2015-02-21 23:45:05 +08:00
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通过 SaltStack 管理服务器配置
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2015-01-06 16:37:55 +08:00
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================================================================================
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![](http://techarena51.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/SaltStack+logo+-+black+on+white.png)
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2015-01-14 10:24:56 +08:00
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我在搜索[Puppet][1]的替代品时,偶然间碰到了Salt。我喜欢puppet,但是我又爱上Salt了:)。我发现Salt在配置和使用上都要比Puppet简单,当然这只是一家之言,你大可不必介怀。另外一个爱上Salt的理由是,它可以让你从命令行管理服务器配置,比如:
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2015-01-06 16:37:55 +08:00
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2015-02-21 23:45:05 +08:00
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要通过Salt来更新所有服务器,你只需运行以下命令即可
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2015-01-06 16:37:55 +08:00
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2015-02-21 23:45:05 +08:00
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salt '*' pkg.upgrade
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2015-01-06 16:37:55 +08:00
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2015-02-21 23:45:05 +08:00
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##安装SaltStack到Linux上##
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2015-01-06 16:37:55 +08:00
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2015-02-21 23:45:05 +08:00
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如果你是在CentOS 6/7上安装的话,那么Salt可以通过EPEL仓库获取到。而对于Pi和Ubuntu Linux用户,你可以从[这里][2]添加Salt仓库。Salt是基于python的,所以你也可以使用‘pip’来安装,但是你得用yum-utils或是其它包管理器来自己处理它的依赖关系。
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2015-01-06 16:37:55 +08:00
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2015-02-21 23:45:05 +08:00
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Salt采用服务器-客户端模式,服务器端称为领主,而客户端则称为下属。
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###安装并配置Salt领主###
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2015-01-06 16:37:55 +08:00
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[root@salt-master~]# yum install salt-master
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2015-01-14 10:24:56 +08:00
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Salt配置文件位于/etc/salt和/srv/salt。Salt虽然可以开箱即用,但我还是建议你将日志配置得更详细点,以方便日后排除故障。
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2015-01-06 16:37:55 +08:00
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[root@salt-master ~]# vim /etc/salt/master
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2015-01-14 10:24:56 +08:00
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# 默认是warning,修改如下
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2015-01-06 16:37:55 +08:00
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log_level: debug
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log_level_logfile: debug
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[root@salt-master ~]# systemctl start salt-master
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2015-02-21 23:45:05 +08:00
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###安装并配置Salt下属###
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2015-01-06 16:37:55 +08:00
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[root@salt-minion~]#yum install salt-minion
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2015-01-14 10:24:56 +08:00
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# 添加你的Salt领主的主机名
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2015-01-06 16:37:55 +08:00
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[root@salt-minion~]#vim /etc/salt/minion
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master: salt-master.com
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2015-01-14 10:24:56 +08:00
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# 启动下属
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2015-01-06 16:37:55 +08:00
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[root@salt-minion~] systemctl start salt-minion
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2015-01-14 10:24:56 +08:00
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在启动时,下属客户机会生成一个密钥和一个id。然后,它会连接到Salt领主服务器并验证自己的身份。Salt领主服务器在允许下属客户机下载配置之前,必须接受下属的密钥。
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2015-01-06 16:37:55 +08:00
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2015-02-21 23:45:05 +08:00
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###在Salt领主服务器上列出并接受密钥###
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2015-01-06 16:37:55 +08:00
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2015-01-14 10:24:56 +08:00
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# 列出所有密钥
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2015-01-06 16:37:55 +08:00
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[root@salt-master~] salt-key -L
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Accepted Keys:
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Unaccepted Keys:
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minion.com
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Rejected Keys:
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2015-01-14 10:24:56 +08:00
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# 使用id 'minion.com'命令接受密钥
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2015-01-06 16:37:55 +08:00
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[root@salt-master~]salt-key -a minion.com
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[root@salt-master~] salt-key -L
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Accepted Keys:
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minion.com
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Unaccepted Keys:
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Rejected Keys:
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2015-01-14 10:24:56 +08:00
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在接受下属客户机的密钥后,你可以使用‘salt’命令来立即获取信息。
