2018-08-31 22:34:42 +08:00
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如何在 Ubuntu 系统中添加一个辅助 IP 地址
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======
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Linux 管理员应该意识到这一点，因为这是一项例行任务。很多人想知道为什么我们需要在服务器中添加多个 IP 地址，以及为什么我们需要将它添加到单块网卡中？我说的对吗？
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你可能也会有类似的问题：在 Linux 中如何为单块网卡分配多个 IP 地址？在本文中，你可以得到答案。
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当我们对一个新服务器进行设置时，理想情况下它将有一个 IP 地址，即服务器主 IP 地址，它与服务器主机名对应。
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我们不应在服务器主 IP 地址上托管任何应用程序，这是不可取的。如果要在服务器上托管任何应用程序，我们应该为此添加辅助 IP。
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这是业界的最佳实践，它允许用户安装 SSL 证书。大多数系统都配有单块网卡，这足以添加额外的 IP 地址。
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**建议阅读：**
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2018-09-06 22:30:40 +08:00
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- [在 Linux 命令行中 9 种方法检查公共 IP 地址][1]
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- [在 Linux 终端中 3 种简单的方式来检查 DNS（域名服务器）记录][2]
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- [在 Linux 上使用 Dig 命令检查 DNS（域名服务器）记录][3]
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- [在 Linux 上使用 Nslookup 命令检查 DNS（域名服务器）记录][4]
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- [在 Linux 上使用 Host 命令检查 DNS（域名服务器）记录][5]
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2018-08-31 22:34:42 +08:00
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我们可以在同一个接口上添加 IP 地址，或者在同一设备上创建子接口，然后在其中添加 IP。默认情况下，一直到 Ubuntu 14.04 LTS，接口给名称为 `ethX (eth0)`，但是从 Ubuntu 15.10 之后网络接口名称已从 `ethX` 更改为 `enXXXXX`（对于服务器是 ens33，桌面版是 enp0s3）。
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在本文中，我们将教你如何在 Ubuntu 上执行此操作，并且衍生到其它发行版（to 校正：这句自己加的）。
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2018-09-06 22:30:40 +08:00
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**注意：**别在 DNS 详细信息后添加 IP 地址。如果是这样，DNS 将无法正常工作。
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2018-08-31 22:34:42 +08:00
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### 如何在 Ubuntu 14.04 LTS 中添加临时辅助 IP 地址
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在系统中添加 IP 地址之前，运行以下任一命令即可验证服务器主 IP 地址：
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2018-09-06 22:30:40 +08:00
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2018-08-31 22:34:42 +08:00
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```
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# ifconfig
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2018-09-06 22:30:40 +08:00
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或
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2018-08-31 22:34:42 +08:00
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# ip addr
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2018-09-06 22:30:40 +08:00
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# ip addr
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2018-08-31 22:34:42 +08:00
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2018-09-06 22:30:40 +08:00
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eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 08:00:27:98:b7:36
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inet addr:192.168.56.150 Bcast:192.168.56.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
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inet6 addr: fe80::a00:27ff:fe98:b736/64 Scope:Link
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UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
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RX packets:4 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
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TX packets:105 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
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collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
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RX bytes:902 (902.0 B) TX bytes:16423 (16.4 KB)
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eth1 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 08:00:27:6a:cf:d3
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inet addr:10.0.3.15 Bcast:10.0.3.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
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inet6 addr: fe80::a00:27ff:fe6a:cfd3/64 Scope:Link
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UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
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RX packets:80 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
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TX packets:146 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
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collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
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RX bytes:8698 (8.6 KB) TX bytes:17047 (17.0 KB)
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lo Link encap:Local Loopback
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inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0
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inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host
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UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:65536 Metric:1
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RX packets:25 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
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TX packets:25 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
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collisions:0 txqueuelen:1
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RX bytes:1730 (1.7 KB) TX bytes:1730 (1.7 KB)
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2018-08-31 22:34:42 +08:00
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```
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如我所见，服务器主 IP 地址是 `192.168.56.150`，我将下一个 IP `192.168.56.151` 作为辅助 IP，使用以下方法完成：
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2018-09-06 22:30:40 +08:00
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2018-08-31 22:34:42 +08:00
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```
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# ip addr add 192.168.56.151/24 broadcast 192.168.56.255 dev eth0 label eth0:1
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```
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输入以下命令以检查新添加的 IP 地址。如果你重新启动服务器，那么新添加的 IP 地址会消失，因为我们的 IP 是临时添加的。
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2018-09-06 22:30:40 +08:00
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2018-08-31 22:34:42 +08:00
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```
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# ip addr
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2018-09-06 22:30:40 +08:00
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1: lo: mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1
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link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
