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<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../Introduction.html">简介</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><div>第一章 类型推导</div></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../1.DeducingTypes/item1.html">Item 1:理解模板类型推导</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../1.DeducingTypes/item2.html">Item 2:理解auto类型推导</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../1.DeducingTypes/item3.html">Item 3:理解decltype</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../1.DeducingTypes/item4.html">Item 4:学会查看类型推导结果</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><div>第二章 auto</div></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../2.Auto/item5.html">Item 5:优先考虑auto而非显式类型声明</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../2.Auto/item6.html">Item 6:auto推导若非己愿,使用显式类型初始化惯用法</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><div>第三章 移步现代C++</div></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../3.MovingToModernCpp/item7.html">Item 7:区别使用()和{}创建对象</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../3.MovingToModernCpp/item8.html">Item 8:优先考虑nullptr而非0和NULL</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../3.MovingToModernCpp/item9.html">Item 9:优先考虑别名声明而非typedefs</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../3.MovingToModernCpp/item10.html">Item 10:优先考虑限域枚举而非未限域枚举</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../3.MovingToModernCpp/item11.html">Item 11:优先考虑使用deleted函数而非使用未定义的私有声明</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../3.MovingToModernCpp/item12.html">Item 12:使用override声明重载函数</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../3.MovingToModernCpp/item13.html">Item 13:优先考虑const_iterator而非iterator</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../3.MovingToModernCpp/item14.html">Item 14:如果函数不抛出异常请使用noexcept</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../3.MovingToModernCpp/item15.html">Item 15:尽可能的使用constexpr</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../3.MovingToModernCpp/item16.html">Item 16:让const成员函数线程安全</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../3.MovingToModernCpp/item17.html">Item 17:理解特殊成员函数函数的生成</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><div>第四章 智能指针</div></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../4.SmartPointers/item18.html">Item 18:对于独占资源使用std::unique_ptr</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../4.SmartPointers/item19.html">Item 19:对于共享资源使用std::shared_ptr</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../4.SmartPointers/item20.html">Item 20:当std::shared_ptr可能悬空时使用std::weak_ptr</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../4.SmartPointers/item21.html">Item 21:优先考虑使用std::make_unique和std::make_shared而非new</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../4.SmartPointers/item22.html">Item 22:当使用Pimpl惯用法,请在实现文件中定义特殊成员函数</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><div>第五章 右值引用,移动语义,完美转发</div></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../5.RRefMovSemPerfForw/item23.html">Item 23:理解std::move和std::forward</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../5.RRefMovSemPerfForw/item24.html">Item 24:区别通用引用和右值引用</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../5.RRefMovSemPerfForw/item25.html">Item 25:对于右值引用使用std::move,对于通用引用使用std::forward</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../5.RRefMovSemPerfForw/item26.html">Item 26:避免重载通用引用</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../5.RRefMovSemPerfForw/item27.html">Item 27:熟悉重载通用引用的替代品</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../5.RRefMovSemPerfForw/item28.html">Item 