2018-03-05 19:14:38 +08:00
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如何在 CentOS 7 / RHEL 7 终端服务器上安装 KVM
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======
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如何在 CnetOS 7 或 RHEL 7( Red Hat 企业版 Linux) 服务器上安装和配置 KVM(基于内核的虚拟机)?如何在 CnetOS 7 上设置 KMV 并使用云镜像/ cloud-init 来安装客户虚拟机?
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2018-03-05 19:16:33 +08:00
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基于内核的虚拟机(KVM)是 CentOS 或 RHEL 7 的虚拟化软件。KVM 将你的服务器变成虚拟机管理程序。本文介绍如何在 CentOS 7 或 RHEL 7 中使用 KVM 设置和管理虚拟化环境。还介绍了如何使用 CLI 在物理服务器上安装和管理虚拟机(VM)。确保在服务器的 BIOS 中启用了**虚拟化技术(vt)**。你也可以运行以下命令[测试 CPU 是否支持 Intel VT 和 AMD_V 虚拟化技术][1]。
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2018-03-05 19:14:38 +08:00
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```
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$ lscpu | grep Virtualization
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Virtualization: VT-x
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```
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### 按照 CentOS 7/RHEL 7 终端服务器上的 KVM 安装步骤进行操作
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#### 步骤 1: 安装 kvm
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输入以下 [yum 命令][2]:
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`# yum install qemu-kvm libvirt libvirt-python libguestfs-tools virt-install`
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[![How to install KVM on CentOS 7 RHEL 7 Headless Server][3]][3]
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启动 libvirtd 服务:
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```
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# systemctl enable libvirtd
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# systemctl start libvirtd
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```
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#### 步骤 2: 确认 kvm 安装
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确保使用 lsmod 命令和 [grep命令][4] 加载 KVM 模块:
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`# lsmod | grep -i kvm`
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#### 步骤 3: 配置桥接网络
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默认情况下,由 libvirtd 配置的基于 dhcpd 的网桥。你可以使用以下命令验证:
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```
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# brctl show
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# virsh net-list
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```
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[![KVM default networking][5]][5]
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所有虚拟机(客户机器)只能在同一台服务器上对其他虚拟机进行网络访问。为你创建的私有网络是 192.168.122.0/24。验证:
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`# virsh net-dumpxml default`
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如果你希望你的虚拟机可用于 LAN 上的其他服务器,请在连接到你的 LAN 的服务器上设置一个网桥。更新你的网卡配置文件,如 ifcfg-enp3s0 或 em1:
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`# vi /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/enp3s0 `
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添加一行:
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```
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BRIDGE=br0
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```
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[使用 vi 保存并关闭文件][6]。编辑 /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-br0 :
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`# vi /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-br0`
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添加以下东西:
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```
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DEVICE="br0"
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# I am getting ip from DHCP server #
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BOOTPROTO="dhcp"
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IPV6INIT="yes"
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IPV6_AUTOCONF="yes"
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ONBOOT="yes"
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TYPE="Bridge"
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DELAY="0"
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```
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重新启动网络服务(警告:ssh命令将断开连接,最好重新启动该设备):
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`# systemctl restart NetworkManager`
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用 brctl 命令验证它:
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`# brctl show`
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#### 步骤 4: 创建你的第一个虚拟机
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我将会创建一个 CentOS 7.x 虚拟机。首先,使用 wget 命令获取 CentOS 7.x 最新的 ISO 镜像:
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```
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# cd /var/lib/libvirt/boot/
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# wget https://mirrors.kernel.org/centos/7.4.1708/isos/x86_64/CentOS-7-x86_64-Minimal-1708.iso
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```
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验证 ISO 镜像:
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```
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# wget https://mirrors.kernel.org/centos/7.4.1708/isos/x86_64/sha256sum.txt
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# sha256sum -c sha256sum.txt
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```
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##### 创建 CentOS 7.x 虚拟机
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在这个例子中,我创建了 2GB RAM,2 个 CPU 核心,1 个网卡和 40 GB 磁盘空间的 CentOS 7.x 虚拟机,输入:
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```
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# virt-install \
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--virt-type=kvm \
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--name centos7 \
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--ram 2048 \
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--vcpus=1 \
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--os-variant=centos7.0 \
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--cdrom=/var/lib/libvirt/boot/CentOS-7-x86_64-Minimal-1708.iso \
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--network=bridge=br0,model=virtio \
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--graphics vnc \
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--disk path=/var/lib/libvirt/images/centos7.qcow2,size=40,bus=virtio,format=qcow2
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```
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从另一个终端通过 ssh 和 type 配置 vnc 登录:
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```
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# virsh dumpxml centos7 | grep v nc
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<graphics type='vnc' port='5901' autoport='yes' listen='127.0.0.1'>
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```
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请记录下端口值(即 5901)。你需要使用 SSH 客户端来建立隧道和 VNC 客户端才能访问远程 vnc 服务区。在客户端/桌面/ macbook pro 系统中输入以下 SSH 端口转化命令:
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`$ ssh vivek@server1.cyberciti.biz -L 5901:127.0.0.1:5901`
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一旦你建立了 ssh 隧道,你可以将你的 VNC 客户端指向你自己的 127.0.0.1 (localhost) 地址和端口 5901,如下所示:
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[![][7]][7]
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你应该看到 CentOS Linux 7 客户虚拟机安装屏幕如下:
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[![][8]][8]
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现在只需按照屏幕说明进行操作并安装CentOS 7。一旦安装完成后,请继续并单击重启按钮。 远程服务器关闭了我们的 VNC 客户端的连接。 你可以通过 KVM 客户端重新连接,以配置服务器的其余部分,包括基于 SSH 的会话或防火墙。
