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906 lines
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906 lines
32 KiB
Markdown
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对于你的第一行 HTML 代码,让我们来帮助蝙蝠侠写一封情书
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======
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![](https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1000/1*kZxbQJTdb4jn_frfqpRg9g.jpeg)
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[Image Credit][1]
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在一个美好的夜晚,你的肚子拒绝消化你在晚餐吃的大块披萨,所以你不得不在睡梦中冲进洗手间。
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在浴室里,当你在思考为什么会发生这种情况时,你听到一个来自通风口的低沉声音:“嘿,我是蝙蝠侠。”
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这时,你会怎么做呢?
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在你恐慌并处于关键节点之前,蝙蝠侠说:“我需要你的帮助。我是一个超级极客,但我不懂 HTML。我需要用 HTML 写一封情书,你愿意帮助我吗?”
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谁会拒绝蝙蝠侠的请求呢,对吧?所以让我们用 HTML 来写一封蝙蝠侠的情书。
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### 你的第一个 HTML 文件
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HTML 网页与你电脑上的其它文件一样。就同一个 .doc 文件以 MS Word 打开,.jpg 文件在图像查看器中打开一样,一个 .html 文件在浏览器中打开。
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那么,让我们来创建一个 .html 文件。你可以在 Notepad 或其它任何编辑器中完成此任务,但我建议使用 VS Code。[在这里下载并安装 VS Code][2]。它是免费的,也是我唯一喜欢的微软产品。
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在系统中创建一个目录,将其命名为 “HTML Practice”(不带引号)。在这个目录中,再创建一个名为 “Batman’s Love Letter”(不带引号)的目录,这将是我们的项目根目录。这意味着我们所有与这个项目相关的文件都会在这里。
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打开 VS Code,按下 ctrl+n 创建一个新文件,按下 ctrl+s 保存文件。切换到 “Batman’s Love Letter” 文件夹并将其命名为 “loveletter.html”,然后单击保存。
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现在,如果你在文件资源管理器中双击它,它将在你的默认浏览器中打开。我建议使用 Firefox 来进行 web 开发,但 Chrome 也可以。
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让我们将这个过程与我们已经熟悉的东西联系起来。还记得你第一次拿到电脑吗?我做的第一件事是打开 MS Paint 并绘制一些东西。你在 Paint 中绘制一些东西并将其另存为图像,然后你可以在图像查看器中查看该图像。之后,如果要再次编辑该图像,你在 Paint 中重新打开它,编辑并保存它。
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我们目前的流程非常相似。正如我们使用 Paint 创建和编辑图像一样,我们使用 VS Code 来创建和编辑 HTML 文件。就像我们使用图像查看器查看图像一样,我们使用浏览器来查看我们的 HTML 页面。
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### HTML 中的段落
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我们有一个空的 HTML 文件,以下是蝙蝠侠想在他的情书中写的第一段。
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“After all the battles we fought together, after all the difficult times we saw together, and after all the good and bad moments we’ve been through, I think it’s time I let you know how I feel about you.”
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复制这些到 VS Code 中的 loveletter.html。单击 View -> Toggle Word Wrap (alt+z) 自动换行。
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保存并在浏览器中打开它。如果它已经打开,单击浏览器中的刷新按钮。
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瞧!那是你的第一个网页!
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我们的第一段已准备就绪,但这不是在 HTML 中编写段落的推荐方法。我们有一种特定的方法让浏览器知道一个文本是一个段落。
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如果你用 `<p>` 和 `</p>` 来包裹文本,那么浏览器将识别 `<p>` 和 `</p>` 中的文本是一个段落。我们这样做:
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```
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<p>After all the battles we fought together, after all the difficult times we saw together, after all the good and bad moments we've been through, I think it's time I let you know how I feel about you.</p>
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```
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通过在 `<p>` 和 `</p>`中编写段落,你创建了一个 HTML 元素。一个网页就是 HTML 元素的集合。
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让我们首先来认识一些术语:`<p>` 是开始标签,`</p>` 是结束标签,“p” 是标签名称。元素开始和结束标签之间的文本是元素的内容。
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### “style” 属性
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在上面,你将看到文本覆盖屏幕的整个宽度。
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我们不希望这样。没有人想要阅读这么长的行。让我们设定段落宽度为 550px。
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我们可以通过使用元素的 “style” 属性来实现。你可以在其 style 属性中定义元素的样式(例如,在我们的示例中为宽度)。以下行将在 “p” 元素上创建一个空样式属性:
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```
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<p style="">...</p>
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```
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你看到那个空的 `""` 了吗?这就是我们定义元素外观的地方。现在我们要将宽度设置为 550px。我们这样做:
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```
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<p style="width:550px;">
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After all the battles we fought together, after all the difficult times we saw together, after all the good and bad moments we've been through, I think it's time I let you know how I feel about you.
