2017-12-28 11:59:16 +08:00
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为初学者准备的 MariaDB 管理命令
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======
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2018-02-03 00:16:31 +08:00
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之前我们学过了[在 Centos/RHEL 7 上安装 MariaDB 服务器并保证其安全][1],使之成为了 RHEL/CentOS 7 的默认数据库。现在我们再来看看一些有用的 MariaDB 管理命令。这些都是使用 MariaDB 最基础的命令,而且它们对 MySQL 也同样适合,因为 Mariadb 就是 MySQL 的一个分支而已。
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2017-12-28 11:59:16 +08:00
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**(推荐阅读:[在 RHEL/CentOS 上安装并配置 MongoDB][2])**
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2018-02-03 00:16:31 +08:00
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### MariaDB 管理命令
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2017-12-28 11:59:16 +08:00
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2018-02-03 00:16:31 +08:00
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#### 1、查看 MariaDB 安装的版本
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2017-12-28 11:59:16 +08:00
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2018-02-03 00:16:31 +08:00
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要查看所安装数据库的当前版本,在终端中输入下面命令:
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2017-12-28 11:59:16 +08:00
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```
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$ mysql -version
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```
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2018-02-03 00:16:31 +08:00
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该命令会告诉你数据库的当前版本。此外你也可以运行下面命令来查看版本的详细信息:
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2017-12-28 11:59:16 +08:00
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```
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$ mysqladmin -u root -p version
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```
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2018-02-03 00:16:31 +08:00
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#### 2、登录 MariaDB
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2017-12-28 11:59:16 +08:00
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2018-02-03 00:16:31 +08:00
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要登录 MariaDB 服务器,运行:
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2017-12-28 11:59:16 +08:00
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```
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$ mysql -u root -p
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```
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2018-02-03 00:16:31 +08:00
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然后输入密码登录。
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2017-12-28 11:59:16 +08:00
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2018-02-03 00:16:31 +08:00
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#### 3、列出所有的数据库
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2017-12-28 11:59:16 +08:00
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2018-02-03 00:16:31 +08:00
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要列出 MariaDB 当前拥有的所有数据库,在你登录到 MariaDB 中后运行:
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2017-12-28 11:59:16 +08:00
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```
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2018-02-03 00:16:31 +08:00
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> show databases;
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2017-12-28 11:59:16 +08:00
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```
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2018-02-03 00:16:31 +08:00
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(LCTT 译注:`$` 这里代表 shell 的提示符,`>` 这里代表 MariaDB shell 的提示符。)
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#### 4、创建新数据库
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2017-12-28 11:59:16 +08:00
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2018-02-03 00:16:31 +08:00
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在 MariaDB 中创建新数据库,登录 MariaDB 后运行:
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2017-12-28 11:59:16 +08:00
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```
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2018-02-03 00:16:31 +08:00
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> create database dan;
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2017-12-28 11:59:16 +08:00
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```
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2018-02-03 00:16:31 +08:00
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若想直接在终端创建数据库,则运行:
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2017-12-28 11:59:16 +08:00
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```
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$ mysqladmin -u user -p create dan
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```
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2018-02-03 00:16:31 +08:00
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这里,`dan` 就是新数据库的名称。
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2017-12-28 11:59:16 +08:00
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2018-02-03 00:16:31 +08:00
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#### 5、删除数据库
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2017-12-28 11:59:16 +08:00
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2018-02-03 00:16:31 +08:00
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要删除数据库,在已登录的 MariaDB 会话中运行:
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2017-12-28 11:59:16 +08:00
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```
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2018-02-03 00:16:31 +08:00
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> drop database dan;
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2017-12-28 11:59:16 +08:00
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```
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此外你也可以运行,
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```
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$ mysqladmin -u root -p drop dan
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```
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2018-02-03 00:16:31 +08:00
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**注意:** 若在运行 `mysqladmin` 命令时提示 “access denied” 错误,这应该是由于我们没有给 root 授权。要对 root 授权,请参照第 7 点方法,只是要将用户改成 root。
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2017-12-28 11:59:16 +08:00
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2018-02-03 00:16:31 +08:00
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#### 6、创建新用户
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2017-12-28 11:59:16 +08:00
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2018-02-03 00:16:31 +08:00
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为数据库创建新用户,运行:
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2017-12-28 11:59:16 +08:00
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```
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2018-02-03 00:16:31 +08:00
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> CREATE USER 'dan'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'password';
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2017-12-28 11:59:16 +08:00
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```
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2018-02-03 00:16:31 +08:00
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#### 7、授权用户访问某个数据库
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2017-12-28 11:59:16 +08:00
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2018-02-03 00:16:31 +08:00
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授权用户访问某个数据库,运行:
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2017-12-28 11:59:16 +08:00
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```
