2019-06-17 18:35:25 +08:00
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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
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2019-08-11 22:43:44 +08:00
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[#]: translator: (MjSeven)
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2019-08-18 11:15:51 +08:00
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[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
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2019-06-17 18:35:25 +08:00
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[#]: publisher: ( )
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[#]: url: ( )
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[#]: subject: (How To Check Linux Package Version Before Installing It)
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[#]: via: (https://www.ostechnix.com/how-to-check-linux-package-version-before-installing-it/)
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[#]: author: (sk https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/)
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2019-08-17 23:01:24 +08:00
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如何在安装之前检查 Linux 软件包的版本?
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2019-06-17 18:35:25 +08:00
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======
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![Check Linux Package Version][1]
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2019-08-18 11:15:51 +08:00
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大多数人都知道如何在 Linux 中[查找已安装软件包的版本][2],但是,你会如何查找那些还没有安装的软件包的版本呢?很简单!本文将介绍在 Debian 及其衍生品(如 Ubuntu)中,如何在软件包安装之前检查它的版本。对于那些想在安装之前知道软件包版本的人来说,这个小技巧可能会有所帮助。
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2019-06-17 18:35:25 +08:00
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2019-08-17 23:01:24 +08:00
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### 在安装之前检查 Linux 软件包版本
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2019-06-17 18:35:25 +08:00
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2019-08-17 23:01:24 +08:00
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在基于 DEB 的系统中,即使软件包还没有安装,也有很多方法可以查看他的版本。接下来,我将一一介绍。
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2019-06-17 18:35:25 +08:00
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2019-08-18 11:15:51 +08:00
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#### 方法 1 – 使用 Apt
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2019-06-17 18:35:25 +08:00
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2019-08-17 23:01:24 +08:00
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检查软件包的版本的懒人方法:
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2019-06-17 18:35:25 +08:00
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```
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$ apt show <package-name>
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```
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2019-08-17 23:01:24 +08:00
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**示例:**
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2019-06-17 18:35:25 +08:00
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```
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$ apt show vim
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```
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2019-08-17 23:01:24 +08:00
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**示例输出:**
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2019-06-17 18:35:25 +08:00
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```
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Package: vim
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Version: 2:8.0.1453-1ubuntu1.1
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Priority: optional
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Section: editors
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Origin: Ubuntu
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Maintainer: Ubuntu Developers <[email protected]>
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Original-Maintainer: Debian Vim Maintainers <[email protected]>
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Bugs: https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+filebug
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Installed-Size: 2,852 kB
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Provides: editor
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Depends: vim-common (= 2:8.0.1453-1ubuntu1.1), vim-runtime (= 2:8.0.1453-1ubuntu1.1), libacl1 (>= 2.2.51-8), libc6 (>= 2.15), libgpm2 (>= 1.20.7), libpython3.6 (>= 3.6.5), libselinux1 (>= 1.32), libtinfo5 (>= 6)
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Suggests: ctags, vim-doc, vim-scripts
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Homepage: https://vim.sourceforge.io/
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Task: cloud-image, server
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Supported: 5y
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Download-Size: 1,152 kB
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APT-Sources: http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-updates/main amd64 Packages
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Description: Vi IMproved - enhanced vi editor
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Vim is an almost compatible version of the UNIX editor Vi.
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.
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Many new features have been added: multi level undo, syntax
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highlighting, command line history, on-line help, filename
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completion, block operations, folding, Unicode support, etc.
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.
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This package contains a version of vim compiled with a rather
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standard set of features. This package does not provide a GUI
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version of Vim. See the other vim-* packages if you need more
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(or less).
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N: There is 1 additional record. Please use the '-a' switch to see it
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```
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2019-08-18 11:15:51 +08:00
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正如你在上面的输出中看到的,`apt show` 命令显示了软件包许多重要的细节,例如:
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2019-06-17 18:35:25 +08:00
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2019-08-17 23:01:24 +08:00
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1. 包名称,
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2. 版本,
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2019-08-18 11:15:51 +08:00
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3. 来源(vim 来自哪里),
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2019-08-17 23:01:24 +08:00
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4. 维护者,
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5. 包的主页,
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6. 依赖,
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7. 下载大小,
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8. 简介,
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9. 其他。
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2019-06-17 18:35:25 +08:00
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2019-08-18 11:15:51 +08:00
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因此,Ubuntu 仓库中可用的 Vim 版本是 **8.0.1453**。如果我把它安装到我的 Ubuntu 系统上,就会得到这个版本。
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2019-06-17 18:35:25 +08:00
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2019-08-18 11:15:51 +08:00
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或者,如果你不想看那么多的内容,那么可以使用 `apt policy` 这个命令:
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2019-06-17 18:35:25 +08:00
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```
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$ apt policy vim
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vim:
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Installed: (none)
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Candidate: 2:8.0.1453-1ubuntu1.1
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Version table:
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2:8.0.1453-1ubuntu1.1 500
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500 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-updates/main amd64 Packages
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500 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-security/main amd64 Packages
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2:8.0.1453-1ubuntu1 500
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500 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic/main amd64 Packages
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```
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2019-08-17 23:01:24 +08:00
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甚至更短:
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2019-06-17 18:35:25 +08:00
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```
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$ apt list vim
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Listing... Done
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vim/bionic-updates,bionic-security 2:8.0.1453-1ubuntu1.1 amd64
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N: There is 1 additional version. Please use the '-a' switch to see it
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```
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2019-08-18 11:15:51 +08:00
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`apt` 是 Ubuntu 最新版本的默认包管理器。因此,这个命令足以找到一个软件包的详细信息,给定的软件包是否安装并不重要。这个命令将简单地列出给定包的版本以及其他详细信息。
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2019-06-17 18:35:25 +08:00
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2019-08-18 11:15:51 +08:00
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#### 方法 2 – 使用 Apt-get
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2019-06-17 18:35:25 +08:00
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2019-08-18 11:15:51 +08:00
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要查看软件包的版本而不安装它,我们可以使用 `apt-get` 命令和 `-s` 选项。
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2019-06-17 18:35:25 +08:00
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```
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$ apt-get -s install vim
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```
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2019-08-17 23:01:24 +08:00
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**示例输出:**
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2019-06-17 18:35:25 +08:00
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```
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NOTE: This is only a simulation!