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</p>
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```
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我们将 “width” 属性设置为 550px,用冒号 “:” 分隔,以分号 “;” 结束。
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另外,注意我们如何将 `<p>` 和 `</p>` 放在单独的行中,文本内容用一个 tab 缩进。像这样设置代码使其更具可读性。
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### HTML 中的列表
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接下来,蝙蝠侠希望列出他所钦佩的人的一些优点,例如:
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“ You complete my darkness with your light. I love:
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- the way you see good in the worst things
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- the way you handle emotionally difficult situations
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- the way you look at Justice
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I have learned a lot from you. You have occupied a special place in my heart over time.”
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这看起来很简单。
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让我们继续,在 `</p>:` 下面复制所需的文本:
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```
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<p style="width:550px;">
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After all the battles we faught together, after all the difficult times we saw together, after all the good and bad moments we've been through, I think it's time I let you know how I feel about you.
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</p>
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<p style="width:550px;">
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You complete my darkness with your light. I love:
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- the way you see good in the worse
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- the way you handle emotionally difficult situations
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- the way you look at Justice
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I have learned a lot from you. You have occupied a special place in my heart over the time.
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</p>
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```
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保存并刷新浏览器。
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![](https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1000/1*M0Ae5ZpRTucNyucfaaz4uw.jpeg)
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哇!这里发生了什么,我们的列表在哪里?
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如果你仔细观察,你会发现没有显示换行符。在代码中我们在新的一行中编写列表项,但这些项在浏览器中显示在一行中。
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如果你想在 HTML(新行)中插入换行符,你必须使用 `<br>`。让我们来使用 `<br>`,看看它长什么样:
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```
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<p style="width:550px;">
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After all the battles we faught together, after all the difficult times we saw together, after all the good and bad moments we've been through, I think it's time I let you know how I feel about you.
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</p>
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<p style="width:550px;">
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You complete my darkness with your light. I love: <br>
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- the way you see good in the worse <br>
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- the way you handle emotionally difficult situations <br>
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- the way you look at Justice <br>
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I have learned a lot from you. You have occupied a special place in my heart over the time.
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</p>
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```
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保存并刷新:
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![](https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1000/1*Mj4Sr_jUliidxFpEtu0pXw.jpeg)
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好的,现在它看起来就像我们想要的那样!
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另外,注意我们没有写一个 `</br>`。有些标签不需要结束标签(它们被称为自闭合标签)。
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还有一件事:我们没有在两个段落之间使用 `<br>`,但第二个段落仍然是从一个新行开始,这是因为 “p” 元素会自动插入换行符。
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我们使用纯文本编写列表,但是有两个标签可以供我们使用来达到相同的目的:`<ul>` and `<li>`。
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为了得到命名(to 校正:这里不太理解):ul 代表无序列表,li 代表列表项目。让我们使用它们来展示我们的列表:
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```
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<p style="width:550px;">
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After all the battles we faught together, after all the difficult times we saw together, after all the good and bad moments we've been through, I think it's time I let you know how I feel about you.
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</p>
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```
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```
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<p style="width:550px;">
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You complete my darkness with your light. I love:
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<ul>
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<li>the way you see good in the worse</li>
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<li>the way you handle emotionally difficult situations</li>
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<li>the way you look at Justice</li>
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</ul>
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I have learned a lot from you. You have occupied a special place in my heart over the time.
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</p>
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```
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在复制代码之前,注意差异部分:
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* 我们删除了所有的 `<br>`,因为每个 `<li>` 会自动显示在新行中
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* 我们将每个列表项包含在 `<li>` 和 `</li>` 之间
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* 我们将所有列表项的集合包裹在 `<ul>` 和 `</ul>` 之间
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* 我们没有像 “p” 元素那样定义 “ul” 元素的宽度。这是因为 “ul” 是 “p” 的子节点,“p” 已经被约束到 550px,所以 “ul” 不会超出这个范围。
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让我们保存文件并刷新浏览器以查看结果:
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![](https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1000/1*aPlMpYVZESPwgUO3Iv-qCA.jpeg)
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你会立即注意到在每个列表项之前显示了重点标志。我们现在不需要在每个列表项之前写 “-”。
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经过仔细检查,你会注意到最后一行超出 550px 宽度。这是为什么?因为 HTML 不允许 “ul” 元素出现在 "p" 元素中。让我们将第一行和最后一行放在单独的 “p” 元素中:
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```
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<p style="width:550px;">
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After all the battles we faught together, after all the difficult times we saw together, after all the good and bad moments we've been through, I think it's time I let you know how I feel about you.
