2014-07-07 10:57:13 +08:00
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给linux用户的11个高级MySQL数据库面试问题和答案
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2014-08-15 15:07:14 +08:00
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我们已经发表了两篇MySQL的文章,非常感谢Tecmint社区的大力支持。这是MySQL面试系列的第三篇文章,并且在面试专栏中排第16。
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2014-07-07 10:57:13 +08:00
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- [15个基本的MySQL面试问题][1]
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- [给中级人员的10个MySQL面试问题][1]
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![11个MySQL面试问题](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/MySQL-Interview-Questions.jpeg)
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2014-08-15 15:07:14 +08:00
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因为有大家的支持,我们才能做到现在,感谢你们这一路上对我们的支持.在这篇文章中,我们将主要针对MySQL的实用技巧,讲讲面试中相关的问题.
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2014-07-07 10:57:13 +08:00
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### 1. 如何使用SELECT语句找到你正在运行的服务器的版本并打印出当前数据库的名称? ###
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2014-08-15 15:07:14 +08:00
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**答**:下面的语句的结果会显示服务器的版本和当前的数据库名称
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2014-07-07 10:57:13 +08:00
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mysql> SELECT VERSION(), DATABASE();
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+-------------------------+------------+
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| VERSION() | DATABASE() |
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+-------------------------+------------+
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| 5.5.34-0ubuntu0.13.10.1 | NULL |
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+-------------------------+------------+
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1 row in set (0.06 sec)
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2014-08-15 15:07:14 +08:00
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在Database一列中显示**NULL**是因为我们当前没有选择任何数据库。因此,使用下面的语句先选择一个数据库,就能看到相应的结果。
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2014-07-07 10:57:13 +08:00
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mysql> use Tecmint;
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Reading table information for completion of table and column names
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You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A
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Database changed
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----------
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mysql> select VERSION(), DATABASE();
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+-------------------------+------------+
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| VERSION() | DATABASE() |
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+-------------------------+------------+
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| 5.5.34-0ubuntu0.13.10.1 | tecmint |
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+-------------------------+------------+
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1 row in set (0.00 sec)
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2014-08-15 15:07:14 +08:00
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### 2. 使用非运算符(!)从表"Tecmint"中列出除了"SAM"以外的所有user记录
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2014-07-07 10:57:13 +08:00
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2014-08-15 15:07:14 +08:00
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**答**:使用下面的语句
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2014-07-07 10:57:13 +08:00
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mysql> SELECT * FROM Tecmint WHERE user !=SAM;
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+---------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+-------+
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| date | user | host | root | local | size |
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+---------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+-------+
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| 2001-05-14 14:42:21 | Anthony | venus | barb | venus | 98151 |
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| 2001-05-15 08:50:57 | TIM | venus | phil | venus | 978 |
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+---------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+-------+
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2014-08-15 15:07:14 +08:00
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### 3. ‘AND’运算符有可能带着非运算符(!)一起用吗?