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#### 步骤 5: 使用云镜像
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以上安装方法对于学习目的或单个虚拟机而言是可行的。你需要部署大量的虚拟机吗? 尝试云镜像。你可以根据需要修改预先构建的云图像。例如,使用 [Cloud-init][9] 添加用户,ssh 密钥,设置时区等等,这是处理云实例的早期初始化的事实上的多分发包。让我们看看如何创建带有 1024MB RAM,20GB 磁盘空间和 1 个 vCPU 的 CentOS 7 虚拟机。(译注: vCPU 即电脑中的虚拟处理器)
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##### 获取 CentOS 7 云镜像
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```
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# cd /var/lib/libvirt/boot
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# wget http://cloud.centos.org/centos/7/images/CentOS-7-x86_64-GenericCloud.qcow2
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```
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##### 创建所需的目录
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```
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# D=/var/lib/libvirt/images
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# VM=centos7-vm1 ## vm name ##
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# mkdir -vp $D/$VM
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mkdir: created directory '/var/lib/libvirt/images/centos7-vm1'
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```
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##### 创建元数据文件
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```
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# cd $D/$VM
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# vi meta-data
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```
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添加以下东西:
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```
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instance-id: centos7-vm1
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local-hostname: centos7-vm1
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```
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##### 创建用户数据文件
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我将使用 ssh 密钥登录到虚拟机。所以确保你有 ssh-keys:
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`# ssh-keygen -t ed25519 -C "VM Login ssh key"`
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[![ssh-keygen command][10]][11]
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请参阅 "[如何在 Linux/Unix 系统上设置 SSH 密钥][12]" 来获取更多信息。编辑用户数据如下:
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```
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# cd $D/$VM
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# vi user-data
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```
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添加如下(根据你的设置替换主机名,用户,ssh-authorized-keys):
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```
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#cloud-config
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# Hostname management
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preserve_hostname: False
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hostname: centos7-vm1
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fqdn: centos7-vm1.nixcraft.com
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# Users
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users:
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- default
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- name: vivek
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groups: ['wheel']
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shell: /bin/bash
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sudo: ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD:ALL
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ssh-authorized-keys:
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- ssh-ed25519 AAAAC3NzaC1lZDI1NTE5AAAAIIMP3MOF2ot8MOdNXCpHem0e2Wemg4nNmL2Tio4Ik1JY VM Login ssh key
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# Configure where output will go
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output:
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all: ">> /var/log/cloud-init.log"
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# configure interaction with ssh server
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ssh_genkeytypes: ['ed25519', 'rsa']
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# Install my public ssh key to the first user-defined user configured
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# in cloud.cfg in the template (which is centos for CentOS cloud images)
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ssh_authorized_keys:
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- ssh-ed25519 AAAAC3NzaC1lZDI1NTE5AAAAIIMP3MOF2ot8MOdNXCpHem0e2Wemg4nNmL2Tio4Ik1JY VM Login ssh key
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# set timezone for VM
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timezone: Asia/Kolkata
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# Remove cloud-init
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runcmd:
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- systemctl stop network && systemctl start network
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- yum -y remove cloud-init
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```
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##### 复制云镜像
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```
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# cd $D/$VM
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# cp /var/lib/libvirt/boot/CentOS-7-x86_64-GenericCloud.qcow2 $VM.qcow2
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```
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##### 创建 20GB 磁盘映像
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```
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# cd $D/$VM
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# export LIBGUESTFS_BACKEND=direct
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# qemu-img create -f qcow2 -o preallocation=metadata $VM.new.image 20G
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# virt-resize --quiet --expand /dev/sda1 $VM.qcow2 $VM.new.image
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```
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[![Set VM image disk size][13]][13]
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覆盖它的缩放图片:
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```
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# cd $D/$VM
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# mv $VM.new.image $VM.qcow2
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```
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##### 创建一个 cloud-init ISO
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`# mkisofs -o $VM-cidata.iso -V cidata -J -r user-data meta-data`
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[![Creating a cloud-init ISO][14]][14]
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##### 创建一个 pool
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```
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# virsh pool-create-as --name $VM --type dir --target $D/$VM
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Pool centos7-vm1 created
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```
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##### 安装 CentOS 7 虚拟机
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```
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# cd $D/$VM
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# virt-install --import --name $VM \
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--memory 1024 --vcpus 1 --cpu host \
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--disk $VM.qcow2,format=qcow2,bus=virtio \
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--disk $VM-cidata.iso,device=cdrom \