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</p>
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```
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```
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<p style="width:550px;">
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You complete my darkness with your light. I love:
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</p>
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```
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```
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<ul style="width:550px;">
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<li>the way you see good in the worse</li>
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<li>the way you handle emotionally difficult situations</li>
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<li>the way you look at Justice</li>
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</ul>
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```
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```
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<p style="width:550px;">
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I have learned a lot from you. You have occupied a special place in my heart over the time.
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</p>
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```
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保存并刷新。
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注意,这次我们还定义了 “ul” 元素的宽度。那是因为我们现在已经将 “ul” 元素放在了 “p” 元素之外。
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定义情书中所有元素的宽度会变得很麻烦。我们有一个特定的元素用于此目的:“div” 元素。一个 “div” 元素就是一个通用容器,用于对内容进行分组,以便轻松设置样式。
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让我们用 div 元素包装整个情书,并为其赋予宽度:550px
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```
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<div style="width:550px;">
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<p>
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After all the battles we faught together, after all the difficult times we saw together, after all the good and bad moments we've been through, I think it's time I let you know how I feel about you.
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</p>
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<p>
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You complete my darkness with your light. I love:
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</p>
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<ul>
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<li>the way you see good in the worse</li>
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<li>the way you handle emotionally difficult situations</li>
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<li>the way you look at Justice</li>
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</ul>
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<p>
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I have learned a lot from you. You have occupied a special place in my heart over the time.
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</p>
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</div>
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```
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棒极了,我们的代码现在看起来简洁多了。
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### HTML 中的标题
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到目前为止,蝙蝠侠对结果很高兴,他希望在情书上标题。他想写一个标题: “Bat Letter”。当然,你已经看到这个名字了,不是吗?:D
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你可以使用 ht, h2, h3, h4, h5 和 h6 标签来添加标题,h1 是最大的标题和最主要的标题,h6 是最小的标题。
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![](https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1000/1*Ud-NzfT-SrMgur1WX4LCkQ.jpeg)
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让我们在第二段之前使用 h1 做主标题和一个副标题:
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```
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<div style="width:550px;">
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<h1>Bat Letter</h1>
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<p>
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After all the battles we faught together, after all the difficult times we saw together, after all the good and bad moments we've been through, I think it's time I let you know how I feel about you.
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</p>
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```
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```
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<h2>You are the light of my life</h2>
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<p>
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You complete my darkness with your light. I love:
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</p>
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<ul>
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<li>the way you see good in the worse</li>
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<li>the way you handle emotionally difficult situations</li>
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<li>the way you look at Justice</li>
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</ul>
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<p>
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I have learned a lot from you. You have occupied a special place in my heart over the time.
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</p>
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</div>
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```
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保存,刷新。
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![](https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1000/1*rzyIl-gHug3nQChqfscU3w.jpeg)
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### HTML 中的图像
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我们的情书尚未完成,但在继续之前,缺少一件大事:蝙蝠侠标志。你见过是蝙蝠侠的东西但没有蝙蝠侠的标志吗?
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并没有。
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所以,让我们在情书中添加一个蝙蝠侠标志。
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在 HTML 中包含图像就像在一个 Word 文件中包含图像一样。在 MS Word 中,你到 菜单 -> 插入 -> 图像 -> 然后导航到图像位置为止 -> 选择图像 -> 单击插入。
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在 HTML 中,我们使用 `<img>` 标签让浏览器知道我们需要加载的图像,而不是单击菜单。我们在 “src” 属性中写入文件的位置和名称。如果图像在项目根目录中,我们可以简单地在 src 属性中写入图像文件的名称。
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在我们深入编码之前,从[这里][3]下载蝙蝠侠标志。你可能希望裁剪图像中的额外空白区域。复制项目根目录中的图像并将其重命名为 “bat-logo.jpeg”。
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```
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<div style="width:550px;">
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<h1>Bat Letter</h1>
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<img src="bat-logo.jpeg">
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<p>
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After all the battles we faught together, after all the difficult times we saw together, after all the good and bad moments we've been through, I think it's time I let you know how I feel about you.
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</p>
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```
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```
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<h2>You are the light of my life</h2>
|
|||
|
<p>
|
|||
|
You complete my darkness with your light. I love:
|
|||
|
</p>
|
|||
|
<ul>
|
|||
|
<li>the way you see good in the worse</li>
|
|||
|
<li>the way you handle emotionally difficult situations</li>
|
|||
|
<li>the way you look at Justice</li>
|
|||
|
</ul>
|
|||
|
<p>
|
|||
|
I have learned a lot from you. You have occupied a special place in my heart over the time.
|
|||
|
</p>
|
|||
|
</div>
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
我们在第 3 行包含了 img 标签。这个标签也是一个自闭合的标签,所以我们不需要写 `</img>`。在 src 属性中,我们给出了图像文件的名称。这个名称应与图像名称完全相同,包括扩展名(.jpeg)及其大小写。
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
保存并刷新,查看结果。
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
![](https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1000/1*uMNWAISOACJlzDOONcrGXw.jpeg)
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
该死的!刚刚发生了什么?