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inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
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valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
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inet6 ::1/128 scope host
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valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
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2: eth0: mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
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link/ether 08:00:27:98:b7:36 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
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inet 192.168.56.150/24 brd 192.168.56.255 scope global eth0
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valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
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inet 192.168.56.151/24 brd 192.168.56.255 scope global secondary eth0:1
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valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
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inet6 fe80::a00:27ff:fe98:b736/64 scope link
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valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
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3: eth1: mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
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link/ether 08:00:27:6a:cf:d3 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
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inet 10.0.3.15/24 brd 10.0.3.255 scope global eth1
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valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
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inet6 fe80::a00:27ff:fe6a:cfd3/64 scope link
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valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
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2018-08-31 22:34:42 +08:00
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```
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### 如何在 Ubuntu 14.04 LTS 中添加永久辅助 IP 地址
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要在 Ubuntu 系统上添加永久辅助 IP 地址，只需编辑 `/etc/network/interfaces` 文件并添加所需的 IP 详细信息。
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2018-09-06 22:30:40 +08:00
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```
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# vi /etc/network/interfaces
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```
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2018-08-31 22:34:42 +08:00
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```
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# vi /etc/network/interfaces
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# The loopback network interface
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auto lo
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iface lo inet loopback
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# The primary network interface
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auto eth0
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iface eth0 inet static
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2018-09-06 22:30:40 +08:00
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address 192.168.56.150
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netmask 255.255.255.0
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network 192.168.56.0
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broadcast 192.168.56.255
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gateway 192.168.56.1
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2018-08-31 22:34:42 +08:00
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auto eth0:1
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iface eth0:1 inet static
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2018-09-06 22:30:40 +08:00
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address 192.168.56.151
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netmask 255.255.255.0
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2018-08-31 22:34:42 +08:00
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```
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保存并关闭文件，然后重启网络接口服务。
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2018-09-06 22:30:40 +08:00
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2018-08-31 22:34:42 +08:00
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```
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# service networking restart
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2018-09-06 22:30:40 +08:00
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或
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2018-08-31 22:34:42 +08:00
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# ifdown eth0:1 && ifup eth0:1
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```
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验证新添加的 IP 地址：
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2018-09-06 22:30:40 +08:00
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2018-08-31 22:34:42 +08:00
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```
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# ifconfig
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2018-09-06 22:30:40 +08:00
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eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 08:00:27:98:b7:36
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inet addr:192.168.56.150 Bcast:192.168.56.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
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inet6 addr: fe80::a00:27ff:fe98:b736/64 Scope:Link
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UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
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RX packets:5 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
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TX packets:84 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
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collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
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RX bytes:962 (962.0 B) TX bytes:11905 (11.9 KB)
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eth0:1 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 08:00:27:98:b7:36
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inet addr:192.168.56.151 Bcast:192.168.56.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
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UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
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eth1 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 08:00:27:6a:cf:d3
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inet addr:10.0.3.15 Bcast:10.0.3.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