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--network bridge=virbr0,model=virtio \
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--os-type=linux \
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--os-variant=centos7.0 \
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--graphics spice \
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--noautoconsole
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```
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删除不需要的文件:
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```
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# cd $D/$VM
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# virsh change-media $VM hda --eject --config
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# rm meta-data user-data centos7-vm1-cidata.iso
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```
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##### 查找虚拟机的 IP 地址
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`# virsh net-dhcp-leases default`
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2018-03-05 19:18:27 +08:00
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2018-03-05 19:14:38 +08:00
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[![CentOS7-VM1- Created][15]][15]
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##### 登录到你的虚拟机
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使用 ssh 命令:
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`# ssh vivek@192.168.122.85`
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[![Sample VM session][16]][16]
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### 有用的命令
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让我们看看管理虚拟机的一些有用的命令。
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#### 列出所有虚拟机
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`# virsh list --all`
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#### 获取虚拟机信息
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```
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# virsh dominfo vmName
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# virsh dominfo centos7-vm1
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```
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#### 停止/关闭虚拟机
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`# virsh shutdown centos7-vm1`
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#### 开启虚拟机
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`# virsh start centos7-vm1`
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#### 将虚拟机标记为在引导时自动启动
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`# virsh autostart centos7-vm1`
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#### 重新启动(软安全重启)虚拟机
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`# virsh reboot centos7-vm1`
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重置(硬重置/不安全)虚拟机
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`# virsh reset centos7-vm1`
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#### 删除虚拟机
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```
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# virsh shutdown centos7-vm1
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# virsh undefine centos7-vm1
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# virsh pool-destroy centos7-vm1
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# D=/var/lib/libvirt/images
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# VM=centos7-vm1
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# rm -ri $D/$VM
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```
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查看 virsh 命令类型的完整列表
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```
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# virsh help | less
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# virsh help | grep reboot
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```
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### 关于作者
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作者是 nixCraft 的创建者,也是经验丰富的系统管理员和 Linux 操作系统/ Unix shell 脚本的培训师。 他曾与全球客户以及 IT,教育,国防和空间研究以及非营利部门等多个行业合作。 在 [Twitter][17],[Facebook][18],[Google +][19] 上关注他。
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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2018-03-05 19:19:38 +08:00
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via: [https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/how-to-install-kvm-on-centos-7-rhel-7-headless-server/](https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/how-to-install-kvm-on-centos-7-rhel-7-headless-server/)
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2018-03-05 19:14:38 +08:00
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作者:[Vivek Gite][a]
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译者:[MjSeven](https://github.com/MjSeven)
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校对:[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译,[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]:https://www.cyberciti.biz
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[1]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/linux-xen-vmware-kvm-intel-vt-amd-v-support/
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[2]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/rhel-centos-fedora-linux-yum-command-howto/ (See Linux/Unix yum command examples for more info)
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[3]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/media/new/faq/2018/01/How-to-install-KVM-on-CentOS-7-RHEL-7-Headless-Server.jpg
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[4]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/howto-use-grep-command-in-linux-unix/ (See Linux/Unix grep command examples for more info)
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[5]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/media/new/faq/2018/01/KVM-default-networking.jpg
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[6]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/linux-unix-vim-save-and-quit-command/
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[7]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/media/new/faq/2016/01/vnc-client.jpg
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[8]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/media/new/faq/2016/01/centos7-guest-vnc.jpg
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[9]:https://cloudinit.readthedocs.io/en/latest/index.html
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[10]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/media/new/faq/2018/01/ssh-keygen-pub-key.jpg
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[11]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/linux-unix-generating-ssh-keys/
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[12]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/how-to-set-up-ssh-keys-on-linux-unix/
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[13]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/media/new/faq/2018/01/Set-VM-image-disk-size.jpg
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[14]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/media/new/faq/2018/01/Creating-a-cloud-init-ISO.jpg
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[15]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/media/new/faq/2018/01/CentOS7-VM1-Created.jpg
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[16]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/media/new/faq/2018/01/Sample-VM-session.jpg
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[17]:https://twitter.com/nixcraft
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[18]:https://facebook.com/nixcraft
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[19]:https://plus.google.com/+CybercitiBiz
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