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
当使用 img 标签包含图像时,默认情况下,图像将以其原始分辨率显示。在我们的例子中,图像比 550px 宽得多。让我们使用 style 属性定义它的宽度:
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
<div style="width:550px;">
|
|||
|
<h1>Bat Letter</h1>
|
|||
|
<img src="bat-logo.jpeg" style="width:100%">
|
|||
|
<p>
|
|||
|
After all the battles we faught together, after all the difficult times we saw together, after all the good and bad moments we've been through, I think it's time I let you know how I feel about you.
|
|||
|
</p>
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
<h2>You are the light of my life</h2>
|
|||
|
<p>
|
|||
|
You complete my darkness with your light. I love:
|
|||
|
</p>
|
|||
|
<ul>
|
|||
|
<li>the way you see good in the worse</li>
|
|||
|
<li>the way you handle emotionally difficult situations</li>
|
|||
|
<li>the way you look at Justice</li>
|
|||
|
</ul>
|
|||
|
<p>
|
|||
|
I have learned a lot from you. You have occupied a special place in my heart over the time.
|
|||
|
</p>
|
|||
|
</div>
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
你会注意到,这次我们定义宽度使用了 “%” 而不是 “px”。当我们在 “%” 中定义宽度时,它将占据父元素宽度的百分比。因此,100% 的 550px 将为我们提供 550px。
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
保存并刷新,查看结果。
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
![](https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1000/1*5c0ngx3BFVlyyP6UNtfYyg.jpeg)
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
太棒了!这给蝙蝠侠的脸带来了胆怯的微笑 :)。(to 校正:这里什么意思)
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
### HTML 中的粗体和斜体
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
现在蝙蝠侠想在最后几段中承认他的爱。他有以下文本供你用 HTML 编写:
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
“I have a confession to make
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
It feels like my chest _does_ have a heart. You make my heart beat. Your smile brings a smile to my face, your pain brings pain to my heart.
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
I don’t show my emotions, but I think this man behind the mask is falling for you.”
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
当阅读到这里时,你会问蝙蝠侠:“等等,这是给谁的?”蝙蝠侠说:
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
“这是给超人的。”
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
![](https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1000/1*UNDvfIZQJ1Q_goHc-F-IPA.jpeg)
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
你说:哦!我还以为是给神奇女侠的呢。
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
蝙蝠侠说:不,这是给超人的,请在最后写上“I love you Superman.”。
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
好的,我们来写:
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
<div style="width:550px;">
|
|||
|
<h1>Bat Letter</h1>
|
|||
|
<img src="bat-logo.jpeg" style="width:100%">
|
|||
|
<p>
|
|||
|
After all the battles we faught together, after all the difficult times we saw together, after all the good and bad moments we've been through, I think it's time I let you know how I feel about you.
|
|||
|
</p>
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
<h2>You are the light of my life</h2>
|
|||
|
<p>
|
|||
|
You complete my darkness with your light. I love:
|
|||
|
</p>
|
|||
|
<ul>
|
|||
|
<li>the way you see good in the worse</li>
|
|||
|
<li>the way you handle emotionally difficult situations</li>
|
|||
|
<li>the way you look at Justice</li>
|
|||
|
</ul>
|
|||
|
<p>
|
|||
|
I have learned a lot from you. You have occupied a special place in my heart over the time.
|
|||
|
</p>
|
|||
|
<h2>I have a confession to make</h2>
|
|||
|
<p>
|
|||
|
It feels like my chest does have a heart. You make my heart beat. Your smile brings smile on my face, your pain brings pain to my heart.
|
|||
|
</p>
|
|||
|
<p>
|
|||
|
I don't show my emotions, but I think this man behind the mask is falling for you.
|
|||
|
</p>
|
|||
|
<p>I love you Superman.</p>
|
|||
|
<p>
|
|||
|
Your not-so-secret-lover, <br>
|
|||
|
Batman
|
|||
|
</p>
|
|||
|
</div>
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
这封信差不多完成了,蝙蝠侠另外想再做两次改变。蝙蝠侠希望在最后段落的第一句中的 “does” 一词是斜体,而 “I love you Superman” 这句话是粗体的。
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
我们使用 `<em>` 和 `<strong>` 以斜体和粗体显示文本。让我们来更新这些更改:
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
<div style="width:550px;">
|
|||
|
<h1>Bat Letter</h1>
|
|||
|
<img src="bat-logo.jpeg" style="width:100%">
|
|||
|
<p>
|
|||
|
After all the battles we faught together, after all the difficult times we saw together, after all the good and bad moments we've been through, I think it's time I let you know how I feel about you.
