2017-12-10 09:56:12 +08:00
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如何在 Linux 上安装友好的交互式 shell:Fish
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2017-12-09 10:52:40 +08:00
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======
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2017-12-10 09:56:12 +08:00
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Fish,<ruby>友好的交互式 shell<rt>Friendly Interactive SHell</rt></ruby> 的缩写,它是一个适于装备于类 Unix 系统的智能而用户友好的 shell。Fish 有着很多重要的功能,比如自动建议、语法高亮、可搜索的历史记录(像在 bash 中 `CTRL+r`)、智能搜索功能、极好的 VGA 颜色支持、基于 web 的设置方式、完善的手册页和许多开箱即用的功能。尽管安装并立即使用它吧。无需更多其他配置,你也不需要安装任何额外的附加组件/插件!
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在这篇教程中,我们讨论如何在 Linux 中安装和使用 fish shell。
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2017-12-09 10:52:40 +08:00
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#### 安装 Fish
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2017-12-10 09:56:12 +08:00
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尽管 fish 是一个非常用户友好的并且功能丰富的 shell,但并没有包括在大多数 Linux 发行版的默认仓库中。它只能在少数 Linux 发行版中的官方仓库中找到,如 Arch Linux,Gentoo,NixOS,和 Ubuntu 等。然而,安装 fish 并不难。
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2017-12-09 10:52:40 +08:00
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在 Arch Linux 和它的衍生版上,运行以下命令来安装它。
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```
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sudo pacman -S fish
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```
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在 CentOS 7 上以 root 运行以下命令:
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```
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cd /etc/yum.repos.d/
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wget https://download.opensuse.org/repositories/shells:fish:release:2/CentOS_7/shells:fish:release:2.repo
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yum install fish
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```
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在 CentOS 6 上以 root 运行以下命令:
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```
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cd /etc/yum.repos.d/
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wget https://download.opensuse.org/repositories/shells:fish:release:2/CentOS_6/shells:fish:release:2.repo
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yum install fish
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```
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在 Debian 9 上以 root 运行以下命令:
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```
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wget -nv https://download.opensuse.org/repositories/shells:fish:release:2/Debian_9.0/Release.key -O Release.key
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apt-key add - < Release.key
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echo 'deb http://download.opensuse.org/repositories/shells:/fish:/release:/2/Debian_9.0/ /' > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/fish.list
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apt-get update
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apt-get install fish
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```
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在 Debian 8 上以 root 运行以下命令:
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```
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wget -nv https://download.opensuse.org/repositories/shells:fish:release:2/Debian_8.0/Release.key -O Release.key
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apt-key add - < Release.key
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echo 'deb http://download.opensuse.org/repositories/shells:/fish:/release:/2/Debian_8.0/ /' > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/fish.list
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apt-get update
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apt-get install fish
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```
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在 Fedora 26 上以 root 运行以下命令:
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```
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dnf config-manager --add-repo https://download.opensuse.org/repositories/shells:fish:release:2/Fedora_26/shells:fish:release:2.repo
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dnf install fish
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```
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在 Fedora 25 上以 root 运行以下命令:
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```
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dnf config-manager --add-repo https://download.opensuse.org/repositories/shells:fish:release:2/Fedora_25/shells:fish:release:2.repo
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dnf install fish
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```
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在 Fedora 24 上以 root 运行以下命令:
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```
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dnf config-manager --add-repo https://download.opensuse.org/repositories/shells:fish:release:2/Fedora_24/shells:fish:release:2.repo
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dnf install fish
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```
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在 Fedora 23 上以 root 运行以下命令:
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```
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dnf config-manager --add-repo https://download.opensuse.org/repositories/shells:fish:release:2/Fedora_23/shells:fish:release:2.repo
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dnf install fish
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```
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在 openSUSE 上以 root 运行以下命令:
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```
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zypper install fish
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```
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在 RHEL 7 上以 root 运行以下命令:
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```
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cd /etc/yum.repos.d/
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wget https://download.opensuse.org/repositories/shells:fish:release:2/RHEL_7/shells:fish:release:2.repo
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yum install fish
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```
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在 RHEL-6 上以 root 运行以下命令:
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```
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cd /etc/yum.repos.d/
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wget https://download.opensuse.org/repositories/shells:fish:release:2/RedHat_RHEL-6/shells:fish:release:2.repo
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yum install fish
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```
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在 Ubuntu 和它的衍生版上:
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```
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sudo apt-get update
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sudo apt-get install fish
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```
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就这样了。是时候探索 fish shell 了。
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### 用法
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要从你默认的 shell 切换到 fish,请执行以下操作:
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```
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$ fish
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Welcome to fish, the friendly interactive shell
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```
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2017-12-10 09:56:12 +08:00
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你可以在 `~/.config/fish/config.fish` 上找到默认的 fish 配置(类似于 `.bashrc`)。如果它不存在,就创建它吧。
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2017-12-09 10:52:40 +08:00
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#### 自动建议
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2017-12-10 09:56:12 +08:00
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当我输入一个命令,它以浅灰色自动建议一个命令。所以,我需要输入一个 Linux 命令的前几个字母,然后按下 `tab` 键来完成这个命令。
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2017-12-09 10:52:40 +08:00
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[![](http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/fish-1.png)][2]
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2017-12-10 09:56:12 +08:00
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如果有更多的可能性,它将会列出它们。你可以使用上/下箭头键从列表中选择列出的命令。在选择你想运行的命令后,只需按下右箭头键,然后按下 `ENTER` 运行它。
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2017-12-09 10:52:40 +08:00
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[![](http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/fish-2.png)][3]
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2017-12-10 09:56:12 +08:00
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无需 `CTRL+r` 了!正如你已知道的,我们通过按 `CTRL+r` 来反向搜索 Bash shell 中的历史命令。但在 fish shell 中是没有必要的。由于它有自动建议功能,只需输入命令的前几个字母,然后从历史记录中选择已经执行的命令。很酷,是吧。
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2017-12-09 10:52:40 +08:00
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#### 智能搜索
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2017-12-10 09:56:12 +08:00
