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230 lines
9.7 KiB
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[#]: subject: "Access Python package index JSON APIs with requests"
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[#]: via: "https://opensource.com/article/21/3/python-package-index-json-apis-requests"
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[#]: author: "Ben Nuttall https://opensource.com/users/bennuttall"
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[#]: collector: "lujun9972"
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[#]: translator: "MjSeven"
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[#]: reviewer: " "
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[#]: publisher: " "
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[#]: url: " "
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使用 Resuests 访问 Python 包索引的 JSON API
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======
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PyPI 的 JSON API 是一种机器可直接使用的数据源,你可以在浏览网站时访问相同类型的数据。
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![Python programming language logo with question marks][1]
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PyPI(Python 软件包索引)提供了有关其软件包信息的 JSON API。本质上,它是机器可以直接使用的数据源,与你在网站上直接访问是一样的的。例如,作为人类,我可以在浏览器中打开 [Numpy][2] 项目页面,点击左侧相关链接,查看有哪些版本,哪些文件可用以及发行日期和支持的 Python 版本等内容:
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![NumPy project page][3]
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(Ben Nuttall, [CC BY-SA 4.0][4])
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但是,如果我想编写一个程序来访问此数据,则可以使用 JSON API,而不必在这些页面上抓取和解析 HTML。
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顺便说一句:在旧的 PyPI 网站上,当它托管在 `pypi.python.org` 时,NumPy 的项目页面位于 `pypi.python.org/pypi/numpy`,访问其 JSON API 也很简单,只需要在最后面添加一个 `/json` ,即 `https://pypi.org/pypi/numpy/json`。现在,PyPI 网站托管在 `pypi.org`,NumPy 的项目页面是 `pypi.org/project/numpy`。新站点不会有单独的 JSON API URL,但它仍像以前一样工作。因此,你不必在 URL 后添加 `/json`,只要记住 URL 就够了。
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你可以在浏览器中打开 NumPy 的 JSON API URL,Firefox 很好地渲染了数据:
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![JSON rendered in Firefox][5]
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(Ben Nuttall, [CC BY-SA 4.0][4])
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你可以查看 `info`,`release` 和 `urls` 其中的内容。或者,你可以将其加载到 Python Shell 中,以下是几行入门教程:
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```python
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import requests
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url = "https://pypi.org/pypi/numpy/json"
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r = requests.get(url)
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data = r.json()
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```
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获得数据后,调用 `.json()` 提供数据的[字典][6],你可以对其进行查看:
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![Inspecting data][7]
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(Ben Nuttall, [CC BY-SA 4.0][4])
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查看 `release` 中的键:
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![Inspecting keys in releases][8]
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(Ben Nuttall, [CC BY-SA 4.0][4])
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这表明 `release` 是一个以版本号为键的字典。选择一个并查看以下内容:
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![Inspecting version][9]
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(Ben Nuttall, [CC BY-SA 4.0][4])
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每个版本都包含一个列表,`release` 包含 24 项。但是每个项目是什么?由于它是一个列表,因此你可以索引第一项并进行查看:
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![Indexing an item][10]
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(Ben Nuttall, [CC BY-SA 4.0][4])
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这是一个字典,其中包含有关特定文件的详细信息。因此,列表中的 24 个项目中的每一个都与此特定版本号关联的文件相关,即在 <https://pypi.org/project/numpy/1.20.1/#files> 列出的 24 个文件中。
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你可以编写一个脚本在可用数据中查找内容。例如,以下的循环查找带有 stdis (源代码包) 的版本,它们指定了 `requires_python` 属性并进行打印:
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```python
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for version, files in data['releases'].items():
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for f in files:
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if f.get('packagetype') == 'sdist' and f.get('requires_python'):
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print(version, f['requires_python'])
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```
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![sdist files with requires_python attribute ][11]
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(Ben Nuttall, [CC BY-SA 4.0][4])
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### piwheels
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去年,我在 piwheels 网站上[实现了类似的 API][12]。[piwheels.org][13] 是一个 Python 软件包索引,为 Raspberry Pi 架构提供了 wheel(预编译的二进制软件包)。它本质上是 PyPI 软件包的镜像,但带有 Arm wheel,而不是软件包维护者上传到 PyPI 的文件。
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由于 piwheels 模仿了 PyPI 的 URL 结构,因此你可以将项目页面 URL 的 `pypi.org` 部分更改为 `piwheels.org`。它将向你显示类似的项目页面,其中详细说明了构建的版本和可用的文件。由于我喜欢旧站点允许你在 URL 末尾添加 `/json` 的方式,所以我也支持这种方式。NumPy 在 PyPI 上的项目页面为 [pypi.org/project/numpy][14],在 piwheels 上,它是 [piwheels.org/project/numpy][15],而 JSON API 是 [piwheels.org/project/numpy/json][16] 页面。
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没有必要重复 PyPI API 的内容,所以我们提供了 piwheels 上可用内容的信息,包括所有已知发行版的列表,一些基本信息以及我们拥有的文件列表:
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![JSON files available in piwheels][17]
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(Ben Nuttall, [CC BY-SA 4.0][4])
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与之前的 PyPI 例子类似,你可以创建一个脚本来分析 API 内容。例如,对于每个 NumPy 版本,其中有多少 piwheels 文件:
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```python
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import requests
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url = "https://www.piwheels.org/project/numpy/json"
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package = requests.get(url).json()
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for version, info in package['releases'].items():
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if info['files']:
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print('{}: {} files'.format(version, len(info['files'])))
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else:
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print('{}: No files'.format(version))
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```
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此外,每个文件都包含一些元数据:
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![Metadata in JSON files in piwheels][18]
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(Ben Nuttall, [CC BY-SA 4.0][4])
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方便的一件事是 `apt_dependencies` 字段,它列出了使用该库所需的 Apt 软件包。本例中的 NumPy 文件,或者通过 pip 安装 Numpy,你还需要使用 Debian 的 Apt 包管理器安装 `libatlas3-base` 和 `libgfortran`。
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以下是一个示例脚本,显示了程序包的 Apt 依赖关系:
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```python
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import requests
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def get_install(package, abi):
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url = 'https://piwheels.org/project/{}/json'.format(package)
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r = requests.get(url)
