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280 lines
11 KiB
Markdown
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[#]: subject: "Writing useful terminal TUI on Linux with dialog and jq"
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[#]: via: "https://fedoramagazine.org/writing-useful-terminal-tui-on-linux-with-dialog-and-jq/"
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[#]: author: "Jose Nunez https://fedoramagazine.org/author/josevnz/"
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[#]: collector: "lujun9972/lctt-scripts-1693450080"
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[#]: translator: "ChatGPT"
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[#]: reviewer: "wxy"
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[#]: publisher: "wxy"
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[#]: url: "https://linux.cn/article-16391-1.html"
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使用 dialog 和 jq 在 Linux 上编写高效终端 TUI
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======
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![][0]
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### 为何选择文字用户界面（TUI）？
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许多人每日都在使用终端，因此，<ruby>文字用户界面<rt>Text User Interface</rt></ruby>（TUI）逐渐显示出其价值。它能减少用户输入命令时的误差，让终端操作更高效，提高生产力。
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以我的个人使用情况为例：我每日会通过家用电脑远程连接到我使用 Linux 系统的实体 PC。所有的远程网络连接都通过私有 VPN 加密保护。然而，当我需要频繁重复输入命令进行连接时，这种经历实在令人烦躁。
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于是，我创建了下面这个 Bash 函数，从而有所改进：
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```
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export REMOTE_RDP_USER="myremoteuser"
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function remote_machine() {
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/usr/bin/xfreerdp /cert-ignore /sound:sys:alsa /f /u:$REMOTE_RDP_USER /v:$1 /p:$2
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}
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```
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但后来，我发现自己还是频繁地执行下面这条命令（在一行中）：
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```
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remote_pass=(/bin/cat/.mypassfile) remote_machine $remote_machine $remote_pass
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```
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_这太烦了_ 更糟糕的是，我的密码被明文存储在我的电脑上（我虽然使用了加密驱动器，但这点依然令人不安）。
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因此，我决定投入一些时间，编写一个实用的脚本，从而更好地满足我的基本需求。
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#### 我需要哪些信息才能连接到远程桌面？
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实际上，要连接到远程桌面，你只需提供少量信息。这些信息需要进行结构化处理，所以一个简单的 JSON 文件就能够满足要求：
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```
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{"machines": [
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{
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"name": "machine1.domain.com",
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"description": "Personal-PC"
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},
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{
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"name": "machine2.domain.com",
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"description": "Virtual-Machine"
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}
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],
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"remote_user": "MYUSER@DOMAIN",
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"title" : "MY COMPANY RDP connection"
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}
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```
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尽管在各种配置文件格式中，JSON 并非最佳选择（例如，它不支持注解），但是 Linux 提供了许多工具通过命令行方式解析 JSON 内容。其中，特别值得一提的工具就是 [jq][5]。下面我要向你展示如何利用它来提取机器列表：
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```
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/usr/bin/jq --compact-output --raw-output '.machines[]| .name' \
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$HOME/.config/scripts/kodegeek_rdp.json) \
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"machine1.domain.com" "machine2.domain.com"
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```
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`jq` 的文档可以在 [这里][6] 找到。另外，你也可以直接将你的 JSON 文件复制粘贴到 [jq play][7]，试用你的表达式，然后在你的脚本中使用这些表达式。
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既然已经准备好了连接远程计算机所需的所有信息，那现在就让我们来创建一个美观实用的 TUI 吧。
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#### Dialog 的帮助
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[Dialog][8] 是那些你可能希望早些认识的、被低评估的 Linux 工具之一。你可以利用它构建出一个井然有序、简介易懂，并且完美适用于你终端的用户界面。
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比如，我可以创建一个包含我喜欢的编程语言的简单的复选框列表，且默认选择 Python：
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```
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dialog --clear --checklist "Favorite programming languages:" 10 30 7\
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1 Python on 2 Java off 3 Bash off 4 Perl off 5 Ruby off
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```
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![][9]
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我们通过这条命令向 `dialog` 下达了几个指令：
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* 清除屏幕（所有选项都以 `--` 开头）
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* 创建一个带有标题的复选框（第一个位置参数）
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* 决定窗口尺寸（高度、宽度和列表高度，共 3 个参数）
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* 列表中的每条选项都由一个标签和一个值组成。
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惊人的是，仅仅一行代码，就带来了简洁直观和视觉友好的选择列表。
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关于 `dialog` 的详细文档，你可以在 [这里][10] 阅读。
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#### 整合所有元素：使用 Dialog 和 JQ 编写 TUI
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我编写了一个 TUI，它使用 `jq` 从我的 JSON 文件中提取配置详细信息，并且使用 `dialog` 来组织流程。每次运行，我都会要求输入密码，并将其保存在一个临时文件中，脚本使用后便会删除这个临时文件。
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这个脚本非常基础，但它更安全，也使我能够专注于更重要的任务 🙂
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那么 [脚本][11] 看起来是怎样的呢？下面是代码：
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```
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#!/bin/bash
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# Author Jose Vicente Nunez
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# Do not use this script on a public computer. It is not secure...
