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239 lines
5.4 KiB
Markdown
239 lines
5.4 KiB
Markdown
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A gawk script to convert smart quotes
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======
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I manage a personal website and edit the web pages by hand. Since I don't have many pages on my site, this works well for me, letting me "scratch the itch" of getting into the site's code.
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When I updated my website's design recently, I decided to turn all the plain quotes into "smart quotes," or quotes that look like those used in print material: “” instead of "".
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Editing all of the quotes by hand would take too long, so I decided to automate the process of converting the quotes in all of my HTML files. But doing so via a script or program requires some intelligence. The script needs to know when to convert a plain quote to a smart quote, and which quote to use.
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You can use different methods to convert quotes. Greg Pittman wrote a [Python script][1] for fixing smart quotes in text. I wrote mine in GNU [awk][2] (gawk).
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> Get our awk cheat sheet. [Free download][3].
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To start, I wrote a simple gawk function to evaluate a single character. If that character is a quote, the function determines if it should output a plain quote or a smart quote. The function looks at the previous character; if the previous character is a space, the function outputs a left smart quote. Otherwise, the function outputs a right smart quote. The script does the same for single quotes.
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```
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function smartquote (char, prevchar) {
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# print smart quotes depending on the previous character
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# otherwise just print the character as-is
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if (prevchar ~ /\s/) {
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# prev char is a space
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if (char == "'") {
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printf("‘");
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}
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else if (char == "\"") {
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printf("“");
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}
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else {
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printf("%c", char);
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}
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}
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else {
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# prev char is not a space
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if (char == "'") {
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printf("’");
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}
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else if (char == "\"") {
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printf("”");
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}
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else {
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printf("%c", char);
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}
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}
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}
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```
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With that function, the body of the gawk script processes the HTML input file character by character. The script prints all text verbatim when inside an HTML tag (for example, `<html lang="en">`. Outside any HTML tags, the script uses the `smartquote()` function to print text. The `smartquote()` function does the work of evaluating when to print plain quotes or smart quotes.
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```
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function smartquote (char, prevchar) {
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...
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}
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BEGIN {htmltag = 0}
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{
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# for each line, scan one letter at a time:
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linelen = length($0);
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prev = "\n";
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for (i = 1; i <= linelen; i++) {
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char = substr($0, i, 1);
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if (char == "<") {
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htmltag = 1;
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}
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if (htmltag == 1) {
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printf("%c", char);
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}
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else {
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smartquote(char, prev);
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prev = char;
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}
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if (char == ">") {
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htmltag = 0;
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}
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}
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# add trailing newline at end of each line
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printf ("\n");
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}
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```
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Here's an example:
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```
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gawk -f quotes.awk test.html > test2.html
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```
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Sample input:
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```
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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<html lang="en">
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<head>
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<title>Test page</title>
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<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/test.css" />
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<meta charset="UTF-8">
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<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width" />
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</head>
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<body>
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<h1><a href="/"><img src="logo.png" alt="Website logo" /></a></h1>
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<p>"Hi there!"</p>
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<p>It's and its.</p>
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</body>
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</html>
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```
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Sample output:
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```
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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<html lang="en">
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<head>
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<title>Test page</title>
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<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/test.css" />
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<meta charset="UTF-8">
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<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width" />
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</head>
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<body>
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<h1><a href="/"><img src="logo.png" alt="Website logo" /></a></h1>
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<p>“Hi there!”</p>
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<p>It’s and its.</p>
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</body>
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</html>
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```
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://opensource.com/article/18/8/gawk-script-convert-smart-quotes
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作者：[Jim Hall][a]
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选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972)
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]:https://opensource.com/users/jim-hall
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[1]:https://opensource.com/article/17/3/python-scribus-smart-quotes
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[2]:/downloads/cheat-sheet-awk-features
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[3]:https://opensource.com/downloads/cheat-sheet-awk-features
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