|
|||
|
</p>
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
<h2>You are the light of my life</h2>
|
|||
|
<p>
|
|||
|
You complete my darkness with your light. I love:
|
|||
|
</p>
|
|||
|
<ul>
|
|||
|
<li>the way you see good in the worse</li>
|
|||
|
<li>the way you handle emotionally difficult situations</li>
|
|||
|
<li>the way you look at Justice</li>
|
|||
|
</ul>
|
|||
|
<p>
|
|||
|
I have learned a lot from you. You have occupied a special place in my heart over the time.
|
|||
|
</p>
|
|||
|
<h2>I have a confession to make</h2>
|
|||
|
<p>
|
|||
|
It feels like my chest <em>does</em> have a heart. You make my heart beat. Your smile brings smile on my face, your pain brings pain to my heart.
|
|||
|
</p>
|
|||
|
<p>
|
|||
|
I don't show my emotions, but I think this man behind the mask is falling for you.
|
|||
|
</p>
|
|||
|
<p><strong>I love you Superman.</strong></p>
|
|||
|
<p>
|
|||
|
Your not-so-secret-lover, <br>
|
|||
|
Batman
|
|||
|
</p>
|
|||
|
</div>
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
![](https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1000/1*6hZdQJglbHUcEEHzouk2eA.jpeg)
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
### HTML 中的样式
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
你可以通过三种方式设置样式或定义 HTML 元素的外观:
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
* 内联样式:我们使用元素的 “style” 属性来编写样式。这是我们迄今为止使用的,但这不是一个好的实践。
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
* 嵌入式样式:我们在由 <style> 和 </style> 包裹的 “style” 元素中编写所有样式。
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
* 链接样式表:我们在具有 .css 扩展名的单独文件中编写所有元素的样式。此文件称为样式表。
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
让我们来看看如何定义 “div” 的内联样式:
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
<div style="width:550px;">
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
我们可以在 `<style>` 和 `</style>` 里面写同样的样式:
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
div{
|
|||
|
width:550px;
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
在嵌入式样式中,我们编写的样式是与元素分开的。所以我们需要一种方法来关联元素及其样式。第一个单词 “div” 就做了这样的活。它让浏览器知道花括号 `{...}` 里面的所有样式都属于 “div” 元素。由于这种语法确定要应用样式的元素,因此它称为一个选择器。
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
我们编写样式的方式保持不变:属性(宽度)和值(550px)用冒号(:)分隔,以分号(;)结束。
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
让我们从 “div” 和 “img” 元素中删除内联样式,将其写入 `<style>` 元素:
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
<style>
|
|||
|
div{
|
|||
|
width:550px;
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
img{
|
|||
|
width:100%;
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
</style>
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
<div>
|
|||
|
<h1>Bat Letter</h1>
|
|||
|
<img src="bat-logo.jpeg">
|
|||
|
<p>
|
|||
|
After all the battles we faught together, after all the difficult times we saw together, after all the good and bad moments we've been through, I think it's time I let you know how I feel about you.
|
|||
|
</p>
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
<h2>You are the light of my life</h2>
|
|||
|
<p>
|
|||
|
You complete my darkness with your light. I love:
|
|||
|
</p>
|
|||
|
<ul>
|
|||
|
<li>the way you see good in the worse</li>
|
|||
|
<li>the way you handle emotionally difficult situations</li>
|
|||
|
<li>the way you look at Justice</li>
|
|||
|
</ul>
|
|||
|
<p>
|
|||
|
I have learned a lot from you. You have occupied a special place in my heart over the time.
|
|||
|
</p>
|
|||
|
<h2>I have a confession to make</h2>
|
|||
|
<p>
|
|||
|
It feels like my chest <em>does</em> have a heart. You make my heart beat. Your smile brings smile on my face, your pain brings pain to my heart.
|
|||
|
</p>
|
|||
|
<p>
|
|||
|
I don't show my emotions, but I think this man behind the mask is falling for you.
|
|||
|
</p>
|
|||
|
<p><strong>I love you Superman.</strong></p>
|
|||
|
<p>
|
|||
|
Your not-so-secret-lover, <br>
|
|||
|
Batman
|
|||
|
</p>
|
|||
|
</div>
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
保存并刷新,结果应保持不变。
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
但是有一个大问题,如果我们的 HTML 文件中有多个 “div” 和 “img” 元素该怎么办?这样我们在 “style” 元素中为 div 和 img 定义的样式就会应用于页面上的每个 div 和 img。
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
如果你在以后的代码中添加另一个 div,那么该 div 也将变为 550px 宽。我们并不希望这样。
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
我们想要将我们的样式应用于现在正在使用的特定 div 和 img。为此,我们需要为 div 和 img 元素提供唯一的 id。以下是使用 “id” 属性为元素赋予 id 的方法:
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
<div id="letter-container">
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
以下是如何在嵌入式样式中将此 id 用作选择器:
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
#letter-container{
|
|||
|
...