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2015-01-06 16:37:55 +08:00
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2015-02-21 23:45:05 +08:00
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##Salt命令行实例##
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2015-01-06 16:37:55 +08:00
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2015-01-14 10:24:56 +08:00
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# 检查下属是否启动并运行
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2015-01-06 16:37:55 +08:00
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[root@salt-master~] salt 'minion.com' test.ping
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minion.com:
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True
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2015-01-14 10:24:56 +08:00
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# 在下属客户机上运行shell命令
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2015-01-06 16:37:55 +08:00
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[root@salt-master~]# salt 'minion.com' cmd.run 'ls -l'
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minion.com:
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total 2988
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-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1024 Jul 31 08:24 1g.img
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-rw-------. 1 root root 940 Jul 14 15:04 anaconda-ks.cfg
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-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1024 Aug 14 17:21 test
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2015-01-14 10:24:56 +08:00
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# 安装/更新所有服务器上的软件
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2015-01-06 16:37:55 +08:00
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[root@salt-master ~]# salt '*' pkg.install git
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2015-02-21 23:45:05 +08:00
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salt命令需要一些组件来发送信息,其中之一是下属客户机的id,而另一个是下属客户机上要调用的函数。
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2015-01-06 16:37:55 +08:00
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2015-01-14 10:24:56 +08:00
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在第一个实例中,我使用‘test’模块的‘ping’函数来检查系统是否启动。该函数并不是真的实施一次ping,它仅仅是在下属客户机作出回应时返回‘真’。
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2015-01-06 16:37:55 +08:00
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2015-01-14 10:24:56 +08:00
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‘cmd.run’用于执行远程命令,而‘pkg’模块包含了包管理的函数。本文结尾提供了全部内建模块的列表。
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2015-02-21 23:45:05 +08:00
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###颗粒实例###
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2015-01-14 10:24:56 +08:00
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2015-02-21 23:45:05 +08:00
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Salt使用一个名为**颗粒(Grains)**的界面来获取系统信息。你可以使用颗粒在指定属性的系统上运行命令。
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2015-01-06 16:37:55 +08:00
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[root@vps4544 ~]# salt -G 'os:Centos' test.ping
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minion:
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True
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2015-01-14 10:24:56 +08:00
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更多颗粒实例,请访问http://docs.saltstack.com/en/latest/topics/targeting/grains.html
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2015-01-06 16:37:55 +08:00
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2015-02-21 23:45:05 +08:00
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##通过状态文件系统进行包管理##
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2015-01-06 16:37:55 +08:00
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2015-02-21 23:45:05 +08:00
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为了使软件配置自动化,你需要使用状态系统,并创建状态文件。这些文件使用YAML格式和python字典、列表、字符串以及编号来构成数据结构。将这些文件从头到尾研读一遍,这将有助于你更好地理解它的配置。
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2015-01-06 16:37:55 +08:00
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2015-02-21 23:45:05 +08:00
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###VIM状态文件实例###
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2015-01-06 16:37:55 +08:00
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[root@salt-master~]# vim /srv/salt/vim.sls
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vim-enhanced:
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pkg.installed
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/etc/vimrc:
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file.managed:
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- source: salt://vimrc
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- user: root
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- group: root
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- mode: 644
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2015-02-21 23:45:05 +08:00
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该文件的第一和第三行称为状态id,它们必须包含有需要管理的包或文件的确切名称或路径。在状态id之后是状态和函数声明,‘pkg’和‘file’是状态声明,而‘installed’和‘managed’是函数声明。函数接受参数,用户、组、模式和源都是函数‘managed’的参数。
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2015-01-06 16:37:55 +08:00
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2015-01-14 10:24:56 +08:00
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要将该配置应用到下属客户端,请移动你的‘vimrc’文件到‘/src/salt’,然后运行以下命令。
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2015-01-06 16:37:55 +08:00
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[root@salt-master~]# salt 'minion.com' state.sls vim
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minion.com:
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----------
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ID: vim-enhanced
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Function: pkg.installed
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Result: True
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Comment: The following packages were installed/updated: vim-enhanced.