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# https://invisible-island.net/dialog/
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# Below some constants to make it easier to handle Dialog
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# return codes
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: ${DIALOG_OK=0}
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: ${DIALOG_CANCEL=1}
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: ${DIALOG_HELP=2}
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: ${DIALOG_EXTRA=3}
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: ${DIALOG_ITEM_HELP=4}
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: ${DIALOG_ESC=255}
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# Temporary file to store sensitive data. Use a 'trap' to remove
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# at the end of the script or if it gets interrupted
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declare tmp_file=$(/usr/bin/mktemp 2>/dev/null) || declare tmp_file=/tmp/test$$
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trap "/bin/rm -f $tmp_file" QUIT EXIT INT
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/bin/chmod go-wrx ${tmp_file} > /dev/null 2>&1
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:<<DOC
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Extract details like title, remote user and machines using jq from the JSON file
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Use a subshell for the machine list
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DOC
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declare TITLE=$(/usr/bin/jq --compact-output --raw-output '.title' $HOME/.config/scripts/kodegeek_rdp.json)|| exit 100
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declare REMOTE_USER=$(/usr/bin/jq --compact-output --raw-output '.remote_user' $HOME/.config/scripts/kodegeek_rdp.json)|| exit 100
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declare MACHINES=$(
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declare tmp_file2=$(/usr/bin/mktemp 2>/dev/null) || declare tmp_file2=/tmp/test$$
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# trap "/bin/rm -f $tmp_file2" 0 1 2 5 15 EXIT INT
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declare -a MACHINE_INFO=$(/usr/bin/jq --compact-output --raw-output '.machines[]| join(",")' $HOME/.config/scripts/kodegeek_rdp.json > $tmp_file2)
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declare -i i=0
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while read line; do
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declare machine=$(echo $line| /usr/bin/cut -d',' -f1)
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declare desc=$(echo $line| /usr/bin/cut -d',' -f2)
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declare toggle=off
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if [ $i -eq 0 ]; then
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toggle=on
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((i=i+1))
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fi
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echo $machine $desc $toggle
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done < $tmp_file2
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/bin/cp /dev/null $tmp_file2
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) || exit 100
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# Create a dialog with a radio list and let the user select the
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# remote machine
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/usr/bin/dialog \
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--clear \
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--title "$TITLE" \
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--radiolist "Which machine do you want to use?" 20 61 2 \
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$MACHINES 2> ${tmp_file}
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return_value=$?
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# Handle the return codes from the machine selection in the
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# previous step
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export remote_machine=""
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case $return_value in
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$DIALOG_OK)
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export remote_machine=$(/bin/cat ${tmp_file})
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;;
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$DIALOG_CANCEL)
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echo "Cancel pressed.";;
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$DIALOG_HELP)
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echo "Help pressed.";;
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$DIALOG_EXTRA)
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echo "Extra button pressed.";;
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$DIALOG_ITEM_HELP)
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echo "Item-help button pressed.";;
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$DIALOG_ESC)
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if test -s $tmp_file ; then
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/bin/rm -f $tmp_file
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else
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echo "ESC pressed."
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fi
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;;
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esac
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# No machine selected? No service ...