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
注意 “#” 符号。它表示它是一个 id,{...} 中的样式应该只应用于具有该特定 id 的元素。
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
让我们来应用它:
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
<style>
|
|||
|
#letter-container{
|
|||
|
width:550px;
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
#header-bat-logo{
|
|||
|
width:100%;
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
</style>
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
<div id="letter-container">
|
|||
|
<h1>Bat Letter</h1>
|
|||
|
<img id="header-bat-logo" src="bat-logo.jpeg">
|
|||
|
<p>
|
|||
|
After all the battles we faught together, after all the difficult times we saw together, after all the good and bad moments we've been through, I think it's time I let you know how I feel about you.
|
|||
|
</p>
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
<h2>You are the light of my life</h2>
|
|||
|
<p>
|
|||
|
You complete my darkness with your light. I love:
|
|||
|
</p>
|
|||
|
<ul>
|
|||
|
<li>the way you see good in the worse</li>
|
|||
|
<li>the way you handle emotionally difficult situations</li>
|
|||
|
<li>the way you look at Justice</li>
|
|||
|
</ul>
|
|||
|
<p>
|
|||
|
I have learned a lot from you. You have occupied a special place in my heart over the time.
|
|||
|
</p>
|
|||
|
<h2>I have a confession to make</h2>
|
|||
|
<p>
|
|||
|
It feels like my chest <em>does</em> have a heart. You make my heart beat. Your smile brings smile on my face, your pain brings pain to my heart.
|
|||
|
</p>
|
|||
|
<p>
|
|||
|
I don't show my emotions, but I think this man behind the mask is falling for you.
|
|||
|
</p>
|
|||
|
<p><strong>I love you Superman.</strong></p>
|
|||
|
<p>
|
|||
|
Your not-so-secret-lover, <br>
|
|||
|
Batman
|
|||
|
</p>
|
|||
|
</div>
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
HTML 已经准备好了嵌入式样式。
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
但是,你可以看到,随着我们包含越来越多的样式,<style></style> 将变得很大。这可能很快会混乱我们的主 HTML 文件。
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
因此,让我们更进一步,通过将 style 标签内的内容复制到一个新文件来使用链接样式。
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
在项目根目录中创建一个新文件,将其另存为 style.css:
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
#letter-container{
|
|||
|
width:550px;
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
#header-bat-logo{
|
|||
|
width:100%;
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
我们不需要在 CSS 文件中写 `<style>` 和 `</style>`。
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
我们需要使用 HTML 文件中的 `<link>` 标签来将新创建的 CSS 文件链接到 HTML 文件。以下是我们如何做到这一点:
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="style.css">
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
我们使用 link 元素在 HTML 文档中包含外部资源,它主要用于链接样式表。我们使用的三个属性是:
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
* rel:关系。链接文件与文档的关系。具有 .css 扩展名的文件称为样式表,因此我们保留 rel=“stylesheet”。
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
* type:链接文件的类型;对于一个 CSS 文件来说它是 “text/css”。
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
* href:超文本参考。链接文件的位置。
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
link 元素的结尾没有 </link>。因此,<link> 也是一个自闭合的标签。
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
<link rel="gf" type="cute" href="girl.next.door">
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
如果只是得到一个女朋友,那么很容易:D
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
可惜没有那么简单,让我们继续前进。
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
这是我们 loveletter.html 的内容:
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="style.css">
|
|||
|
<div id="letter-container">
|
|||
|
<h1>Bat Letter</h1>
|
|||
|
<img id="header-bat-logo" src="bat-logo.jpeg">
|
|||
|
<p>
|
|||
|
After all the battles we faught together, after all the difficult times we saw together, after all the good and bad moments we've been through, I think it's time I let you know how I feel about you.
|
|||
|
</p>
|
|||
|
<h2>You are the light of my life</h2>
|
|||
|
<p>
|
|||
|
You complete my darkness with your light. I love:
|
|||
|
</p>
|
|||
|
<ul>
|
|||
|
<li>the way you see good in the worse</li>
|
|||
|
<li>the way you handle emotionally difficult situations</li>
|
|||
|
<li>the way you look at Justice</li>
|
|||
|
</ul>
|
|||
|
<p>
|
|||
|
I have learned a lot from you. You have occupied a special place in my heart over the time.
