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198 lines
5.1 KiB
Markdown
198 lines
5.1 KiB
Markdown
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Linux / Unix: jobs 命令示例
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================================================================================
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我是个新的 Linux 或 Unix 用户。如何在 Linux 或类 Unix 系统中使用 BASH/KSH/TCSH 或者基于 POSIX 的 shell 来查看当前正在进行的作业？在 Unix/Linux 上怎样显示当前作业的状态？
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作业控制的是什么，停止/暂停进程（命令）的执行并按你的要求继续/恢复它们的执行。这是根据你的操作系统和 shell 如，bash/ksh 或 POSIX shell 来执行的。
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shell 会将当前所执行的作业保存在一个表中，可以用 jobs 命令来显示。
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### 目的 ###
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> 在当前 shell 会话中显示作业的状态。
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### 语法 ###
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其基本语法如下:
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jobs
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或
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jobs jobID
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或者
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jobs [options] jobID
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### 启动一些作业来进行示范 ###
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在开始使用 jobs 命令前，你需要在系统上先启动多个作业。执行以下命令来启动作业：
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## 启动 xeyes, calculator, 和 gedit 文本编辑器 ###
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xeyes &
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gnome-calculator &
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gedit fetch-stock-prices.py &
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最后，在前台运行 ping 命令：
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ping www.cyberciti.biz
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按 **Ctrl-Z** 键来暂停 ping 命令的作业。
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### jobs 命令示例 ###
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要在当前 shell 显示作业的状态，请输入：
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$ jobs
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输出示例:
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[1] 7895 Running gpass &
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[2] 7906 Running gnome-calculator &
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[3]- 7910 Running gedit fetch-stock-prices.py &
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[4]+ 7946 Stopped ping cyberciti.biz
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要显示进程 ID 或作业名称请使用 “P” 选项，输入：
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$ jobs -p %p
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或者
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$ jobs %p
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输出示例:
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[4]- Stopped ping cyberciti.biz
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字符 ％ 后加一个作业。在这个例子中，你需要使用作业的名称来暂停它，如 ％ping。
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### 如何显示进程 ID 不包含其他正常的信息？ ###
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通过 jobs 命令的 -l（小写的 L）选项列出每个作业的详细信息，运行：
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$ jobs -l
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示例输出:
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Fig.01: 在 shell 中显示 jobs 的状态
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### 如何只列出最近一次状态改变的进程？ ###
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首先，启动一个新的工作如下所示：
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$ sleep 100 &
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现在，只显示作业最近一次的状态（停止或退出），输入：
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$ jobs -n
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示例输出:
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[5]- Running sleep 100 &
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### 仅显示进程 ID（PID） ###
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通过 jobs 命令的 -p 选项仅显示 PID：
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$ jobs -p
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示例输出:
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7895
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7906
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7910
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7946
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7949
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### 怎样只显示正在运行的作业呢？ ###
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通过 jobs 命令的 -r 选项只显示正在运行的作业，输入：
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$ jobs -r
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示例输出:
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[1] Running gpass &
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[2] Running gnome-calculator &
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[3]- Running gedit fetch-stock-prices.py &
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### 怎样只显示已经停止工作的作业？ ###
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通过 jobs 命令的 -s 选项只显示停止工作的作业，输入：
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$ jobs -s
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示例输出:
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[4]+ Stopped ping cyberciti.biz
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要继续执行 ping cyberciti.biz 作业，输入以下 bg 命令：
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$ bg %4
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### jobs 命令选项 ###
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摘自 [bash(1)][1] 命令 man 手册页:
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注：表格
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<table border="1">
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<tbody>
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<tr>
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<td>Option</td>
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<td>Description</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><kbd><strong>-l</strong></kbd></td>
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<td>Show process id's in addition to the normal information.</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><kbd><strong>-p</strong></kbd></td>
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<td>Show process id's only.</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><kbd><strong>-n</strong></kbd></td>
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<td>Show only processes that have changed status since the last notification are printed.</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><kbd><strong>-r</strong></kbd></td>
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<td>Restrict output to running jobs only.</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><kbd><strong>-s</strong></kbd></td>
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<td>Restrict output to stopped jobs only.</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><kbd><strong>-x</strong></kbd></td>
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<td>COMMAND is run after all job specifications that appear in ARGS have been replaced with the process ID of that job's process group leader./td></td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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</table>
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### 关于 /usr/bin/jobs 和 shell 内建的说明 ###
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输入以下 type 命令找出是否 jobs 命令是 shell 的内建命令或是外部命令：
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$ type -a jobs
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输出示例:
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jobs is a shell builtin
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jobs is /usr/bin/jobs
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在几乎所有情况下，jobs 命令都是作为 BASH/KSH/POSIX shell 内建命令被实现的。/usr/bin/jobs 命令不能被用在当前 shell 中。/usr/bin/jobs 命令工作在不同的环境中不共享父 bash/ksh 的 shells 来执行作业。
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via:
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作者：Vivek Gite
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译者：[strugglingyouth](https://github.com/strugglingyouth)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[1]:http://www.manpager.com/linux/man1/bash.1.html
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