2015-10-24 16:07:13 +08:00
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Linux 的历史:24 年,一步一个脚印
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2015-10-20 11:53:17 +08:00
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================================================================================
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注:youtube 视频
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<iframe width="660" height="371" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/84cHeoEebJM?feature=oembed" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>
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2015-10-24 16:07:13 +08:00
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### 史前 ###
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2015-10-20 11:53:17 +08:00
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2015-10-26 07:08:37 +08:00
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没有 [C 编程语言][1] 和 [GNU 项目][2] 构成 Linux 环境,也就不可能有 Linux 的成功。
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2015-10-20 11:53:17 +08:00
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![](https://github.com/paulcarroty/Articles/raw/master/Linux_24/00-1.jpg)
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2015-10-26 07:08:37 +08:00
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*Ken Thompson 和 Dennis Ritchie*
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2015-10-20 11:53:17 +08:00
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2015-10-26 07:08:37 +08:00
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[Ken Thompson][1] 和 [Dennis Ritchie][2] 在 1969-1970 创造了 Unix 操作系统。之后发布了新的 [C 编程语言][3],它是一种高级的、可移植的编程语言。 Linux 内核用 C 和一些汇编代码写成。
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2015-10-20 11:53:17 +08:00
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![Richard Matthew Stallman](https://github.com/paulcarroty/Articles/raw/master/Linux_24/00-2.jpg)
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2015-10-26 07:08:37 +08:00
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*Richard Matthew Stallman*
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2015-10-20 11:53:17 +08:00
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2015-10-24 16:07:13 +08:00
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[Richard Matthew Stallman][4] 在 1984 年启动了 [GNU 项目][5]。最大的一个目标 - 完全自由的类-Unix 操作系统。
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2015-10-20 11:53:17 +08:00
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2015-10-24 16:07:13 +08:00
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### 1991 – 元年 ###
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2015-10-20 11:53:17 +08:00
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![](https://github.com/paulcarroty/Articles/raw/master/Linux_24/1991-1.jpg)
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2015-10-26 07:08:37 +08:00
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*Linus Torvalds, 1991*
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2015-10-20 11:53:17 +08:00
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2015-10-26 07:08:37 +08:00
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[Linus Torvalds][5] 在芬兰赫尔辛基开始了 Linux 内核开发,他是为他的硬件 - Intel 30386 CPU 编写的程序。他也使用 Minix 和 GNU C 编译器。下面是 Linus Torvalds 给 Minix 新闻组的历史消息:
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2015-10-20 11:53:17 +08:00
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> From: torvalds@klaava.Helsinki.FI (Linus Benedict Torvalds)
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> Newsgroups: comp.os.minix
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> Subject: What would you like to see most in minix?
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> Summary: small poll for my new operating system
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> Message-ID:
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> Date: 25 Aug 91 20:57:08 GMT
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> Organization: University of Helsinki
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>
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>
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> Hello everybody out there using minix -
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>
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> I'm doing a (free) operating system (just a hobby, won't be big and
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> professional like gnu) for 386(486) AT clones. This has been brewing
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> since april, and is starting to get ready. I'd like any feedback on
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> things people like/dislike in minix, as my OS resembles it somewhat
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> (same physical layout of the file-system (due to practical reasons)
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> among other things).
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>
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> I've currently ported bash(1.08) and gcc(1.40), and things seem to work.
