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323 lines
8.7 KiB
Markdown
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Makefile及其工作原理
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======
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![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/osdc_liberate%20docs_1109ay.png?itok=xQOLreya)
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当你在一些源文件改变后需要运行或更新一个任务时,make工具通常会被用到。make工具需要读取Makefile(或makefile)文件,在该文件中定义了一系列需要执行的任务。make可以用来将源代码编译为可执行程序。大部分开源项目会使用make来实现二进制文件的编译,然后使用make istall命令来执行安装。
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本文将通过一些基础和进阶的示例来展示make和Makefile的使用方法。在开始前,请确保你的系统中安装了make。
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### 基础示例
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依然从打印“Hello World”开始。首先创建一个名字为myproject的目录,目录下新建Makefile文件,文件内容为:
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```
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say_hello:
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echo "Hello World"
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```
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在myproject目录下执行make,会有如下输出:
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```
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$ make
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echo "Hello World"
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Hello World
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```
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在上面的例子中,“say_hello”类似于其他编程语言中的函数名。在此可以成为target。在target之后的是预置条件和依赖。为了简单期间,我们在示例中没有定义预置条件。“echo ‘Hello World'"命令被称为recipe。recipe基于预置条件来实现target。target、预置条件和recipe共同构成一个规则。
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总结一下,一个典型的规则的语法为:
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```
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target: 预置条件
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<TAB> recipe
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```
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在示例中,target是一个基于源代码这个预置条件的二进制文件。另外,在另一规则中,这个预置条件也可以是依赖其他预置条件的target。
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```
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final_target: sub_target final_target.c
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Recipe_to_create_final_target
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sub_target: sub_target.c
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Recipe_to_create_sub_target
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```
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target不要求是一个文件,也可以只是方便recipe使用的名字。我们称之为伪target。
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再回到上面的示例中,当make被执行时,整条指令‘echo "Hello World"’都被打印出来,之后才是真正的执行结果。如果不希望指令本身被打印处理,需要在echo前添加@。
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```
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say_hello:
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@echo "Hello World"
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```
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重新运行make,将会只有如下输出:
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```
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$ make
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Hello World
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```
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接下来在Makefile中添加如下伪target:generate和clean:
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```
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say_hello:
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@echo "Hello World"
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generate:
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@echo "Creating empty text files..."
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touch file-{1..10}.txt
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clean:
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@echo "Cleaning up..."
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rm *.txt
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```
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随后当我们运行make时,只有‘say_hello’这个target被执行。这是因为makefile中的默认target为第一个target。通常情况下只有默认的target会被调用,大多数项目会将“all”作为默认target。“all”负责来调用其他的target。我们可以通过.DEFAULT_GOAL这个特殊的伪target来覆盖掉默认的行为。
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在makefile文件开头增加.DEFAULT_GOAL:
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```
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.DEFAULT_GOAL := generate
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```
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make会将generate作为默认target:
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```
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$ make
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Creating empty text files...
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touch file-{1..10}.txt
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```
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顾名思义,.DEFAULT_GOAL伪target仅能定义一个target。这就是为什么很多项目仍然会有all这个target。这样可以保证多个target的实现。
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下面删除掉.DEFAULT_GOAL,增加all target:
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```
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all: say_hello generate
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say_hello:
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@echo "Hello World"
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generate:
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@echo "Creating empty text files..."
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touch file-{1..10}.txt
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clean:
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@echo "Cleaning up..."
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rm *.txt
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```
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运行之前,我们再增加一些特殊的伪target。.PHONY用来定义这些不是file的target。make会默认调用这写伪target下的recipe,而不去检查文件是否存在或最后修改日期。完整的makefile如下:
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```
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.PHONY: all say_hello generate clean
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all: say_hello generate
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say_hello:
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@echo "Hello World"
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generate:
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@echo "Creating empty text files..."
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touch file-{1..10}.txt
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clean:
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@echo "Cleaning up..."
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rm *.txt
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```
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make命令会调用say_hello和generate:
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```
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$ make
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Hello World
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Creating empty text files...
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touch file-{1..10}.txt
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```
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clean不应该被放入all中,或者被放入第一个target。clean应当在需要清理时手动调用,调用方法为make clean。
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```
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$ make clean
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Cleaning up...
