2018-08-29 16:41:58 +08:00
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Linux DNS 查询剖析(第三部分)
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============================================================
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在 [Linux DNS 查询剖析(第一部分)][1]中,我们介绍了:
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* `nsswitch`
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* `/etc/hosts`
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* `/etc/resolv.conf`
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* `ping` 与 `host` 查询方式的对比
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2018-08-31 23:55:12 +08:00
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而在 [Linux DNS 查询剖析(第二部分)][2],我们介绍了:
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2018-08-29 16:41:58 +08:00
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* `systemd` 和对应的 `networking` 服务
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* `ifup` 和 `ifdown`
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* `dhclient`
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* `resolvconf`
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剖析进展如下:
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![linux-dns-2 (2)][4]
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_(大致)准确的关系图_
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很可惜,故事还没有结束,还有不少东西也会影响 DNS 查询。在第三部分中,我将介绍 `NetworkManager` 和 `dnsmasq`,简要说明它们如何影响 DNS 查询。
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### 1) NetworkManager
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在第二部分已经提到,我们现在介绍的内容已经偏离 POSIX 标准,涉及的 DNS 解析管理部分在各个发行版上形式并不统一。
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2018-08-31 23:55:12 +08:00
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在我使用的发行版 (Ubuntu)中,有一个名为 [NetworkManager][3] 的<ruby>可用<rt>available</rt></ruby>服务,它通常作为一些其它软件包的依赖被安装。它实际上是 RedHat 在 2004 年开发的一个服务,用于帮助你管理网络接口。
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2018-08-29 16:41:58 +08:00
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它与 DNS 查询有什么关系呢?让我们安装这个服务并找出答案:
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```
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$ apt-get install -y network-manager
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```
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对于 Ubuntu,在软件包安装后,你可以发现一个新的配置文件:
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```
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$ cat /etc/NetworkManager/NetworkManager.conf
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[main]
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plugins=ifupdown,keyfile,ofono
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dns=dnsmasq
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[ifupdown]
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managed=false
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```
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看到 `dns=dnsmasq` 了吧?这意味着 `NetworkManager` 将使用 `dnsmasq` 管理主机上的 DNS。
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### 2) dnsmasq
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`dnsmasq` 程序是我们很熟悉的程序:只是 `/etc/resolv.conf` 之上的又一个间接层。
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理论上,`dnsmasq` 有多种用途,但主要被用作 DNS 缓存服务器,缓存到其它 DNS 服务器的请求。`dnsmasq` 在本地所有网络接口上监听 53 端口(标准的 DNS 端口)。
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那么 `dnsmasq` 运行在哪里呢?`NetworkManager` 的运行情况如下:
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```
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$ ps -ef | grep NetworkManager
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root 15048 1 0 16:39 ? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/NetworkManager --no-daemon
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```
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但并没有找到 `dnsmasq` 相关的进程:
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```
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$ ps -ef | grep dnsmasq
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$
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```
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令人迷惑的是,虽然 `dnsmasq` 被配置用于管理 DNS,但其实并没有安装在系统上!因而,你需要自己安装它。
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安装之前,让我们查看一下 `/etc/resolv.conf` 文件的内容:
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```
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$ cat /etc/resolv.conf
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# Dynamic resolv.conf(5) file for glibc resolver(3) generated by resolvconf(8)
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# DO NOT EDIT THIS FILE BY HAND -- YOUR CHANGES WILL BE OVERWRITTEN
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nameserver 10.0.2.2
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search home
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```
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可见,并没有被 `NetworkManager` 修改。
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2018-08-31 23:55:12 +08:00
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如果安装 `dnsmasq`:
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2018-08-29 16:41:58 +08:00
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```
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$ apt-get install -y dnsmasq
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```
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2018-08-31 23:55:12 +08:00
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然后启动运行 `dnsmasq`:
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2018-08-29 16:41:58 +08:00
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```
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$ ps -ef | grep dnsmasq
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dnsmasq 15286 1 0 16:54 ? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/dnsmasq -x /var/run/dnsmasq/dnsmasq.pid -u dnsmasq -r /var/run/dnsmasq/resolv.conf -7 /etc/dnsmasq.d,.dpkg-dist,.dpkg-old,.dpkg-new --local-service --trust-anchor=.,19036,8,2,49AAC11D7B6F6446702E54A1607371607A1A41855200FD2CE1CDDE32F24E8FB5
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```
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然后,`/etc/resolv.conf` 文件内容又改变了!
