2020-06-30 05:01:24 +08:00
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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
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2021-02-18 15:38:35 +08:00
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[#]: translator: (Chao-zhi)
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2020-06-30 05:01:24 +08:00
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[#]: reviewer: ( )
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[#]: publisher: ( )
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[#]: url: ( )
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[#]: subject: (LaTeX typesetting part 2 (tables))
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[#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/latex-typesetting-part-2-tables/)
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[#]: author: (Earl Ramirez https://fedoramagazine.org/author/earlramirez/)
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2021-02-18 17:19:16 +08:00
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LaTex 排版 (2):表格
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2020-06-30 05:01:24 +08:00
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======
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![][1]
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2021-02-18 16:44:07 +08:00
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LaTeX 提供了许多工具来创建和定制表格,在本系列中,我们将使用 tabular 和 tabularx 环境来创建和定制表。
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2020-06-30 05:01:24 +08:00
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2021-02-18 16:44:07 +08:00
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### 基础表格
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要创建表,只需指定环境 `\begin{tabular}{ 列选项}`
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```
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\begin{tabular}{c|c}
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Release &Codename \\ \hline
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Fedora Core 1 &Yarrow \\
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Fedora Core 2 &Tettnang \\
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Fedora Core 3 &Heidelberg \\
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Fedora Core 4 &Stentz \\
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\end{tabular}
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```
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![Basic Table][2]
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在上面的示例中,花括号中的 ”{c|c}” 表示文本在列中的位置。下表总结了位置参数及其说明。
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参数 | 位置
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|:---:|:---
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c | 将文本置于中间
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l | 将文本左对齐
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r | 将文本右对齐
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p{width} | 文本对齐单元格顶部
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m{width} | 文本对齐单元格中间
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b{width} | 文本对齐单元格底部
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> m{width} 和 b{width} 都要求在最前面指定数组包。
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使用上面的例子,让我们来详细讲解使用的要点,并描述您将在本系列中看到的更多选项
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选项 | 意义
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|:-:|:-|
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& | 定义每个单元格,这个符号仅用于第二列
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\ | 这将终止该行并开始一个新行
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\| | 指定表格中的垂直线(可选)
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\hline | 指定表格中水平线(可选)
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*{num}{form} | 当您有许多列时,可以使用这个,并且是限制重复的有效方法
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\|\| | 指定表格中垂直双线
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### 定制表格
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学会了这些选项,让我们使用这些选项创建一个表。
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```
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\begin{tabular}{*{3}{|l|}}
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\hline
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\textbf{Version} &\textbf{Code name} &\textbf{Year released} \\
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\hline
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Fedora 6 &Zod &2006 \\ \hline
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Fedora 7 &Moonshine &2007 \\ \hline
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Fedora 8 &Werewolf &2007 \\
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\hline
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\end{tabular}
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```
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![Customise Table][3]
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2021-02-18 16:44:07 +08:00
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### 管理长文本
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如果列中有很多文本,那么它的格式就不好处理,看起来也不好看。
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下面的示例显示了文本的格式长度,我们将在导言区中使用 “blindtext”,以便生成示例文本。
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```
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\begin{tabular}{|l|l|}\hline
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Summary &Description \\ \hline
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Test &\blindtext \\
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\end{tabular}
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```
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![Default Formatting][4]
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2021-02-18 16:44:07 +08:00
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正如您所看到的,文本超出了页面宽度;但是,有几个选项可以克服这个问题。
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* 指定列宽,例如 m{5cm}
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* 利用 tablarx 环境,这需要在导言区中引用 tablarx 宏包。
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#### 使用列宽管理长文本
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通过指定列宽,文本将被包装为如下示例所示的宽度。
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```
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\begin{tabular}{|l|m{14cm}|} \hline
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Summary &Description \\ \hline
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Test &\blindtext \\ \hline
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\end{tabular}\vspace{3mm}
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```
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![Column width][5]
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#### 使用 tabularx 管理长文本
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在我们利用表格之前,我们需要在导言区中加上它。TABLARX 方法见以下示例
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`\begin{tabularx}{ 宽度}{列选项}`
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```
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\begin{tabularx}{\textwidth}{|l|X|} \hline
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Summary & Tabularx Description\\ \hline