28:理解引用折叠</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../5.RRefMovSemPerfForw/item29.html" class="active">Item 29:认识移动操作的缺点</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../5.RRefMovSemPerfForw/item30.html">Item 30:熟悉完美转发失败的情况</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><div>第六章 Lambda表达式</div></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../6.LambdaExpressions/item31.html">Item 31:避免使用默认捕获模式</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../6.LambdaExpressions/item32.html">Item 32:使用初始化捕获来移动对象到闭包中</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../6.LambdaExpressions/item33.html">Item 33:对于std::forward的auto&&形参使用decltype</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../6.LambdaExpressions/item34.html">Item 34:优先考虑lambda表达式而非std::bind</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><div>第七章 并发API</div></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../7.TheConcurrencyAPI/Item35.html">Item 35:优先考虑基于任务的编程而非基于线程的编程</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../7.TheConcurrencyAPI/item36.html">Item 36:如果有异步的必要请指定std::launch::async</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../7.TheConcurrencyAPI/item37.html">Item 37:从各个方面使得std::threads unjoinable</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../7.TheConcurrencyAPI/item38.html">Item 38:关注不同线程句柄析构行为</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../7.TheConcurrencyAPI/item39.html">Item 39:考虑对于单次事件通信使用void</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../7.TheConcurrencyAPI/item40.html">Item 40:对于并发使用std::atomic,volatile用于特殊内存区</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><div>第八章 微调</div></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../8.Tweaks/item41.html">Item 41:对于那些可移动总是被拷贝的形参使用传值方式</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../8.Tweaks/item42.html">Item 42:考虑就地创建而非插入</a></li></ol></li></ol>
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<h2 id="条款二十九假定移动操作不存在成本高未被使用"><a class="header" href="#条款二十九假定移动操作不存在成本高未被使用">条款二十九:假定移动操作不存在,成本高,未被使用</a></h2>
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<p><strong>Item 29: Assume that move operations are not present, not cheap, and not used</strong></p>
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<p>移动语义可以说是C++11最主要的特性。你可能会见过这些类似的描述“移动容器和拷贝指针一样开销小”, “拷贝临时对象现在如此高效,写代码避免这种情况简直就是过早优化”。这种情绪很容易理解。移动语义确实是这样重要的特性。它不仅允许编译器使用开销小的移动操作代替大开销的复制操作,而且默认这么做(当特定条件满足的时候)。以C++98的代码为基础,使用C++11重新编译你的代码,然后,哇,你的软件运行的更快了。</p>
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<p>移动语义确实可以做这些事,这把这个特性封为一代传说。但是传说总有些夸大成分。这个条款的目的就是给你泼一瓢冷水,保持理智看待移动语义。</p>
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<p>让我们从已知很多类型不支持移动操作开始这个过程。为了升级到C++11,C++98的很多标准库做了大修改,为很多类型提供了移动的能力,这些类型的移动实现比复制操作更快,并且对库的组件实现修改以利用移动操作。但是很有可能你工作中的代码没有完整地利用C++11。对于你的应用中(或者代码库中)的类型,没有适配C++11的部分,编译器即使支持移动语义也是无能为力的。的确,C++11倾向于为缺少移动操作的类生成它们,但是只有在没有声明复制操作,移动操作,或析构函数的类中才会生成移动操作(参考<a href="../3.MovingToModernCpp/item17.html">Item17</a>)。数据成员或者某类型的基类禁止移动操作(比如通过delete移动操作,参考<a href="../3.MovingToModernCpp/item11.html">Item11</a>),编译器不生成移动操作的支持。对于没有明确支持移动操作的类型,并且不符合编译器默认生成的条件的类,没有理由期望C++11会比C++98进行任何性能上的提升。</p>
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<p>即使显式支持了移动操作,结果可能也没有你希望的那么好。比如,所有C++11的标准库容器都支持了移动操作,但是认为移动所有容器的开销都非常小是个错误。对于某些容器来说,压根就不存在开销小的方式来移动它所包含的内容。对另一些容器来说,容器的开销真正小的移动操作会有些容器元素不能满足的注意条件。</p>
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<p>考虑一下<code>std::array</code>,这是C++11中的新容器。<code>std::array</code>本质上是具有STL接口的内置数组。这与其他标准容器将内容存储在堆内存不同。存储具体数据在堆内存的容器,本身只保存了指向堆内存中容器内容的指针(真正实现当然更复杂一些,但是基本逻辑就是这样)。这个指针的存在使得在常数时间移动整个容器成为可能,只需要从源容器拷贝保存指向容器内容的指针到目标容器,然后将源指针置为空指针就可以了:</p>
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<pre><code class="language-cpp">std::vector<Widget> vm1;