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if [ -z "${remote_machine}" ]; then
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/usr/bin/dialog \
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--clear \
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--title "Error, no machine selected?" --clear "$@" \
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--msgbox "No machine was selected!. Will exit now..." 15 30
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exit 100
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fi
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# Send 4 packets to the remote machine. I assume your network
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# administration allows ICMP packets
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# If there is an error show message box
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/bin/ping -c 4 ${remote_machine} >/dev/null 2>&1
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if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
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/usr/bin/dialog \
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--clear \
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--title "VPN issues or machine is off?" --clear "$@" \
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--msgbox "Could not ping ${remote_machine}. Time to troubleshoot..." 15 50
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exit 100
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fi
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# Remote machine is visible, ask for credentials and handle user
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# choices (like password with a password box)
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/bin/rm -f ${tmp_file}
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/usr/bin/dialog \
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--title "$TITLE" \
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--clear \
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--insecure \
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--passwordbox "Please enter your Windows password for ${remote_machine}\n" 16 51 2> $tmp_file
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return_value=$?
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case $return_value in
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$DIALOG_OK)
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# We have all the information, try to connect using RDP protocol
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/usr/bin/mkdir -p -v $HOME/logs
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/usr/bin/xfreerdp /cert-ignore /sound:sys:alsa /f /u:$REMOTE_USER /v:${remote_machine} /p:$(/bin/cat ${tmp_file})| \
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/usr/bin/tee $HOME/logs/$(/usr/bin/basename $0)-$remote_machine.log
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;;
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$DIALOG_CANCEL)
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echo "Cancel pressed.";;
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$DIALOG_HELP)
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echo "Help pressed.";;
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$DIALOG_EXTRA)
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echo "Extra button pressed.";;
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$DIALOG_ITEM_HELP)
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echo "Item-help button pressed.";;
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$DIALOG_ESC)
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if test -s $tmp_file ; then
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/bin/rm -f $tmp_file
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else
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echo "ESC pressed."
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fi
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;;
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esac
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```
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![][12]
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你从代码中可以看出，`dialog` 预期的是位置参数，并且允许你在变量中捕获用户的回应。这实际上使其成为编写文本用户界面的 Bash 扩展。
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上述的小例子只涵盖了一些部件的使用，其实还有更多的文档在 [官方 dialog 网站][8]上。
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#### Dialog 和 JQ 是最好的选择吗？
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实现这个功能可以有很多方法（如 [Textual][13]，Gnome 的 [Zenity][14]，Python 的 [TKinker][15]等）。我只是想向你展示一种高效的方式——仅用 100 行代码就完成了这项任务。
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_确实，它并不完美_。更具体地讲，它与 Bash 的深度集成使得代码有些冗长，但仍然保持了易于调试和维护的特性。相比于反复复制粘贴长长的命令，这无疑是一个更好的选择。
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最后，如果你喜欢在 Bash 中使用 `jq` 处理 JSON，那么你会对这个 [jq 配方的精彩集合][16] 感兴趣的。
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*（题图：MJ/a9b7f60a-02ec-4d3f-88ae-2321f49ac0e1）*
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://fedoramagazine.org/writing-useful-terminal-tui-on-linux-with-dialog-and-jq/
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作者：[Jose Nunez][a]
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选题：[lujun9972][b]
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译者：[ChatGPT](https://linux.cn/lctt/ChatGPT)
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校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]: https://fedoramagazine.org/author/josevnz/
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[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
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[1]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/TUI_w_dialog_n_jq-816x345.jpg
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[2]: https://unsplash.com/@riku?utm_content=creditCopyText&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=unsplash
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[3]: https://unsplash.com/photos/black-flat-screen-computer-monitor-wvJuYrM5iuw?utm_content=creditCopyText&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=unsplash
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[4]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_private_network
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[5]: https://stedolan.github.io/jq/
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[6]: https://jqlang.github.io/jq/manual/
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[7]: https://jqplay.org/
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[8]: https://invisible-island.net/dialog/
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[9]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/dialog-example1.png
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[10]: https://invisible-island.net/dialog/#documentation
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[11]: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/josevnz/scripts/main/kodegeek_rdp.sh
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[12]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/dialog-example2.png
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[13]: https://textual.textualize.io/
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[14]: https://gitlab.gnome.org/GNOME/zenity/commits/master?ofs=1900
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[15]: https://docs.python.org/3/library/tkinter.html
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[16]: https://nntrn.github.io/jq-recipes/
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[0]: https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/202311/18/071418mc44bs42keebfe1c.png
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