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apt-get needs root privileges for real execution.
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Keep also in mind that locking is deactivated,
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so don't depend on the relevance to the real current situation!
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Reading package lists... Done
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Building dependency tree
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Reading state information... Done
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Suggested packages:
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ctags vim-doc vim-scripts
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The following NEW packages will be installed:
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vim
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0 upgraded, 1 newly installed, 0 to remove and 45 not upgraded.
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Inst vim (2:8.0.1453-1ubuntu1.1 Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-updates, Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-security [amd64])
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Conf vim (2:8.0.1453-1ubuntu1.1 Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-updates, Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-security [amd64])
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```
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2019-08-18 11:15:51 +08:00
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这里,`-s` 选项代表 **模拟**。正如你在输出中看到的,它不执行任何操作。相反,它只是模拟执行,好让你知道在安装 Vim 时会发生什么。
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2019-06-17 18:35:25 +08:00
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2019-08-18 11:15:51 +08:00
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你可以将 `install` 选项替换为 `upgrade`,以查看升级包时会发生什么。
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2019-06-17 18:35:25 +08:00
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```
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$ apt-get -s upgrade vim
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```
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2019-08-18 11:15:51 +08:00
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#### 方法 3 – 使用 Aptitude
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2019-06-17 18:35:25 +08:00
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2019-08-18 11:15:51 +08:00
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在 Debian 及其衍生品中,`aptitude` 是一个基于 ncurses(LCTT 译注:ncurses 是终端基于文本的字符处理的库)和命令行的前端 APT 包管理器。
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2019-06-17 18:35:25 +08:00
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2019-08-17 23:01:24 +08:00
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使用 aptitude 来查看软件包的版本,只需运行:
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2019-06-17 18:35:25 +08:00
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```
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$ aptitude versions vim
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p 2:8.0.1453-1ubuntu1 bionic 500
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p 2:8.0.1453-1ubuntu1.1 bionic-security,bionic-updates 500
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```
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2019-08-18 11:15:51 +08:00
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你还可以使用模拟选项(`-s`)来查看安装或升级包时会发生什么。
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2019-06-17 18:35:25 +08:00
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```
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$ aptitude -V -s install vim
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The following NEW packages will be installed:
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vim [2:8.0.1453-1ubuntu1.1]
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0 packages upgraded, 1 newly installed, 0 to remove and 45 not upgraded.
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Need to get 1,152 kB of archives. After unpacking 2,852 kB will be used.
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Would download/install/remove packages.
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```
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2019-08-18 11:15:51 +08:00
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这里,`-V` 标志用于显示软件包的详细信息。
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2019-06-17 18:35:25 +08:00
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```
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$ aptitude -V -s upgrade vim
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```
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2019-08-18 11:15:51 +08:00
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类似的,只需将 `install` 替换为 `upgrade` 选项,即可查看升级包会发生什么。
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2019-06-17 18:35:25 +08:00
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```
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$ aptitude search vim -F "%c %p %d %V"
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```
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2019-08-17 23:01:24 +08:00
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这里,
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2019-06-17 18:35:25 +08:00
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2019-08-18 11:15:51 +08:00
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* `-F` 用于指定应使用哪种格式来显示输出,
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* `%c` – 包的状态(已安装或未安装),
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* `%p` – 包的名称,
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* `%d` – 包的简介,
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* `%V` – 包的版本。
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2019-06-17 18:35:25 +08:00
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2019-08-17 23:01:24 +08:00
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当你不知道完整的软件包名称时,这非常有用。这个命令将列出包含给定字符串(即 vim)的所有软件包。
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2019-06-17 18:35:25 +08:00
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2019-08-17 23:01:24 +08:00
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以下是上述命令的示例输出:
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2019-06-17 18:35:25 +08:00
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```
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[...]