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rm *.txt
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```
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现在你应该已经对makefile有了基础的了解,接下来我们看一些进阶的示例。
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### 进阶示例
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#### 变量
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在之前的实例中,大部分target和预置条件是已经固定了的,但在实际项目中,它们通常用变量和模式来代替。
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定义变量最简单的方式是使用‘=’操作符。例如,将命令gcc赋值给变量CC:
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```
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CC = gcc
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```
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这被称为递归扩展变量,用于如下所示的规则中:
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```
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hello: hello.c
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${CC} hello.c -o hello
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```
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你可能已经想到了,recipe将会在传递给终端时展开为:
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```
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gcc hello.c -o hello
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```
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${CC}和$(CC)都能对gcc进行引用。但如果一个变量尝试将它本身赋值给自己,将会造成死循环。让我们验证一下:
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```
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CC = gcc
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CC = ${CC}
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all:
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@echo ${CC}
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```
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此时运行make会导致:
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```
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$ make
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Makefile:8: *** Recursive variable 'CC' references itself (eventually). Stop.
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```
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为了避免这种情况发生,可以使用“:=”操作符(这被称为简单扩展变量)。以下代码不会造成上述问题:
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```
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CC := gcc
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CC := ${CC}
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all:
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@echo ${CC}
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```
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#### 模式和函数
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下面的makefile使用了变量、模式和函数来实现所有C代码的编译。我们来逐行分析下:
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```
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# Usage:
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# make # compile all binary
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# make clean # remove ALL binaries and objects
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.PHONY = all clean
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CC = gcc # compiler to use
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LINKERFLAG = -lm
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SRCS := $(wildcard *.c)
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BINS := $(SRCS:%.c=%)
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all: ${BINS}
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%: %.o
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@echo "Checking.."
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${CC} ${LINKERFLAG} $< -o $@
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%.o: %.c
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@echo "Creating object.."
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${CC} -c $<
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clean:
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@echo "Cleaning up..."
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rm -rvf *.o ${BINS}
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```
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* 以“#”开头的行是评论。
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* `.PHONY = all clean` 定义了“all”和“clean”两个伪代码。
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* 变量`LINKERFLAG` recipe中gcc命令需要用到的参数。
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* `SRCS := $(wildcard *.c)`: `$(wildcard pattern)` 是与文件名相关的一个函数。在本示例中,所有“.c"后缀的文件会被存入“SRCS”变量。
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* `BINS := $(SRCS:%.c=%)`: 这被称为替代引用。本例中,如果“SRCS”的值为“'foo.c bar.c'”,则“BINS”的值为“'foo bar'”。
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* Line `all: ${BINS}`: 伪target “all”调用“${BINS}”变量中的所有值作为子target。
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* 规则:
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```
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%: %.o
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@echo "Checking.."
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${CC} ${LINKERFLAG} $< -o $@
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```
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下面通过一个示例来理解这条规则。假定“foo”是变量“${BINS}”中的一个值。“%”会匹配到“foo”(“%”匹配任意一个target)。下面是规则展开后的内容:
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```
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foo: foo.o
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@echo "Checking.."
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gcc -lm foo.o -o foo
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```
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如上所示,“%”被“foo”替换掉了。“$<”被“foo.o”替换掉。“$<”用于匹配预置条件,`$@`匹配target。对“${BINS}”中的每个值,这条规则都会被调用一遍。
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* 规则:
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```
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%.o: %.c
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@echo "Creating object.."
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${CC} -c $<
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```
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之前规则中的每个预置条件在这条规则中都会都被作为一个target。下面是展开后的内容:
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```
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foo.o: foo.c
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@echo "Creating object.."
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gcc -c foo.c
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```
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* 最后,在target “clean”中,所有的而简直文件和编译文件将被删除。
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下面是重写后的makefile,该文件应该被放置在一个有foo.c文件的目录下:
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```
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# Usage:
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# make # compile all binary
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# make clean # remove ALL binaries and objects
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.PHONY = all clean
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CC = gcc # compiler to use
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LINKERFLAG = -lm
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SRCS := foo.c
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BINS := foo
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all: foo
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foo: foo.o
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@echo "Checking.."
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gcc -lm foo.o -o foo
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foo.o: foo.c
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@echo "Creating object.."
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gcc -c foo.c
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clean:
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@echo "Cleaning up..."
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rm -rvf foo.o foo
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```
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关于makefiles的更多信息,[GNU Make manual][1]提供了更完整的说明和实例。
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://opensource.com/article/18/8/what-how-makefile
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作者:[Sachin Patil][a]
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选题:[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972)
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译者:[Zafiry](https://github.com/zafiry)
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校对:[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译,[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]:https://opensource.com/users/psachin
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[1]:https://www.gnu.org/software/make/manual/make.pdf
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