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//把数据存进vw1
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…
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//把vw1移动到vw2。以常数时间运行。只有vw1和vw2中的指针被改变
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auto vm2 = std::move(vm1);
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</code></pre>
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<p><img src="media/item29_fig1.png" alt="item29_fig1" /></p>
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<p><code>std::array</code>没有这种指针实现,数据就保存在<code>std::array</code>对象中:</p>
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<pre><code class="language-cpp">std::array<Widget, 10000> aw1;
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//把数据存进aw1
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…
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//把aw1移动到aw2。以线性时间运行。aw1中所有元素被移动到aw2
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auto aw2 = std::move(aw1);
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</code></pre>
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<p><img src="media/item29_fig2.png" alt="item29_fig2" /></p>
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<p>注意<code>aw1</code>中的元素被<strong>移动</strong>到了<code>aw2</code>中。假定<code>Widget</code>类的移动操作比复制操作快,移动<code>Widget</code>的<code>std::array</code>就比复制要快。所以<code>std::array</code>确实支持移动操作。但是使用<code>std::array</code>的移动操作还是复制操作都将花费线性时间的开销,因为每个容器中的元素终归需要拷贝或移动一次,这与“移动一个容器就像操作几个指针一样方便”的含义相去甚远。</p>
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<p>另一方面,<code>std::string</code>提供了常数时间的移动操作和线性时间的复制操作。这听起来移动比复制快多了,但是可能不一定。许多字符串的实现采用了小字符串优化(<em>small string optimization</em>,SSO)。“小”字符串(比如长度小于15个字符的)存储在了<code>std::string</code>的缓冲区中,并没有存储在堆内存,移动这种存储的字符串并不必复制操作更快。</p>
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<p>SSO的动机是大量证据表明,短字符串是大量应用使用的习惯。使用内存缓冲区存储而不分配堆内存空间,是为了更好的效率。然而这种内存管理的效率导致移动的效率并不必复制操作高,即使一个半吊子程序员也能看出来对于这样的字符串,拷贝并不比移动慢。</p>
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<p>即使对于支持快速移动操作的类型,某些看似可靠的移动操作最终也会导致复制。<a href="../3.MovingToModernCpp/item14.html">Item14</a>解释了原因,标准库中的某些容器操作提供了强大的异常安全保证,确保依赖那些保证的C++98的代码在升级到C++11且仅当移动操作不会抛出异常,从而可能替换操作时,不会不可运行。结果就是,即使类提供了更具效率的移动操作,而且即使移动操作更合适(比如源对象是右值),编译器仍可能被迫使用复制操作,因为移动操作没有声明<code>noexcept</code>。</p>
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<p>因此,存在几种情况,C++11的移动语义并无优势:</p>
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<ul>
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<li><strong>没有移动操作</strong>:要移动的对象没有提供移动操作,所以移动的写法也会变成复制操作。</li>
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<li><strong>移动不会更快</strong>:要移动的对象提供的移动操作并不比复制速度更快。</li>
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<li><strong>移动不可用</strong>:进行移动的上下文要求移动操作不会抛出异常,但是该操作没有被声明为<code>noexcept</code>。</li>
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</ul>
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<p>值得一提的是,还有另一个场景,会使得移动并没有那么有效率:</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><strong>源对象是左值</strong>:除了极少数的情况外(例如<a href="../5.RRefMovSemPerfForw/item25.html">Item25</a>),只有右值可以作为移动操作的来源。</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<p>但是该条款的标题是假定移动操作不存在,成本高,未被使用。这就是通用代码中的典型情况,比如编写模板代码,因为你不清楚你处理的具体类型是什么。在这种情况下,你必须像出现移动语义之前那样,像在C++98里一样保守地去复制对象。“不稳定的”代码也是如此,即那些由于经常被修改导致类型特性变化的源代码。</p>
|
||
<p>但是,通常,你了解你代码里使用的类型,依赖他们的特性不变性(比如是否支持快速移动操作)。这种情况,你无需这个条款的假设,只需要查找所用类型的移动操作详细信息。如果类型提供了快速移动操作,并且在调用移动操作的上下文中使用对象,可以安全的使用快速移动操作替换复制操作。</p>
|
||
<p><strong>请记住:</strong></p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>假定移动操作不存在,成本高,未被使用。</li>
|
||
<li>在已知的类型或者支持移动语义的代码中,就不需要上面的假设。</li>
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