diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore index 6d3e913..851523c 100644 --- a/.gitignore +++ b/.gitignore @@ -20,3 +20,6 @@ _book ._* */.DS_Store */._* + +# IDEA +/.idea/* \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/docs/book/17-Files.md b/docs/book/17-Files.md index 688d4bf..018f4ba 100644 --- a/docs/book/17-Files.md +++ b/docs/book/17-Files.md @@ -2,17 +2,310 @@ # 第十七章 文件 +在丑陋的Java I/O编程方式诞生多年以后,Java终于简化了文件读写的基本操作。这种"困难方式"的全部细节都在[Appendix: I/O Streams]()。如果你读过这个部分,就会认同Java设计者毫不在意他们的使用者的体验这一观念。打开并读取文件对于大多数编程语言来是非常常用的,由于I/O糟糕的设计以至于 +很少有人能够在不依赖其他参考代码的情况下完成打开文件的操作。 +好像Java设计者终于意识到了Java使用者多年来的痛苦,在Java7中对此引入了巨大的改进。这些新元素被放在**java.nio.file**包下面,过去人们通常把**nio**中的**n**理解为**new**即新的**io**,现在更应该当成是**non-blocking**非阻塞**io**(**io**就是*input/output输入/输出*)。**java.nio.file**库终于将Java文件操作带到与其他编程语言相同的水平。最重要的是Java8新增的streams与文件结合使得文件操作编程变得更加优雅。我们将看一下文件操作的两个基本组件: +1. 文件或者目录的路径; +2. 文件本身。 ## 文件和目录路径 +### `Paths` +一个**Path**对象表示一个文件或者目录的路径,是一个跨操作系统(OS)和文件系统的抽象,目的是在构造路径时不必关注底层操作系统,代码可以在不进行修改的情况下运行在不同的操作系统上。**java.nio.file.Paths**类包含一个重载方法**static get()**,该方法方法接受一系列**Strings**字符串或一个*统一资源标识符*(URI)作为参数,并且进行转换返回一个**Path**对象: +```java +// files/PathInfo.java +import java.nio.file.*; +import java.net.URI; +import java.io.File; +import java.io.IOException; +public class PathInfo { + static void show(String id, Object p) { + System.out.println(id + ": " + p); + } + + static void info(Path p) { + show("toString", p); + show("Exists", Files.exists(p)); + show("RegularFile", Files.isRegularFile(p)); + show("Directory", Files.isDirectory(p)); + show("Absolute", p.isAbsolute()); + show("FileName", p.getFileName()); + show("Parent", p.getParent()); + show("Root", p.getRoot()); + System.out.println("******************"); + } + public static void main(String[] args) { + System.out.println(System.getProperty("os.name")); + info(Paths.get("C:", "path", "to", "nowhere", "NoFile.txt")); + Path p = Paths.get("PathInfo.java"); + info(p); + Path ap = p.toAbsolutePath(); + info(ap); + info(ap.getParent()); + try { + info(p.toRealPath()); + } catch(IOException e) { + System.out.println(e); + } + URI u = p.toUri(); + System.out.println("URI: " + u); + Path puri = Paths.get(u); + System.out.println(Files.exists(puri)); + File f = ap.toFile(); // Don't be fooled + } +} + +/* 输出: +Windows 10 +toString: C:\path\to\nowhere\NoFile.txt +Exists: false +RegularFile: false +Directory: false +Absolute: true +FileName: NoFile.txt +Parent: C:\path\to\nowhere +Root: C:\ +****************** +toString: PathInfo.java +Exists: true +RegularFile: true +Directory: false +Absolute: false +FileName: PathInfo.java +Parent: null +Root: null +****************** +toString: C:\Users\Bruce\Documents\GitHub\onjava\ +ExtractedExamples\files\PathInfo.java +Exists: true +RegularFile: true +Directory: false +Absolute: true +FileName: PathInfo.java +Parent: C:\Users\Bruce\Documents\GitHub\onjava\ +ExtractedExamples\files +Root: C:\ +****************** +toString: C:\Users\Bruce\Documents\GitHub\onjava\ +ExtractedExamples\files +Exists: true +RegularFile: false +Directory: true +Absolute: true +FileName: files +Parent: C:\Users\Bruce\Documents\GitHub\onjava\ +ExtractedExamples +Root: C:\ +****************** +toString: C:\Users\Bruce\Documents\GitHub\onjava\ +ExtractedExamples\files\PathInfo.java +Exists: true +RegularFile: true +Directory: false +Absolute: true +FileName: PathInfo.java +Parent: C:\Users\Bruce\Documents\GitHub\onjava\ +ExtractedExamples\files +Root: C:\ +****************** +URI: file:///C:/Users/Bruce/Documents/GitHub/onjava/ +ExtractedExamples/files/PathInfo.java +true +*/ +``` + +我已经在这一章第一个程序的**main()**方法添加了第一行用于展示操作系统的名称,因此你可以看到不同操作系统之间存在哪些差异。理想情况下,差别会相对较小,并且使用**/**或者**\\**路径分隔符进行分隔。你可以看到我运行在Windows 10上的程序输出。 + +当**toString()**方法生成完整形式的路径,你可以看到**getFileName()** 方法总是返回当前文件名。 +通过使用**Files**工具类(我们接下类将会更多的使用它),可以测试一个文件是否存在,测试是否是一个"真正"的文件还是一个目录等等。"Nofile.txt"这个示例展示我们描述的文件可能并不在指定的位置;这样可以允许你创建一个新的路径。"PathInfo.java"存在于当前目录中,最初它只是没有路径的文件名,但它仍然被检测为"存在"。一旦我们将其转换为绝对路径,我们将会得到一个从"C:"盘(因为我们是在Windows机器下进行测试)开始的完整路径,现在它也拥有一个父路径。“真实”路径的定义在文档中有点模糊 + 因为它取决于具体的文件系统。例如,如果文件名不区分大小写,即使路径由于大小写的缘故而不是完全相同,也可能得到肯定的匹配结果。 + +```java +// files/PartsOfPaths.java +import java.nio.file.*; + +public class PartsOfPaths { + public static void main(String[] args) { + System.out.println(System.getProperty("os.name")); + Path p = Paths.get("PartsOfPaths.java").toAbsolutePath(); + for(int i = 0; i < p.getNameCount(); i++) + System.out.println(p.getName(i)); + System.out.println("ends with '.java': " + + p.endsWith(".java")); + for(Path pp : p) { + System.out.print(pp + ": "); + System.out.print(p.startsWith(pp) + " : "); + System.out.println(p.endsWith(pp)); + } + System.out.println("Starts with " + p.getRoot() + " " + p.startsWith(p.getRoot())); + } +} + +/* 输出: +Windows 10 +Users +Bruce +Documents +GitHub +on-java +ExtractedExamples +files +PartsOfPaths.java +ends with '.java': false +Users: false : false +Bruce: false : false +Documents: false : false +GitHub: false : false +on-java: false : false +ExtractedExamples: false : false +files: false : false +PartsOfPaths.java: false : true +Starts with C:\ true +*/ +``` + +```java +// files/PathAnalysis.java +import java.nio.file.*; +import java.io.IOException; + +public class PathAnalysis { + static void say(String id, Object result) { + System.out.print(id + ": "); + System.out.println(result); + } + + public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException { + System.out.println(System.getProperty("os.name")); + Path p = Paths.get("PathAnalysis.java").toAbsolutePath(); + say("Exists", Files.exists(p)); + say("Directory", Files.isDirectory(p)); + say("Executable", Files.isExecutable(p)); + say("Readable", Files.isReadable(p)); + say("RegularFile", Files.isRegularFile(p)); + say("Writable", Files.isWritable(p)); + say("notExists", Files.notExists(p)); + say("Hidden", Files.isHidden(p)); + say("size", Files.size(p)); + say("FileStore", Files.getFileStore(p)); + say("LastModified: ", Files.getLastModifiedTime(p)); + say("Owner", Files.getOwner(p)); + say("ContentType", Files.probeContentType(p)); + say("SymbolicLink", Files.isSymbolicLink(p)); + if(Files.isSymbolicLink(p)) + say("SymbolicLink", Files.readSymbolicLink(p)); + if(FileSystems.getDefault().supportedFileAttributeViews().contains("posix")) + say("PosixFilePermissions", + Files.getPosixFilePermissions(p)); + } +} + +/* 输出: +Windows 10 +Exists: true +Directory: false +Executable: true +Readable: true +RegularFile: true +Writable: true +notExists: false +Hidden: false +size: 1631 +FileStore: SSD (C:) +LastModified: : 2017-05-09T12:07:00.428366Z +Owner: MINDVIEWTOSHIBA\Bruce (User) +ContentType: null +SymbolicLink: false +*/ +``` + +```java +// files/AddAndSubtractPaths.java +import java.nio.file.*; +import java.io.IOException; + +public class AddAndSubtractPaths { + static Path base = Paths.get("..", "..", "..").toAbsolutePath().normalize(); + + static void show(int id, Path result) { + if(result.isAbsolute()) + System.out.println("(" + id + ")r " + base.relativize(result)); + else + System.out.println("(" + id + ") " + result); + try { + System.out.println("RealPath: " + result.toRealPath()); + } catch(IOException e) { + System.out.println(e); + } + } + + public static void main(String[] args) { + System.out.println(System.getProperty("os.name")); + System.out.println(base); + Path p = Paths.get("AddAndSubtractPaths.java").toAbsolutePath(); + show(1, p); + Path convoluted = p.getParent().getParent() + .resolve("strings").resolve("..") + .resolve(p.getParent().getFileName()); + show(2, convoluted); + show(3, convoluted.normalize()); + Path p2 = Paths.get("..", ".."); + show(4, p2); + show(5, p2.normalize()); + show(6, p2.toAbsolutePath().normalize()); + Path p3 = Paths.get(".").toAbsolutePath(); + Path p4 = p3.resolve(p2); + show(7, p4); + show(8, p4.normalize()); + Path p5 = Paths.get("").toAbsolutePath(); + show(9, p5); + show(10, p5.resolveSibling("strings")); + show(11, Paths.get("nonexistent")); + } +} + +/* 输出: +Windows 10 +C:\Users\Bruce\Documents\GitHub +(1)r onjava\ +ExtractedExamples\files\AddAndSubtractPaths.java +RealPath: C:\Users\Bruce\Documents\GitHub\onjava\ +ExtractedExamples\files\AddAndSubtractPaths.java +(2)r on-java\ExtractedExamples\strings\..\files +RealPath: C:\Users\Bruce\Documents\GitHub\onjava\ +ExtractedExamples\files +(3)r on-java\ExtractedExamples\files +RealPath: C:\Users\Bruce\Documents\GitHub\onjava\ +ExtractedExamples\files +(4) ..\.. +RealPath: C:\Users\Bruce\Documents\GitHub\on-java +(5) ..\.. +RealPath: C:\Users\Bruce\Documents\GitHub\on-java +(6)r on-java +RealPath: C:\Users\Bruce\Documents\GitHub\on-java +(7)r on-java\ExtractedExamples\files\.\..\.. +RealPath: C:\Users\Bruce\Documents\GitHub\on-java +(8)r on-java +RealPath: C:\Users\Bruce\Documents\GitHub\on-java +(9)r on-java\ExtractedExamples\files +RealPath: C:\Users\Bruce\Documents\GitHub\onjava\ +ExtractedExamples\files +(10)r on-java\ExtractedExamples\strings +RealPath: C:\Users\Bruce\Documents\GitHub\onjava\ +ExtractedExamples\strings +(11) nonexistent +java.nio.file.NoSuchFileException: +C:\Users\Bruce\Documents\GitHub\onjava\ +ExtractedExamples\files\nonexistent +*/ +``` + ## 目录 - - ## 文件系统