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2018-02-03 00:16:31 +08:00
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> GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON test.* to 'dan'@'localhost';
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2017-12-28 11:59:16 +08:00
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```
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2018-02-03 00:16:31 +08:00
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这会赋予用户 `dan` 对名为 `test` 的数据库完全操作的权限。我们也可以限定为用户只赋予 `SELECT`、`INSERT`、`DELETE` 权限。
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2017-12-28 11:59:16 +08:00
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2018-02-03 00:16:31 +08:00
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要赋予访问所有数据库的权限,将 `test` 替换成 `*` 。像这样:
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2017-12-28 11:59:16 +08:00
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```
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> GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* to 'dan'@'localhost';
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2017-12-28 11:59:16 +08:00
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```
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2018-02-03 00:16:31 +08:00
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#### 8、备份/导出数据库
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2017-12-28 11:59:16 +08:00
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要创建单个数据库的备份,在终端窗口中运行下列命令,
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```
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$ mysqldump -u root -p database_name>db_backup.sql
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```
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2018-02-03 00:16:31 +08:00
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若要一次性创建多个数据库的备份则运行:
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2017-12-28 11:59:16 +08:00
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```
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2018-02-03 00:16:31 +08:00
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$ mysqldump -u root -p --databases db1 db2 > db12_backup.sql
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2017-12-28 11:59:16 +08:00
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```
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2018-02-03 00:16:31 +08:00
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要一次性导出多个数据库,则运行:
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2017-12-28 11:59:16 +08:00
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```
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2018-02-03 00:16:31 +08:00
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$ mysqldump -u root -p --all-databases > all_dbs.sql
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2017-12-28 11:59:16 +08:00
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```
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2018-02-03 00:16:31 +08:00
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#### 9、从备份中恢复数据库
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2017-12-28 11:59:16 +08:00
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2018-02-03 00:16:31 +08:00
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要从备份中恢复数据库,运行:
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2017-12-28 11:59:16 +08:00
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```
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2018-02-03 00:16:31 +08:00
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$ mysql -u root -p database_name < db_backup.sql
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2017-12-28 11:59:16 +08:00
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```
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2018-02-03 00:16:31 +08:00
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但这条命令成功的前提是预先没有存在同名的数据库。如果想要恢复数据库数据到已经存在的数据库中,则需要用到 `mysqlimport` 命令:
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2017-12-28 11:59:16 +08:00
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```
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$ mysqlimport -u root -p database_name < db_backup.sql
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2017-12-28 11:59:16 +08:00
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```
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2018-02-03 00:16:31 +08:00
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#### 10、更改 mariadb 用户的密码
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2017-12-28 11:59:16 +08:00
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2018-02-03 00:16:31 +08:00
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本例中我们会修改 `root` 的密码,但修改其他用户的密码也是一样的过程。
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2017-12-28 11:59:16 +08:00
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2018-02-03 00:16:31 +08:00
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登录 mariadb 并切换到 'mysql' 数据库:
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2017-12-28 11:59:16 +08:00
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```
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$ mysql -u root -p
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2018-02-03 00:16:31 +08:00
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> use mysql;
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2017-12-28 11:59:16 +08:00
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```
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2018-02-03 00:16:31 +08:00
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然后运行下面命令:
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2017-12-28 11:59:16 +08:00
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```
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2018-02-03 00:16:31 +08:00
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> update user set password=PASSWORD('your_new_password_here') where User='root';
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2017-12-28 11:59:16 +08:00
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```
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2018-02-03 00:16:31 +08:00
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下一步,重新加载权限:
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2017-12-28 11:59:16 +08:00
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```
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2018-02-03 00:16:31 +08:00
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> flush privileges;
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2017-12-28 11:59:16 +08:00
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```
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然后退出会话。
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我们的教程至此就结束了,在本教程中我们学习了一些有用的 MariaDB 管理命令。欢迎您的留言。
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: http://linuxtechlab.com/mariadb-administration-commands-beginners/
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2018-02-03 00:16:31 +08:00
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作者:[Shusain][a]
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2017-12-28 11:59:16 +08:00
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译者:[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972)
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2018-02-03 00:16:31 +08:00
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校对:[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
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2017-12-28 11:59:16 +08:00
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译,[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]:http://linuxtechlab.com/author/shsuain/
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[1]:http://linuxtechlab.com/installing-configuring-mariadb-rhelcentos/
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[2]:http://linuxtechlab.com/mongodb-installation-configuration-rhelcentos/
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