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2014-07-07 10:57:13 +08:00
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2014-08-15 15:07:14 +08:00
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**答**:当我们使用‘=’号时用‘AND’连接,用‘!=’时用‘OR’连接,下面是‘=’和AND运算符一起用的例子
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2014-07-07 10:57:13 +08:00
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mysql> SELECT * FROM mail WHERE user = SAM AND root = phil
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2014-08-15 15:07:14 +08:00
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‘!=’和OR运算符的例子
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2014-07-07 10:57:13 +08:00
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mysql> SELECT * FROM mail WHERE user != SAM OR root != phil
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+---------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+-------+
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| date | user | host | root | local | size |
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+---------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+-------+
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| 2001-05-14 14:42:21 | Anthony | venus | barb | venus | 98151 |
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+---------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+-------+
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- = : 等于
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- != : 不等于
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2014-08-15 15:07:14 +08:00
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- ! : 代表“非”的运算符
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2014-07-07 10:57:13 +08:00
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2014-08-15 15:07:14 +08:00
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AND和OR在MySQL中被看作连接运算符
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2014-07-07 10:57:13 +08:00
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2014-08-15 15:07:14 +08:00
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### 4. IFNULL()当打在MySQL中有什么作用? ###
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2014-07-07 10:57:13 +08:00
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2014-08-15 15:07:14 +08:00
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**答**:使用**IFNULL()**方法能使MySQL中的查询更加精确。IFNULL()方法将会测试它的第一个参数,若不为NULL则返回该参数的值,否则返回第二个参数的值
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2014-07-07 10:57:13 +08:00
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mysql> SELECT name, IFNULL(id,'Unknown') AS 'id' FROM taxpayer;
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+---------+---------+
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| name | id |
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+---------+---------+
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| bernina | 198-48 |
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| bertha | Unknown |
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| ben | Unknown |
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| bill | 475-83 |
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+---------+---------+
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2014-08-15 15:07:14 +08:00
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### 5. 如果你只想知道从一个结果集的开头或者结尾开始的特定几条记录,该如何实现?
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2014-07-07 10:57:13 +08:00
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2014-08-15 15:07:14 +08:00
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**答**:我们需要把**LIMIT**语句接在**ORDER BY**语句后使用,以达到上述效果。
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2014-07-07 10:57:13 +08:00
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#### 显示一行记录 ####
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mysql> SELECT * FROM name LIMIT 1;
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+----+------+------------+-------+----------------------+------+
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| id | name | birth | color | foods | cats |
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+----+------+------------+-------+----------------------+------+
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| 1 | Fred | 1970-04-13 | black | lutefisk,fadge,pizza | 0 |
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+----+------+------------+-------+----------------------+------+
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#### 显示5行记录 ####
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mysql> SELECT * FROM profile LIMIT 5;
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+----+------+------------+-------+-----------------------+------+
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| id | name | birth | color | foods | cats |
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+----+------+------------+-------+-----------------------+------+
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| 1 | Fred | 1970-04-13 | black | lutefisk,fadge,pizza | 0 |
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| 2 | Mort | 1969-09-30 | white | burrito,curry,eggroll | 3 |
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| 3 | Brit | 1957-12-01 | red | burrito,curry,pizza | 1 |
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| 4 | Carl | 1973-11-02 | red | eggroll,pizza | 4 |
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| 5 | Sean | 1963-07-04 | blue | burrito,curry | 5 |
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+----+------+------------+-------+-----------------------+------+
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#### 显示按照ORDER BY排序后的第一条记录 ####
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mysql> SELECT * FROM profile ORDER BY birth LIMIT 1;
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+----+------+------------+-------+----------------+------+
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| id | name | birth | color | foods | cats |
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+----+------+------------+-------+----------------+------+
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| 9 | Dick | 1952-08-20 | green | lutefisk,fadge | 0 |
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+----+------+------------+-------+----------------+------+
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2014-08-15 15:07:14 +08:00
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### 6. Oracle 和 MySQL该如何选择,为什么? ###
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2014-07-07 10:57:13 +08:00