|
|||
|
</p>
|
|||
|
<h2>I have a confession to make</h2>
|
|||
|
<p>
|
|||
|
It feels like my chest <em>does</em> have a heart. You make my heart beat. Your smile brings smile on my face, your pain brings pain to my heart.
|
|||
|
</p>
|
|||
|
<p>
|
|||
|
I don't show my emotions, but I think this man behind the mask is falling for you.
|
|||
|
</p>
|
|||
|
<p><strong>I love you Superman.</strong></p>
|
|||
|
<p>
|
|||
|
Your not-so-secret-lover, <br>
|
|||
|
Batman
|
|||
|
</p>
|
|||
|
</div>
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
style.css 内容:
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
#letter-container{
|
|||
|
width:550px;
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
#header-bat-logo{
|
|||
|
width:100%;
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
保存文件并刷新,浏览器中的输出应保持不变。
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
### 一些手续
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
我们的情书已经准备好给蝙蝠侠,但还有一些正式的片段。
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
与其他任何编程语言一样,HTML 自出生以来(1990 年)经历过许多版本,当前版本是 HTML5。
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
那么,浏览器如何知道你使用哪个版本的 HTML 来编写页面呢?要告诉浏览器你正在使用 HTML5,你需要在页面顶部包含 `<!DOCTYPE html>`。对于旧版本的 HTML,这行不同,但你不需要了解它们,因为我们不再使用它们了。
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
此外,在之前的 HTML 版本中,我们曾经将整个文档封装在 `<html></html>` 标签内。整个文件分为两个主要部分:Head 在 `<head></head>` 里面,Body 在 `<body></body>` 里面。这在 HTML5 中不是必须的,但由于兼容性原因,我们仍然这样做。让我们用 `<Doctype>`, `<html>`, `<head>` 和 `<body>` 更新我们的代码:
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
<!DOCTYPE html>
|
|||
|
<html>
|
|||
|
<head>
|
|||
|
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="style.css">
|
|||
|
</head>
|
|||
|
<body>
|
|||
|
<div id="letter-container">
|
|||
|
<h1>Bat Letter</h1>
|
|||
|
<img id="header-bat-logo" src="bat-logo.jpeg">
|
|||
|
<p>
|
|||
|
After all the battles we faught together, after all the difficult times we saw together, after all the good and bad moments we've been through, I think it's time I let you know how I feel about you.
|
|||
|
</p>
|
|||
|
<h2>You are the light of my life</h2>
|
|||
|
<p>
|
|||
|
You complete my darkness with your light. I love:
|
|||
|
</p>
|
|||
|
<ul>
|
|||
|
<li>the way you see good in the worse</li>
|
|||
|
<li>the way you handle emotionally difficult situations</li>
|
|||
|
<li>the way you look at Justice</li>
|
|||
|
</ul>
|
|||
|
<p>
|
|||
|
I have learned a lot from you. You have occupied a special place in my heart over the time.
|
|||
|
</p>
|
|||
|
<h2>I have a confession to make</h2>
|
|||
|
<p>
|
|||
|
It feels like my chest <em>does</em> have a heart. You make my heart beat. Your smile brings smile on my face, your pain brings pain to my heart.
|
|||
|
</p>
|
|||
|
<p>
|
|||
|
I don't show my emotions, but I think this man behind the mask is falling for you.
|
|||
|
</p>
|
|||
|
<p><strong>I love you Superman.</strong></p>
|
|||
|
<p>
|
|||
|
Your not-so-secret-lover, <br>
|
|||
|
Batman
|
|||
|
</p>
|
|||
|
</div>
|
|||
|
</body>
|
|||
|
</html>
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
主要内容在 `<body>` 里面,元信息在 `<head>` 里面。所以我们把 div 保存在 `<body>` 里面并加载 `<head>` 里面的样式表。
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
保存并刷新,你的 HTML 页面应显示与之前相同的内容。
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
### HTML 的标题
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
我发誓,这是最后一次改变。
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
你可能已经注意到选项卡的标题正在显示 HTML 文件的路径:
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
![](https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1000/1*PASKm4ji29hbcZXVSP8afg.jpeg)
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
我们可以使用 `<title>` 标签来定义 HTML 文件的标题。标题标签也像链接标签一样在 head 内部。让我们我们在标题中加上 “Bat Letter”:
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
<!DOCTYPE html>
|
|||
|
<html>
|
|||
|
<head>
|
|||
|
<title>Bat Letter</title>
|
|||
|
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="style.css">
|
|||
|
</head>
|
|||
|
<body>
|
|||
|
<div id="letter-container">
|
|||
|
<h1>Bat Letter</h1>
|
|||
|
<img id="header-bat-logo" src="bat-logo.jpeg">
|
|||
|
<p>
|
|||
|
After all the battles we faught together, after all the difficult times we saw together, after all the good and bad moments we've been through, I think it's time I let you know how I feel about you.
