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201 lines
6.8 KiB
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201 lines
6.8 KiB
Markdown
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Linux 中的 5 个 SSH 别名例子
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======
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[![][1]][1]
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作为一个 Linux 用户,我们常用[ ssh 命令][2] 来登入远程机器。ssh 命令你用得越多,你在键入一些重要的命令上花的时间也越多。我们可以用 [定义在你的 .bashrc 文件里的别名][3] 或函数来大幅度缩减花在命令行界面(CLI)的时间。但这不是最佳解决之道。最佳办法是在 ssh 配置文件中使用 **SSH-别名** 。
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这里是我们能把 ssh 命令用得更好的几个例子。
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ssh 到 AWS(译注:Amazon Web Services,亚马逊公司旗下云计算服务平台)实例的连接是一种痛。仅仅输入以下命令,每次也完全是浪费你时间。
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```
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ssh -p 3000 -i /home/surendra/mysshkey.pem ec2-user@ec2-54-20-184-202.us-west-2.compute.amazonaws.com
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```
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缩短到
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```
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ssh aws1
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```
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调试时连接到系统。
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```
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ssh -vvv the_good_user@red1.taggle.abc.com.au
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```
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缩短到
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```
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ssh xyz
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```
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在本篇中,我们将看到如何不使用 bash 别名或函数实现 ssh 命令的缩短。ssh 别名的主要优点是所有的 ssh 命令快捷方式都存储在一个单一文件,如此就易于维护。其他优点是 **对于类似于 SSH 和 SCP 的命令** 我们能用相同的别名。
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在我们进入实际配置之前,我们应该知道 /etc/ssh/ssh_config、/etc/ssh/sshd_config 和 ~/.ssh/config 文件三者的区别。以下是对这些文件的解释。
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## /etc/ssh/ssh_config 和 ~/.ssh/config 间的区别
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系统级别的 SSH 配置项存放在 /etc/ssh/ssh_config,而用户级别的 ssh 配置项存放在 ~/.ssh/config 文件中。
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## /etc/ssh/ssh_config 和 /etc/ssh/sshd_config 间的区别
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系统级别的 SSH 配置项是在 /etc/ssh/ssh_config 文件中,而系统级别的 SSH 服务端配置项存放在 /etc/ssh/sshd_config 文件。
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## **在 ~/.ssh/config 文件里配置项的语法**
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~/.ssh/config 文件内容的语法。
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```
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配置项 值
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配置项 值1 值2
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```
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**例 1:** 创建主机(www.linuxnix.com)的 SSH 别名
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编辑 ~/.ssh/config 文件写入以下内容
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```
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Host tlj
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User root
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HostName 18.197.176.13
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port 22
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```
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保存此文件
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以上 ssh 别名用了
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1. **tlj 作为一个别名的名称**
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2. **root 作为将要登入的用户**
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3. **18.197.176.13 作为主机的 IP 地址**
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4. **22 作为访问 SSH 服务的端口。**
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输出:
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```
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sanne@Surendras-MacBook-Pro:~ > ssh tlj
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Welcome to Ubuntu 16.04.3 LTS (GNU/Linux 4.4.0-93-generic x86_64)
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* Documentation: https://help.ubuntu.com
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* Management: https://landscape.canonical.com
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* Support: https://ubuntu.com/advantage
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Get cloud support with Ubuntu Advantage Cloud Guest:
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http://www.ubuntu.com/business/services/cloud
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Last login: Sat Oct 14 01:00:43 2017 from 20.244.25.231
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root@linuxnix:~# exit
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logout
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Connection to 18.197.176.13 closed.
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```
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**例 2:** 不用密码用 ssh 密钥登到系统要用 **IdentityFile** 。
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例:
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```
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Host aws
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User ec2-users
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HostName ec2-54-200-184-202.us-west-2.compute.amazonaws.com
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IdentityFile ~/Downloads/surendra.pem
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port 22
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```
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**例 3:** 对同一主机使用不同的别名。在下例中,我们对同一 IP/主机 18.197.176.13 用了 **tlj, linuxnix, linuxnix.com** 三个别名。
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~/.ssh/config 文件内容
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```
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Host tlj linuxnix linuxnix.com
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User root
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HostName 18.197.176.13
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port 22
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```
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**输出:**
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```
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sanne@Surendras-MacBook-Pro:~ > ssh tlj
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Welcome to Ubuntu 16.04.3 LTS (GNU/Linux 4.4.0-93-generic x86_64)
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* Documentation: https://help.ubuntu.com
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* Management: https://landscape.canonical.com
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* Support: https://ubuntu.com/advantage
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Get cloud support with Ubuntu Advantage Cloud Guest:
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http://www.ubuntu.com/business/services/cloud
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Last login: Sat Oct 14 01:00:43 2017 from 220.244.205.231
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root@linuxnix:~# exit
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logout
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Connection to 18.197.176.13 closed.