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p vim Vi IMproved - enhanced vi editor 2:8.0.1453-1ub
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p vim-tlib Some vim utility functions 1.23-1
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p vim-ultisnips snippet solution for Vim 3.1-3
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p vim-vimerl Erlang plugin for Vim 1.4.1+git20120
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p vim-vimerl-syntax Erlang syntax for Vim 1.4.1+git20120
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p vim-vimoutliner script for building an outline editor on top of Vim 0.3.4+pristine
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p vim-voom Vim two-pane outliner 5.2-1
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p vim-youcompleteme fast, as-you-type, fuzzy-search code completion engine for Vim 0+20161219+git
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```
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2019-08-18 11:15:51 +08:00
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#### 方法 4 – 使用 Apt-cache
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2019-06-17 18:35:25 +08:00
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|
2019-08-18 11:15:51 +08:00
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`apt-cache` 命令用于查询基于 Debian 的系统中的 APT 缓存。对于要在 APT 的包缓存上执行很多操作时,它很有用。一个很好的例子是我们可以从[某个仓库或 ppa 中列出已安装的应用程序][3]。
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2019-06-17 18:35:25 +08:00
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2019-08-17 23:01:24 +08:00
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不仅是已安装的应用程序,我们还可以找到软件包的版本,即使它没有被安装。例如,以下命令将找到 Vim 的版本:
|
2019-06-17 18:35:25 +08:00
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```
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$ apt-cache policy vim
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```
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|
2019-08-17 23:01:24 +08:00
|
|
|
|
示例输出:
|
2019-06-17 18:35:25 +08:00
|
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|
|
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|
```
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|
vim:
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Installed: (none)
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Candidate: 2:8.0.1453-1ubuntu1.1
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Version table:
|
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|
2:8.0.1453-1ubuntu1.1 500
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500 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-updates/main amd64 Packages
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500 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-security/main amd64 Packages
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2:8.0.1453-1ubuntu1 500
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500 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic/main amd64 Packages
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```
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|
2019-08-17 23:01:24 +08:00
|
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|
|
正如你在上面的输出中所看到的,Vim 并没有安装。如果你想安装它,你会知道它的版本是 **8.0.1453**。它还显示 vim 包来自哪个仓库。
|
2019-06-17 18:35:25 +08:00
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|
2019-08-18 11:15:51 +08:00
|
|
|
|
#### 方法 5 – 使用 Apt-show-versions
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
在 Debian 和基于 Debian 的系统中,`apt-show-versions` 命令用于列出已安装和可用软件包的版本。它还显示所有可升级软件包的列表。如果你有一个混合的稳定或测试环境,这是非常方便的。例如,如果你同时启用了稳定和测试仓库,那么你可以轻松地从测试库找到应用程序列表,还可以升级测试库中的所有软件包。
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2019-06-17 18:35:25 +08:00
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|
2019-08-18 11:15:51 +08:00
|
|
|
|
默认情况下系统没有安装 `apt-show-versions`,你需要使用以下命令来安装它:
|
2019-06-17 18:35:25 +08:00
|
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```
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$ sudo apt-get install apt-show-versions
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```
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2019-08-17 23:01:24 +08:00
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安装后,运行以下命令查找软件包的版本,例如 Vim:
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2019-06-17 18:35:25 +08:00
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```
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$ apt-show-versions -a vim
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vim:amd64 2:8.0.1453-1ubuntu1 bionic archive.ubuntu.com
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vim:amd64 2:8.0.1453-1ubuntu1.1 bionic-security security.ubuntu.com
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vim:amd64 2:8.0.1453-1ubuntu1.1 bionic-updates archive.ubuntu.com
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vim:amd64 not installed
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```
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2019-08-18 11:15:51 +08:00
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这里,`-a` 选项打印给定软件包的所有可用版本。
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2019-06-17 18:35:25 +08:00
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2019-08-18 11:15:51 +08:00
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如果已经安装了给定的软件包,那么就不需要使用 `-a` 选项。在这种情况下,只需运行:
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2019-06-17 18:35:25 +08:00
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```
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$ apt-show-versions vim
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```
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2019-08-17 23:01:24 +08:00
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差不多完了。如果你还了解其他方法,在下面的评论中分享,我将检查并更新本指南。
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2019-06-17 18:35:25 +08:00
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://www.ostechnix.com/how-to-check-linux-package-version-before-installing-it/
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作者:[sk][a]
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选题:[lujun9972][b]
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2019-08-17 23:01:24 +08:00
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译者:[MjSeven](https://github.com/MjSeven)
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2019-08-18 11:15:51 +08:00
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校对:[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
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2019-06-17 18:35:25 +08:00
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译,[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]: https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/
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[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
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[1]: https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Check-Linux-Package-Version-720x340.png
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[2]: https://www.ostechnix.com/find-package-version-linux/
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[3]: https://www.ostechnix.com/list-installed-packages-certain-repository-linux/
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