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inet6 addr: fe80::a00:27ff:fe6a:cfd3/64 Scope:Link
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UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
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RX packets:4924 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
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TX packets:3185 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
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collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
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RX bytes:4037636 (4.0 MB) TX bytes:422516 (422.5 KB)
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lo Link encap:Local Loopback
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inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0
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inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host
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UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:65536 Metric:1
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RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
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TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
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collisions:0 txqueuelen:1
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RX bytes:0 (0.0 B) TX bytes:0 (0.0 B)
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2018-08-31 22:34:42 +08:00
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```
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### 如何在 Ubuntu 16.04 LTS 中临时添加辅助 IP 地址
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正如本文开头所述，网络接口名称从 Ubuntu 15.10 就开始从 ‘ethX’ 更改为 ‘enXXXX’ (enp0s3)，所以，替换你的接口名称。
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在执行此操作之前，先检查系统上的 IP 信息：
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2018-09-06 22:30:40 +08:00
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2018-08-31 22:34:42 +08:00
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```
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# ifconfig
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2018-09-06 22:30:40 +08:00
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或
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2018-08-31 22:34:42 +08:00
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# ip addr
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2018-09-06 22:30:40 +08:00
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enp0s3: flags=4163 mtu 1500
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inet 192.168.56.201 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.56.255
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inet6 fe80::a00:27ff:fe97:132e prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20
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ether 08:00:27:97:13:2e txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
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RX packets 7 bytes 420 (420.0 B)
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RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
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TX packets 294 bytes 24747 (24.7 KB)
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TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
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enp0s8: flags=4163 mtu 1500
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inet 10.0.3.15 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 10.0.3.255
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inet6 fe80::344b:6259:4dbe:eabb prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20
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ether 08:00:27:12:e8:c1 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
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RX packets 1 bytes 590 (590.0 B)
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RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
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TX packets 97 bytes 10209 (10.2 KB)
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TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
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lo: flags=73 mtu 65536
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inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 255.0.0.0
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inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128 scopeid 0x10
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loop txqueuelen 1000 (Local Loopback)
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RX packets 325 bytes 24046 (24.0 KB)
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RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
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TX packets 325 bytes 24046 (24.0 KB)
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TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
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2018-08-31 22:34:42 +08:00
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```
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如我所见，服务器主 IP 地址是 `192.168.56.201`，所以，我将下一个 IP `192.168.56.202` 作为辅助 IP，使用以下命令完成。
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2018-09-06 22:30:40 +08:00
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2018-08-31 22:34:42 +08:00
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```
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# ip addr add 192.168.56.202/24 broadcast 192.168.56.255 dev enp0s3
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```
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运行以下命令来检查是否已分配了新的 IP。当你重启机器时，它会消失。
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2018-09-06 22:30:40 +08:00
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2018-08-31 22:34:42 +08:00
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```
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# ip addr
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2018-09-06 22:30:40 +08:00
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1: lo: mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
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link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
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inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
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valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
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inet6 ::1/128 scope host
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valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
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2: enp0s3: mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
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link/ether 08:00:27:97:13:2e brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
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|