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Text &\blindtext \\ \hline
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\end{tabularx}
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```
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![Tabularx][6]
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请注意,我们需要处理长文本的列在花括号中指定了大写 “X”。
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### 合并行合并列
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有时需要合并行或列。本节描述了如何完成。要使用 multirow 和 multicolumn,请将 multirow 添加到导言区。
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#### 合并行
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Multirow 采用以下参数 `\multirow{ 行的数量}{宽度}{文本}`,让我们看看下面的示例。
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```
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\begin{tabular}{|l|l|}\hline
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Release &Codename \\ \hline
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Fedora Core 4 &Stentz \\ \hline
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\multirow{2}{*}{MultiRow} &Fedora 8 \\
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&Werewolf \\ \hline
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\end{tabular}
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```
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![MultiRow][7]
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在上面的示例中,指定了两行,'*'告诉 LaTeX 自动管理单元格的大小。
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#### 合并列
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Multicolumn 参数是 `{Multicolumn{ 列的数量}{单元格选项}{位置}{文本}`,下面的示例演示 Multicolumn。
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```
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\begin{tabular}{|l|l|l|}\hline
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Release &Codename &Date \\ \hline
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Fedora Core 4 &Stentz &2005 \\ \hline
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\multicolumn{3}{|c|}{Mulit-Column} \\ \hline
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\end{tabular}
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```
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![Multi-Column][8]
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### 使用颜色
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可以为文本、单个单元格或整行指定颜色。此外,我们可以为每一行配置交替的颜色。
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在给表添加颜色之前,我们需要在导言区引用 `\usepackage[table]{xcolor}`。我们还可以使用以下颜色参考 [LaTeX Color][9] 或在颜色前缀后面添加感叹号(从 0 到 100 的阴影)来定义颜色。例如,`gray!30`
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```
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\definecolor{darkblue}{rgb}{0.0, 0.0, 0.55}
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\definecolor{darkgray}{rgb}{0.66, 0.66, 0.66}
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```
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下面的示例演示了一个具有各种颜色的表,`\rowcolors` 采用以下选项 `\rowcolors{ 起始行颜色}{偶数行颜色}{奇数行颜色}`。
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```
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\rowcolors{2}{darkgray}{gray!20}
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\begin{tabular}{c|c}
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Release &Codename \\ \hline
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Fedora Core 1 &Yarrow \\
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Fedora Core 2 &Tettnang \\
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Fedora Core 3 &Heidelberg \\
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Fedora Core 4 &Stentz \\
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\end{tabular}
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```
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![Alt colour table][10]
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除了上面的例子,`\rowcolor` 可以用来指定每一行的颜色,这个方法在有合并行时效果最好。以下示例显示将 `\rowColors` 与合并行一起使用的影响以及如何解决此问题。
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![Impact on multi-row][11]
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你可以看到,在合并行中,只有第一行能显示颜色。想要解决这个问题,需要这样做:
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```
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\begin{tabular}{|l|l|}\hline
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\rowcolor{darkblue}\textsc{\color{white}Release} &\textsc{\color{white}Codename} \\ \hline
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\rowcolor{gray!10}Fedora Core 4 &Stentz \\ \hline
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\rowcolor{gray!40}&Fedora 8 \\
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\rowcolor{gray!40}\multirow{-2}{*}{Multi-Row} &Werewolf \\ \hline
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\end{tabular}
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```
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![Multi-row][12]
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让我们讲解一下为解决合并行替换颜色问题而实施的更改。
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* 第一行从合并行上方开始
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* 行数从 2 更改为 -2,这意味着从上面的行开始读取
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* `\rowcolor` 是为每一行指定的,更重要的是,多行必须具有相同的颜色,这样才能获得所需的结果。
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关于颜色的最后一个注意事项是,要更改列的颜色,需要创建新的列类型并定义颜色。下面的示例说明了如何定义新的列颜色。
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```
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\newcolumntype{g}{>{\columncolor{darkblue}}l}
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```
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我们把它分解一下
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* `\newcolumntype{g}`:将字母 _g_ 定义为新列
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* `{>{\columncolor{darkblue}}l}`:在这里我们选择我们想要的颜色,并且 `l` 告诉列左对齐,这可以用 `c` 或 `r` 代替
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```
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\begin{tabular}{g|l}
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\textsc{Release} &\textsc{Codename} \\ \hline
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Fedora Core 4 &Stentz \\
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&Fedora 8 \\
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\multirow{-2}{*}{Multi-Row} &Werewolf \\
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\end{tabular}\
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```
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![Column Colour][13]
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### 横向表
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2020-06-30 05:01:24 +08:00
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有时,您的表可能有许多列,纵向排列会很不好看。在导言区加入 “rotating” 包,您将能够创建一个横向表。下面的例子说明了这一点。
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2021-02-18 17:19:16 +08:00
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对于横向表,我们将使用 `sidewaystable` 环境并在其中添加表格环境,我们还指定了其他选项。
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* `\centering` 可以将表格放置在页面中心
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* `\caption{}` 为表命名
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* `\label{}` 这使我们能够引用文档中的表
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```
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\begin{sidewaystable}