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Started: 09:36:23.438571
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Duration: 94045.954 ms
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Changes:
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----------
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vim-enhanced:
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----------
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new:
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7.4.160-1.el7
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old:
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Summary
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------------
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Succeeded: 1 (changed=1)
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Failed: 0
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------------
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Total states run: 1
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2015-01-14 10:24:56 +08:00
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你也可以添加依赖关系到你的配置中。
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2015-01-06 16:37:55 +08:00
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[root@salt-master~]# vim /srv/salt/ssh.sls
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openssh-server:
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pkg.installed
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/etc/ssh/sshd_config:
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file.managed:
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- user: root
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- group: root
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- mode: 600
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- source: salt://ssh/sshd_config
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sshd:
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service.running:
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- require:
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- pkg: openssh-server
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2015-01-14 10:24:56 +08:00
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这里的‘require’声明是必须的,它在‘service’和‘pkg’状态之间创建依赖关系。该声明将首先检查包是否安装,然后运行服务。
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2015-01-06 16:37:55 +08:00
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2015-01-14 10:24:56 +08:00
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但是,我更偏向于使用‘watch’声明,因为它也可以检查文件是否修改和重启服务。
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2015-01-06 16:37:55 +08:00
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[root@salt-master~]# vim /srv/salt/ssh.sls
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openssh-server:
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pkg.installed
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/etc/ssh/sshd_config:
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file.managed:
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- user: root
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- group: root
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- mode: 600
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- source: salt://sshd_config
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sshd:
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service.running:
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- watch:
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- pkg: openssh-server
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- file: /etc/ssh/sshd_config
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[root@vps4544 ssh]# salt 'minion.com' state.sls ssh
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seven.leog.in:
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Changes:
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----------
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ID: openssh-server
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Function: pkg.installed
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Result: True
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Comment: Package openssh-server is already installed.
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Started: 13:01:55.824367
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Duration: 1.156 ms
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Changes:
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----------
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ID: /etc/ssh/sshd_config
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Function: file.managed
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Result: True
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Comment: File /etc/ssh/sshd_config updated
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Started: 13:01:55.825731
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Duration: 334.539 ms
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Changes:
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----------
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diff:
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---
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+++
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@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
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# SELinux about this change.
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# semanage port -a -t ssh_port_t -p tcp #PORTNUMBER
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#
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-Port 22
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+Port 422
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#AddressFamily any
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#ListenAddress 0.0.0.0
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#ListenAddress ::
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----------
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ID: sshd
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Function: service.running
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Result: True
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Comment: Service restarted
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Started: 13:01:56.473121
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Duration: 407.214 ms
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Changes:
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----------
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sshd:
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True
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Summary
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------------
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Succeeded: 4 (changed=2)
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Failed: 0
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------------
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Total states run: 4
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2015-01-14 10:24:56 +08:00
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在单一目录中维护所有的配置文件是一项复杂的大工程,因此,你可以创建子目录并在其中添加配置文件init.sls文件。
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2015-01-06 16:37:55 +08:00
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[root@salt-master~]# mkdir /srv/salt/ssh
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[root@salt-master~]# vim /srv/salt/ssh/init.sls
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openssh-server:
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pkg.installed
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/etc/ssh/sshd_config:
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file.managed:
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- user: root
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- group: root
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- mode: 600
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- source: salt://ssh/sshd_config
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sshd:
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service.running:
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- watch:
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- pkg: openssh-server
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- file: /etc/ssh/sshd_config
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[root@vps4544 ssh]# cp /etc/ssh/sshd_config /srv/salt/ssh/
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[root@vps4544 ssh]# salt 'minion.com' state.sls ssh
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2015-02-21 23:45:05 +08:00
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###Top文件和环境###
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2015-01-06 16:37:55 +08:00
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2015-01-14 10:24:56 +08:00
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top文件(top.sls)是用来定义你的环境的文件,它允许你映射下属客户机到包,默认环境是‘base’。你需要定义在基本环境下,哪个包会被安装到哪台服务器。
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2015-01-06 16:37:55 +08:00
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2015-01-14 10:24:56 +08:00
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如果对于一台特定的下属客户机而言,有多个环境,并且有多于一个的定义,那么默认情况下,基本环境将取代其它环境。
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2015-01-06 16:37:55 +08:00
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2015-01-14 10:24:56 +08:00
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要定义环境,你需要将它添加到领主配置文件的‘file_roots’指针。
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2015-01-06 16:37:55 +08:00
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[root@salt-master ~]# vim /etc/salt/master
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file_roots:
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base:
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- /srv/salt
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dev:
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- /srv/salt/dev
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2015-02-21 23:45:05 +08:00
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现在,添加一个top.sls文件到/src/salt。
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2015-01-06 16:37:55 +08:00
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[root@salt-master ~]# vim /srv/salt/top.sls
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base:
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'*':
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- vim
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'minion.com':
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- ssh
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2015-01-14 10:24:56 +08:00
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应用top文件配置
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2015-01-06 16:37:55 +08:00
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[root@salt-master~]# salt '*' state.highstate
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minion.com:
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----------
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ID: vim-enhanced
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Function: pkg.installed
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Result: True
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Comment: Package vim-enhanced is already installed.
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Started: 13:10:55
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Duration: 1678.779 ms
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Changes:
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----------
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ID: openssh-server
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Function: pkg.installed
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Result: True
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Comment: Package openssh-server is already installed.
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Started: 13:10:55.
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Duration: 2.156 ms
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2015-01-14 10:24:56 +08:00
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下属客户机将下载top文件并搜索用于它的配置,领主服务器也会将配置应用到所有下属客户机。
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2015-01-06 16:37:55 +08:00
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2015-02-21 23:45:05 +08:00
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---
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这仅仅是一个Salt的简明教程,如果你想要深入学习并理解,你可以访问下面的链接。如果你已经在使用Salt,那么请告诉我你的建议和意见吧。
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2015-01-06 16:37:55 +08:00
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2015-01-14 10:24:56 +08:00
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更新: [Foreman][3] 已经通过[插件][4]支持salt。
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2015-01-06 16:37:55 +08:00
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2015-01-14 10:24:56 +08:00
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阅读链接
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2015-01-06 16:37:55 +08:00
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- http://docs.saltstack.com/en/latest/ref/states/top.html#how-top-files-are-compiled
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- http://docs.saltstack.com/en/latest/topics/tutorials/states_pt1.html
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- http://docs.saltstack.com/en/latest/ref/states/highstate.html#state-declaration
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2015-01-14 10:24:56 +08:00
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颗粒
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2015-01-06 16:37:55 +08:00
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- http://docs.saltstack.com/en/latest/topics/targeting/grains.html
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2015-01-14 10:24:56 +08:00
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Salt模块列表
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2015-01-06 16:37:55 +08:00
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2015-01-14 10:24:56 +08:00
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Salt和Puppet的充分比较
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2015-01-06 16:37:55 +08:00
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- https://mywushublog.com/2013/03/configuration-management-with-salt-stack/
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2015-01-14 10:24:56 +08:00
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内建执行模块的完全列表
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2015-01-06 16:37:55 +08:00
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- http://docs.saltstack.com/en/latest/ref/modules/all/
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: http://techarena51.com/index.php/getting-started-with-saltstack/
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作者:[Leo G][a]
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2015-01-14 10:24:56 +08:00
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译者:[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux)
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2015-02-21 23:45:05 +08:00
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校对:[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
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2015-01-06 16:37:55 +08:00
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译,[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]:http://techarena51.com/
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[1]:http://techarena51.com/index.php/a-simple-way-to-install-and-configure-a-puppet-server-on-linux/
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[2]:http://docs.saltstack.com/en/latest/topics/installation/index.html
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[3]:http://techarena51.com/index.php/using-foreman-opensource-frontend-puppet/
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2015-01-14 08:52:41 +08:00
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[4]:https://github.com/theforeman/foreman_salt/wiki
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