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> This implies that I'll get something practical within a few months, and
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> I'd like to know what features most people would want. Any suggestions
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> are welcome, but I won't promise I'll implement them :-)
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>
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> Linus (torvalds@kruuna.helsinki.fi)
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2015-10-26 07:08:37 +08:00
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从此之后,Linux 开始得到了世界范围志愿者和专业专家的支持。Linus 的同事 Ari Lemmke 把它命名为 “Linux” - 这其实是他们的大学 ftp 服务器上的项目目录名称。
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2015-10-20 11:53:17 +08:00
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### 1992 ###
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![](https://github.com/paulcarroty/Articles/raw/master/Linux_24/1992-1.jpg)
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2015-10-24 16:07:13 +08:00
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在 GPLv2 协议下发布了 0.12 版 Linux 内核。
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2015-10-20 11:53:17 +08:00
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### 1993 ###
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![Slackware 1.0 ](https://github.com/paulcarroty/Articles/raw/master/Linux_24/1993-1.png)
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2015-10-26 07:08:37 +08:00
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Slackware 首次发布(LCTT 译注:Slackware Linux 是一个高度技术性的、干净的发行版,只有少量非常有限的个人设置) – 最早的 Linux 发行版,其领导者 Patrick Volkerding 也是最早的。其时,Linux 内核有 100 多个开发者。
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2015-10-20 11:53:17 +08:00
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![](https://github.com/paulcarroty/Articles/raw/master/Linux_24/1993-2.png)
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2015-10-26 07:08:37 +08:00
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*Debian*
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2015-10-20 11:53:17 +08:00
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2015-10-26 07:08:37 +08:00
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Debian – 最大的 Linux 社区之一也创立于 1991 年。
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2015-10-20 11:53:17 +08:00
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### 1994 ###
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2015-10-24 16:07:13 +08:00
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Linux 1.0 发布了,多亏了 XFree 86 项目,第一次有了 GUI。
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2015-10-20 11:53:17 +08:00
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![](https://github.com/paulcarroty/Articles/raw/master/Linux_24/1994-1.png)
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2015-10-26 07:08:37 +08:00
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*Red Hat Linux*
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2015-10-20 11:53:17 +08:00
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2015-10-26 07:08:37 +08:00
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发布了 Red Hat Linux 1.0
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2015-10-20 11:53:17 +08:00
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![](https://github.com/paulcarroty/Articles/raw/master/Linux_24/1994-2.png)
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2015-10-26 07:08:37 +08:00
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*S.u.S.E Linux*
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2015-10-20 11:53:17 +08:00
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2015-10-26 07:08:37 +08:00
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和 [S.u.S.E. Linux][6] 1.0。
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2015-10-20 11:53:17 +08:00
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### 1995 ###
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![](https://github.com/paulcarroty/Articles/raw/master/Linux_24/1995-1.png)
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2015-10-26 07:08:37 +08:00
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*Red Hat Inc.*
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2015-10-20 11:53:17 +08:00
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2015-10-26 07:08:37 +08:00
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Bob Young 和 Marc Ewing 合并他们的本地业务为 [Red Hat Software][7]。Linux 移植到了很多硬件平台。
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2015-10-20 11:53:17 +08:00
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### 1996 ###
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![](https://github.com/paulcarroty/Articles/raw/master/Linux_24/1996-1.png)
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2015-10-26 07:08:37 +08:00
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*Tux*
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2015-10-20 11:53:17 +08:00
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2015-10-26 07:08:37 +08:00
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企鹅 Tux 是 Linux 官方吉祥物,Linus Torvalds 参观了堪培拉国家动物园和水族馆之后有了这个想法。发布了 Linux 2.0,支持对称多处理器。开始开发 KDE。
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2015-10-20 11:53:17 +08:00
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### 1997 ###
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![](https://github.com/paulcarroty/Articles/raw/master/Linux_24/1997-1.jpg)
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2015-10-26 07:08:37 +08:00
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*Miguel de Icaza*
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2015-10-20 11:53:17 +08:00
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2015-10-26 07:08:37 +08:00
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Miguel de Icaza 和 Federico Mena 开始开发 GNOME - 自由桌面环境和应用程序。Linus Torvalds 赢得了 Linux 商标冲突官司,Linux 成为了 Linus Torvalds 的注册商标。
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2015-10-20 11:53:17 +08:00
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### 1998 ###
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![](https://github.com/paulcarroty/Articles/raw/master/Linux_24/1998-1.jpg)
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2015-10-26 07:08:37 +08:00
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*大教堂和集市*
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2015-10-20 11:53:17 +08:00
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2015-10-26 07:08:37 +08:00
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Eric S. Raymond 出版了文章 [The Cathedral and the Bazaar(大教堂和集市)][8] - 高度推荐阅读。Linux 得到了大公司的支持: IBM、Oracle、康柏。
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2015-10-20 11:53:17 +08:00
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![](https://github.com/paulcarroty/Articles/raw/master/Linux_24/1998-2.png)
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2015-10-26 07:08:37 +08:00
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*Mandrake Linux*
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2015-10-20 11:53:17 +08:00
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2015-10-26 07:08:37 +08:00
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Mandrake Linux 首次发布 - 基于红帽 Linux 的发行版,带有 KDE 桌面环境。
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2015-10-20 11:53:17 +08:00