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```
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root@linuxdns1:~# cat /etc/resolv.conf
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# Dynamic resolv.conf(5) file for glibc resolver(3) generated by resolvconf(8)
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# DO NOT EDIT THIS FILE BY HAND -- YOUR CHANGES WILL BE OVERWRITTEN
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nameserver 127.0.0.1
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search home
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```
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运行 `netstat` 命令,可以看出 `dnsmasq` 在所有网络接口上监听 53 端口:
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```
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$ netstat -nlp4
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Active Internet connections (only servers)
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Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State PID/Program name
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tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:53 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 15286/dnsmasq
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tcp 0 0 10.0.2.15:53 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 15286/dnsmasq
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tcp 0 0 172.28.128.11:53 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 15286/dnsmasq
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tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:22 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 1237/sshd
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udp 0 0 127.0.0.1:53 0.0.0.0:* 15286/dnsmasq
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udp 0 0 10.0.2.15:53 0.0.0.0:* 15286/dnsmasq
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udp 0 0 172.28.128.11:53 0.0.0.0:* 15286/dnsmasq
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udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:68 0.0.0.0:* 10758/dhclient
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udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:68 0.0.0.0:* 10530/dhclient
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udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:68 0.0.0.0:* 10185/dhclient
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```
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### 3) 分析 dnsmasq
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在目前的情况下,所有的 DNS 查询都会使用 `127.0.0.1:53` 这个 DNS 服务器,下一步会发生什么呢?
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2018-08-31 23:55:12 +08:00
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我再次查看 `/var/run` 目录,可以发现一个线索:`resolvconf` 目录下 `resolv.conf` 文件中的配置也相应变更,变更为 `dnsmasq` 对应的 DNS 服务器:
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2018-08-29 16:41:58 +08:00
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```
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$ cat /var/run/resolvconf/resolv.conf
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# Dynamic resolv.conf(5) file for glibc resolver(3) generated by resolvconf(8)
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# DO NOT EDIT THIS FILE BY HAND -- YOUR CHANGES WILL BE OVERWRITTEN
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nameserver 127.0.0.1
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search home
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```
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同时,出现了一个新的 `dnsmasq` 目录,也包含一个 `resolv.conf` 文件:
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```
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$ cat /run/dnsmasq/resolv.conf
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nameserver 10.0.2.2
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```
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(LCTT 译注:这里依次提到了 `/var/run` 和 `/run`,使用 Ubuntu 16.04 LTS 验证发现,`/var/run` 其实是指向 `/run/` 的软链接)
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该文件包含我们从 `DHCP` 获取的 `nameserver`。
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虽然可以推导出这个结论,但如何查看具体的调用逻辑呢?
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### 4) 调试 dnsmasq
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我经常思考 `dnsmasq` (在整个过程中)的功能定位。幸运的是,如果你将 `/etc/dnsmasq.conf` 中的一行做如下调整,你可以获取大量 `dnsmasq` 状态的信息:
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```
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#log-queries
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```
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修改为:
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```
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log-queries
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```
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然后重启 `dnsmasq`。
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接下来,只要运行一个简单的命令:
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```
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$ ping -c1 bbc.co.uk
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```
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你就可以在 `/var/log/syslog` 中找到类似的内容(其中 `[...]` 表示行首内容与上一行相同):
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```
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Jul 3 19:56:07 ubuntu-xenial dnsmasq[15372]: query[A] bbc.co.uk from 127.0.0.1
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[...] forwarded bbc.co.uk to 10.0.2.2
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[...] reply bbc.co.uk is 151.101.192.81
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[...] reply bbc.co.uk is 151.101.0.81
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[...] reply bbc.co.uk is 151.101.64.81
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[...] reply bbc.co.uk is 151.101.128.81
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[...] query[PTR] 81.192.101.151.in-addr.arpa from 127.0.0.1
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[...] forwarded 81.192.101.151.in-addr.arpa to 10.0.2.2
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[...] reply 151.101.192.81 is NXDOMAIN
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```
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可以清晰看出 `dnsmasq` 收到的查询、查询被转发到了哪里以及收到的回复。
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2018-08-31 23:55:12 +08:00
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如果查询被缓存命中(或者说,本地的查询结果还在<ruby>存活时间<rt>time-to-live</rt></ruby> TTL 内,并未过期),日志显示如下:
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2018-08-29 16:41:58 +08:00
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```
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[...] query[A] bbc.co.uk from 127.0.0.1
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[...] cached bbc.co.uk is 151.101.64.81
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[...] cached bbc.co.uk is 151.101.128.81
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[...] cached bbc.co.uk is 151.101.192.81
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[...] cached bbc.co.uk is 151.101.0.81
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[...] query[PTR] 81.64.101.151.in-addr.arpa from 127.0.0.1
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```
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如果你想了解缓存中有哪些记录,可以向 `dnsmasq` 进程 id 发送 `USR1` 信号,这样 `dnsmasq` 会将缓存记录导出并写入到相同的日志文件中:
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```
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$ kill -SIGUSR1 $(cat /run/dnsmasq/dnsmasq.pid)
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```
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(LCTT 译注:原文中命令执行报错,已变更成最接近且符合作者意图的命令)
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2018-08-31 23:55:12 +08:00
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导出记录对应如下输出:
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2018-08-29 16:41:58 +08:00
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```
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Jul 3 15:08:08 ubuntu-xenial dnsmasq[15697]: time 1530630488
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[...] cache size 150, 0/5 cache insertions re-used unexpired cache entries.