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data = r.json()
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for version, release in sorted(data['releases'].items(), reverse=True):
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for filename, file in release['files'].items():
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if abi in filename:
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deps = ' '.join(file['apt_dependencies'])
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print("sudo apt install {}".format(deps))
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print("sudo pip3 install {}=={}".format(package, version))
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return
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get_install('opencv-python', 'cp37m')
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get_install('opencv-python', 'cp35m')
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get_install('opencv-python-headless', 'cp37m')
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get_install('opencv-python-headless', 'cp35m')
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```
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我们还为软件包列表提供了一个通用的 API 入口,其中包括每个软件包的下载统计:
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```python
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import requests
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url = "https://www.piwheels.org/packages.json"
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packages = requests.get(url).json()
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packages = {
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pkg: (d_month, d_all)
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for pkg, d_month, d_all, *_ in packages
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}
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package = 'numpy'
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d_month, d_all = packages[package]
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print(package, "has had", d_month, "downloads in the last month")
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print(package, "has had", d_all, "downloads in total")
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```
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### pip search
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`pip search` 因为其 XMLRPC 接口过载而被禁用,因此人们一直在寻找替代方法。你可以使用 piwheels 的 JSON API 来搜索软件包名称,因为软件包的集合是相同的:
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```python
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#!/usr/bin/python3
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import sys
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import requests
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PIWHEELS_URL = 'https://www.piwheels.org/packages.json'
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r = requests.get(PIWHEELS_URL)
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packages = {p[0] for p in r.json()}
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def search(term):
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for pkg in packages:
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if term in pkg:
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yield pkg
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if __name__ == '__main__':
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if len(sys.argv) == 2:
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results = search(sys.argv[1].lower())
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for res in results:
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print(res)
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else:
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print("Usage: pip_search TERM")
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```
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有关更多信息,参考 piwheels 的 [JSON API 文档][19].
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* * *
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_本文最初发表在 Ben Nuttall 的 [Tooling Tuesday 博客上][20],经许可可转载使用。_
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://opensource.com/article/21/3/python-package-index-json-apis-requests
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作者:[Ben Nuttall][a]
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选题:[lujun9972][b]
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译者:[MjSeven](https://github.com/MjSeven)
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校对:[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译,[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]: https://opensource.com/users/bennuttall
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[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
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[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/python_programming_question.png?itok=cOeJW-8r "Python programming language logo with question marks"
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[2]: https://pypi.org/project/numpy/
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[3]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/numpy-project-page.png "NumPy project page"
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[4]: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
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[5]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/pypi-json-firefox.png "JSON rendered in Firefox"
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[6]: https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/datastructures.html#dictionaries
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[7]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/pypi-json-notebook.png "Inspecting data"
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[8]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/pypi-json-releases.png "Inspecting keys in releases"
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[9]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/pypi-json-inspect.png "Inspecting version"
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[10]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/pypi-json-release.png "Indexing an item"
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[11]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/pypi-json-requires-python.png "sdist files with requires_python attribute "
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[12]: https://blog.piwheels.org/requires-python-support-new-project-page-layout-and-a-new-json-api/
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[13]: https://www.piwheels.org/
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[14]: https://pypi.org/project/numpy
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[15]: https://www.piwheels.org/project/numpy
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[16]: https://www.piwheels.org/project/numpy/json
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[17]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/piwheels-json.png "JSON files available in piwheels"
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[18]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/piwheels-json-numpy.png "Metadata in JSON files in piwheels"
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[19]: https://www.piwheels.org/json.html
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[20]: https://tooling.bennuttall.com/accessing-python-package-index-json-apis-with-requests/
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