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### 1999 ###
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![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/KDE_1.1.jpg)
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2015-10-26 07:08:37 +08:00
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第一个主要的 KDE 版本。
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2015-10-20 11:53:17 +08:00
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### 2000 ###
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![](https://github.com/paulcarroty/Articles/raw/master/Linux_24/2000-1.jpg)
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2015-10-26 07:08:37 +08:00
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Dell 支持 Linux - 这是第一个支持的大硬件供应商。
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2015-10-20 11:53:17 +08:00
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### 2001 ###
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![](https://github.com/paulcarroty/Articles/raw/master/Linux_24/2001-1.jpg)
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2015-10-26 07:08:37 +08:00
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*Revolution OS*
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2015-10-20 11:53:17 +08:00
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2015-10-26 07:08:37 +08:00
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纪录片 “Revolution OS(操作系统革命)” - GNU、Linux、开源、自由软件的 20 年历史,以及对 Linux 和开源界顶级黑客的采访。
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2015-10-20 11:53:17 +08:00
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### 2002 ###
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![](https://github.com/paulcarroty/Articles/raw/master/Linux_24/2002-1.jpg)
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2015-10-26 07:08:37 +08:00
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*BitKeeper*
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2015-10-20 11:53:17 +08:00
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2015-10-26 07:08:37 +08:00
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Linux 开始使用 BitKeeper,这是一种商业版的分布式版本控制软件。
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2015-10-20 11:53:17 +08:00
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### 2003 ###
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![](https://github.com/paulcarroty/Articles/raw/master/Linux_24/2003-1.png)
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2015-10-26 07:08:37 +08:00
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*SUSE*
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2015-10-20 11:53:17 +08:00
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2015-10-26 07:08:37 +08:00
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Novell 用 2.1 亿美元购买了 SUSE Linux AG。同年 SCO 集团 也开始了同 IBM 以及 Linux 社区关于 Unix 版权的艰难的法律诉讼。
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2015-10-20 11:53:17 +08:00
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![](https://github.com/paulcarroty/Articles/raw/master/Linux_24/2003-2.png)
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2015-10-26 07:08:37 +08:00
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*Fedora*
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2015-10-20 11:53:17 +08:00
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2015-10-26 07:08:37 +08:00
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红帽和 Linux 社区首次发布了 Fedora Linux。
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2015-10-20 11:53:17 +08:00
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### 2004 ###
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![](https://github.com/paulcarroty/Articles/raw/master/Linux_24/2004-1.png)
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2015-10-26 07:08:37 +08:00
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*X.ORG 基金会*
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2015-10-20 11:53:17 +08:00
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2015-10-24 16:07:13 +08:00
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XFree86 解散了并加入到 [X.Org 基金会][9], X 的开发更快了。
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2015-10-20 11:53:17 +08:00
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![](https://github.com/paulcarroty/Articles/raw/master/Linux_24/2004-2.jpg)
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2015-10-26 07:08:37 +08:00
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Ubuntu 4.10 – Ubuntu 首次发布
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2015-10-20 11:53:17 +08:00
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### 2005 ###
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![](https://github.com/paulcarroty/Articles/raw/master/Linux_24/2005-1.png)
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2015-10-26 07:08:37 +08:00
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*openSUSE*
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2015-10-20 11:53:17 +08:00
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2015-10-26 07:08:37 +08:00
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[openSUSE][10] 开始了,这是企业版 Novell’s OS 的免费版本。OpenOffice.org 开始支持 OpenDocument 标准。
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2015-10-20 11:53:17 +08:00
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### 2006 ###
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![](https://github.com/paulcarroty/Articles/raw/master/Linux_24/2006-1.png)
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2015-10-26 07:08:37 +08:00
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一个新的 Linux 发行版,基于红帽企业版 Linux 的 Oracle Linux。微软和 Novell 开始在 IT 和专利保护方面进行合作。
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2015-10-20 11:53:17 +08:00
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### 2007 ###
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![](https://github.com/paulcarroty/Articles/raw/master/Linux_24/2007-1.jpg)
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2015-10-26 07:08:37 +08:00
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*Dell Linux 笔记本*
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2015-10-20 11:53:17 +08:00
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2015-10-26 07:08:37 +08:00
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Dell 发布了第一个预装 Linux 的笔记本。
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2015-10-20 11:53:17 +08:00
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### 2008 ###
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![](https://github.com/paulcarroty/Articles/raw/master/Linux_24/2008-1.jpg)
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2015-10-26 07:08:37 +08:00
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*KDE 4.0*
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2015-10-20 11:53:17 +08:00
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2015-10-26 07:08:37 +08:00
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KDE 4 发布了,但是不稳定,很多用户开始迁移到 GNOME。
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2015-10-20 11:53:17 +08:00
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### 2009 ###
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![](https://github.com/paulcarroty/Articles/raw/master/Linux_24/2009-1.jpg)
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2015-10-26 07:08:37 +08:00
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*Red Hat*
