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204 lines
6.2 KiB
Markdown
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如何使用cloud-init来预配置LXD容器
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======
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当你正在创建LXD容器的时候，你希望它们能被预先配置好。例如在容器一启动就自动执行 **apt update**来安装一些软件包，或者运行一些命令。
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这篇文章将讲述如何用[**cloud-init**][1]来对[LXD容器进行进行早期初始化][2]。
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接下来，我们将创建一个包含cloud-init指令的LXD profile，然后启动一个新的容器来使用这个profile。
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### 如何创建一个新的LXD profile
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查看已经存在的profile：
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```shell
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$ lxc profile list
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+---------|---------+
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| NAME | USED BY |
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+---------|---------+
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| default | 11 |
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+---------|---------+
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```
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我们把名叫default的profile复制一份，然后在其内添加新的指令：
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```shell
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$ lxc profile copy default devprofile
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$ lxc profile list
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+------------|---------+
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| NAME | USED BY |
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+------------|---------+
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| default | 11 |
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+------------|---------+
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| devprofile | 0 |
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+------------|---------+
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```
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我们就得到了一个新的profile： **devprofile**。下面是它的详情：
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```yaml
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$ lxc profile show devprofile
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config:
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environment.TZ: ""
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description: Default LXD profile
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devices:
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eth0:
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nictype: bridged
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parent: lxdbr0
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type: nic
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root:
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path: /
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pool: default
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type: disk
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name: devprofile
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used_by: []
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```
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注意这几个部分： **config:** ， **description:** ， **devices:** ， **name:** 和 **used_by:**，当你修改这些内容的时候注意不要搞错缩进。（译者注：因为这些内容是YAML格式的，缩进是语法的一部分）
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### 如何把cloud-init添加到LXD profile里
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[cloud-init][1]可以添加到LXD profile的 **config** 里。当这些指令将被传递给容器后，会在容器第一次启动的时候执行。
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下面是用在示例中的指令：
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```yaml
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package_upgrade: true
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packages:
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- build-essential
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locale: es_ES.UTF-8
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timezone: Europe/Madrid
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runcmd:
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- [touch, /tmp/simos_was_here]
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```
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**package_upgrade: true** 是指当容器第一次被启动时，我们想要**cloud-init** 运行 **sudo apt upgrade**。
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**packages:** 列出了我们想要自动安装的软件。然后我们设置了**locale** and **timezone**。在Ubuntu容器的镜像里，root用户默认的 locale 是**C.UTF-8**，而**ubuntu** 用户则是 **en_US.UTF-8**。此外，我们把时区设置为**Etc/UTC**。
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最后，我们展示了[如何使用**runcmd**来运行一个Unix命令][3]。
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我们需要关注如何将**cloud-init**指令插入LXD profile。
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我首选的方法是：
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```
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$ lxc profile edit devprofile
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```
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它会打开一个文本编辑器，以便你将指令粘贴进去。[结果应该是这样的][4]：
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```yaml
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$ lxc profile show devprofile
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config:
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environment.TZ: ""
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user.user-data: |
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#cloud-config
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package_upgrade: true
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packages:
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- build-essential
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locale: es_ES.UTF-8
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timezone: Europe/Madrid
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runcmd:
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- [touch, /tmp/simos_was_here]
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description: Default LXD profile
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devices:
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eth0:
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nictype: bridged
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parent: lxdbr0
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type: nic
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root:
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path: /
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pool: default
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type: disk
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name: devprofile
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used_by: []
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```
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### 如何使用LXD profile启动一个容器
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使用profile **devprofile**来启动一个新容器：
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```
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$ lxc launch --profile devprofile ubuntu:x mydev
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```
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然后访问该容器来查看我们的的指令是否生效：
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```shell
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$ lxc exec mydev bash
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root@mydev:~# ps ax
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PID TTY STAT TIME COMMAND
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1 ? Ss 0:00 /sbin/init
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...
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427 ? Ss 0:00 /usr/bin/python3 /usr/bin/cloud-init modules --mode=f
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430 ? S 0:00 /bin/sh -c tee -a /var/log/cloud-init-output.log
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431 ? S 0:00 tee -a /var/log/cloud-init-output.log
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432 ? S 0:00 /usr/bin/apt-get --option=Dpkg::Options::=--force-con
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437 ? S 0:00 /usr/lib/apt/methods/http
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438 ? S 0:00 /usr/lib/apt/methods/http
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440 ? S 0:00 /usr/lib/apt/methods/gpgv
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570 ? Ss 0:00 bash
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624 ? S 0:00 /usr/lib/apt/methods/store
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625 ? R+ 0:00 ps ax
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root@mydev:~#
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```
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如果我们连接得够快，通过**ps ax**将能够看到系统正在更新软件。我们可以从/var/log/cloud-init-output.log看到完整的日志：
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```
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Generating locales (this might take a while)...
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es_ES.UTF-8... done
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Generation complete.
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```
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以上可以看出locale已经被更改了。root 用户还是保持默认的**C.UTF-8**，只有非root用户**ubuntu**使用了新的locale。
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```
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Hit:1 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial InRelease
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Get:2 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-updates InRelease [102 kB]
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Get:3 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-security InRelease [102 kB]
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```
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以上是安装软件包之前执行的**apt update**。
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```
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The following packages will be upgraded:
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libdrm2 libseccomp2 squashfs-tools unattended-upgrades
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4 upgraded, 1 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
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Need to get 211 kB of archives.
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```
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以上是在执行**package_upgrade: true**和安装软件包。
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```
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The following NEW packages will be installed:
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binutils build-essential cpp cpp-5 dpkg-dev fakeroot g++ g++-5 gcc gcc-5
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libalgorithm-diff-perl libalgorithm-diff-xs-perl libalgorithm-merge-perl
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```
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以上是我们安装**build-essential**软件包的指令。
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**runcmd** 执行的结果如何？
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```
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root@mydev:~# ls -l /tmp/
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total 1
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-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Jan 3 15:23 simos_was_here
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root@mydev:~#
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```
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可见它已经生效了！
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### 结论
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当我们启动LXD容器的时候，我们常常需要默认启用一些配置，并且希望能够避免重复工作。通常解决这个问题的方法是创建LXD profile，然后把需要的配置添加进去。最后，当我们启动新的容器时，只需要应用该LXD profile即可。
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://blog.simos.info/how-to-preconfigure-lxd-containers-with-cloud-init/
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作者：[Simos Xenitellis][a]
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译者：[kaneg](https://github.com/kaneg)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]:https://blog.simos.info/author/simos/
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[1]:http://cloudinit.readthedocs.io/en/latest/index.html
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[2]:https://github.com/lxc/lxd/blob/master/doc/cloud-init.md
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[3]:http://cloudinit.readthedocs.io/en/latest/topics/modules.html#runcmd
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[4]:https://paste.ubuntu.com/26313399/
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