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我们也可以使用智能搜索来查找一个特定的命令、文件或者目录。例如,我输入一个命令的一部分,然后按向下箭头键进行智能搜索,再次输入一个字母来从列表中选择所需的命令。
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2017-12-09 10:52:40 +08:00
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[![](http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/fish-6.png)][4]
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#### 语法高亮
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当你输入一个命令时,你将注意到语法高亮。请看下面当我在 Bash shell 和 fish shell 中输入相同的命令时截图的区别。
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2017-12-10 09:56:12 +08:00
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Bash:
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2017-12-09 10:52:40 +08:00
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[![](http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/fish-3.png)][5]
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2017-12-10 09:56:12 +08:00
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Fish:
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2017-12-09 10:52:40 +08:00
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[![](http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/fish-4.png)][6]
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2017-12-10 09:56:12 +08:00
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正如你所看到的,`sudo` 在 fish shell 中已经被高亮显示。此外,默认情况下它将以红色显示无效命令。
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2017-12-09 10:52:40 +08:00
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2017-12-10 09:56:12 +08:00
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#### 基于 web 的配置方式
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2017-12-09 10:52:40 +08:00
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2017-12-10 09:56:12 +08:00
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这是 fish shell 另一个很酷的功能。我们可以设置我们的颜色、更改 fish 提示符,并从网页上查看所有功能、变量、历史记录、键绑定。
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2017-12-09 10:52:40 +08:00
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启动 web 配置接口,只需输入:
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```
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fish_config
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```
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[![](http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/fish-5.png)][7]
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2017-12-10 09:56:12 +08:00
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#### 手册页补完
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2017-12-09 10:52:40 +08:00
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2017-12-10 09:56:12 +08:00
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Bash 和 其它 shells 支持可编程的补完,但只有 fish 可以通过解析已安装的手册来自动生成它们。
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2017-12-09 10:52:40 +08:00
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为此,请运行:
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```
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fish_update_completions
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```
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实例输出将是:
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```
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Parsing man pages and writing completions to /home/sk/.local/share/fish/generated_completions/
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3435 / 3435 : zramctl.8.gz
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```
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2017-12-10 09:56:12 +08:00
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#### 禁用问候语
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2017-12-09 10:52:40 +08:00
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2017-12-10 09:56:12 +08:00
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默认情况下,fish 在启动时问候你(“Welcome to fish, the friendly interactive shell”)。如果你不想要这个问候消息,可以禁用它。为此,编辑 fish 配置文件:
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2017-12-09 10:52:40 +08:00
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```
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vi ~/.config/fish/config.fish
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```
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添加以下行:
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```
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set -g -x fish_greeting ''
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```
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你也可以设置任意自定义的问候语,而不是禁用 fish 问候。
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```
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set -g -x fish_greeting 'Welcome to OSTechNix'
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```
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#### 获得帮助
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2017-12-10 09:56:12 +08:00
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这是另一个吸引我的令人印象深刻的功能。要在终端的默认 web 浏览器中打开 fish 文档页面,只需输入:
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2017-12-09 10:52:40 +08:00
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```
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help
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```
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官方文档将会在你的默认浏览器中打开。另外,你可以使用手册页来显示任何命令的帮助部分。
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```
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man fish
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```
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#### 设置 fish 为默认 shell
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2017-12-10 09:56:12 +08:00
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非常喜欢它?太好了!设置它作为默认 shell 吧。为此,请使用命令 `chsh`:
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2017-12-09 10:52:40 +08:00
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```
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chsh -s /usr/bin/fish
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```
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2017-12-10 09:56:12 +08:00
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在这里,`/usr/bin/fish` 是 fish shell 的路径。如果你不知道正确的路径,以下命令将会帮助你:
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2017-12-09 10:52:40 +08:00
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```
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which fish
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```
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注销并且重新登录以使用新的默认 shell。
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请记住,为 Bash 编写的许多 shell 脚本可能不完全兼容 fish。
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2017-12-10 09:56:12 +08:00
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要切换回 Bash,只需运行:
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2017-12-09 10:52:40 +08:00
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```
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bash
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```
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如果你想 Bash 作为你的永久默认 shell,运行:
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```
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chsh -s /bin/bash
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```
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2017-12-10 09:56:12 +08:00
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各位,这就是全部了。在这个阶段,你可能会得到一个有关 fish shell 使用的基本概念。 如果你正在寻找一个Bash的替代品,fish 可能是一个不错的选择。
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2017-12-09 10:52:40 +08:00
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Cheers!
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资源:
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2017-12-10 09:56:12 +08:00
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* [fish shell 官网][1]
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2017-12-09 10:52:40 +08:00
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://www.ostechnix.com/install-fish-friendly-interactive-shell-linux/
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作者:[SK][a]
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译者:[kimii](https://github.com/kimii)
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2017-12-10 09:56:12 +08:00
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校对:[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
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2017-12-09 10:52:40 +08:00
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译,[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]:https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/
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[1]:https://fishshell.com/
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[2]:http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/fish-1.png
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[3]:http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/fish-2.png
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[4]:http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/fish-6.png
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[5]:http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/fish-3.png
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[6]:http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/fish-4.png
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[7]:http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/fish-5.png
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