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set autoindent
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set smartindent
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set tabstop=4
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set shiftwidth=4
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set expandtab
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set smarttab
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" Display & format
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set number
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set textwidth=80
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set wrapmargin=2
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set showmatch
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" Search
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set hlsearch
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set incsearch
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set ignorecase
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set smartcase
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" Browse & Scroll
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set scrolloff=5
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set laststatus=2
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" Spell
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set spell spelllang=en_us
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" Miscellaneous
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set nobackup
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set noswapfile
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set autochdir
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set undofile
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set visualbell
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set errorbells
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```
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://opensource.com/article/18/9/vi-editor-productivity-powerhouse
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作者：[Girish Managoli][a]
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选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972)
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]: https://opensource.com/users/gammay
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[1]: https://www.vim.org/download.php#pc
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