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2014-08-15 15:16:18 +08:00
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**答**:它们都有各自的优点和缺点。考虑到时间因素,我倾向于MySQL。
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2014-07-07 10:57:13 +08:00
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#### 选择MySQL而不选orcale的原因 ####
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2014-08-15 15:07:14 +08:00
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- MySQL开源
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- MySQL轻便快捷
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- MySQL对命令行和图形界面的支持都很好
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- MySQL支持通过Query Browser进行管理
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2014-07-07 10:57:13 +08:00
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### 7. MySQL中如何得到当前日期? ###
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2014-08-15 15:16:18 +08:00
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**答**:在MySQL中获取当前日期就是如下的SELECT语句这么简单。
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2014-07-07 10:57:13 +08:00
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mysql> SELECT CURRENT_DATE();
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+----------------+
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| CURRENT_DATE() |
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+----------------+
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| 2014-06-17 |
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+----------------+
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### 8. MySQL中如何将表导出为XML文件? ###
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2014-08-15 15:16:18 +08:00
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**答**:我们可以使用'-e'(export)选项来把MySQL表或整个数据库导出到XML文件。当处理大型表的时候我们可能需要手动导出,不过对于小表的话可以直接使用想phpMyAdmin等这样的工具。
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2014-07-07 10:57:13 +08:00
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2014-08-15 15:07:14 +08:00
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mysql -u USER_NAME -xml -e 'SELECT * FROM table_name' > table_name.xml
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2014-07-07 10:57:13 +08:00
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上面的例子中USER_NAME是数据库的用户名,table_name是待导出为xml文件的表名,table_name.xml是存放数据的xml文件
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### 9. MySQL_pconnect是什么? 它和MySQL_connect有什么区别? ###
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2014-08-15 15:16:18 +08:00
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**答**:MySQL_pconnect()打开一个持久的数据库连接,这意味着数据库不是在每次页面加载的时候被打开一个新连接,因此我们不能使用MySQL_close()来关闭一个持久的连接
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2014-07-07 10:57:13 +08:00
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2014-08-15 15:07:14 +08:00
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MySQL_pconnect和MySQL_connect最简要的区别是:
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2014-07-07 10:57:13 +08:00
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2014-08-15 15:07:14 +08:00
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与MySQL_pconnect不同,MySQL_connect在每次页面被加载的时候打开连接,这个连接可以使用MySQL_close()语句来关闭
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2014-07-07 10:57:13 +08:00
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2014-08-15 15:07:14 +08:00
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### 10. 当你需要查看一个名为'mysql'的数据库中'user'表中的所有索引时,你会如何做? ###
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2014-07-07 10:57:13 +08:00
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2014-08-15 15:16:18 +08:00
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**答**:下面的命令将会显示出‘user’表中所有的索引
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2014-07-07 10:57:13 +08:00
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mysql> show index from user;
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+-------+------------+----------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+
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| Table | Non_unique | Key_name | Seq_in_index | Column_name | Collation | Cardinality | Sub_part | Packed | Null | Index_type | Comment | Index_comment |
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+-------+------------+----------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+
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| user | 0 | PRIMARY | 1 | Host | A | NULL | NULL | NULL | | BTREE | | |
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| user | 0 | PRIMARY | 2 | User | A | 4 | NULL | NULL | | BTREE | | |
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+-------+------------+----------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+
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2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
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### 11. 什么是CSV表? ###
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2014-08-15 15:16:18 +08:00
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**答**:CSV是逗号分隔值(Comma-Separated Values)或也被称为字符分隔值(Character-Separated Values)的缩写。CSV表以纯文本和表格形式来存储数据。
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2014-07-07 10:57:13 +08:00
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2014-08-15 15:07:14 +08:00
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每一条记录都使用特定的分隔符隔开(如逗号,分号,...),并且每条记录都有着顺序相同的列。CSV表最广泛地被用来存储用于导入和导出的电话联系人,并能够用来存储任何类型的纯文本数据。
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2014-07-07 10:57:13 +08:00
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2014-08-15 15:07:14 +08:00
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以上就是这次要讲的全部内容。我还会带来其他你们应该会喜欢的有趣的文章。到那时敬请关注并访问Tecmint,不要忘了在下方的评论栏中留下你们的宝贵意见。
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2014-07-07 10:57:13 +08:00
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: http://www.tecmint.com/mysql-advance-interview-questions/
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2014-08-15 15:33:55 +08:00
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译者:[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对:[ReiNoir](https://github.com/reinoir)
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2014-07-07 10:57:13 +08:00
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译,[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/basic-mysql-interview-questions-for-database-administrators/
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[2]:http://www.tecmint.com/10-mysql-database-interview-questions-for-beginners-and-intermediates/
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