inet 192.168.56.201/24 brd 192.168.56.255 scope global enp0s3
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|
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
|
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|
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|
inet 192.168.56.202/24 brd 192.168.56.255 scope global secondary enp0s3
|
|
|
|
|
|
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
|
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|
|
|
|
inet6 fe80::a00:27ff:fe97:132e/64 scope link
|
|
|
|
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|
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
|
|
|
|
|
|
3: enp0s8: mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
|
|
|
|
|
|
link/ether 08:00:27:12:e8:c1 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
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|
|
inet 10.0.3.15/24 brd 10.0.3.255 scope global dynamic enp0s8
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|
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|
|
|
valid_lft 86353sec preferred_lft 86353sec
|
|
|
|
|
|
inet6 fe80::344b:6259:4dbe:eabb/64 scope link
|
|
|
|
|
|
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
|
2018-08-31 22:34:42 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
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|
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|
|
### 如何在 Ubuntu 16.04 LTS 中添加永久辅助 IP 地址
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|
|
要在 Ubuntu 系统上添加永久辅助 IP 地址，只需编辑 `/etc/network/interfaces` 文件并添加所需 IP 的详细信息。
|
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|
|
|
|
|
2018-09-06 22:30:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
我们不应该在 `dns-nameservers` 行之后添加辅助 IP 地址，因为它不会起作用，应该以下面的格式添加 IP 详情。
|
2018-08-31 22:34:42 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
此外，我们不需要添加子接口（我们之前在 Ubuntu 14.04 LTS 中的做法）：
|
2018-09-06 22:30:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-08-31 22:34:42 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
# vi /etc/network/interfaces
|
|
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|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# interfaces(5) file used by ifup(8) and ifdown(8)
|
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|
|
auto lo
|
|
|
|
|
|
iface lo inet loopback
|
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|
|
# The primary network interface
|
|
|
|
|
|
auto enp0s3
|
|
|
|
|
|
iface enp0s3 inet static
|
|
|
|
|
|
address 192.168.56.201
|
|
|
|
|
|
netmask 255.255.255.0
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
iface enp0s3 inet static
|
|
|
|
|
|
address 192.168.56.202
|
|
|
|
|
|
netmask 255.255.255.0
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
gateway 192.168.56.1
|
|
|
|
|
|
network 192.168.56.0
|
|
|
|
|
|
broadcast 192.168.56.255
|
|
|
|
|
|
dns-nameservers 8.8.8.8 8.8.4.4
|
2018-09-06 22:30:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
dns-search 2daygeek.local
|
2018-08-31 22:34:42 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
保存并关闭文件，然后重启网络接口服务：
|
2018-09-06 22:30:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-08-31 22:34:42 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
# systemctl restart networking
|
2018-09-06 22:30:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
或
|
2018-08-31 22:34:42 +08:00
|
|
|
|
# ifdown enp0s3 && ifup enp0s3
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
运行以下命令来检查是否已经分配了新的 IP：
|
2018-09-06 22:30:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-08-31 22:34:42 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
# ip addr
|
2018-09-06 22:30:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
1: lo: mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
|
|
|
|
|
|
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
|
|
|
|
|
|
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
|
|
|
|
|
|
inet6 ::1/128 scope host
|
|
|
|
|
|
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
|
|
|
|
|
|
2: enp0s3: mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
|
|
|
|
|
|
link/ether 08:00:27:97:13:2e brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
|
|
|
|
|
|
inet 192.168.56.201/24 brd 192.168.56.255 scope global enp0s3
|
|
|
|
|
|
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
|
|
|
|
|
|
inet 192.168.56.202/24 brd 192.168.56.255 scope global secondary enp0s3
|
|
|
|
|
|
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
|
|
|
|
|
|
inet6 fe80::a00:27ff:fe97:132e/64 scope link
|
|
|
|
|
|
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
|
|
|
|
|
|
3: enp0s8: mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
|
|
|
|
|
|
link/ether 08:00:27:12:e8:c1 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
|
|
|
|
|
|
inet 10.0.3.15/24 brd 10.0.3.255 scope global dynamic enp0s8
|
|
|
|
|
|
valid_lft 86353sec preferred_lft 86353sec
|
|
|
|
|
|
inet6 fe80::344b:6259:4dbe:eabb/64 scope link
|
|
|
|
|
|
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
|
2018-08-31 22:34:42 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
让我来 ping 一下新 IP 地址：
|
2018-09-06 22:30:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-08-31 22:34:42 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
# ping 192.168.56.202 -c 4
|
|
|
|
|
|
PING 192.168.56.202 (192.168.56.202) 56(84) bytes of data.
|
|
|
|
|
|
64 bytes from 192.168.56.202: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.019 ms
|
|
|
|
|
|
64 bytes from 192.168.56.202: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.087 ms
|
|
|
|
|
|
64 bytes from 192.168.56.202: icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=0.034 ms
|
|
|
|
|
|
64 bytes from 192.168.56.202: icmp_seq=4 ttl=64 time=0.042 ms
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
--- 192.168.56.202 ping statistics ---
|
|
|
|
|
|
4 packets transmitted, 4 received, 0% packet loss, time 3068ms
|
|
|
|
|
|
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.019/0.045/0.087/0.026 ms
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
via: https://www.2daygeek.com/how-to-add-additional-ip-secondary-ip-in-ubuntu-debian-system/
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
作者：[Prakash Subramanian][a]
|
|
|
|
|
|
选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972)
|
2018-08-31 22:45:07 +08:00
|
|
|
|
译者：[MjSeven](https://github.com/MjSeven)
|
2018-09-06 22:30:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
2018-08-31 22:34:42 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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|
|
|
|
[a]:https://www.2daygeek.com/author/prakash/
|
|
|
|
|
|
[1]:https://www.2daygeek.com/check-find-server-public-ip-address-linux/
|
|
|
|
|
|
[2]:https://www.2daygeek.com/check-find-dns-records-of-domain-in-linux-terminal/
|
|
|
|
|
|
[3]:https://www.2daygeek.com/dig-command-check-find-dns-records-lookup-linux/
|
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|
|
|
[4]:https://www.2daygeek.com/nslookup-command-check-find-dns-records-lookup-linux/
|
|
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|
|
[5]:https://www.2daygeek.com/host-command-check-find-dns-records-lookup-linux/
|