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\centering
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\caption{Sideways Table}
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\label{sidetable}
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\begin{tabular}{ll}
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\rowcolor{darkblue}\textsc{\color{white}Release} &\textsc{\color{white}Codename} \\
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\rowcolor{gray!10}Fedora Core 4 &Stentz \\
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\rowcolor{gray!40} &Fedora 8 \\
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\rowcolor{gray!40}\multirow{-2}{*}{Multi-Row} &Werewolf \\
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\end{tabular}\vspace{3mm}
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\end{sidewaystable}
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```
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![Sideways Table][14]
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### 列表和表格
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要将列表包含到表中,可以使用 tabularx,并将列表包含在指定的列中。另一个办法是使用表格格式,但必须指定列宽。
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#### 用 tabularx 处理列表
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```
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\begin{tabularx}{\textwidth}{|l|X|} \hline
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Fedora Version &Editions \\ \hline
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Fedora 32 &\begin{itemize}[noitemsep]
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\item CoreOS
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\item Silverblue
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\item IoT
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\end{itemize} \\ \hline
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\end{tabularx}\vspace{3mm}
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```
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![List in tabularx][15]
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#### 用 tabular 处理列表
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```
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\begin{tabular}{|l|m{6cm}|}\hline
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Fedora Version &Editions \\\ \hline
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Fedora 32 &\begin{itemize}[noitemsep]
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\item CoreOS
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\item Silverblue
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\item IoT
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\end{itemize} \\\ \hline
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\end{tabular}
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```
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![List in tabular][16]
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### 结论
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LaTeX 提供了许多使用 tablar 和 tablarx 自定义表的方法,您还可以在表环境 (\begin\table) 中添加 tablar 和 tablarx 来添加表的名称和定位表。
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### LaTeX 宏包
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所需的宏包有如下这些:
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```
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\usepackage{fullpage}
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\usepackage{blindtext} % add demo text
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\usepackage{array} % used for column positions
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\usepackage{tabularx} % adds tabularx which is used for text wrapping
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\usepackage{multirow} % multi-row and multi-colour support
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\usepackage[table]{xcolor} % add colour to the columns
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\usepackage{rotating} % for landscape/sideways tables
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```
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### 额外的知识
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这是一堂关于表的小课,有关表和 LaTex 的更多高级信息,请访问 [LaTex Wiki][17]
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![][13]
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://fedoramagazine.org/latex-typesetting-part-2-tables/
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作者:[Earl Ramirez][a]
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选题:[lujun9972][b]
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2021-02-18 15:38:35 +08:00
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译者:[Chao-zhi](https://github.com/Chao-zhi)
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2020-06-30 05:01:24 +08:00
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校对:[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译,[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]: https://fedoramagazine.org/author/earlramirez/
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[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
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[1]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/latex-series-816x345.png
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[2]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/image-13.png
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[3]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/image-23.png
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[4]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/image-10.png
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[5]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/image-11.png
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[6]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/image-12.png
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[7]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/image-15.png
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[8]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/image-16.png
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[9]: https://latexcolor.com
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[10]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/image-17.png
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[11]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/image-18.png
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[12]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/image-19.png
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[13]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/image-24.png
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[14]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/image-20.png
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[15]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/image-21.png
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[16]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/image-22.png
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[17]: https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX/Tables
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