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[...] queries forwarded 2, queries answered locally 0
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[...] queries for authoritative zones 0
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[...] server 10.0.2.2#53: queries sent 2, retried or failed 0
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[...] Host Address Flags Expires
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[...] linuxdns1 172.28.128.8 4FRI H
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[...] ip6-localhost ::1 6FRI H
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[...] ip6-allhosts ff02::3 6FRI H
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[...] ip6-localnet fe00:: 6FRI H
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[...] ip6-mcastprefix ff00:: 6FRI H
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[...] ip6-loopback : 6F I H
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[...] ip6-allnodes ff02: 6FRI H
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[...] bbc.co.uk 151.101.64.81 4F Tue Jul 3 15:11:41 2018
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[...] bbc.co.uk 151.101.192.81 4F Tue Jul 3 15:11:41 2018
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[...] bbc.co.uk 151.101.0.81 4F Tue Jul 3 15:11:41 2018
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[...] bbc.co.uk 151.101.128.81 4F Tue Jul 3 15:11:41 2018
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[...] 151.101.64.81 4 R NX Tue Jul 3 15:34:17 2018
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[...] localhost 127.0.0.1 4FRI H
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[...] <Root> 19036 8 2 SF I
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[...] ip6-allrouters ff02::2 6FRI H
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```
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2018-08-31 23:55:12 +08:00
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在上面的输出中,我猜测(并不确认,`?` 代表我比较无根据的猜测)如下:
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2018-08-29 16:41:58 +08:00
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* `4` 代表 IPv4
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* `6` 代表 IPv6
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* `H` 代表从 `/etc/hosts` 中读取 IP 地址
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* `I` ? “永生”的 DNS 记录 ? (例如,没有设置存活时间数值 ?)
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* `F` ?
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* `R` ?
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* `S` ?
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* `N` ?
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* `X`
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(LCTT 译注:查看 `dnsmasq` 的源代码 [`cache.c`][5] 可知,`4` 代表 `IPV4`,`6` 代表 `IPV6`,`C` 代表 `CNAME`,`S` 代表 `DNSSEC`,`F` 代表 `FORWARD`,`R` 代表 `REVERSE`,`I` 代表 `IMMORTAL`,`N` 代表 `NEG`,`X` 代表 `NXDOMAIN`,`H` 代表 `HOSTS`。更具体的含义需要查看代码或相关文档)
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#### dnsmasq 的替代品
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`NetworkManager` 配置中的 `dns` 字段并不是只能使用 `dnsmasq`,可选项包括 `none`,`default`,`unbound` 和 `dnssec-triggered` 等。使用 `none` 时,`NetworkManager` 不会改动 `/etc/resolv.conf`;使用 `default` 时,`NetworkManager` 会根据当前的<ruby>活跃连接<rt>active connections</rt></ruby>更新 `resolv.conf`;使用 `unbound` 时,`NetworkManager` 会与 `unbound` 服务通信;`dnssec-triggered` 与 DNS 安全相关,不在本文讨论范围。
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### 第三部分总结
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第三部分到此结束,其中我们介绍了 `NetworkManager` 服务及其 `dns=dnsmasq` 的配置。
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下面简要罗列一下我们已经介绍过的全部内容:
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* `nsswitch`
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* `/etc/hosts`
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* `/etc/resolv.conf`
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* `/run/resolvconf/resolv.conf`
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* `systemd` 及对应的 `networking` 服务
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* `ifup` 和 `ifdown`
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* `dhclient`
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* `resolvconf`
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* `NetworkManager`
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* `dnsmasq`
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://zwischenzugs.com/2018/07/06/anatomy-of-a-linux-dns-lookup-part-iii/
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作者:[ZWISCHENZUGS][a]
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译者:[pinewall](https://github.com/pinewall)
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2018-08-31 23:55:12 +08:00
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校对:[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
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2018-08-29 16:41:58 +08:00
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译,[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]:https://zwischenzugs.com/
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[1]:https://linux.cn/article-9943-1.html
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[2]:https://linux.cn/article-9949-1.html
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[3]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetworkManager
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[4]:https://zwischenzugs.files.wordpress.com/2018/06/linux-dns-2-2.png?w=525
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[5]:https://github.com/imp/dnsmasq/blob/master/src/cache.c
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