|
|||
|
</p>
|
|||
|
<h2>You are the light of my life</h2>
|
|||
|
<p>
|
|||
|
You complete my darkness with your light. I love:
|
|||
|
</p>
|
|||
|
<ul>
|
|||
|
<li>the way you see good in the worse</li>
|
|||
|
<li>the way you handle emotionally difficult situations</li>
|
|||
|
<li>the way you look at Justice</li>
|
|||
|
</ul>
|
|||
|
<p>
|
|||
|
I have learned a lot from you. You have occupied a special place in my heart over the time.
|
|||
|
</p>
|
|||
|
<h2>I have a confession to make</h2>
|
|||
|
<p>
|
|||
|
It feels like my chest <em>does</em> have a heart. You make my heart beat. Your smile brings smile on my face, your pain brings pain to my heart.
|
|||
|
</p>
|
|||
|
<p>
|
|||
|
I don't show my emotions, but I think this man behind the mask is falling for you.
|
|||
|
</p>
|
|||
|
<p><strong>I love you Superman.</strong></p>
|
|||
|
<p>
|
|||
|
Your not-so-secret-lover, <br>
|
|||
|
Batman
|
|||
|
</p>
|
|||
|
</div>
|
|||
|
</body>
|
|||
|
</html>
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
保存并刷新,你将看到在选项卡上显示的是 “Bat Letter” 而不是文件路径。
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
蝙蝠侠的情书现在已经完成。
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
恭喜!你用 HTML 制作了蝙蝠侠的情书。
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
![](https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1000/1*qC8qtrYtxAB6cJfm9aVOOQ.jpeg)
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
### 我们学到了什么
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
我们学习了以下新概念:
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
* 一个 HTML 文档的结构
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
* 在 HTML 中如何写元素(\<p>\</p>)
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
* 如何使用 style 属性在元素内编写样式(这称为内联样式,尽可能避免这种情况)
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
* 如何在 <style>...</style> 中编写元素的样式(这称为嵌入式样式)
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
* 在 HTML 中如何使用 <link> 在单独的文件中编写样式并链接它(这称为链接样式表)
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
* 什么是标签名称,属性,开始标签和结束标签
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
* 如何使用 id 属性为一个元素赋予 id
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
* CSS 中的标签选择器和 id 选择器
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
我们学习了以下 HTML 标签:
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
* \<p>:用于段落
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
* \<br>:用于换行
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
* \<ul>, \<li>:显示列表
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
* \<div>:用于分组我们信件的元素
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
* \<h1>, \<h2>:用于标题和子标题
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
* \<img>:用于插入图像
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
* \<strong>, \<em>:用于粗体和斜体文字样式
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
* \<style>:用于嵌入式样式
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
* \<link>:用于包含外部样式表
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
* \<html>:用于包裹整个 HTML 文档
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
* \<!DOCTYPE html>:让浏览器知道我们正在使用 HTML5
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
* \<head>:包裹元信息,如 \<link> 和 \<title>
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
* \<body>:用于实际显示的 HTML 页面的主体
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
* \<title>:用于 HTML 页面的标题
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
我们学习了以下 CSS 属性:
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
* width:用于定义元素的宽度
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
* CSS 单位:“px” 和 “%”
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
朋友们,这就是今天的全部了,下一个教程中见。
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
***
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
想通过有趣且引人入胜的教程学习 Web 开发?
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
[点击这里获取每周新的 Web 开发教程][4]
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
作者简介:
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
开发者 + 作者 | supersarkar.com | twitter.com/supersarkar
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
-------------
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
via: https://medium.freecodecamp.org/for-your-first-html-code-lets-help-batman-write-a-love-letter-64c203b9360b
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
作者:[Kunal Sarkar][a]
|
|||
|
译者:[MjSeven](https://github.com/MjSeven)
|
|||
|
校对:[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
|||
|
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译,[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
[a]:https://medium.freecodecamp.org/@supersarkar
|
|||
|
[1]:https://www.pexels.com/photo/batman-black-and-white-logo-93596/
|
|||
|
[2]:https://code.visualstudio.com/
|
|||
|
[3]:https://www.pexels.com/photo/batman-black-and-white-logo-93596/
|
|||
|
[4]:http://supersarkar.com/
|