2021-05-19 08:46:07 +08:00
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[#]: subject: (3 Python 3.2 features that are still relevant today)
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[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/5/python-32)
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[#]: author: (Moshe Zadka https://opensource.com/users/moshez)
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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
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[#]: translator: (geekpi)
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2021-05-28 20:20:44 +08:00
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[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
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2021-05-19 08:46:07 +08:00
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[#]: publisher: ( )
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[#]: url: ( )
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2021-05-28 20:20:44 +08:00
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3 个到今天仍然有用的 Python 3.2 特性
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2021-05-19 08:46:07 +08:00
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======
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2021-05-28 20:20:44 +08:00
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> 探索一些未被充分利用但仍然有用的 Python 特性。
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![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/202105/28/202023pz86mg88r18o6e22.jpg)
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这是Python 3.x 首发特性系列文章中的第三篇。其中一些 Python 版本已经推出了一段时间。例如,Python 3.2 是在 2011 年首次发布的,但其中引入的一些很酷、很有用的特性仍然没有被使用。下面是其中的三个。
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2021-05-19 08:46:07 +08:00
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### argparse 子命令
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`argparse` 模块首次出现在 Python 3.2 中。有许多用于命令行解析的第三方模块。但是内置的 `argparse` 模块比许多人认为的要强大。
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2021-05-28 20:20:44 +08:00
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要记录所有的 `argparse` 的特性,那需要专门写系列文章。下面是一个例子,说明如何用 `argparse` 做子命令。
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2021-05-19 08:46:07 +08:00
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想象一下,一个命令有两个子命令:`negate`,需要一个参数,`multiply`,需要两个参数:
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```
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$ computebot negate 5
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-5
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$ computebot multiply 2 3
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6
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2021-05-28 20:20:44 +08:00
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```
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2021-05-19 08:46:07 +08:00
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2021-05-28 20:20:44 +08:00
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```
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2021-05-19 08:46:07 +08:00
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import argparse
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parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
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subparsers = parser.add_subparsers()
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```
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`add_subparsers()` 方法创建一个对象,你可以向其添加子命令。唯一需要记住的技巧是,你需要添加通过 `set_defaults()` 调用的子命令:
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```
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negate = subparsers.add_parser("negate")
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negate.set_defaults(subcommand="negate")
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negate.add_argument("number", type=float)
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2021-05-28 20:20:44 +08:00
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```
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2021-05-19 08:46:07 +08:00
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2021-05-28 20:20:44 +08:00
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```
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2021-05-19 08:46:07 +08:00
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multiply = subparsers.add_parser("multiply")
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multiply.set_defaults(subcommand="multiply")
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multiply.add_argument("number1", type=float)
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multiply.add_argument("number2", type=float)
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```
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我最喜欢的一个 `argparse` 功能是,因为它把解析和运行分开,测试解析逻辑特别令人愉快。
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2021-05-28 20:20:44 +08:00
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```
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parser.parse_args(["negate", "5"])
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```
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```
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Namespace(number=5.0, subcommand='negate')
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```
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```
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parser.parse_args(["multiply", "2", "3"])
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```
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2021-05-19 08:46:07 +08:00
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```
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2021-05-28 20:20:44 +08:00
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Namespace(number1=2.0, number2=3.0, subcommand='multiply')
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2021-05-19 08:46:07 +08:00
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```
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### contextlib.contextmanager
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2021-05-28 20:20:44 +08:00
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上下文是 Python 中一个强大的工具。虽然很多人 _使用_ 它们,但编写一个新的上下文常常看起来像一门黑暗艺术。有了 `contextmanager` 装饰器,你所需要的只是一个一次性的生成器。
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2021-05-19 08:46:07 +08:00
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编写一个打印出做某事所需时间的上下文,就像这样简单:
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```
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import contextlib, timeit
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@contextlib.contextmanager
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def timer():
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before = timeit.default_timer()
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try:
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yield
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finally:
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after = timeit.default_timer()
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print("took", after - before)
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```
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你可以这样使用:
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```
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import time
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with timer():
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time.sleep(10.5)
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2021-05-28 20:20:44 +08:00
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```
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2021-05-19 08:46:07 +08:00
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2021-05-28 20:20:44 +08:00
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```
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took 10.511025413870811`
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2021-05-19 08:46:07 +08:00
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```
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### functools.lru_cache
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2021-05-28 20:20:44 +08:00
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有时,在内存中缓存一个函数的结果是有意义的。例如,想象一下经典的问题:“有多少种方法可以用 25 美分、1 美分、2 美分和 3 美分可以来换取 1 美元?”
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2021-05-19 08:46:07 +08:00
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这个问题的代码可以说是非常简单:
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```
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def change_for_a_dollar():
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def change_for(amount, coins):
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if amount == 0:
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return 1
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if amount < 0 or len(coins) == 0:
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return 0
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some_coin = next(iter(coins))
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return (
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change_for(amount, coins - set([some_coin]))
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+
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change_for(amount - some_coin, coins)
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)
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return change_for(100, frozenset([25, 10, 5, 1]))
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```
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在我的电脑上,这需要 13ms 左右:
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```
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with timer():
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change_for_a_dollar()
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2021-05-28 20:20:44 +08:00
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```
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2021-05-19 08:46:07 +08:00
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2021-05-28 20:20:44 +08:00
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```
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took 0.013737603090703487`
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2021-05-19 08:46:07 +08:00
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```
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事实证明,当你计算有多少种方法可以做一些事情,比如用 50 美分找钱,你会重复使用相同的硬币。你可以使用 `lru_cache` 来避免重复计算。
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```
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import functools
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def change_for_a_dollar():
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@functools.lru_cache
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def change_for(amount, coins):
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if amount == 0:
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return 1
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if amount < 0 or len(coins) == 0:
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return 0
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some_coin = next(iter(coins))
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return (
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change_for(amount, coins - set([some_coin]))
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+
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change_for(amount - some_coin, coins)
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)
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return change_for(100, frozenset([25, 10, 5, 1]))
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2021-05-28 20:20:44 +08:00
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```
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2021-05-19 08:46:07 +08:00
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2021-05-28 20:20:44 +08:00
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```
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2021-05-19 08:46:07 +08:00
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with timer():
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change_for_a_dollar()
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2021-05-28 20:20:44 +08:00
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```
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2021-05-19 08:46:07 +08:00
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2021-05-28 20:20:44 +08:00
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```
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took 0.004180959425866604`
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2021-05-19 08:46:07 +08:00
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```
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一行的代价是三倍的改进。不错。
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### 欢迎来到 2011 年
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尽管 Python 3.2 是在 10 年前发布的,但它的许多特性仍然很酷,而且没有得到充分利用。如果你还没使用,那么将他们添加到你的工具箱中。
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://opensource.com/article/21/5/python-32
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作者:[Moshe Zadka][a]
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选题:[lujun9972][b]
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译者:[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
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2021-05-28 20:20:44 +08:00
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校对:[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
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2021-05-19 08:46:07 +08:00
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译,[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]: https://opensource.com/users/moshez
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[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
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[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/lenovo-thinkpad-laptop-concentration-focus-windows-office.png?itok=-8E2ihcF (Woman using laptop concentrating)
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