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2015-10-20 11:53:17 +08:00
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2015-10-26 07:08:37 +08:00
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红帽 Linux 取得了成功 - 市值达 26亿2千万美元。
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2015-10-20 11:53:17 +08:00
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2015-10-26 07:08:37 +08:00
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2009 年微软在 GPLv2 协议下向 Linux 内核提交了第一个补丁。
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2015-10-20 11:53:17 +08:00
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### 2010 ###
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![](https://github.com/paulcarroty/Articles/raw/master/Linux_24/2010-1.png)
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2015-10-26 07:08:37 +08:00
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*Novell -> Attachmate*
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2015-10-20 11:53:17 +08:00
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2015-10-26 07:08:37 +08:00
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Novell 已 22亿美元卖给了 Attachmate Group, Inc。SUSE 和 Novell 成为了新公司的两款独立的产品。
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2015-10-20 11:53:17 +08:00
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2015-10-26 07:08:37 +08:00
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[systemd][11] 首次发布,开始了 Linux 系统的革命。
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2015-10-20 11:53:17 +08:00
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### 2011 ###
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![](https://github.com/paulcarroty/Articles/raw/master/Linux_24/2011-1.png)
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2015-10-26 07:08:37 +08:00
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*Unity 桌面,2011*
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2015-10-20 11:53:17 +08:00
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2015-10-26 07:08:37 +08:00
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Ubuntu Unity 发布,遭到很多用户的批评。
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2015-10-20 11:53:17 +08:00
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![](https://github.com/paulcarroty/Articles/raw/master/Linux_24/2011-2.png)
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2015-10-26 07:08:37 +08:00
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*GNOME 3.0,2011*
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2015-10-20 11:53:17 +08:00
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2015-10-26 07:08:37 +08:00
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GNOME 3.0 发布, Linus Torvalds 评论为 “unholy mess” ,有很多负面评论。Linux 内核 3.0 发布。
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2015-10-20 11:53:17 +08:00
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### 2012 ###
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![](https://github.com/paulcarroty/Articles/raw/master/Linux_24/2012-1.png)
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2015-10-26 07:08:37 +08:00
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*1500 万行代码*
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2015-10-20 11:53:17 +08:00
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2015-10-26 07:08:37 +08:00
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Linux 内核达到 1500 万行代码。微软成为主要贡献者之一。
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2015-10-20 11:53:17 +08:00
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### 2013 ###
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![](https://github.com/paulcarroty/Articles/raw/master/Linux_24/2013-1.png)
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2015-10-26 07:08:37 +08:00
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Kali Linux 1.0 发布, 用于渗透测试和数字取证,基于 Debian 的 Linux 发行版。2014 年 CentOS 及其代码开发者加入到了红帽公司。
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2015-10-20 11:53:17 +08:00
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### 2014 ###
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![](https://github.com/paulcarroty/Articles/raw/master/Linux_24/2014-1.jpg)
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2015-10-26 07:08:37 +08:00
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*Lennart Poettering 和 Kay Sievers*
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2015-10-20 11:53:17 +08:00
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2015-10-26 07:08:37 +08:00
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systemd 成为 Ubuntu 和所有主流 Linux 发行版的默认初始化程序。Ubuntu 有 2200 万用户。安卓的大进步 - 占了所有移动设备的 75% 份额。
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2015-10-20 11:53:17 +08:00
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### 2015 ###
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![](https://github.com/paulcarroty/Articles/raw/master/Linux_24/2015-1.jpg)
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2015-10-26 07:08:37 +08:00
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发布了 Linux 4.0。Mandriva 公司清算,但还有很多分支,其中最流行的一个是 Mageia。
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2015-10-20 11:53:17 +08:00
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2015-10-26 07:08:37 +08:00
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带着对 Linux 的热爱而执笔。
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2015-10-20 11:53:17 +08:00
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://tlhp.cf/linux-history/
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作者:[Pavlo Rudyi][a]
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2015-10-24 16:07:13 +08:00
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译者:[ictlyh](http://mutouxiaogui.cn/blog)
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2015-10-26 07:08:37 +08:00
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校对:[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
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2015-10-20 11:53:17 +08:00
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译,[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]:https://tlhp.cf/author/paul/
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[1]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language)
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[2]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Project
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[3]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Thompson
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[4]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie
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[5]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus_Torvalds
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[6]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SUSE_Linux_distributions
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[7]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Hat
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[8]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cathedral_and_the_Bazaar
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[9]:http://www.x.org/
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[10]:https://en.opensuse.org/Main_Page
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[11]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemd
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