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sanne@Surendras-MacBook-Pro:~ > ssh linuxnix.com
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Welcome to Ubuntu 16.04.3 LTS (GNU/Linux 4.4.0-93-generic x86_64)
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* Documentation: https://help.ubuntu.com
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* Management: https://landscape.canonical.com
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* Support: https://ubuntu.com/advantage
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```
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```
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Get cloud support with Ubuntu Advantage Cloud Guest:
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http://www.ubuntu.com/business/services/cloud
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Last login: Sun Oct 15 20:31:08 2017 from 1.129.110.13
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root@linuxnix:~# exit
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logout
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Connection to 138.197.176.103 closed.
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[6571] sanne@Surendras-MacBook-Pro:~ > ssh linuxnix
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Welcome to Ubuntu 16.04.3 LTS (GNU/Linux 4.4.0-93-generic x86_64)
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* Documentation: https://help.ubuntu.com
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* Management: https://landscape.canonical.com
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* Support: https://ubuntu.com/advantage
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Get cloud support with Ubuntu Advantage Cloud Guest:
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http://www.ubuntu.com/business/services/cloud
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Last login: Sun Oct 15 20:31:20 2017 from 1.129.110.13
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root@linuxnix:~# exit
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logout
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Connection to 18.197.176.13 closed.
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```
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**例 4:** 用相同的 SSH 别名复制文件到远程系统
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语法:
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```
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**scp <文件名> <ssh_别名>:<位置>**
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```
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例子:
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```
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sanne@Surendras-MacBook-Pro:~ > scp abc.txt tlj:/tmp
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abc.txt 100% 12KB 11.7KB/s 00:01
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sanne@Surendras-MacBook-Pro:~ >
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```
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若我们已经将 ssh 主机设置好一个别名,由于 ssh 和 SCP 两者用几乎相同的语法和选项,SCP 用起来就轻而易举
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请在下面尝试从本机 scp 一个文件到远程机器。
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**例 5:** 解决 Linux中的 SSH 超时问题。默认情况,如果你不积极地使用终端,你的 ssh 登入就会超时。
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[SSH 超时问题][5] 是一个更痛的点意味着你在一段时间后不得不重新登入到远程机器。我们能在 ~/.ssh/config 文件里边恰当地设置 SSH 超时时间来使你的会话不管在什么时间总是激活的。我们将用 2 个能保持会话存活的 SSH 选项来实现这一目的。之一是 ServerAliveInterval 保持你会话存活的秒数和 ServerAliveCountMax 在(经历了一个)给定数值的会话之后初始化会话。
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```
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**ServerAliveInterval A**
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**ServerAliveCountMax B**
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```
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**例:**
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```
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Host tlj linuxnix linuxnix.com
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User root
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HostName 18.197.176.13
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port 22
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ServerAliveInterval 60**
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ServerAliveCountMax 30
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```
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在下篇中我们将会看到一些其他的退出方式。请保持访问 linuxnix.com。
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://www.linuxnix.com/5-ssh-alias-examples-using-ssh-config-file/
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作者:[Surendra Anne;Max Ntshinga;Otto Adelfang;Uchechukwu Okeke][a]
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译者:[ch-cn](https://github.com/ch-cn)
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校对:[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译,[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]:https://www.linuxnix.com
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[1]:https://www.linuxnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/SSH-alias-1.png
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[2]:https://www.linuxnix.com/ssh-access-remote-linux-server/
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[3]:https://www.linuxnix.com/linux-alias-command-explained-with-examples/
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[4]:/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection
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[5]:https://www.linuxnix.com/how-to-auto-logout/
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